| studies on the bionomics of anopheles dirus (culicidae: diptera) in mudon, mon state, myanmar. | this study examined some environmental factors influencing the larval habitats of anopheles dirus (breeding in wells) in mudon, myanmar, from may 1998 to march 2000. the larval/pupal density was found to be directly proportional to rainfall and indirectly proportional to the well water level. shade, vegetation and debris on the surface of well water were important factors influencing the abundance of the aquatic stages of an. dirus. salinity had an inverse correlation with the larval and pupal d ... | 2002 | 12125872 |
| potential of the panama strain of plasmodium vivax for the testing of malarial vaccines in aotus nancymai monkeys. | aotus monkeys were infected with a strain of plasmodium vivax from panama to determine its potential for the testing of malarial vaccines. after sporozoite inoculation, 3 splenectomized aotus nancymai that had been infected previously with plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax had prepatent periods of 13, 15, and 15 days with maximum parasite counts of 12,726/microl, 5,310/microl, and 9,180/microl. three other a. nancymai previously infected with p. falciparum only had prepatent periods of 17, 15, ... | 2002 | 12479543 |
| [malaria situation in the people's republic of china in 1998]. | notwithstanding there was a flood over the five provinces located at the middle and lower reaches of the changjiang river, i.e. hunan, hubei, jiangxi, anhui and jiangsu, in the summer and autumn of 1998, the prevalence of malaria in these areas was basically stable or slightly decreased as a result of timely implementing active and effective preventive measures. according to the case reporting system, the number of malaria cases of the whole nation totaled 31,319 in 1998, with a mean incidence o ... | 1999 | 12563754 |
| physico-chemical characteristics of breeding habitats of anopheles dirus (diptera:culicidae) in assam, india. | larval ecology of anopheles dirus, the main vector of forest malaria in north-eastern region of india, was studied in relation to physico-chemical characteristics of its breeding habitats in a rain forest area of assam, india. shady stream side pools, positive for the breeding of an. dirus, had significantly higher amounts of total hardness (p < 0.024) in comparison to negative pools of similar type. when compared with an. dirus negative breeding habitats, in hot-wet as well as in cool-dry seaso ... | 2002 | 12617325 |
| epidemiological models for the spread of anti-malarial resistance. | the spread of drug resistance is making malaria control increasingly difficult. mathematical models for the transmission dynamics of drug sensitive and resistant strains can be a useful tool to help to understand the factors that influence the spread of drug resistance, and they can therefore help in the design of rational strategies for the control of drug resistance. | 2003 | 12643812 |
| estimation of vectorial capacity of anopheles dirus (diptera: culicidae) in a forest-fringed village of assam (india). | to estimate the vectorial capacity of anopheles dirus, the main vector of forest malaria in the northeastern region of india, in order to gain an understanding of entomological factors related to malaria transmission in forest-fringe areas of assam, india, an isolated village in the tropical rain forest-fringed area in the district of dibrugarh, assam, under the influence of an. dirus alone was studied. data on various entomological variables required for computation of the vectorial capacity we ... | 2001 | 12653151 |
| entomological surveys of malaria in khammouane province, lao pdr, in 1999 and 2000. | anopheline mosquitos and their relation to malaria transmission were studied 3 times: in july and august, 1999; in december, 1999; and in august and september, 2000. the studies took place in the malaria endemic villages of khammouane province, southeast of lao pdr. a total of 28 species were collected using human and animal bait. human bait attracted predominantly anopheles dirus and an. minimus, which were identified as vectors by the detection of sporozoites by dissection, pcr, and enzyme-lin ... | 2002 | 12693588 |
| trypsin and aminopeptidase activities in blood-fed females anopheles dirus (diptera: culicidae) of differing susceptibility to plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. | midgut proteolytic enzymes contribute to the success or failure of plasmodium infection of the mosquito. the present study investigated trypsin and aminopeptidase activities in the midgut of two strains of anopheles dirus selected for susceptibility and refractoriness to plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. at intervals of 6 hours following a bloodmeal, the midguts of fully engorged female mosquitos were dissected, homogenized, and assayed for enzyme activity. no differences trypsin activity (nmole/mi ... | 2002 | 12757211 |
| serum antibodies induced by intranasal immunization of mice with plasmodium vivax pvs25 co-administered with cholera toxin completely block parasite transmission to mosquitoes. | transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs) targeting ookinete surface proteins expressed on sexual-stage malaria parasites are considered one promising strategy for malaria control. to evaluate the prospect of developing non-invasive and easy-to-administer mucosal malaria transmission-blocking vaccines, mice were immunized intranasally with a plasmodium vivax ookinete surface protein, pvs25 with a mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (ct). immunization induced significant serum igg with high igg1/igg2a rat ... | 2003 | 12804841 |
| the development of exoerythrocytic stages of plasmodium inui shortti in new world monkeys. | attempts are being made to adapt old world monkey malarial parasites to new world monkeys for vaccine and molecular studies. several of these (plasmodium cynomolgi berok, plasmodium fragile, and plasmodium knowlesi) grow readily but have failed to produce infective gametocytes. plasmodium gonderi and plasmodium fieldi develop in the liver after sporozoite inoculation but have failed to establish infection in the erythrocyte. anopheles dirus mosquitoes infected with plasmodium inui shortti by fee ... | 2003 | 12880277 |
| [study on the relationship between intracellular free calcium and melanization in oocysts of plasmodium yoelii]. | to study the change of intracellular free ca2+ in the oocyst when it melanized and to find out the relationship between the melanized oocyst and its intracellular level of free ca2+ in a plasmodium-refractory strain of anopheles dirus. | 2003 | 12884616 |
| malaria control in a forest camp in an oil exploration area of upper assam. | assam, in north-east india, is extremely rich in hydrocarbon deposits and the oil industry is the major contributor to its economy. a large number of oil fields and related installations in assam are located in forest areas or on their fringes where malaria is a serious problem among field staff and security personnel, adversely affecting oil production. we carried out an operational research study for one year in a forest-based industrial security camp of dibrugarh district and developed an eff ... | 2003 | 12929855 |
