| irf3 mediates a tlr3/tlr4-specific antiviral gene program. | we have identified a subset of genes that is specifically induced by stimulation of tlr3 or tlr4 but not by tlr2 or tlr9. further gene expression analyses established that upregulation of several primary response genes was dependent on nf-kappab, commonly activated by several tlrs, and interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3), which was found to confer tlr3/tlr4 specificity. also identified was a group of secondary response genes which are part of an autocrine/paracrine loop activated by the primar ... | 2002 | 12354379 |
| a gammaherpesvirus g protein-coupled receptor homologue is required for increased viral replication in response to chemokines and efficient reactivation from latency. | the open reading frame (orf) 74 of gamma-2-herpesviruses encodes a g protein-coupled receptor which is highly conserved in members of this subfamily and is homologous to the cxcr2 chemokine receptor. the viral g protein-coupled receptor has been implicated in viral pathogenesis. however, the advantage of such chemokine receptor homologues to the virus is currently unknown. to address this, we constructed orf74 deletion mutants of a mouse gamma-2-herpesvirus (mhv-68) and examined the effect of th ... | 2003 | 12496406 |
| herpesvirus saimiri: a potential gene delivery vector (review). | the success of human gene therapy relies on efficient delivery and appropriate expression of therapeutic genes which will cure or slow the progression of a disease. however, current viral vectors do not possess the full complement of properties that are generally believed necessary in an ideal gene delivery system. therefore, alongside attempts to improve current gene delivery vectors, the identification and evaluation of new viral vectors is crucial to the long-term success of gene therapy. her ... | 2003 | 12525867 |
| characterization of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 glycoprotein b. | murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv-68) glycoprotein b (gb) was identified in purified virions by immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunoelectron microscopy. it was synthesized as a 120-kda precursor in infected cells and cleaved into 65-kda and 55-kda disulfide-linked subunits close to the time of virion release. the n-linked glycans on the cleaved, virion gb remained partially endoglycosidase h sensitive. the processing of mhv-68 gb therefore appears similar to that of kaposi's sarcoma-ass ... | 2004 | 15542690 |
| shedding of ovine herpesvirus 2 in sheep nasal secretions: the predominant mode for transmission. | ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), the major causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever in ruminant species worldwide, has never been propagated in vitro. using real-time pcr, a striking, short-lived, peak of viral dna, ranging from 10(5) to over 10(8) copies/2 microg of dna, was detected in nasal secretions from over 60.7% of adolescent sheep (n = 56) at some point during the period from 6 to 9 months of age. in contrast, only about 18% of adult sheep (n = 33) experienced a shedding episode during ... | 2004 | 15583281 |
| equine herpes virus 2 infection in horse populations in poland. | the prevalence of equine herpesvirus 2 (ehv-2) infections in the horse populations in poland was investigated. peripheral blood leukocytes (pbls) of 139 horses were tested. the animals were divided into four groups: clinically healthy horses, horses suffering from respiratory disorders, mares with a recent abortion and horses with diagnosed ataxia. thirty-four virus isolates were obtained from leukocytes of the tested animals by cocultivation with equine dermal cells and were identified as ehv-2 ... | 2004 | 15595214 |
| murine gammaherpesvirus 68 bcl-2 homologue contributes to latency establishment in vivo. | the gammaherpesviruses are characteristically latent in lymphocytes and exploit lymphocyte proliferation to establish a large, persistent pool of latent genomes. murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv-68) allows the in vivo analysis of viral genes that contribute to this and other aspects of host colonization. in this study, the mhv-68 bcl-2 homologue, m11, was disrupted either in its bh1 homology domain or upstream of its membrane-localizing c-terminal domain. each m11 mutant showed normal lytic repli ... | 2005 | 15604429 |
| the wood mouse is a natural host for murid herpesvirus 4. | infection of laboratory mice by the murid herpesvirus 4 (mhv-4) is a much studied model system for gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis. little, however, is known about its natural host range, epidemiology and pathogenesis outside the laboratory. we have studied mhv-4 infection in free-living murids in the uk. using a combination of serology and pcr analysis, we found that mhv-4 was endemic in wood mice (apodemus sylvaticus) but not in two species of voles (clethrionomys glareolus, microtus agrestis). ... | 2003 | 12533706 |
| murine gammaherpesvirus-68 infects microglia and induces high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. | murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (mhv-68) has been established as a tractable model for the study of human herpesvirus infections. recent associations between herpesvirus infections and inflammatory central nervous system (cns) disorders, including multiple sclerosis (ms), have prompted us to investigate the susceptibility of cultured microglia and astrocytes to mhv-68 infection. in the present study, we demonstrate that mhv-68 can infect both cell types. importantly, we show that mhv-68-infected micr ... | 2003 | 12620645 |
| comparative transmission of multiple herpesviruses and simian virus 40 in a baboon breeding colony. | little is known about the natural history of herpesviruses indigenous in baboons. here, we describe the development of elisas for five herpesviruses. these assays were used to test more than 950 serum samples collected from approximately 210 infant/juvenile and 130 adult baboons in a captive breeding colony over a period of seven years. results indicated that baboon cytomegalovirus, lymphocryptovirus, and rhadinovirus are transmitted efficiently within the colony and are acquired at an early age ... | 2004 | 15679269 |
| exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rodents infected with murine gammaherpesvirus-68. | viral infections have long been suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. in the present study, two different rodent models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) were used to demonstrate the ability of murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (gammahv-68) to exacerbate development of neurological symptoms. sjl mice received uv-inactivated gammahv-68 or intranasalgammahv-68, followed by immunization against proteolipid-protein peptide 139-151. infected mice became moribun ... | 2003 | 12811845 |
| the latency-associated nuclear antigen of rhesus monkey rhadinovirus inhibits viral replication through repression of orf50/rta transcriptional activation. | rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv) is a gamma-2-herpesvirus that is closely related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8. we have previously reported that the transcript for rrv latency-associated nuclear antigen (r-lana) is expressed during lytic replication in rhesus fibroblasts. in this article, we report the development of a latent culture system for rrv and show that mrna specific for r-lana is expressed during latency as well. we have characterized the r-lana protei ... | 2005 | 15709032 |
| murine gammaherpesvirus 68 open reading frame 11 encodes a nonessential virion component. | open reading frame 11 (orf11) is a conserved gammaherpesvirus gene that remains undefined. we identified the product of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv-68) orf11, p43, as a virion component with a predominantly perinuclear distribution in infected cells. mhv-68 lacking p43 grew normally in vitro but showed reduced lytic replication in vivo and a delay in seeding to the spleen. subsequent latency amplification was normal. thus, mhv-68 orf11 encoded a virion component that was important for in viv ... | 2005 | 15709035 |
| kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 rta reactivates murine gammaherpesvirus 68 from latency. | murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv-68), kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (hhv-8), and epstein-barr virus (ebv) are all members of the gammaherpesvirus family, characterized by their ability to establish latency in lymphocytes. the rta protein, conserved in all gammaherpesviruses, is known to play a critical role in reactivation from latency. here we report that hhv-8 rta, not ebv rta, was able to induce mhv-68 lytic viral proteins and dna replication and processing and produce viable mhv-68 ... | 2005 | 15709045 |
| splicing of rhesus rhadinovirus r15 and orf74 bicistronic transcripts during lytic infection and analysis of effects on production of vcd200 and vgpcr. | rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv) is the rhesus macaque homologue of human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8). here we examine expression of rrv r15 and orf74, homologues of k14 and orf74 of hhv-8, respectively. as in hhv-8, transcripts encoding rrv r15 and orf74 are bicistronic. however, unlike what has been suggested for hhv-8, rrv r15- and orf74-encoding transcripts are expressed late during lytic infection and undergo unique splicing events that result in the production of transcripts capable of encoding ... | 2005 | 15731284 |
| rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv): construction of a rrv-gfp recombinant virus and development of assays to assess viral replication. | rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv) is a gamma-2-herpesvirus that is closely related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv/hhv-8). lack of an efficient culture system to grow high titers of virus, and the lack of an in vivo animal model system, has hampered the study of kshv replication and pathogenesis. rrv is capable of replicating to high titers on fibroblasts, thus facilitating the construction of recombinant rhadinoviruses. in addition, the ability to experimentally infect naïve rhe ... | 2003 | 12890626 |
| three-dimensional structures of the a, b, and c capsids of rhesus monkey rhadinovirus: insights into gammaherpesvirus capsid assembly, maturation, and dna packaging. | rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv) exhibits high levels of sequence homology to human gammaherpesviruses, such as kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and grows to high titers in cell cultures, making it a good model system for studying gammaherpesvirus capsid structure and assembly. we have purified rrv a, b, and c capsids, thus for the first time allowing direct structure comparisons by electron cryomicroscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction. the results show that the shells of these ca ... | 2003 | 14645575 |
| orf73 of murine herpesvirus-68 is critical for the establishment and maintenance of latency. | in vitro studies have established that the latency-associated nuclear antigen encoded by human kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and the related orf73 gene product of herpesvirus saimiri interact with virus origins of replication to facilitate maintenance of episomal dna. such a function implies a critical role for orf73 in the establishment and maintenance of latency in vivo. to determine the role of orf73 in virus pathogenesis, the orf73 gene product encoded by murine herpesvirus-68 (mhv ... | 2003 | 14645921 |
| detection of bovine gammaherpesviruses by a nested duplex pcr. | the two bovine gammaherpesviruses (alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, alhv-1; bovine herpesvirus 4, bohv-4) are distributed worldwide in cattle populations. since the animals are frequently infected latently with no or low seropositivity, a dna based diagnostic method would be useful for surveys and detection of these viruses. in the present study a nested duplex pcr was established for the sensitive and specific simultaneous detection of both viruses. the primers were designed for the gene of the major ... | 2004 | 14656465 |
| high constitutive activity of a virus-encoded seven transmembrane receptor in the absence of the conserved dry motif (asp-arg-tyr) in transmembrane helix 3. | the highly conserved arg in the so-called dry motif (asp-arg-tyr) at the intracellular end of transmembrane helix 3 is in general considered as an essential residue for g protein coupling in rhodopsin-like seven transmembrane (7tm) receptors. in the open reading frame 74 (orf74) receptor encoded by equine herpesvirus 2 (ehv2), the dry motif is substituted with a dtw motif. nevertheless, this receptor signaled with high constitutive activity through gi as determined by a receptor-mediated inhibit ... | 2005 | 15788740 |
| t-cell transformation and oncogenesis by gamma2-herpesviruses. | gamma2-herpesviruses, also termed rhadinoviruses, have long been known as animal pathogens causing lymphoproliferative diseases such as malignant catarrhal fever in cattle or t-cell lymphoma in certain neotropical primates. the rhadinovirus prototype is herpesvirus saimiri (hvs), a t-lymphotropic agent of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus); herpesvirus ateles (hva) is closely related to hvs. the first human rhadinovirus, human herpesvirus type 8 (hhv-8), was discovered a decade ago in kaposi's ... | 2005 | 15797445 |
| a mouse herpesvirus induces relapse of experimental autoimmune arthritis by infection of the inflammatory target tissue. | it is not known what is required for successive relapses in autoimmune diseases or evolution to a progressive chronic disease. autoimmune arthritis caused by passive transfer of autoantibodies against glucose 6-phosphate isomerase is transient and therefore lends itself well to test for what might extend the disease. herpesviruses have long been suspected of contributing to human autoimmune disease. we infected mice with a murine gamma-herpesvirus (mhv-68). in immunodeficient mice, transient art ... | 2004 | 15470069 |
| intestinal stromal tumors in a simian immunodeficiency virus-infected, simian retrovirus-2 negative rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta). | multifocal submucosal stromal tumors were diagnosed in a 5.5-year-old rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, strain sivsme660, and cd4+ t cell depleted. the animal was negative for simian retroviruses, srv-1, -2, and -5. polymerase chain reaction analysis of dna from tumor and spleen tissue revealed abundant, preferential presence of retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus, the macaque homologue of the kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (h ... | 2005 | 15872392 |
| evidence of three new members of malignant catarrhal fever virus group in muskox (ovibos moschatus), nubian ibex (capra nubiana), and gemsbok (oryx gazella). | six members of the malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) virus group of ruminant rhadinoviruses have been identified to date. four of these viruses are clearly associated with clinical disease: alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) carried by wildebeest (connochaetes spp.); ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), ubiquitous in domestic sheep; caprine herpesvirus 2 (cphv-2), endemic in domestic goats; and the virus of unknown origin found causing classic mcf in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus; mcfv-wtd). ... | 2003 | 14733283 |
