| [immune reactions to the african swine fever virus]. | host immune reactions to african swine fever virus variants differing in their virulence were studied comparatively. their obvious variabilities in antibody induction to some polypeptides active in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and cytotoxic t-lymphocytes were demonstrated. t-helpers of immune pig splenocytes were found to recognize the cells infected with avirulent but not virulent virus variants. the described differences were not connected with the changes in sla-1 antigen expression i ... | 1992 | 1441445 |
| a comparison of the pathogenicity of two strains of hog cholera virus. 1. clinical and pathological studies. | the virulence of a strain of hog cholera virus isolated during an outbreak of mild disease in pigs in new south wales in 1960/61 (the nsw strain) was compared over 11 days with that of a virulent strain by inoculating 8 pigs with each virus and comparing the ensuing clinical signs and pathology. both viruses caused persistent pyrexia and leukopenia, the nsw strain 4 to 5 days and the virulent strain 3 days, after inoculation. few other clinical signs were observed in the pigs inoculated with the ... | 1992 | 1445070 |
| a comparison of the pathogenicity of two strains of hog cholera virus. 2. virological studies. | quantitative and qualitative differences were demonstrated in the amount of virus in a range of tissues from pigs infected with either the weybridge or new south wales (nsw) strains of hog cholera (hc) virus. the titre of the weybridge strain in samples, as assessed by either virus titration in cell culture or by the density of specific fluorescing cells in tissue sections, was higher than that for the nsw strain. this correlated with the greater severity of the clinico-pathological syndrome ind ... | 1992 | 1445071 |
| evaluation of the complex trapping blocking-elisa in a serological survey during the belgian classical swine fever epizootic in 1990. | | 1992 | 1455586 |
| african swine fever virus infection in the soft tick, ornithodoros (alectorobius) puertoricensis (acari: argasidae). | in total, 1,186 second instar ornithodoros (alectorobius) puertoricensis fox second instars were fed on a pig when it had a viremia of 10(5.2) hemadsorption units (had50/ml) and 420 second-instar o. puertoricensis were fed on an uninfected pig. subsequent blood meals for ticks in both groups were from uninfected pigs. the effects of african swine fever virus (asfv) infection on o. puertoricensis populations were evaluated for the following parameters: mortality; mean time to death; percentage mo ... | 1992 | 1460641 |
| survival of hog cholera virus (hcv) in sausage meat products (italian salami). | survival of hog cholera virus (hcv) was determined in several sausage meat products (italian salami) prepared with meats from experimentally infected hogs slaughtered at the peak of disease. meats were processed following the technology applied by the main factories of the typical italian production. the survival of hcv was assessed through inoculation in both pk 15 cell monolayers and fully susceptible piglets. in all types of sausages examined hcv was detected up to 75 days of curing by piglet ... | 1992 | 1476864 |
| approaches to the identification of non-essential genes of african swine fever virus. | it is poorly understood why vaccines could not be developed for the control and prevention of african swine fever (asf) virus infection. the aim of our study was to identify genes non-essential for asf virus replication because there were indications that certain viral gene products, which apparently are non-essential for viral replication, conferred protection from death due to asf. a cosmid library representing the genome of asf virus strain france 64 was established and characterized. then, i ... | 1992 | 1481351 |
| analyses of the primary in vitro responsiveness of non-immune porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells with reference to immunization by african swine fever virus antigen and treatment with leucine methyl ester. | peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from non-immune pigs were immunized in vitro using african swine fever (asf) virus antigen with concomitant mitogenic stimulations known to have varying effects on b and t lymphocyte activity. none of these conditions, including those previously reported as being successful for the in vitro immunization of non-immune porcine pbmc with asf virus antigen, supported the induction of specific antibody. due to the reports on in vitro immunization of human pbm ... | 1992 | 1487303 |
| experimental transmission of african swine fever virus by the soft tick ornithodoros (pavlovskyella) marocanus (acari: ixodoidea: argasidae). | a total of 1,600 ornithodoros (pavlovskyella) marcocanus larvae were fed on a pig with a viremia of 10(7.4) had50/ml of african swine fever virus (asfv). infected larvae were sampled daily for 15 d, and nymphs were sampled at least once per instar until they became adults. initial titers of 10(4.48) had50 per larva declined to 10(4.04) within 2 d. larval titers reached a maximum of 10(6.0) had50 per larva 10 d after the infective blood meal. nymphs of each instar were fed on a susceptible pig an ... | 1992 | 1495075 |