| laboratory and field evaluations of the insect repellent 3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate) and deet against mosquito vectors in thailand. | the insect repellents 3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate or ir3535) and deet (n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) were prepared as 20% solutions in absolute ethanol and evaluated for repellency against many mosquito species in thailand under laboratory and field conditions using human subjects. in the laboratory, 0.1 ml was applied per 30-cm2 of exposed area on a volunteer's forearm (0.66-0.67 mg active ingredient [ai]/ cm2), whereas in the field, volunteers' legs (from knee to ankle, with a surf ... | 2001 | 14529087 |
| comparison of artificial membrane feeding with direct skin feeding to estimate the infectiousness of plasmodium vivax gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. | the efficacy of a membrane-feeding apparatus as a means of infecting anopheles dirus mosquitoes with plasmodium vivax was compared with direct feeding of mosquitoes on gametocyte carriers. volunteers participating in the study were symptomatic patients reporting to malaria clinics in western thailand. direct mosquito feeds were conducted on 285 p. vivax-infected individuals. four methods of preparing blood for the membrane-feeding apparatus were evaluated. they included 1) replacement of patient ... | 2003 | 14695091 |
| transmission-blocking activity of tafenoquine (wr-238605) and artelinic acid against naturally circulating strains of plasmodium vivax in thailand. | the sporontocidal activity of tafenoquine (wr-238605) and artelinic acid was determined against naturally circulating isolates of plasmodium vivax in western thailand. primaquine was used as a negative control and a dihydroacridine-dione (wr-250547) was used as a positive control. laboratory-reared anopheles dirus mosquitoes were infected with p. vivax by allowing mosquitoes to feed on blood (placed in an artificial-membrane feeding apparatus) collected from gametocytemic volunteers reporting to ... | 2003 | 14695093 |
| anopheles dirus and its role in malaria transmission in myanmar. | anopheles dirus is one of the primary vectors of highly drug-resistant plasmodium falciparum, which causes cerebral malaria resulting in high mortality. mosquito collections were conducted in a forest wood-extraction area (bago division), an irrigated plain area near foothills (mandalay division), a coastal plain (from domestic wells in the mudon area, mon state) near the foothill area, as well as a hilly area (deep forest timber extraction camp, tanintharyi division) from may 1998 to march 2000 ... | 2003 | 14714666 |
| seasonal abundance and blood feeding activity of anopheles minimus theobald (diptera: culicidae) in thailand. | anopheline mosquito larvae and adults were sampled at ban pu teuy, tri-yok district, kanchanaburi province, western thailand, from january 2000 to december 2001. over the period of 2 yr, anopheles minimus sensu lato was the most commonly collected species, followed by anopheles swadiwongporni and anopheles dirus sensu lato; all three species are important vectors of malaria in thailand. attempted blood feeding by an. minimus occurred throughout the night, with two distinct feeding peaks: strong ... | 2003 | 14765665 |
| malaria transmission and major malaria vectors in different geographical areas of southeast asia. | during the last decade, major progress in malaria control has been achieved in vietnam, laos and cambodia. however, malaria is still a potentially fatal disease in some hilly-forested areas and continues to be endemic in a few coastal foci. to estimate the risk that stems from the major vectors after a decade of intensive malaria control, an entomological study based on human landing collections was conducted between april 1998 and november 2000 in six study villages (four in vietnam, one in cam ... | 2004 | 15040560 |
| infectivity of asymptomatic plasmodium-infected human populations to anopheles dirus mosquitoes in western thailand. | the infectivity of plasmodium-infected humans in western thailand was estimated by feeding laboratory-reared anopheles dirus peyton and harrison mosquitoes on venous blood placed in a membrane-feeding apparatus. between may 2000 and november 2001, a total of 6,494 blood films collected during an active malaria surveillance program were checked by microscopy for the presence of plasmodium parasites: 3.3, 4.5, and 0.1% of slides were p. falciparum- (pf), p. vivax- (pv), and p. malariae (pm)-positi ... | 2004 | 15061279 |
| excito-repellency of deltamethrin on the malaria vectors, anopheles minimus, anopheles dirus, anopheles swadiwongporni, and anopheles maculatus, in thailand. | this study compared the behavioral avoidance responses of 4 mosquito malaria vectors, anopheles minimus, anopheles dirus, anopheles maculatus form b, and anopheles swadiwongporni, to deltamethrin, the primary insecticide used for indoor residual spraying for malaria vector control in thailand. six test populations. representing 4 laboratory colonies and 2 wild-caught populations, were observed during and after exposure to deltamethrin at the operational dose (0.02 g active ingredient/m2) in exci ... | 2004 | 15088704 |
| [the internal control role of ribosomal protein s7 in the defense of anopheles dirus against plasmodium infection]. | to investigate the role of ribosomal protein s7 (rps7) in the defense of anopheles dirus against infection. | 2003 | 15108511 |
| mosquito appetite for blood is stimulated by plasmodium chabaudi infections in themselves and their vertebrate hosts. | arthropod vectors of disease may encounter more than one infected host during the course of their lifetime. the consequences of super-infection to parasite development are rarely investigated, but may have substantial epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. | 2004 | 15151700 |
| catalytic and structural contributions for glutathione-binding residues in a delta class glutathione s-transferase. | glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are dimeric proteins that play a major role in cellular detoxification. the gsts in mosquito anopheles dirus species b, an important malaria vector in south east asia, are of interest because they can play an important role in insecticide resistance. in the present study, we characterized the anopheles dirus (ad)gst d3-3 which is an alternatively spliced product of the adgst1as1 gene. the data from the crystal structure of gst d3-3 shows that ile-52, glu-64, ser ... | 2004 | 15182230 |
| transmission of malaria and its control in the northeastern region of india. | let alone the eradication, malaria control itself has amounted to be a challenge, and is detrimental to the all round development of the northeastern region of india. focal outbreaks are frequent taking heavy tool on human lives. plasmodium falciparum is the predominant parasite species and is solely responsible for increased morbidity and mortality. the region contributes bulk of p. falciparum cases for the rest of india, and its proportions are increasing. efficient vectors like anopheles mini ... | 2003 | 15260392 |
| cloning and characterization of a mosquito larvicidal toxin produced during vegetative stage of bacillus sphaericus 2297. | the mosquitocidal toxin 1 (mtx1) gene from genomic dna of b. sphaericus strain 2297 was cloned and expressed in e. coli. dna sequencing analysis of the cloned gene revealed a single open reading frame encoding an 870-amino acid polypeptide. expression level of the full-length gene in e. coli was very low even though strong promoter was used or the gene was expressed as a fusion protein. expression level was highly improved after the putative leader sequence was deleted, and the truncated gene wa ... | 2004 | 15297911 |