| whole-genome transcription profiling of rhesus monkey rhadinovirus. | rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv) and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv; also called human herpesvirus 8) belong to the gamma-2 grouping of herpesviruses. rrv and kshv share a high degree of sequence similarity, and their genomes are organized in a similar fashion. rrv serves as an excellent animal model system to study the gamma herpesvirus life cycle both in vitro and in vivo. we have developed a high-sensitivity, high-throughput, high-specificity real-time quantitative reverse tran ... | 2005 | 15956606 |
| role of cxcr3 in the immune response to murine gammaherpesvirus 68. | the chemokine ip-10 (cxcl10) and its cellular receptor cxcr3 are upregulated in the lung during murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv-68) infection. in order to determine the role of the cxcr3 chemokine receptor in the immune response to mhv-68, cxcr3-/- mice were infected with the virus. cxcr3-/- mice showed delayed clearance of replicating mhv-68 from the lungs. this correlated with delayed t-cell recruitment to the lungs and reduced cytolytic activity prior to viral clearance. splenomegaly and the ... | 2005 | 15994833 |
| intracellular localization and protein interactions of the gene 1 protein p28 during mouse hepatitis virus replication. | coronaviruses encode the largest replicase polyprotein of any known positive-strand rna virus. replicase protein precursors and mature products are thought to mediate the formation and function of viral replication complexes on the surfaces of intracellular double-membrane vesicles. however, the functions of only a few of these proteins are known. for the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (mhv), the first proteolytic processing event of the replicase polyprotein liberates an amino-terminal 28-kd ... | 2004 | 15479796 |
| differential activation of murine herpesvirus 68- and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded orf74 g protein-coupled receptors by human and murine chemokines. | infection of mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv-68) is a well-characterized small animal model for the study of gammaherpesvirus infection. mhv-68 belongs to the same herpesvirus family as herpesvirus saimiri (hvs) of new world squirrel monkeys and human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) (also referred to as kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [kshv]). the open reading frame orf74 of hvs, kshv, and mhv-68 encodes a protein with homology to g protein-coupled receptors and chemokine receptors in pa ... | 2004 | 15016856 |
| protein kinase ck2 phosphorylation regulates the interaction of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus regulatory protein orf57 with its multifunctional partner hnrnp k. | orf57 protein of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus has a counterpart in all herpesvirus of mammals and birds and regulates gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. orf57 was capable of self-interaction and bound a rapidly migrating form of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein k (hnrnp k), a multifunctional cellular protein involved in gene expression. in virus infected cell extracts, orf57 was present in a complex with hnrnp k that had protein kinase ck2 activ ... | 2004 | 15486205 |
| inhibition of interferon-mediated antiviral activity by murine gammaherpesvirus 68 latency-associated m2 protein. | upon viral infection, the major defense mounted by the host immune system is the activation of the interferon (ifn)-mediated antiviral pathway. in order to complete their life cycle, viruses that are obligatory intracellular parasites must modulate the host ifn-mediated immune response. murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammahv68) infects a wide range of cell types and establishes latent infections in mice. here we demonstrate that the gammahv68 latency-associated m2 protein has a cell-type-dependent ... | 2004 | 15507628 |
| infection of dendritic cells by a gamma2-herpesvirus induces functional modulation. | the murine gamma-herpesvirus-68 (gammahv68) establishes viral latency in dendritic cells (dcs). in the present study, we examined the specific consequences of dc infection by gammahv68, both in vivo and in vitro. ex vivo analysis of infected mice showed that the virus colonizes respiratory dcs very early after infection and that all subsets of splenic dcs analyzed are viral targets. we have developed and characterized an in vitro model of gammahv68 infection of dcs. using this model, we demonstr ... | 2005 | 16116213 |
| granzymes and caspase 3 play important roles in control of gammaherpesvirus latency. | gammaherpesviruses can establish lifelong latent infections in lymphoid cells of their hosts despite active antiviral immunity. identification of the immune mechanisms which regulate gammaherpesvirus latent infection is therefore essential for understanding how gammaherpesviruses persist for the lifetime of their host. recently, an individual with chronic active epstein-barr virus infection was found to have mutations in perforin, and studies using murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammahv68) as a sma ... | 2004 | 15507639 |
| antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 4 are highly prevalent in wild african buffaloes throughout eastern and southern africa. | bovine herpesvirus 4 (bohv-4) has been isolated from cattle throughout the world. interestingly, a survey of wild african buffaloes mainly from the maasai mara game reserve in kenya revealed that 94% of the animals tested had anti-bohv-4 antibodies [rossiter, p.b., gumm, i.d., stagg, d.a., conrad, p.a., mukolwe, s., davies, f.g., white, h., 1989. isolation of bovine herpesvirus-3 from african buffaloes (syncerus caffer). res. vet. sci. 46, 337-343]. these authors also proposed that the serologic ... | 2005 | 16153785 |
| herpesviruses: a cofactor in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? | | 2005 | 16214821 |
| the dna architectural protein hmgb1 facilitates rta-mediated viral gene expression in gamma-2 herpesviruses. | replication and transcription activator (rta), an immediate-early gene product of gamma-2 herpesviruses including kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (mhv-68), plays a critical role in controlling the viral life cycle. rta acts as a strong transcription activator for several downstream genes of kshv and mhv-68 through direct dna binding, as well as via indirect mechanisms. hmgb1 (also called hmg-1) protein is a highly conserved nonhistone chromatin prot ... | 2004 | 15542646 |
| viral flip enhances wnt signaling downstream of stabilized beta-catenin, leading to control of cell growth. | death receptor-mediated apoptosis is potently inhibited by viral flip (flice/caspase 8 inhibitory protein), which is composed of two tandemly repeated death effector domains (deds), through reduced activation of procaspase 8. here, we show that equine herpesvirus 2-encoded viral flip e8 enhances wnt/beta-catenin signaling in a variety of cell lines. e8 was shown to strikingly augment wnt3a signaling, as shown both in a luciferase assay for t-cell factor/beta-catenin and through induction of endo ... | 2005 | 16227577 |
| virological and serological evidence of bovine herpesvirus type 4 in cattle in northern ireland. | bovine herpesvirus type 4 (bhv-4), a member of the genus rhadinovirus, subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, within the family herpesviridae, was isolated in fetal bovine lung cells from samples of vaginal discharge taken from a dairy herd in which approximately 50 per cent of the cattle developed metritis after calving. the identity of the isolate was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining with a bhv-4-specific monoclonal antibody and partial sequencing of a portion of the glycoprotein b gene. serolog ... | 2005 | 16258133 |