| detection of african swine fever viral antigens in paraffin-embedded tissues by use of immunohistologic methods and polyclonal antibodies. | tissues obtained from pigs inoculated with african swine fever virus (asfv), fixed by vascular perfusion using glutaraldehyde, and embedded in paraffin or araldite were used for an immunohistologic electron microscopic study. to detect asfv antigens, 4 methods were used on paraffin sections with or without pretreatment of the tissues. use of biotinylated anti-asfv antiserum combined with avidin-biotin complex and peroxidase proved to be the most suitable method, and antigen was detected in tissu ... | 1992 | 1510327 |
| a sensitive dot immunobinding assay for serodiagnosis of african swine fever virus with application in field conditions. | the present work describes a simple dot immunobinding assay (dia) for african swine fever virus (asfv) antibody detection that can be used under field conditions. the assay uses nitrocellulose strips dotted with a cytoplasmic soluble antigen (cs-p) of asfv. the nitrocellulose strips are adhered to a plastic handle. the test serum samples react with the cs-p, and antibodies are detected using a protein a-peroxidase conjugate. both incubations are carried out at 20 c. the efficacy of the dia as a ... | 1992 | 1515486 |
| a review on classical swine fever infections in pigs: epizootiology, clinical disease and pathology. | a review is given on classical swine fever (csf) including epizootiology, clinical disease and pathology. under the item of epizootiology the history of csf is briefly summarized. ways of transmission are described with special reference to csf in wild boars. the chapter about clinical disease includes the description of different courses of csf such as peracute, acute, subacute form and chronic disease with reference to the course of transplacental infection and fate of the progeny associated w ... | 1992 | 1516362 |
| a tissue culture vaccine with lapinized chinese (lc) strain of hog cholera virus (hcv). | the lapinized chinese (lc) strain of hog cholera virus (hcv), was adapted to grow in a cell line from minipig kidney (mpk) where it reached a titer, as determined by immunofluorescence, significantly higher than in rabbits. inasmuch as the immune serum to hcv neutralized the culture-adapted virus, it was concluded that its antigenicity did not undergo any change after adaptation to mpk cells. the mpk-lc adapted virus (mpk-lc-hcv) showed also a higher immunogenic activity in rabbits, in compariso ... | 1992 | 1516363 |
| expression in vivo and in vitro of the major structural protein (vp73) of african swine fever virus. | the vp73 protein was produced by in vitro transcription and translation from the xho i-bam hi fragment located between the cla i-n and cla i-h fragments of the viral genome. this dna fragment encodes a late mrna of about 2.6 kb detected in infected ms monkey and bhk hamster cells. the transcript was initiated at a site within two bases upstream of the translation initiation codon. the in vitro synthesized polypeptide shows the same molecular weight as the in vivo synthesized polypeptide, suggest ... | 1992 | 1550491 |
| modulation of splenic macrophages, and swine leukocyte antigen (sla) and viral antigen expression following african swine fever virus (asfv) inoculation. | expression of viral and major histocompatibility complex (mhc) antigens and localization of t cells and macrophages was studied in frozen tissue sections of spleens taken from normal pigs or from pigs inoculated with highly virulent lisbon 60 (l60), or with moderately virulent dominican republic 1978 (dr-ii), african swine fever virus (asfv) isolates. splenic sections from l60 inoculated pigs exhibited a large decrease in macrophage staining, whereas dr-ii infected animals appeared more intensel ... | 1992 | 1550493 |
| african swine fever virus: generation of subpopulations with altered immunogenicity and virulence following passage in cell cultures. | virus subpopulations with variable virulence, immunogenicity, and infectivity to pigs were readily generated by passaging tengani isolate of african swine fever virus, either biologically cloned or uncloned, in vero cell cultures. avirulent virus populations which account for more than 99% of virus in an uncloned preparation of the 27th passage are laboratory artefacts, perhaps do not exist in nature. furthermore, attenuation of virulence did not occur uniformly in all subpopulations newly gener ... | 1992 | 1558888 |
| [light and electron microscopic findings in the intestine of spontaneous and experimentally-produced african swine fever]. | light and electron microscopical studies were carried out after experimental induced and spontaneous infection with african swine fever virus. the experimental infection was performed in 18 pigs divided into two groups consisting of 9 animals. the pigs of group i were inoculated with virulent isolate e 70, those of group ii with attenuated isolate e 75. two infected pigs of group i and one control animal were killed on days 3, 5 or 7 p.i., two pigs of group ii and one control animal were killed ... | 1992 | 1559460 |