| additional observations on the sporozoite transmission of plasmodium knowlesi to monkeys. | saimiri boliviensis monkeys were infected by the intravenous injection of 50 sporozoites of the h strain of plasmodium knowlesi dissected from the salivary glands of anopheles dirus mosquitoes; prepatent periods were 11, 12, 13, 13, 13, and 16 days. sporozoites of p. knowlesi stored frozen for 7 days, 53 days, 20 mo, 7 yr and 7 mo, and 11 yr and 5 mo induced infections in macaca mulatta monkeys with prepatent periods of 7, 6, 8, 10, and 7 days, respectively. after frozen storage for 11 yr and 5 ... | 2004 | 15357085 |
| infectious reservoir of plasmodium infection in mae hong son province, north-west thailand. | it was unknown whether the main reservoir of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax, which infects mosquitoes in thailand, was (a) in people feeling sufficiently ill with malaria to come to a clinic or (b) in people who had remained in their home villages with some fever symptoms or with none. | 2004 | 15385050 |
| endemic malaria in four villages in attapeu province, lao pdr. | a study was conducted in four villages in attapeu province, lao pdr in 2002 to determine malaria endemicity. the study villages were mixay, beng phoukham, phou vong and pier geo. mass blood surveys were conducted in may, august, and october. finger prick blood was collected for thick and thin blood film as well as for dipstick. the slide positivity rate was highest in phou hom in october (41.7%). plasmodium falciparum was the dominant species comprising more than 80% of the cases. as a whole, th ... | 2004 | 15689064 |
| malaria transmission by anopheles dirus in attapeu province, lao pdr. | a study was carried out in four malaria-endemic villages in attapeu province, in the southern region of lao pdr. all-night human landing collections were carried out in may, august, and october 2002, to determine malaria vectors. at the same time, mass blood surveys were also carried out in the same villages. anopheles dirus was the predominant species in three of the study villages. sporozoites were found only in an. drius from phou hom. however, in beng phoukham, an. dirus was positive for ooc ... | 2004 | 15691129 |
| changes in malaria vector densities over a twenty-three year period in mae hong son province, northern thailand. | mae hong son province in northwestern thailand has a long history of malaria. during the last two decades the province has had one of the highest malaria incidences of all provinces in thailand. data were analyzed to determine whether the vector populations were stable or increasing during the last two decades and to determine the seasonal prevalence of the main vectors, and whether or not they were related to the malaria transmission peak, in the wet season. we compiled and analyzed accumulated ... | 2004 | 15691130 |
| laboratory and field trial of developing medicinal local thai plant products against four species of mosquito vectors. | oils of syzygium aromaticum (clove) and zanthoxylum limonella (makaen), widely used essential oils for dental caries or flavoring of food in thailand, were prepared as 10 experimental repellent products in gel or cream form against aedes aegypti, culex quinquefasciatus, and anopheles dirus under laboratory conditions, using the human-arm-in-cage method. two products that gave the longest-lasting complete protection were selected to examine their repellency against a variety of mosquito species u ... | 2004 | 15691131 |
| behavioural heterogeneity of anopheles species in ecologically different localities in southeast asia: a challenge for vector control. | in southeast asia the biodiversity of anopheles species in the domestic environment is very high. only few species are considered major vectors throughout the region, whereas the vector status of other species varies from area to area. often it is difficult to identify an anopheles species as a malaria vector in areas with low malaria incidence. the behaviour of anopheles species largely determines their vector status, and insights into their behaviour are essential to evaluate the appropriatene ... | 2005 | 15730510 |
| studies on two strains of plasmodium cynomolgi in new world and old world monkeys and mosquitoes. | infections that cause the gombak and smithsonian strains of plasmodium cynomolgi were induced in macaca mulatta, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus nancymai, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys. transmission of the gombak strain to aotus spp. monkeys was obtained by the injection of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of experimentally infected anopheles dirus and by the bites of infected an. dirus and anopheles farauti mosquitoes. two s. boliviensis monkeys were infected via the injecti ... | 2005 | 15986601 |
| evaluation of procedures to determine absolute density of plasmodium vivax ookinetes. | the ookinete is the key determinant of infection within the mosquito vector, yet there are few population studies of ookinetes in nature. this investigation compared different techniques used to estimate ookinete densities in mosquitoes. laboratory-reared anopheles dirus mosquitoes were fed on gametocytemic blood drawn from 7 plasmodium vivax patients at a malaria clinic in mae sot, thailand. at 20-26 hr, bloodmeals were excised. three techniques were evaluated, i.e., hemacytometer counts under ... | 2005 | 15986624 |
| observations on the vietnam palo alto strain of plasmodium vivax in two species of aotus monkeys. | thirty-three splenectomized aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys with no previous experience with malaria were infected with the vietnam palo alto strain of plasmodium vivax. the median maximum parasite count was 280,000/microl. nine splenectomized monkeys with previous infection with plasmodium falciparum had median maximum parasite counts of 120,000/microl. splenectomized aotus nancymai monkeys supported infections at a lower level. transmission via the bites of anopheles dirus mosquitoes was ... | 2005 | 15986626 |
| infection of saimiri boliviensis monkeys with plasmodium coatneyi. | abundant, apparently normally developing, liver-stage parasites of plasmodium coatneyi were demonstrated following injection of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of anopheles dirus mosquitoes. erythrocytic development was not demonstrated. | 2005 | 15986634 |
| plasmodium ovale: parasite and disease. | humans are infected by four recognized species of malaria parasites. the last of these to be recognized and described is plasmodium ovale. like the other malaria parasites of primates, this parasite is only transmitted via the bites of infected anopheles mosquitoes. the prepatent period in the human ranges from 12 to 20 days. some forms in the liver have delayed development, and relapse may occur after periods of up to 4 years after infection. the developmental cycle in the blood lasts approxima ... | 2005 | 16020691 |
| comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. | the mosquito repellent activity of 38 essential oils from plants at three concentrations was screened against the mosquito aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions using human subjects. on a volunteer's forearm, 0.1 ml of oil was applied per 30 cm2 of exposed skin. when the tested oils were applied at a 10% or 50% concentration, none of them prevented mosquito bites for as long as 2 h, but the undiluted oils of cymbopogon nardus (citronella), pogostemon cablin (patchuli), syzygium aromaticum (c ... | 2005 | 16041723 |