| development of a real-time qpcr assay for the detection of rv2 lineage-specific rhadinoviruses in macaques and baboons. | two distinct lineages of rhadinoviruses related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv/hhv8) have been identified in macaques and other old world non-human primates. we have developed a real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) assay using a taqman probe to differentially detect and quantitate members of the rhadinovirus-2 (rv2) lineage. pcr primers were derived from sequences within orf 60 and the adjacent orf 59/60 intergenic region which were highly conserved between the macaque rv2 rhadino ... | 2005 | 15634356 |
| isolation of equine herpesvirus-2 from the lung of an aborted fetus. | this study describes the isolation of equine herpesvirus-2 (ehv-2) from the lung of an aborted equine fetus in argentina. the isolated virus was confirmed as ehv-2 by indirect immunofluorescence using a rabbit anti-ehv-2 polyclonal antiserum and by virus-neutralization test using an equine polyclonal antibody against ehv-2. restriction endonuclease dna fingerprinting with bamhi also confirmed the identity of the virus as ehv-2. furthermore, viral nucleic acid was detected by polymerase chain rea ... | 2005 | 16312249 |
| pathogenesis of gammaherpesvirus infections. | gammaherpesviruses are members of an emerging subfamily among the herpesviridae. two genera are discriminated: (i) lymphocryptovirus, including its type species epstein-barr virus (ebv), and (ii) rhadinovirus, including viruses of interest for medicine, veterinary medicine, and biomedical research, i.e. alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, bovine herpesvirus 4, equine herpesvirus 2, human herpesvirus 8, mouse herpesvirus 68, and ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2). the perception that these viruses have a narrow ... | 2006 | 16332416 |
| on phylogenetic relationships among major lineages of the gammaherpesvirinae. | phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily gammaherpesvirinae of the family herpesviridae were investigated for three species in the genus lymphocryptovirus (or gamma1 group) and nine in the genus rhadinovirus (or gamma2 group). alignments of amino acid sequences from up to 28 genes were used to derive trees by maximum-likelihood and bayesian monte carlo markov chain methods. two problem areas were identified involving an unresolvable multifurcation for a clade within the gamma2 group, and ... | 2005 | 15659749 |
| establishment and maintenance of long-term murine gammaherpesvirus 68 latency in b cells in the absence of cd40. | murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammahv68), like epstein-barr virus (ebv), establishes a chronic infection in its host by gaining access to the memory b-cell reservoir, where it persists undetected by the host's immune system. ebv encodes a membrane protein, lmp1, that appears to function as a constitutively active cd40 receptor, and is hypothesized to play a central role in ebv-driven differentiation of infected naive b cells to a memory b-cell phenotype. however, it has recently been shown that th ... | 2005 | 15709008 |
| a gammaherpesvirus 68 gene 50 null mutant establishes long-term latency in the lung but fails to vaccinate against a wild-type virus challenge. | the gammaherpesvirus immediate-early genes are critical regulators of virus replication and reactivation from latency. rta, encoded by gene 50, serves as the major transactivator of the lytic program and is highly conserved among all the gammaherpesviruses, including epstein-barr virus, kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammahv68). introduction of a translation stop codon in gammahv68 gene 50 (gene 50.stop gammahv68) demonstrated that rta is essential for v ... | 2006 | 16415035 |
| identification of spliced gammaherpesvirus 68 lana and v-cyclin transcripts and analysis of their expression in vivo during latent infection. | regulation of orf73 (lana) gene expression is critical to the establishment and maintenance of latency following infection by members of the gamma-2 herpesvirus (rhadinovirus) family. previous studies of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammahv68) have demonstrated that loss of lana function results in a complete failure to establish virus latency in the spleens of laboratory mice. here we report the characterization of alternatively spliced lana and v-cyclin (orf72) transcripts encoded by gammahv68. ... | 2006 | 16439562 |
| limited il-6 production following infection with murine gammaherpesvirus 68. | murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammahv-68) was found to induce il-6 secretion following in vitro infection of macrophages, but not cultured dendritic or epithelial cells. a detectable, but very limited il-6 response was observed in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes following intranasal infection. surprisingly, no detectable in vivo il-6 production was observed in the spleen or sera of infected mice despite observable systemic leukocytosis. these studies demonstrate that endogenous il-6 producti ... | 2006 | 16489506 |
| herpesvirus sylvilagus in cottontail rabbits: antibody prevalence and flea burden relationships. | a serologic survey of a wild cottontail rabbit (sylvilagus floridanus) population in southern wisconsin was conducted from november-march, 1971-72 and november-april, 1972-73, to determine prevalence of antibody against herpesvirus sylvilagus. flea burdens on each live-trapped cottontail were quantified by species. all but six of the 5029 fleas collected were cediopsylla simplex. no correlation was found between flea infestation and viral antibody. of 101 cottontail rabbits trapped, only six had ... | 1976 | 16498867 |
| rhesus rhadinovirus r15 encodes a functional homologue of human cd200. | a viral cd200 homologue (vcd200) encoded by open reading frame r15 of rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv), a gammaherpesvirus closely related to human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), is described here. rrv vcd200 shares 30% and 28% amino acid identity with human cd200 (hucd200) and hhv-8 vcd200, respectively. in vitro analysis indicated that an fc fusion (vcd200-fc) is expressed as a glycoprotein with a core molecular mass of 53 kda. utilizing monoclonal antibodies raised against vcd200-fc, vcd200 expression was d ... | 2006 | 16501121 |
| analysis of 4.3 kilobases of divergent locus b of macaque retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus reveals a close similarity in gene sequence and genome organization to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. | we previously identified retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus (rfhv) as a simian homolog of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) in a fibroproliferative malignancy of macaques that has similarities to kaposi's sarcoma. in this report, we cloned 4.3 kb of divergent locus b (dl-b) flanking the dna polymerase gene from two variants of rfhv from different species of macaque with a consensus degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primer approach. within the dl-b region of rfhv, vi ... | 2003 | 12692211 |
| contribution to the problem of infection of humans with a murine gammaherpesvirus. | | 2006 | 16599189 |
| de novo infection with rhesus monkey rhadinovirus leads to the accumulation of multiple intranuclear capsid species during lytic replication but favors the release of genome-containing virions. | rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv) is one of the closest phylogenetic relatives to the human pathogen kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), yet it has the distinct experimental advantage of entering efficiently into lytic replication and growing to high titers in culture. rrv therefore holds promise as a potentially attractive model with which to study gammaherpesvirus structure and assembly. we have isolated rrv capsids, determined their molecular composition, and identified the genes e ... | 2003 | 14645602 |