| genetic manipulation of african swine fever virus: construction of recombinant viruses expressing the beta-galactosidase gene. | homologous recombination is shown to be specifically induced in vero cells by infection with african swine fever (asf) virus. the frequency of recombination induced by asf virus infection between cotransfecting plasmids is comparable to that found after infection with the prototype poxvirus, vaccinia virus. the induction of recombination is accompanied by replication of the plasmid templates in the asf virus-infected cells. an asf virus insertion/expression plasmid vector containing the escheric ... | 1992 | 1566585 |
| [is feeding of green silage in areas with hog cholera in wild boar a danger for domestic swine herds? experimental study]. | in an experimental study we tested the survival of hog cholera virus (hcv) contained in pieces of muscular tissue and organs from experimentally infected swine after incubation in silage. in big (diameter greater than 20 cm) muscular pieces hcv survived even in excellent mineral acid silage (ph 3.8-4.0) after a storage of 5 months. on the other hand in smaller parts (musculature tissue, organs less than 20 cm diameter) we never found virulent hcv after 3 months of incubation. independent of the ... | 1992 | 1575668 |
| a second envelope glycoprotein mediates neutralization of a pestivirus, hog cholera virus. | several monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against hog cholera virus (hcv) reacted with the hcv structural glycoprotein gp44/48 and neutralized the virus. the presence of hcv gp44/48 on the viral surface was directly demonstrated by immunogold electron microscopy. eight anti-hcv gp44/48 mabs were tested by immunoperoxidase assay against a panel of pestivirus strains. each mab showed a distinct pattern of reactivity with hcv strains. it is suggested that the mabs are well suited for epidemiologi ... | 1992 | 1583727 |
| amino acid sequence and structural properties of protein p12, an african swine fever virus attachment protein. | the gene encoding the african swine fever virus protein p12, which is involved in virus attachment to the host cell, has been mapped and sequenced in the genome of the vero-adapted virus strain ba71v. the determination of the n-terminal amino acid sequence and the hybridization of oligonucleotide probes derived from this sequence to cloned restriction fragments allowed the mapping of the gene in fragment ecori-o, located in the central region of the viral genome. the dna sequence of an ecori-xba ... | 1992 | 1583732 |
| comparison of the sequence of the gene encoding african swine fever virus attachment protein p12 from field virus isolates and viruses passaged in tissue culture. | comparison of the amino acid sequence of the african swine fever virus attachment protein p12 from different field virus isolates, deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the gene, revealed a high degree of conservation. no mutations were found after adaptation to vero cells, and a polypeptide with similar characteristics was present in an ibrs2-adapted virus. the sequence of the 5' flanking region was conserved among the isolates, whereas sequences downstream of the gene were highly variable in ... | 1992 | 1583733 |
| role of the host cell nucleus in the replication of african swine fever virus dna. | an examination by autoradiography of african swine fever virus-infected alveolar macrophages pulse labeled with [3h]thymidine showed that, at early times of viral dna replication, the grains were localized exclusively in the nucleus in 20% of the cells, while in 45% the label was found in the cytoplasm. in the remaining 35%, newly synthesized dna was detected in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. at later times, the percentage of cells with grains in the nucleus decreased considerably. pulse-ch ... | 1992 | 1585638 |
| characterization of p30, a highly antigenic membrane and secreted protein of african swine fever virus. | we have identified and characterized a 30-kda phosphoprotein (p30) of african swine fever virus (asfv) that is synthesized, membrane localized, and released into the culture medium at early times after infection. sequence analysis of the p30 open reading frame predicts a highly antigenic protein with putative phosphorylation, glycosylation, and membrane attachment sites. | 1992 | 1604821 |
| cell culture propagation modifies the african swine fever virus replication phenotype in macrophages and generates viral subpopulations differing in protein p54. | we have detected 86 african swine fever (asf) virus-induced proteins in infected pig macrophages by two-dimensional electrophoresis. no differences among protein patterns of wild-type viruses could be observed by this methodology. however, during cell culture adaptation and propagation we have characterized changes in the molecular weight of the asf virus specified protein p54, which show direct correlation with both size and number of viral subpopulation variants generated during cell culture p ... | 1992 | 1604931 |
| morphogenesis of african swine fever virus in monkey kidney cells after reversible inhibition of replication by cycloheximide. | the late cytoplasmic phases of african swine fever virus (asfv) morphogenesis in monkey kidney cells have been studied by transmission electron microscopy, focusing attention on the synthesis of viral envelopes. morphogenesis was studied after reversible cycloheximide blockage of monkey kidney cells infected with asfv. asfv appears to synthesize its external and internal envelopes within the cellular cytoplasm, at the same time as the capsid is formed, with intracellular and extracellular virion ... | 1992 | 1605742 |