| epidemiology of malaria in attapeu province, lao pdr in relation to entomological parameters. | surveys were conducted in malaria-endemic villages in the southern province of attapeu, lao pdr during various seasons over a 3-year period. all-night mosquito landing collections, blood surveys and a case-control study were conducted. plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species, and slide positivity rates were higher during the transition/dry season compared with the wet season. anopheles dirus a was found to be the primary vector, and sporozoite rates were highest during the transition/d ... | 2005 | 16112154 |
| isolation of bacterial strains colonizable in mosquito larval guts as novel host cells for mosquito control. | we screened for microorganisms that can be utilized as new host cells for mosquito larvicides. as long persistence in the environment is required of host cells, we examined the bacterial populations in the guts of mosquito larvae collected from natural breeding habitats. larvae of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus were examined, and bacillus species, particularly bacillus cereus, were found to be the dominant bacterial species in their guts. to investigate the relationship between these b ... | 2001 | 16233108 |
| nasal immunization with a malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate, pfs25, induces complete protective immunity in mice against field isolates of plasmodium falciparum. | malaria transmission-blocking vaccines based on antigens expressed in sexual stages of the parasites are considered one promising strategy for malaria control. to investigate the feasibility of developing noninvasive mucosal transmission-blocking vaccines against plasmodium falciparum, intranasal immunization experiments with pichia pastoris-expressed recombinant pfs25 proteins were conducted. mice intranasally immunized with the pfs25 proteins in the presence of a potent mucosal adjuvant choler ... | 2005 | 16239536 |
| epidemiology of forest malaria in central vietnam: a large scale cross-sectional survey. | in vietnam, a large proportion of all malaria cases and deaths occurs in the central mountainous and forested part of the country. indeed, forest malaria, despite intensive control activities, is still a major problem which raises several questions about its dynamics.a large-scale malaria morbidity survey to measure malaria endemicity and identify important risk factors was carried out in 43 villages situated in a forested area of ninh thuan province, south central vietnam. four thousand three h ... | 2005 | 16336671 |
| impact of different strategies to control plasmodium infection and anaemia on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea). | on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea), insecticide-treated nets (itns) have been the main tool used to control malaria over the last 13 years. in 2004, started an indoor residual spraying (irs) campaign to control malaria. the purpose of this study is to asses the impact of the two control strategies on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea), with regards to plasmodium infection and anaemia in the children under five years of age. | 2006 | 16460558 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of a highly stable mutant v107a of glutathione transferase from anopheles dirus in complex with glutathione. | an engineered mutant v107a of the dimeric glutathione transferase enzyme from anopheles dirus (adgstd4-4) was cocrystallized with glutathione substrate using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. the crystal diffracted to 2.47 a resolution in space group p3(2)21 (unit-cell parameters a = b = 49.4, c = 272.4 a). although the crystal morphology differed from that previously obtained for the wild-type enzyme, the crystal packing was the same. at 318 k, the engineered mutant showed an enzyme sta ... | 2006 | 16511331 |
| evaluating the costs of mosquito resistance to malaria parasites. | costly resistance mechanisms have been cited as an explanation for the widespread occurrence of parasitic infections, yet few studies have examined these costs in detail. a malaria-mosquito model has been used to test this concept by making a comparison of the fitness of highly susceptible lines of mosquitoes with lines that are resistant to infection. malaria infection is known to cause a decrease in fecundity and fertility of mosquitoes; resistant mosquitoes were thus predicted to be fitter th ... | 2005 | 16526504 |
| natural human humoral response to salivary gland proteins of anopheles mosquitoes in thailand. | during blood feeding, arthropod vectors inject saliva into vertebrate hosts. the saliva is biochemically complex and pharmacologically active, and may play an important role in pathogen transmission. to examine whether mosquito saliva could elicit humoral immune response in humans under natural conditions, we have collected sera from malaria patients, healthy villagers, and people from a non-malarious region in thailand. here we have demonstrated that anti-anopheles salivary protein antibodies o ... | 2006 | 16530153 |
| two serine proteases from anopheles dirus haemocytes exhibit changes in transcript abundance after infection of an incompatible rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium yoelii. | serine proteases are involved in regulation of innate immune responses, such as haemolymph coagulation, melanization reaction and antimicrobial peptide synthesis. although several serine proteases have been characterized in anopheles gambiae (a. gambiae), few were cloned from other malaria vectors. in this study, we identified three cdna fragments of serine proteases (adsp1, adsp2 and adsp3) from haemocytes of an oriental malaria vector, anopheles dirus (a. dirus), by cloning of fragments amplif ... | 2006 | 16567047 |
| sequence variation in the t-cell epitopes of the plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein among field isolates is temporally stable: a 5-year longitudinal study in southern vietnam. | in an effort to decipher the nature and extent of antigen polymorphisms of malaria parasites in a setting where malaria is hypomesoendemic, we conducted a 5-year longitudinal study (1998 to 2003) by sequencing the th2r and th3r epitopes of the circumsporozoite protein (csp) of 142 plasmodium falciparum field isolates from bao loc, vietnam. samples were collected during the high-transmission season, september through december 1998 (n = 43), as well as from july 2000 to august 2001 (n = 34), septe ... | 2006 | 16597843 |
| screening for larvicidal activity in some thai plants against four mosquito vector species. | ninety-six ethanolic extracts from various parts of 84 thai plant species were tested for their larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti mosquitoes. extracts from rhinacanthus nasutus, derris elliptica, trigonostemon reidioides, homalomena aromatica, stemona tuberosa and acorus calamus possessed high larvicidal activity, with lc50 values between 16.0 and 48.2 mg/l. petroleum ether (pe) and methanol (meoh) extracts were tested for their larvicidal activity against 4 mosquito vector species. the ... | 2005 | 16610643 |