| identification of a region of the virus genome involved in murine gammaherpesvirus 68-induced splenic pathology. | infection with the murine gammaherpesvirus mhv-68 has profound effects on splenic and mediastinal lymph node pathology in mice which lack the interferon-gamma receptor (ifn-gamma r(-/-)). in these mice mhv-68 infection causes fibrosis and loss of lymphocytes in the spleen and the mediastinal lymph node as well as interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and fibrotic changes in the liver. the changes are associated with transient elevated latent virus loads in the spleen. four independent virus mutants wi ... | 2004 | 15166421 |
| expression in a recombinant murid herpesvirus 4 reveals the in vivo transforming potential of the k1 open reading frame of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. | murid herpesvirus 4 (commonly called mhv-68) is closely related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and provides an excellent model system for investigating gammaherpesvirus-associated pathogenesis. mhv-76 is a naturally occurring deletion mutant of mhv-68 that lacks 9,538 bp of the left end of the unique portion of the genome encoding nonessential pathogenesis-related genes. the kshv k1 protein has been shown to transform rodent fibroblasts in vitro and common marmoset t lymphocyt ... | 2004 | 15280496 |
| activation of vav by the gammaherpesvirus m2 protein contributes to the establishment of viral latency in b lymphocytes. | gammaherpesviruses subvert eukaryotic signaling pathways to favor latent infections in their cellular reservoirs. to this end, they express proteins that regulate or replace functionally specific signaling proteins of eukaryotic cells. here we describe a new type of such viral-host interaction that is established through m2, a protein encoded by murine gammaherpesvirus 68. m2 associates with vav proteins, a family of phosphorylation-dependent rho/rac exchange factors that play critical roles in ... | 2006 | 16731951 |
| identification of cis sequences required for lytic dna replication and packaging of murine gammaherpesvirus 68. | human gammaherpesviruses are associated with lymphomas and other malignancies. murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv-68) infection of mice has emerged as a model for understanding gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis in vivo. in contrast to human gammaherpesviruses, mhv-68 replicates in permissive cell lines in a robust manner, presenting an efficient model to study the basic mechanisms for dna replication and recombination processes. in addition, mhv-68 also infects a broad range of cells of different tissu ... | 2004 | 15308708 |
| temporal detection of equine herpesvirus infections of a cohort of mares and their foals. | the objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of equine herpesviruses (ehv) 1-5 in the nasal secretions (ns) of a cohort of 12 mares and their foals from birth to 6 months of age, estimate the prevalence of ehv-1-5 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of selected foals, and investigate phylogenetic relationships amongst the various strains of ehv-2 and 5. virus-specific pcr assays were used to detect ehv-1-5 in ns and pbmc. a homologous portion of the glycoprotei ... | 2006 | 16774810 |
| pias1 selectively inhibits interferon-inducible genes and is important in innate immunity. | interferon (ifn) activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) pathway to regulate immune responses. the protein inhibitor of activated stat (pias) family has been suggested to negatively regulate stat signaling. to understand the physiological function of pias1, we generated pias1(-/-) mice. using pias1-deficient cells, we show that pias1 selectively regulates a subset of ifn-gamma- or ifn-beta-inducible genes by interfering with the recruitment of stat1 to the gene prom ... | 2004 | 15311277 |
| equine herpesvirus 2-associated granulomatous dermatitis in a horse. | granulomatous dermatitis in horses has been linked to many etiologies, including various parasites, fungi, and bacteria. idiopathic forms of granulomatous inflammation-producing diseases, some of which are localized to the skin, also have been reported in horses. herein we describe a case of recurrent equine granulomatous skin disease characterized by intranuclear viral inclusions within macrophages and giant cells. the histologic changes were primarily noted in the deep dermis and included mult ... | 2006 | 16846998 |
| rfhvmn orf73 is structurally related to the kshv orf73 latency-associated nuclear antigen (lana) and is expressed in retroperitoneal fibromatosis (rf) tumor cells. | retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus (rfhv), the macaque homolog of the human rhadinovirus, kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), was first identified in retroperitoneal fibromatosis (rf) tumor lesions of macaques with simian aids. we cloned and sequenced the orf73 latency-associated nuclear antigen (lana) of rfhvmn from the pig-tailed macaque. rfhvmn lana is structurally analogous to kshv orf73 lana and contains an n-terminal serine-proline-rich region, a large internal glutamic a ... | 2006 | 16879850 |
| in vivo function of a gammaherpesvirus virion glycoprotein: influence on b-cell infection and mononucleosis. | the human gammaherpesviruses epstein-barr virus and kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus both contain a glycoprotein (gp350/220 and k8.1, respectively) that mediates binding to target cells and has been studied in great detail in vitro. however, there is no direct information on the role that these glycoproteins play in pathogenesis in vivo. infection of mice by murid herpesvirus 4 strain 68 (mhv-68) is an established animal model for gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis and expresses an analogous gly ... | 2004 | 15367611 |
| cell transformation by herpesvirus saimiri. | herpesvirus saimiri (saimiriine herpesvirus-2), a gamma2-herpesvirus (rhadinovirus) of non-human primates, causes t-lymphoproliferative diseases in susceptible organisms and transforms human and non-human t lymphocytes to continuous growth in vitro in the absence of stimulation. t cells transformed by h. saimiri retain many characteristics of intact t lymphocytes, such as the sensitivity to interleukin-2 and the ability to recognize the corresponding antigens. as a result, h. saimiri is widely u ... | 2005 | 15389624 |
| prevalence of equine herpesvirus type 2 (ehv-2) dna in ocular swabs and its cell tropism in equine conjunctiva. | equine herpes virus 2 (ehv-2), a gamma(2)-herpesvirus, is common in horses of all ages. its role as a primary pathogen is unclear but there is an association between ehv-2, respiratory disease and keratoconjunctivitis. the purpose of this study was to gain more information on the prevalence of ehv-2 dna in conjunctival swabs from horses with and without ocular disease and to define the anatomical site and cell type harbouring viral genome or antigen. by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) 22 out of ... | 2006 | 16996233 |
| occurrence of ovine herpesvirus type-2 infection in sheep and cattle in samsun province, turkey. | july 2004, a cow with clinical signs of ovine herpesvirus type-2 infection which is known as sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) was reported in samsun province in turkey. blood samples were collected from the suspected cow, 10 sheep housed with it, and from 150 healthy sheep and 29 healthy cattle randomly selected from different places in samsun province. nested polymerase chain reaction (n-pcr) was used to detect ovine herpesvirus type-2 (ovhv-2) dna in the suspected cow and co ... | 2006 | 17009812 |
| glycoprotein l disruption reveals two functional forms of the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 glycoprotein h. | the herpesvirus glycoprotein h (gh) and gl associate to form a heterodimer that plays a central role in virus-driven membrane fusion. when archetypal alpha- or betaherpesviruses lack gl, gh misfolds and progeny virions are noninfectious. in order to define the role that gl plays in gamma-2 herpesvirus infections, we disrupted its coding sequence in murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (mhv-68). mhv-68 lacking gl folded gh into a conformation antigenically distinct from the form that normally predominates ... | 2007 | 17050601 |