| an african swine fever virus gene with homology to dna ligases. | sequence analysis of the sali g region of the genome of a virulent isolate of asfv (malawi lil 20/1) has revealed an open reading frame with the potential to encode a 48 kilodalton (kd) polypeptide which has significant homology with eukaryotic and prokaryotic dna ligases. this asfv encoded gene also contains the putative active site region of dna ligases including the lysine residue which is necessary for enzyme-adenylate adduct formation, but lacks the c-terminal basic region conserved in othe ... | 1992 | 1614852 |
| swine leukocyte antigen and macrophage marker expression on both african swine fever virus-infected and non-infected primary porcine macrophage cultures. | swine leukocyte antigens (sla) and a macrophage specific marker were monitored on porcine macrophages cultured with or without macrophage colony stimulatory factor (m-csf) and on cells infected with african swine fever virus (asfv). sla expression was maximal either in the total cell extract or on the cell surface at 3-4 days of culture; after 4 days these values began to decrease. fluorescence analyses of immunostained macrophages cultured with or without m-csf indicated a major upward shift in ... | 1992 | 1632065 |
| gel retardation analysis of ribonucleotide reductase gene expression in african swine fever virus. | | 1992 | 1633957 |
| a sequence comparison of the vp72 gene of african swine fever virus. | | 1992 | 1633960 |
| [a new enzyme immunoassay for the detection of antibodies against the bovine viral diarrhea virus]. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using the nonstructural protein p125/80 of the bovine viral diarrhoea (bvd) virus as antigen, was used for screening bvd-specific antibodies in 468 bovine sera. the results were compared with those obtained in a standard neutralization test (nt). both tests reacted positive with 457 sera. the elisa gave positive results with eight sera which were negative in the nt whereas one serum was positive in the nt and negative in the elisa. two sera could not ... | 1991 | 1646493 |
| [a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the serological detection of antibodies against the european hog cholera virus]. | an elisa for the detection of antibodies against hog cholera virus (hcv) was developed. the hcv-specific glycoprotein gp53 served as diagnostic antigen after immobilization using a monoclonal capture antibody. due to the higher affinity of hcv-specific antibodies to the viral gp53, sera cross reacting with bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus were discriminated by the slope of the titration curves. | 1991 | 1646495 |
| [use of monoclonal antibodies for the differential diagnosis of pestivirus infections in swine]. | monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific for hog cholera virus (hcv), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) or pestivirus were applied for the differential diagnosis of pestivirus infections in pigs. field virus isolated from 8 confirmed classical swine fever outbreaks and one suspect case was propagated in pk(15) cell cultures and identified by direct immunofluorescence (ifa) and peroxidase linked antibody (pla) assays. peroxidase-linked hcv, bvdv and pestivirus specific mab were applied in direct pl ... | 1991 | 1648800 |
| specific sequence amplification of bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv) and hog cholera virus and sequencing of bvdv nucleic acid. | the pestiviruses are small enveloped rna viruses and are causative agents of economically important animal diseases in cattle, swine, sheep and goats worldwide. we used the polymerase chain reaction to amplify one common fragment of several different strains of both hog cholera virus and bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv). the fragment is located at the 5'-end of the genome immediately upstream of the open reading frame. this is a highly conserved region among the different published pestivirus ... | 1991 | 1659027 |
| pestivirus infections in norway. serological investigations in cattle, sheep and pigs. | serum samples from 1,133 dairy cows (187 herds), 3,712 ewes (103 flocks) and 1,317 adult pigs (877 herds), were tested for neutralizing antibodies against the nadl strain of bovine virus diarrhoea virus. the prevalence rate of seropositive animals was 18.5% in cattle, 4.5% in sheep and 2.2% in pigs, such seroreactors being found in 28% of the cattle herds and 18% of the sheep flocks. in all three species the rate showed considerable herd and geographical variation. in cattle the seroreactor rate ... | 1991 | 1659160 |
| pestivirus antibodies in pigs in ireland. | | 1991 | 1660192 |