| structure of the functional form of the mosquito larvicidal cry4aa toxin from bacillus thuringiensis at a 2.8-angstrom resolution. | the cry4aa delta-endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis is toxic to larvae of culex, anopheles, and aedes mosquitoes, which are vectors of important human tropical diseases. with the objective of designing modified toxins with improved potency that could be used as biopesticides, we determined the structure of this toxin in its functional form at a resolution of 2.8 angstroms. like other cry delta-endotoxins, the activated cry4aa toxin consists of three globular domains, a seven-alpha-helix bundl ... | 2006 | 16621834 |
| observations on the exoerythrocytic stages of different isolates of plasmodium cynomolgi in hepatocytes of new world aotus and saimiri monkeys. | sporozoites of 3 isolates of plasmodium cynomolgi dissected from the salivary glands of anopheles dirus and anopheles quadrimaculatus were injected intravenously into 9 new world monkeys. liver stage parasites were demonstrated in all 9 animals; 7 of these animals also produced blood stages after prepatent periods of 9 to 23 days. | 2006 | 16629341 |
| a global assessment of closed forests, deforestation and malaria risk. | global environmental change is expected to affect profoundly the transmission of the parasites that cause human malaria. amongst the anthropogenic drivers of change, deforestation is arguably the most conspicuous, and its rate is projected to increase in the coming decades. the canonical epidemiological understanding is that deforestation increases malaria risk in africa and the americas and diminishes it in south-east asia. partial support for this position is provided here, through a systemati ... | 2006 | 16630376 |
| core set approach to reduce uncertainty of gene trees. | a genealogy based on gene sequences within a species plays an essential role in the estimation of the character, structure, and evolutionary history of that species. because intraspecific sequences are more closely related than interspecific ones, detailed information on the evolutionary process may be available by determining all the node sequences of trees and provide insight into functional constraints and adaptations. however, strong evolutionary correlations on a few lineages make this dete ... | 2006 | 16712735 |
| alternative splicing in concert with protein intrinsic disorder enables increased functional diversity in multicellular organisms. | alternative splicing of pre-mrna generates two or more protein isoforms from a single gene, thereby contributing to protein diversity. despite intensive efforts, an understanding of the protein structure-function implications of alternative splicing is still lacking. intrinsic disorder, which is a lack of equilibrium 3d structure under physiological conditions, may provide this understanding. intrinsic disorder is a common phenomenon, particularly in multicellular eukaryotes, and is responsible ... | 2006 | 16717195 |
| deployment of early diagnosis and mefloquine-artesunate treatment of falciparum malaria in thailand: the tak malaria initiative. | early diagnosis and treatment with artesunate-mefloquine combination therapy (mas) have reduced the transmission of falciparum malaria dramatically and halted the progression of mefloquine resistance in camps for displaced persons along the thai-burmese border, an area of low and seasonal transmission of multidrug-resistant plasmodium falciparum. we extended the same combination drug strategy to all other communities (estimated population 450,000) living in five border districts of tak province ... | 2006 | 16719547 |
| concomitant infections of plasmodium falciparum and wuchereria bancrofti on the kenyan coast. | anopheles gambiae s.l. and an. funestus are important vectors of malaria and bancroftian filariasis, which occur as co-endemic infections along the kenyan coast. however, little is known about the occurrence and prevalence of concomitant infections of the two diseases in mosquito and human populations in these areas. this study reports the prevalence of concomitant infections of plasmodium falciparum and wuchereria bancrofti in mosquito and human populations in jilore and shakahola villages in m ... | 2006 | 16723020 |
| transmission-blocking activities of quinine, primaquine, and artesunate. | the infectivity of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes after exposure in vitro to quinine, artesunate, and primaquine was assessed in anopheles dirus, a major vector of malaria in southeast asia. mature gametocytes (stage 5) of a thai isolate of p. falciparum were exposed to the drugs for 24 h in vitro before membrane feeding to a. dirus. after 10 days, the mosquito midguts were dissected and the oocysts were counted. in this system, artesunate showed the most potent transmission-blocking activity ... | 2006 | 16723547 |
| population dynamics of sporogony for plasmodium vivax parasites from western thailand developing within three species of colonized anopheles mosquitoes. | the population dynamics of plasmodium sporogony within mosquitoes consists of an early phase where parasite abundance decreases during the transition from gametocyte to oocyst, an intermediate phase where parasite abundance remains static as oocysts, and a later phase where parasite abundance increases during the release of progeny sporozoites from oocysts. sporogonic development is complete when sporozoites invade the mosquito salivary glands. the dynamics and efficiency of this developmental s ... | 2006 | 16887043 |
| is vector body size the key to reduced malaria transmission in the irrigated region of niono, mali? | malaria vectors can reach very high densities in villages near irrigated rice fields in africa, leading to the expectation that malaria should be especially prevalent there. surprisingly, this is not always the case. in niono, mali, villages from nonirrigated areas have higher malaria prevalence than those within the irrigated regions, which suffer from higher mosquito numbers. one hypothesis explaining this observation is that mosquitoes from irrigated fields with high densities are inefficient ... | 2006 | 17017214 |
| a glycine- and glutamate-rich protein is female salivary gland-specific and abundant in the malaria vector anopheles dirus b (diptera: culicidae). | before transmission, malaria parasites reside in the salivary glands of their female mosquito hosts. saliva proteins assist in blood feeding and also may influence the ability of mosquitoes to transmit malaria. we attempted to identify and isolate cdnas encoding proteins expressed at a high level in the salivary glands of a malaria vector, anopheles dirus b peyton and harrison (= an. cracens) (diptera: culicidae). a major protein with an estimated molecular mass of 35 kda and an isoelectric poin ... | 2006 | 17017221 |
| experimental infection of the neotropical malaria vector anopheles darlingi by human patient-derived plasmodium vivax in the peruvian amazon. | malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes is modulated by human host immune factors. understanding mechanisms by which the human host response may impair parasite infectivity for mosquitoes has direct implications for the development of transmission-blocking vaccines. we hypothesized that despite a low transmission intensity of malaria in the peruvian amazon region of iquitos, transmission-blocking immunity against plasmodium vivax might be common, given an unexpectedly high proportion of a ... | 2006 | 17038681 |