| the m2 gene product of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 is required for efficient colonization of splenic follicles but is not necessary for expansion of latently infected germinal centre b cells. | infection of mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 is characterized by a marked transient expansion of latently infected splenic germinal centre (gc) b cells, which is followed by lower levels of persistent infection in gc and memory b cells. virus transcription within gc b cells is restricted to a number of latency-associated open reading frames, including m2. this gene encodes a structurally unique protein of unknown function, which has been shown to be essential for the transient peak of virus ... | 2004 | 15448339 |
| malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in sheep after intranasal inoculation with ovine herpesvirus-2. | a malignant catarrhal fever (mcf)-like disease was induced experimentally in 3 sheep after aerosol inoculation with ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2). each of 3 ovhv-2-negative sheep was nebulized with 2 ml of nasal secretions containing approximately 3.07 x 10(9) ovhv-2 dna copies from a sheep experiencing an intensive viral-shedding episode. ovine herpesvirus-2 dna became detectable by polymerase chain reaction in the peripheral blood leukocytes of all 3 sheep within 3 days, and all 3 seroconverted ... | 2005 | 15825499 |
| [epidemiological aspects of human herpesvirus 8 infection and of kaposi's sarcoma]. | hhv-8 belongs to the herpesviridae family, to the gammaherpesvirinae subfamily, and to the rhadinovirus genus. whereas several viral homologues exist in non human primates, hhv-8 is the only rhadinovirus known in human. hhv-8 is mainly the etiological agent of the four clinico-epidemiological forms of kaposi's sarcoma (classic, endemic, post-transplant, and epidemic/hiv associated). hhv-8 is not an ubiquitous virus. it is mainly endemic in areas of high endemicity for classic or endemic kaposi's ... | 2005 | 15907610 |
| a real-time pcr assay for measuring alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 dna. | alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) is a rhadinovirus that causes malignant catarrhal fever in certain ruminant species and is an important pathogen in africa and other areas where carrier species and clinically susceptible ruminants intermingle. in this study, a real-time pcr for alhv-1 dna was developed and compared to an established nested pcr. the nested pcr amplifies a region of the alhv-1 gene coding for a transactivator protein (orf 50), while the real-time pcr assay targets the alhv-1 gen ... | 2005 | 15998545 |
| human herpesvirus 8: biology and role in the pathogenesis of kaposi's sarcoma and other aids-related malignancies. | human herpesvirus type 8, or kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), is the only known human g(2) herpesvirus (rhadinovirus) and the most recently discovered tumor virus. kshv is associated with kaposi's sarcoma and two other lymphoproliferative disorders in the aids setting: primary effusion lymphoma and the plasma cell variant of multicentric castleman's disease. this review offers an update on the epidemiology and the role of kshv genes in the development of disease. | 2004 | 16091217 |
| intercellular gamma-herpesvirus dissemination involves co-ordinated intracellular membrane protein transport. | the murine gamma-herpesvirus-68 (mhv-68) orf27 encodes gp48, a type 2 transmembrane glycoprotein that contributes to intercellular viral spread. gp48 is expressed on the surface of infected cells but is retained intracellularly after transfection. in this study, we show that the multimembrane spanning orf58 gene product is both necessary and sufficient for gp48 to reach the cell surface. orf58-deficient mhv-68 expressed orf27 in normal amounts, but retained it in the endoplasmic reticulum (er). ... | 2005 | 16101681 |
| characterization of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 v-cyclin interactions with cellular cdks. | all known gamma2-herpesviruses encode a cyclin homolog with significant homology to mammalian d-type cyclins. the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammahv68) viral cyclin (v-cyclin) has been shown to be oncogenic when expression is targeted to thymocytes in transgenic mice and to be critical for virus reactivation from latency. here, we investigate the interaction of the gammahv68 v-cyclin with cellular cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). we show that, in contrast to the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herp ... | 2005 | 16102793 |
| murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 latency protein m2 binds to vav signaling proteins and inhibits b-cell receptor-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in wehi-231 b cells. | the mhv-68 latent protein, m2, does not have homology to any known viral or cellular proteins, and its function is unclear. to define the role played by m2 during mhv-68 latency as well as the molecular mechanism involved, we used m2 as bait to screen a yeast two-hybrid mouse b-cell cdna library. vav1 was identified as an m2-interacting protein in two independent screenings. subsequent yeast two-hybrid interaction studies showed that m2 also binds to vav2, but not vav3, and that three "pxxp" mot ... | 2005 | 16150693 |
| construction of an infectious rhesus rhadinovirus bacterial artificial chromosome for the analysis of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related disease development. | rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv) is closely related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv)/human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) and causes kshv-like diseases in immunocompromised rhesus macaques (rm) that resemble kshv-associated diseases including multicentric castleman's disease and non-hodgkin's lymphoma. rrv retains a majority of open reading frames (orfs) postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of kshv and is the closest available animal model to kshv infection in humans. here we describe ... | 2007 | 17215283 |
| a novel subgroup of rhadinoviruses in ruminants. | in the course of investigating the malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) subgroup of rhadinoviruses, seven novel rhadinoviruses were identified in a variety of ruminants, including domestic sheep, bighorn sheep, bison, black-tailed deer, mule deer, fallow deer, elk and addax. based on the dna polymerase gene sequences, these newly recognized viruses clustered into a second distinct subgroup in ruminants with three members identified previously in cattle, goats and oryx. phylogenetic analysis revealed ... | 2005 | 16227223 |
| functional divergence of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and related gamma-2 herpesvirus thymidine kinases: novel cytoplasmic phosphoproteins that alter cellular morphology and disrupt adhesion. | the nucleoside kinase encoded by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is a relatively inefficient enzyme with substrate specificity for thymidine alone, unlike alphaherpesvirus thymidine kinases (tks). similar to all gammaherpesvirus tks, kshv tk is composed of two distinct domains, a conserved c-terminal kinase and a novel and uncharacterized n terminus. ectopic expression of kshv tk in adherent cells induced striking morphological changes and anchorage independence although cells sur ... | 2005 | 16282465 |