| the development of an international reference panel of monoclonal antibodies for the differentiation of hog cholera virus from other pestiviruses. | a panel of 30 monoclonal antibodies was defined and characterized with respect to the binding capacity in immunoperoxidase assay to different strains of pestivirus. using the panel it was possible to identify specifically all strains and isolates of hog cholera virus, hog cholera vaccines derived from 'c' strains, and most strains of bovine viral diarrhoea/border disease (bvd/bd) viruses (including those isolated from pigs). a small proportion of bvd/bd isolates from pigs and ruminants reacted o ... | 1991 | 1660637 |
| a general method to cleave a known dna sequence at any site. | we describe a new method for obtaining dna fragments starting at a desired point where there is no recognition sequence for any known restriction endonuclease. a single-stranded dna containing the fragment of interest is annealed to a synthetic oligonucleotide hybridizing at the 5' end of the required fragment. then, a partially double-stranded dna is synthesized using the klenow fragment of dna polymerase i in the presence of the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates. the remaining single-stranded ... | 1991 | 1665337 |
| clinical, post mortem and virological findings after simultaneous inoculation of pigs with hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhoea virus. | the clinical course, post mortem lesions as well as virological and serological results after simultaneous intranasal inoculation of pigs with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and hog cholera virus (hcv) are described. five groups of four weaners received constant doses of bvdv strain osloss/2482 and tenfold decreasing doses of hcv strain alfort/187. doses of 1,000 and 100 tcid50 of hcv in groups a and b of pigs led to fever and severe clinical signs in all animals of two groups, whereas at h ... | 1991 | 1665632 |
| repetitive nucleotide sequencing of a dispensable dna segment in a clonal population of african swine fever virus. | repetitive nucleotide sequencing of a dispensable genomic segment of a clonal population of african swine fever (asf) virus has been carried out to estimate the mutant frequency to neutral alleles. since no mutations have been detected in a total of 54026 nucleotides screened, the maximum mutant frequency is 5.5 x 10(-5) substitutions/nucleotide (95% confidence level). the result renders very unlikely the occurrence of hypermutational events during asf virus dna replication, at least within the ... | 1991 | 1685049 |
| identification of conserved epitopes on a hog cholera virus protein. | eight monoclonal antibodies directed against the hog cholera virus (hcv) strain alfort/187 and displaying broad cross-reactivity with other hcv strains were characterized. an enzyme immunoassay on fixed monolayers of porcine or bovine cells infected with 14 different strains and isolates of hcv and 12 bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv), respectively, showed that all antibodies reacted with hcv only. seven antibodies recognized all hcv tested, thus indicating that they were directed against con ... | 1990 | 1693844 |
| interferon cures cells lytically and persistently infected with african swine fever virus in vitro. | human interferon alpha (ifn-alpha) and interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) inhibit african swine fever (asf) virus replication in vero cells. ifn-alpha and ifn-gamma exert a synergistic inhibition. human tumor necrosis factor (tnf) does not inhibit asf virus replication in this cell line, but in combination with ifns it has antiviral enhancing activity. analysis of the mechanism of inhibition suggests that the action of these cytokines blocks a step that comes prior to dna replication. the 2'-5' a synt ... | 1990 | 1695091 |
| antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides against african swine fever virus. | the polyanionic substances lambda and kappa carrageenan, pentosan polysulfate, fucoidan, dextran sulfate and heparin were investigated for their inhibitory effect on the replication of african swine fever virus (asfv) in vitro. lambda carrageenan was the most efficacious with a selectivity index, as based on the ratio of the 50% cytotoxic concentration to the 50% antiviral effective concentration, of 120, followed by pentosan polysulfate with 30, kappa carrageenan 13.3 and fucoidan 10. dextran s ... | 1991 | 1713439 |
| pathogenesis of classical swine fever: b-lymphocyte deficiency caused by hog cholera virus. | hog cholera, also known as classical or european swine fever, is caused by hog cholera virus, a member of the genus pestivirus. it is shown here that the end stage of lethal infection in the natural host is associated with a dramatic depletion preferentially of b lymphocytes in the circulatory system as well as in lymphoid tissues. already at the onset of disease, viral replication in lymphoid tissues demarcates the germinal centers, and the viral genome remains localized to that site as the dis ... | 1992 | 1731095 |
| mapping and molecular characterization of a functional thymidine kinase from amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. | a thymidine kinase (tk) gene from the entomopoxvirus of amsacta moorei (amepv) has been identified, mapped, cloned, and sequenced. the amepv tk was shown to be biologically functional as cloning of the gene into a tk-derivative of the orthopoxvirus vaccinia creates a tk+ virus. the gene has been localized to a 1.5-kb ecori-q dna fragment which maps to the far left end of the viral genome. sequence analysis reveals an open reading frame (orf) of 182 amino acids potentially encoding a polypeptide ... | 1992 | 1733099 |