| molecular characterization and species identification of the anopheles dirus and an. minimus complexes in north-east india using r-dna its-2. | the sibling species composition of the anopheles minimus and anopheles dirus complexes is poorly known in the highly malarious north-eastern region of india where these two vector taxa are accountable for most of the malaria transmission among 30.7 million inhabitants. prevalent members of these two complexes in this part of india were identified using sequences for the second internal transcribed spacer (its2) of ribosomal dna. anopheles baimaii (species d) of the an. dirus complex and an. mini ... | 2006 | 17118324 |
| genetic structures of geographically distinct plasmodium vivax populations assessed by pcr/rflp analysis of the merozoite surface protein 3beta gene. | the recent resurgence of plasmodium vivax malaria requires close epidemiological surveillance and monitoring of the circulating parasite populations. in this study, we developed a combination of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr/rflp) method to investigate the genetic diversity of the p. vivax merozoite surface protein 3beta (pvmsp3beta) gene among four asian parasite populations representing both tropical and temperate strains with dramatic divergent re ... | 2006 | 17129568 |
| studies on sporozoite-induced and chronic infections with plasmodium fragile in macaca mulatta and new world monkeys. | plasmodium fragile continues to be investigated because of its biologic similarities to the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum. two strains of p. fragile are available for study; one strain is able to infect mosquitoes, whereas the other strain is transmissible only by blood inoculation. the sri lanka strain of p. fragile was transmitted to macaca mulatta, macaca fascicularis, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus nancymaae, aotus vociferans, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys via sporozoi ... | 2006 | 17152944 |
| a novel chimeric plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein induces biologically functional antibodies that recognize both vk210 and vk247 sporozoites. | a successful vaccine against plasmodium vivax malaria would significantly improve the health and quality of the lives of more than 1 billion people around the world. a subunit vaccine is the only option in the absence of long-term culture of p. vivax parasites. the circumsporozoite protein that covers the surface of plasmodium sporozoites is one of the best-studied malarial antigens and the most promising vaccine in clinical trials. we report here the development of a novel "immunologically opti ... | 2007 | 17158893 |
| mosquitoes do senesce: departure from the paradigm of constant mortality. | although variation in mortality is considered by virtually all vector-borne disease specialists to be one of the most important determinants of an arthropod's capacity to transmit pathogens, the operational assumption often is that insect vector mortality is independent of age. acceptance of the non-senescence assumption leads to the erroneous conclusion that mosquito age is unimportant, results in misleading predictions regarding disease reductions after vector control, and represses study of o ... | 2007 | 17255238 |
| ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in british columbia, canada. | the use of medicinal plants is an option for livestock farmers who are not allowed to use allopathic drugs under certified organic programs or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs for minor health problems of livestock. | 2007 | 17324258 |
| repellency of essential oils extracted from plants in thailand against four mosquito vectors (diptera: culicidae) and oviposition deterrent effects against aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | in this study we evaluated and reported repellent effects of essential oils from thai plants against 4 mosquito vectors: aedes aegypti, ae. albopictus, anopheles. dirus and culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions using human volunteers. the essential oils were extracted from 18 plant species, belonging to 11 families, and the oils were then prepared as 10% solution in absolute ethanol with additives. two chemical repellents, deet and ir3535, were also prepared in the same formulation ... | 2006 | 17333734 |
| the anopheles dirus complex: spatial distribution and environmental drivers. | the anopheles dirus complex includes efficient malaria vectors of the asian forested zone. studies suggest ecological and biological differences between the species of the complex but variations within species suggest possible environmental influences. behavioural variation might determine vector capacity and adaptation to changing environment. it is thus necessary to clarify the species distributions and the influences of environment on behavioural heterogeneity. | 2007 | 17341297 |
| salivary gland proteins of the human malaria vector, anopheles dirus b (diptera: culicidae). | salivary gland proteins of the human malaria vector, anopheles dirus b were determined and analyzed. the amount of salivary gland proteins in mosquitoes aged between 3--10 days was approximately 1.08 +/- 0.04 microg/female and 0.1 +/- 0.05 microg/male. the salivary glands of both sexes displayed the same morphological organization as that of other anopheline mosquitoes. in females, apyrase accumulated in the distal regions, whereas alpha-glucosidase was found in the proximal region of the latera ... | 2007 | 17384813 |
| large-scale malaria survey in cambodia: novel insights on species distribution and risk factors. | in cambodia, estimates of the malaria burden rely on a public health information system that does not record cases occurring among remote populations, neither malaria cases treated in the private sector nor asymptomatic carriers. a global estimate of the current malaria situation and associated risk factors is, therefore, still lacking. | 2007 | 17389041 |
| plasmodium yoelii: contribution of oocysts melanization to natural refractoriness in anopheles dirus. | it is well known that anopheles dirus is naturally refractory to rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium yoelii, but the mechanism is still largely unknown. here, we found that some p. yoelii taken into an. dirus could develop into oocysts, but oocysts were partially melanized at 7 days and completely melanized at 15 days post-infectious blood meal. transmission electronic microscopy could find the melanized p. yoelii oocysts in an. dirus as early as 5 days post-infection, with a few haemocytes atta ... | 2007 | 17416360 |
| genomic and evolutionary analyses of tango transposons in aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae and other mosquito species. | tango is a transposon of the tc1 family and was originally discovered in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. here we report a systematic analysis of the genome sequence of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, which uncovered three distinct tango transposons. we name the only an. gambiae tango transposon agtango1 and the three ae. aegypti tango elements aetango1-3. like agtango1, aetango1 and aetango2 elements both have members that retain characteristics of autonomous elements ... | 2007 | 17506852 |
| random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) for differentiation between thai and myanmar strains of wuchereria bancrofti. | lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by mosquito-transmitted filarial nematodes, including wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi. the lymphatic filariasis elimination program in thailand has reduced the prevalence of nocturnally subperiodic w. bancrofti (thai strain), mainly transmitted by the ochlerotatus (aedes) niveus group in thailand to 0.57/100,000 population. however, it is estimated that more than one million myanmar migrants with high prevalence of bancroftian f ... | 2007 | 17663780 |