| a genetic system for rhesus monkey rhadinovirus: use of recombinant virus to quantitate antibody-mediated neutralization. | rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv), a simian gamma-2 herpesvirus closely related to the kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, replicates lytically in cultured rhesus monkey fibroblasts and establishes persistence in b cells. overlapping cosmid clones were generated that encompass the entire 130-kilobase-pair genome of rrv strain 26-95, including the terminal repeat regions required for its replication. cloned rrv that was produced by cotransfection of overlapping cosmids spanning the entire rrv26 ... | 2006 | 16415030 |
| mass spectrometric analyses of purified rhesus monkey rhadinovirus reveal 33 virion-associated proteins. | the repertoire of proteins that comprise intact gammaherpesviruses, including the human pathogen kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), is likely to have critical functions not only in viral structure and assembly but also in the early stages of infection and evasion of the host's rapidly deployed antiviral defenses. to develop a better understanding of these proteins, we analyzed the composition of rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv), a close phylogenetic relative of kshv. unlike kshv, rr ... | 2006 | 16415032 |
| infection and persistence of rhesus monkey rhadinovirus in immortalized b-cell lines. | similar to its close relative human herpesvirus 8, rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv) persists predominantly in b cells of its natural host. rhesus monkey b-cell lines immortalized by the epstein-barr-related virus from rhesus monkeys (rhebv) were used as targets for infection by rrv. these cultured b cells were susceptible to infection by rrv and continued to produce low titers of rrv for months of continuous culture. infection by rrv did not detectably alter the growth rates of these b-cell line ... | 2006 | 16537632 |
| epstein-barr virus bglf4 kinase induces premature chromosome condensation through activation of condensin and topoisomerase ii. | previous studies of epstein-barr virus (ebv) replication focused mainly on the viral and cellular factors involved in replication compartment assembly and controlling the cell cycle. however, little is known about how ebv reorganizes nuclear architecture and the chromatin territories. in ebv-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma na cells or akata cells, we noticed that cellular chromatin becomes highly condensed upon ebv reactivation. in searching for the possible mechanisms involved, we found that ... | 2007 | 17360754 |
| control of virus reactivation arrests pulmonary herpesvirus-induced fibrosis in ifn-gamma receptor-deficient mice. | idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (ipf) is a chronic progressive fibrotic lung disorder of unknown cause. several studies suggest an association between epstein-barr virus pulmonary infection and the development of ipf. | 2007 | 17363768 |
| [equine herpesvirus 2: a study on the relation between viral excretion and respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses]. | equine herpesvirus 2 (ehv-2) was isolated from healthy animals; therefore, the association between ehv-2 infection and respiratory disease raises the question of the role of this agent in this pathology. to date, there are no reports that relate viral excretion to health, this study then analysed 153 nasal swabs from horses in different age groups (older and younger than 1 year old) and state of health (clinically healthy and with respiratory symptoms). results showed that the percentage of hors ... | 2006 | 17370575 |
| regulation of intracellular signalling by the terminal membrane proteins of members of the gammaherpesvirinae. | the human gamma(1)-herpesvirus epstein-barr virus (ebv) and the gamma(2)-herpesviruses kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), rhesus rhadinovirus (rrv), herpesvirus saimiri (hvs) and herpesvirus ateles (hva) all contain genes located adjacent to the terminal-repeat region of their genomes, encoding membrane proteins involved in signal transduction. designated 'terminal membrane proteins' (tmps) because of their localization in the viral genome, they interact with a variety of cellular s ... | 2006 | 16603506 |
| cd8+ t cell dysfunction and increase in murine gammaherpesvirus latent viral burden in the absence of 4-1bb ligand. | studies of costimulatory receptors belonging to the tnfr family have revealed their diverse roles in affecting different stages of the t cell response. the 4-1bb ligand (4-1bbl)/4-1bb pathway has emerged as a receptor-ligand pair that impacts not the initial priming, but later phases of the t cell response, such as sustaining clonal expansion and survival, maintaining memory cd8(+) t cells, and supporting secondary expansion upon ag challenge. although the role of this costimulatory pathway in c ... | 2007 | 17404306 |
| lung infection with gamma-herpesvirus induces progressive pulmonary fibrosis in th2-biased mice. | idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (ipf) is a progressive, fibrotic lung disease of unknown etiology. a viral pathogenesis in ipf has been suggested since >95% of ipf patients have evidence of chronic pulmonary infection with one or more herpesviruses. to determine whether pulmonary infection with herpesvirus can cause lung fibrosis, we infected mice with the murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 (mhv68). because ipf patients have a t helper type 2 (th2) pulmonary phenotype, we used ifn-gammar-/-, a strain of ... | 2005 | 15734789 |
| murine gammaherpesvirus 68 contains two functional lytic origins of replication. | a 1.25-kbp dna fragment from the right side of the genome containing the lytic origin of replication (orilyt) of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv-68) has been identified by a plasmid replication assay. here we show that a mutant mhv-68 with a deletion of an essential part of this orilyt, generated by using an mhv-68 bacterial artificial chromosome, was only slightly attenuated and still able to replicate but that a mutant containing an additional deletion on the left side of the genome was replic ... | 2007 | 17442722 |
| cloning and analysis of micrornas encoded by the primate gamma-herpesvirus rhesus monkey rhadinovirus. | several pathogenic human herpesviruses have recently been shown to express virally encoded micrornas in infected cells. although the function of these micrornas is largely unknown, they are hypothesized to play a role in mediating viral replication by downregulating cellular mrnas encoding antiviral factors. here, we report the cloning and analysis of micrornas encoded by rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv), an animal virus model for the pathogenic human gamma-herpesvirus kaposi's sarcoma-associate ... | 2007 | 17451774 |
| identification of viral genes essential for replication of murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 using signature-tagged mutagenesis. | gamma-herpesviruses, epstein-barr virus, and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus are important human pathogens, because they are involved in tumor development. murine gamma-herpesvirus-68 (mhv-68 or gammahv-68) has emerged as a small animal model system for the study of gamma-herpesvirus pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. to identify the genes required for viral replication in vitro and in vivo, we generated 1,152 mutants using signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis on an infectious ... | 2005 | 15738413 |
| identification of novel rodent herpesviruses, including the first gammaherpesvirus of mus musculus. | rodent herpesviruses such as murine cytomegalovirus (host, mus musculus), rat cytomegalovirus (host, rattus norvegicus), and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (hosts, apodemus species) are important tools for the experimental study of human herpesvirus diseases. however, alphaherpesviruses, roseoloviruses, and lymphocryptoviruses, as well as rhadinoviruses, that naturally infect mus musculus (house mouse) and other old world mice are unknown. to identify hitherto-unknown rodent-associated herpesviruses ... | 2007 | 17507487 |
| malignant catarrhal fever-like lesions associated with ovine herpesvirus-2 infection in three goats. | this is the first description of malignant catarrhal fever-like lesions associated with ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) infection in goats with central nervous symptoms. the diagnosis was based on typical histological lesions characterized by systemic lymphohistiocytic and fibrinoid vasculitis and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the detected ovhv-2 sequences. | 2007 | 17543478 |
| amplification of autoimmune disease by infection. | reports of infection with certain chronic persistent microbes (herpesviruses or chlamydiae) in human autoimmune diseases are consistent with the hypothesis that these microbes are reactivated in the setting of immunodeficiency and often target the site of autoimmune inflammation. new experimental animal models demonstrate the principle. a herpesvirus or chlamydia species can be used to infect mice with induced transient autoimmune diseases. this results in increased disease severity and even rel ... | 2005 | 15743493 |
| igg fc receptors provide an alternative infection route for murine gamma-herpesvirus-68. | herpesviruses can be neutralized in vitro but remain infectious in immune hosts. one difference between these settings is the availability of immunoglobulin fc receptors. the question therefore arises whether a herpesvirus exposed to apparently neutralizing antibody can still infect fc receptor(+) cells. | 2007 | 17593961 |
| phase-dependent immune evasion of herpesviruses. | viruses employ various modes to evade immune detection. two possible evasion modes are a reduction of the number of epitopes presented and the mimicry of host epitopes. the immune evasion efforts are not uniform among viral proteins. the number of epitopes in a given viral protein and the similarity of the epitopes to host peptides can be used as a measure of the viral attempts to hide this protein. using bioinformatics tools, we here present a genomic analysis of the attempts of four human herp ... | 2007 | 17609281 |
| type i interferon inhibition and dendritic cell activation during gammaherpesvirus respiratory infection. | the respiratory tract is a major mucosal site for microorganism entry into the body, and type i interferon (ifn) and dendritic cells constitute a first line of defense against viral infections. we have analyzed the interaction between a model dna virus, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and type i ifn during lung infection of mice. our data show that murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammahv68) inhibits type i ifn secretion by dendritic cells and that plasmacytoid dendritic cells are necessary for convent ... | 2007 | 17626106 |
| murine gammaherpesvirus-68 glycoprotein h-glycoprotein l complex is a major target for neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. | herpesviruses characteristically persist in immune hosts as latent genomes, but to transmit infection they must reactivate and replicate lytically. the interaction between newly formed virions and pre-existing antibody is therefore likely to be a crucial determinant of viral fitness. murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (mhv-68) behaves as a natural pathogen of conventional, inbred mice and consequently allows such interactions to be analysed experimentally in a relatively realistic setting. here, monoclo ... | 2006 | 16690911 |
| the orf49 protein of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 cooperates with rta in regulating virus replication. | our functional mapping study of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv-68, or gammahv-68) revealed that a mutant harboring a transposon at the orf49 locus (orf49(null)) evidenced a highly attenuated in vitro growth. orf49 resides adjacent to and in an opposite direction from rta, the primary switch of the gammaherpesvirus life cycle. a flag-tagged orf49 protein was able to transcomplement orf49(null), and a revertant of orf49(null) restored its attenuated growth to a level comparable to that of the wil ... | 2007 | 17634244 |
| deregulation of dna damage signal transduction by herpesvirus latency-associated m2. | infected cells recognize viral replication as a dna damage stress and elicit a dna damage response that ultimately induces apoptosis as part of host immune surveillance. here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism where the murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (gammahv68) latency-associated, anti-interferon m2 protein inhibits dna damage-induced apoptosis by interacting with the ddb1/cop9/cullin repair complex and the atm dna damage signal transducer. m2 expression constitutively induced ddb1 nuclear localiza ... | 2006 | 16731925 |
| molecular interactions between porcine and human gammaherpesviruses: implications for xenografts? | reactivation of latent herpesviruses is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in human transplantation. this issue might be further complicated in the case of xenotransplantation. zoonotic viruses could reactivate and replicate in the transplanted tissue, and interactions with homologous human viruses could take place. since the pig is a favoured animal as donor of organs for human transplants, we analysed the possibility of interactions between porcine and human herpesviruses. porcine l ... | 2006 | 16768724 |
| sequence analysis of the equid herpesvirus 2 chemokine receptor homologues e1, orf74 and e6 demonstrates high sequence divergence between field isolates. | equid herpesvirus 2 (ehv-2), in common with other members of the subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, encodes homologues of cellular seven-transmembrane receptors (7tmr), namely open reading frames (orfs) e1, 74 and e6, which each show some similarity to cellular chemokine receptors. whereas orf74 and e6 are members of gammaherpesvirus-conserved 7tmr gene families, e1 is currently unique to ehv-2. to investigate their genetic variability, ehv-2 7tmrs from a panel of equine gammaherpesvirus isolates wer ... | 2007 | 17698654 |
| murine gammaherpesvirus (mhv) mk3 gene sequence diversity among 72, 4556, and 68 strains. | murid herpesvirus 4 (muhv-4) currently serves as a model for study of human gamma-herpesvirus pathogenesis. it codes for mk3 protein that similarly as k5 protein of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus are members of a family of structurally related viral immune evasion molecules possessing ring-ch finger domain with ubiquitin ligase activity. murine herpesvirus 72 (mhv-72) isolated from the same species of free-living small rodent is considered as closely related to murine herpesvirus 68 (mh ... | 2006 | 16791419 |
| cd80 and cd86 control antiviral cd8+ t-cell function and immune surveillance of murine gammaherpesvirus 68. | the interactions between cd80 and cd86 on antigen-presenting cells and cd28 on t cells serve as an important costimulatory signal in the activation of t cells. although the simplistic two-signal hypothesis has been challenged in recent years by the identification of different costimulators, this classical pathway has been shown to significantly impact antiviral humoral and cellular immune responses. how the cd80/cd86-cd28 pathway affects the control of chronic or latent infections has been less ... | 2006 | 16940527 |
| discovery of herpesviruses in multi-infected primates using locked nucleic acids (lna) and a bigenic pcr approach. | targeting the highly conserved herpes dna polymerase (dpol) gene with pcr using panherpes degenerate primers is a powerful tool to universally detect unknown herpesviruses. however, vertebrate hosts are often infected with more than one herpesvirus in the same tissue, and pan-herpes dpol pcr often favors the amplification of one viral sequence at the expense of the others. here we present two different technical approaches that overcome this obstacle: (i) pan-herpes dpol pcr is carried out in th ... | 2007 | 17822523 |