| a low-cost repellent for malaria vectors in the americas: results of two field trials in guatemala and peru. | the cost of mosquito repellents in latin america has discouraged their wider use among the poor. to address this problem, a low-cost repellent was developed that reduces the level of expensive repellent actives by combining them with inexpensive fixatives that appear to slow repellent evaporation. the chosen actives were a mixture of para-menthane-diol (pmd) and lemongrass oil (lg). | 2007 | 17678537 |
| transmission-blocking activity induced by malaria vaccine candidates pfs25/pvs25 is a direct and predictable function of antibody titer. | mosquito stage malaria vaccines are designed to induce an immune response in the human host that will block the parasite's growth in the mosquito and consequently block transmission of the parasite. a mosquito membrane-feeding assay (mfa) is used to test transmission-blocking activity (tba), but in this technique cannot accommodate many samples. a clear understanding of the relationship between antibody levels and tba may allow elisa determinations to be used to predict tba and assist in plannin ... | 2007 | 17686163 |
| prevalence of plasmodium falciparum in active conflict areas of eastern burma: a summary of cross-sectional data. | burma records the highest number of malaria deaths in southeast asia and may represent a reservoir of infection for its neighbors, but the burden of disease and magnitude of transmission among border populations of burma remains unknown. | 2007 | 17803819 |
| protection of rhesus monkeys by a dna prime/poxvirus boost malaria vaccine depends on optimal dna priming and inclusion of blood stage antigens. | we have previously described a four antigen malaria vaccine consisting of dna plasmids boosted by recombinant poxviruses which protects a high percentage of rhesus monkeys against plasmodium knowlesi (pk) malaria. this is a multi-stage vaccine that includes two pre-erythrocytic antigens, pkcsp and pkssp2(trap), and two erythrocytic antigens, pkama-1 and pkmsp-1(42kd). the present study reports three further experiments where we investigate the effects of dna dose, timing, and formulation. we als ... | 2007 | 17957247 |
| susceptibility of anopheles gambiae and anopheles stephensi to tropical isolates of plasmodium falciparum. | the susceptibility of anopheline mosquito species to plasmodium infection is known to be variable with some mosquitoes more permissive to infection than others. little work, however, has been carried out investigating the susceptibility of major malaria vectors to geographically diverse tropical isolates of plasmodium falciparum aside from examining the possibility of infection extending its range from tropical regions into more temperate zones. | 2007 | 17958900 |
| continuous exposure to plasmodium results in decreased susceptibility and transcriptomic divergence of the anopheles gambiae immune system. | plasmodium infection has been shown to compromise the fitness of the mosquito vector, reducing its fecundity and longevity. however, from an evolutionary perspective, the impact of plasmodium infection as a selective pressure on the mosquito is largely unknown. | 2007 | 18053261 |
| progression of plasmodium berghei through anopheles stephensi is density-dependent. | it is well documented that the density of plasmodium in its vertebrate host modulates the physiological response induced; this in turn regulates parasite survival and transmission. it is less clear that parasite density in the mosquito regulates survival and transmission of this important pathogen. numerous studies have described conversion rates of plasmodium from one life stage to the next within the mosquito, yet few have considered that these rates might vary with parasite density. here we e ... | 2007 | 18166078 |
| distribution of anopheles in vietnam, with particular attention to malaria vectors of the anopheles minimus complex. | the distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in vietnam was examined, with a particular interest for the two sibling species of the anopheles minimus complex (cellia: myzomyia), an. minimus and anopheles harrisoni, respectively former species a and c. because the morphological identification of both sibling species is difficult and may lead to misidentifications, accurate data on their respective distribution are missing. this is of fundamental importance since the two species seem to exhibit diffe ... | 2008 | 18190697 |
| malaria in central vietnam: analysis of risk factors by multivariate analysis and classification tree models. | in central vietnam, forest malaria remains difficult to control due to the complex interactions between human, vector and environmental factors. | 2008 | 18234102 |
| wheat germ cell-free system-based production of malaria proteins for discovery of novel vaccine candidates. | one of the major bottlenecks in malaria research has been the difficulty in recombinant protein expression. here, we report the application of the wheat germ cell-free system for the successful production of malaria proteins. for proof of principle, the pfs25, pfcsp, and pfama1 proteins were chosen. these genes contain very high a/t sequences and are also difficult to express as recombinant proteins. in our wheat germ cell-free system, native and codon-optimized versions of the pfs25 genes produ ... | 2008 | 18268027 |
| detection of malaria parasites in mosquitoes from the malaria-endemic area of chakaria, bangladesh. | malaria is one of the major public health problems of bangladesh. we investigated the mosquito populations infected with malaria parasites in a malaria-endemic area chakaria, bangladesh, where anopheles dirus and anopheles minimus are the principal vectors. anopheles mosquitoes were collected with a cdc miniature light trap from inside households in june 2007. a total of 868 mosquitoes were collected, among which females numbered 669 (77.1%). the species of female anopheles mosquitoes were ident ... | 2008 | 18379066 |
| expression of three serine protease genes from the south east asian malaria vector, anopheles dirus, in relation to blood feeding and parasite infection. | three serine protease cdna clones were isolated from anopheles dirus, a major vector of malaria in southeast asia. transcript abundance was examined following infection by plasmodium falciparum by rt-pcr analysis. serf3 exhibited increased transcript abundance in the whole body at 10 days post-infection with p. falciparum. all three genes are candidates for further investigation to determine their roles in mosquito immune responses. | 2008 | 18395797 |
| enhanced detection of gametocytes by magnetic deposition microscopy predicts higher potential for plasmodium falciparum transmission. | aggregated haemozoin crystals within malaria-infected erythrocytes confer susceptibility of parasitized cells to a magnetic field. here the utility of this method for diagnosis of human malaria is evaluated in a malaria-endemic region of papua new guinea (png). | 2008 | 18439240 |
| [genetic variation of anopheles dirus a and d (diptera:culicidae) in china: inferred by mtdna-co i gene sequences]. | to interpret genetic variation and population structure of anopheles dirus a and d from china by molecular marker. | 2007 | 18441986 |
| changing patterns of forest malaria among the mobile adult male population in chumkiri district, cambodia. | forest malaria remains a major problem in many parts of southeast asia and south america. in cambodia, where a significant reduction of malaria morbidity and mortality has been observed in the last 20 years, the forest malaria situation was studied in chumkiri district by analysing the available passive case detection data and conducting malariometric (n=1018) and questionnaire surveys (n=374) in four forest-fringe villages. there has been a decreasing trend of malaria incidence from 2001. plasm ... | 2008 | 18471797 |
| longitudinal study of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax in a karen population in thailand. | clinical case treatment of malaria infections where plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax are sympatric has achieved effective reductions in p. falciparum prevalence and incidence rates, but has been less successful for p. vivax. the high transmissibility of p. vivax and its capacity to relapse have been suggested to make it a harder parasite species to control. | 2008 | 18518964 |
| control of mosquito vectors of tropical infectious diseases: (1) bioefficacy of mosquito coils containing several pyrethroids and a synergist. | the bioefficacy of mosquito coils containing several pyrethroids were tested in a 25 m3 room against culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti and anopheles dirus. the test results were compared with tests against culex pipiens pallens in japan. based on the kt50 values (the 50% knockdown time) of mosquito coils containing dl, d-t80-allethrin, d, d-t-prallethrin and methoxymethyl-tetrafluorobenzyl tetramethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate (k-3050) at doses of 0.05-0.5% (w/w) with or without a syne ... | 2008 | 18567443 |
| competency of anopheles stephensi mysorensis strain for plasmodium vivax and the role of inhibitory carbohydrates to block its sporogonic cycle. | despite the abundance of studies conducted on the role of mosquitoes in malaria transmission, the biology and interaction of plasmodium with its insect host still holds many mysteries. this paper provides the first study to follow the sporogonic cycle of plasmodium vivax in a wild insecticide-resistant mysorensis strain of anopheles stephensi, a major vector of vivax malaria in south-eastern iran. the study subsequently demonstrates that host-parasite sugar binding interactions are critical to t ... | 2008 | 18627630 |
| characterization of putative hydrophobic substrate binding site residues of a delta class glutathione transferase from anopheles dirus. | to date, investigations of the hydrophobic substrate site of the insect delta class glutathione transferase are limited in number. in the present study, putative hydrophobic site residues of adgstd4-4 have been proposed and characterized. these residues are gln-112, thr-174, phe-212, arg-214, tyr-215 and phe-216. it was found that gln-112 does not contribute significantly to the catalytic properties of adgstd4-4. arg-214, tyr-215 and phe-216 made contributions to catalytic properties and the rat ... | 2008 | 18760991 |
| transmission of different strains of plasmodium cynomolgi to aotus nancymaae monkeys and relapse. | forty-four splenectomized aotus nancymaae monkeys were infected with 6 different strains of plasmodium cynomolgi, 11 via trophozoites and 33 via sporozoites. sporozoites from anopheles dirus, anopheles freeborni, anopheles gambiae, anopheles maculatus, and anopheles stephensi resulted in prepatent periods ranging from 9 to 39 days (median of 15 days). importantly, relapse was demonstrated in 5 of 5 sporozoite-induced infections with the rossan strain following treatment with chloroquine. | 2009 | 18788885 |
| catalytically active monomer of glutathione s-transferase pi and key residues involved in the electrostatic interaction between subunits. | human glutathione transferase pi (gst pi) has been crystallized as a homodimer, with a subunit molecular mass of approximately 23 kda; however, in solution the average molecular mass depends on protein concentration, approaching that of monomer at <0.03 mg/ml, concentrations typically used to measure catalytic activity of the enzyme. electrostatic interaction at the subunit interface greatly influences the dimer-monomer equilibrium of the enzyme and is an important force for holding subunits tog ... | 2008 | 18796433 |
| complex population history of two anopheles dirus mosquito species in southeast asia suggests the influence of pleistocene climate change rather than human-mediated effects. | anopheles dirus and anopheles baimaii are closely related species which feed on primates, particularly humans, and transmit malaria in the tropical forests of mainland southeast asia. here, we report an in-depth phylogeographic picture based on 269 individuals from 21 populations from mainland southeast asia. analysis of 1537 bp of mtdna sequence revealed that the population history of a. baimaii is far more complex than previously thought. an old expansion (pre-300 kyr bp) was inferred in north ... | 2008 | 18800997 |
| border malaria in china: knowledge and use of personal protection by minority populations and implications for malaria control: a questionnaire-based survey. | malaria control in remote, forested areas of the mekong region relies on personal protection from mosquito bites. uptake of these methods may be limited by knowledge of the link between mosquitoes and malaria as well as social and economic aspects. understanding barriers to uptake will inform malaria control programmes on targets for improvement of delivery. | 2008 | 18828901 |
| the unfoldomics decade: an update on intrinsically disordered proteins. | our first predictor of protein disorder was published just over a decade ago in the proceedings of the ieee international conference on neural networks (romero p, obradovic z, kissinger c, villafranca je, dunker ak (1997) identifying disordered regions in proteins from amino acid sequence. proceedings of the ieee international conference on neural networks, 1: 90-95). by now more than twenty other laboratory groups have joined the efforts to improve the prediction of protein disorder. while the ... | 2008 | 18831774 |
| forest malaria in central vietnam. | studies were conducted in a village in central vietnam to explain the existence of a forest malaria cycle of transmission external to the village. the findings suggested no malaria transmission in the village because of the absence of a suitable vector, but suggested evidence for transmission in villagers when attending garden plots in the forested hills surrounding the village. a sizeable population residing near these garden plots, the presence of anopheles dirus (a highly efficient vector), a ... | 2008 | 18981498 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic studies of the rho-class glutathione s-transferase from the antarctic clam laternula elliptica. | glutathione s-transferases are involved in phase ii detoxification processes and catalyze the nucleophilic attack of the tripeptide glutathione on a wide range of endobiotic and xenobiotic electrophilic substrates. the rho-class glutathione s-transferase from laternula elliptica was overexpressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized with two substrates: glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (cdnb). diffraction data were collected to 2.20 a resolution for the glutathione-complex c ... | 2008 | 19052367 |