| rapid and biologically safe diagnosis of african swine fever virus infection by using polymerase chain reaction. | in order to circumvent the need for infectious virus for the diagnosis of african swine fever (asf), we established the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique for the detection of asf virus (asfv) dna. a 740-bp fragment that originated from the conserved region of the viral genome was partially sequenced. from this sequence, four pcr primers and one oligonucleotide probe were designed and synthesized. a specific 640-bp pcr product was amplified by using oligonucleotides 1 and 5 as primers and ... | 1992 | 1734041 |
| [12 years control of hog cholera in the eec]. | | 1992 | 1736411 |
| induction of ribonucleotide reductase activity in cells infected with african swine fever virus. | infection of vero cells with african swine fever virus (asfv) resulted in a marked increase in ribonucleotide reductase activity. the induction of ribonucleotide reductase was detected early after infection and was proportional to the multiplicity of infection. inhibition of viral dna replication did not affect the induction of the enzyme. several characteristics could distinguish the virus-induced from the normal cell enzyme. asfv-induced ribonucleotide reductase was inhibited by magnesium, was ... | 1992 | 1736545 |
| interferon-gamma production by african swine fever virus-specific lymphocytes. | peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from inbred pigs that were immunized with autologous macrophages infected with the african swine fever (asf) virus ba71v, a nonvirulent virus isolate, proliferated and produced interleukin-2 in response to homologous and heterologous isolates of the asf virus. they produced, however, interferon (ifn) only when challenged in vitro with homologous or attenuated isolates of the asf virus, but not with heterologous or virulent isolates. the ifn was ph 2 labi ... | 1992 | 1738818 |
| production of monoclonal antibodies specific for african swine fever virus following in vitro primary immunization of mouse splenocytes in the presence of stimulated t lymphocyte supernatants. | splenocytes from non-immune mice were stimulated in vitro using a kit of cytokine preparations (obtained from murine mlr and el-4 cell cultures), and concomitantly immunized with african swine fever (asf) virus antigen. in addition, fusions were performed at 5 days after primary or secondary stimulation/immunization. the detection of specific antibodies in the culture supernatants was not successful. in contrast, specific antibody-producing hybridomas could be generated, and this was at least co ... | 1991 | 1765668 |
| experimental transmission of african swine fever virus by the tick ornithodoros (alectorobius) puertoricensis (acari: argasidae). | the soft tick ornithodoros puertoricensis fox has been found on the caribbean island of hispaniola (haiti and the dominican republic) where african swine fever (asf) was endemic from 1978 to 1984. to evaluate the vector potential of o. puertoricensis for african swine fever virus (asfv), second-instar nymphs were experimentally infected by feeding on a viremic pig that was infected with the dominican republic isolate (dr-ii) of asfv. subsequent infection rates and mean virus titers for individua ... | 1991 | 1770521 |
| inhibition of natural killer activity in porcine mononuclear cells by african swine fever virus. | the coincubation at 37 degrees c for 24 hours of swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells with african swine fever virus inhibited in part the natural killer activity shown by cells incubated without the virus. this inhibition depended on the dose of the virus and on the time that cells were incubated with it. when the virus preparation was fractionated by ultracentrifugation, most of the inhibitory activity was found in the sedimented fraction, where viral particles were present; however, the l ... | 1991 | 1780588 |
| virus survival in the environment. | viruses pass into the environment from clinically ill or carrier hosts; although they do not replicate outside living animals or people, they are maintained and transported to susceptible hosts. population concentrations and movement, both animal and human, have been steadily increasing in this century, enhancing transmission of respiratory and enteric viruses and compounding the difficulty of preventing environmental transmission. studies on environmental survival factors of viruses have been m ... | 1991 | 1782426 |
| [the population structure of the african swine fever virus based on the quantitative hemadsorption trait]. | subpopulation composition of 8 asfv isolates and variants differing in virulence was evaluated comparatively by their haemadsorption capacity. the "quantitative haemadsorption marker" was shown to be useful for characterization of the strains, virus population phenotypic heterogeneity and structure. the marker expression was found to correlate with virulence: attenuated variants had low haemadsorption and more subpopulation components with that shift, and vice versa. | 1991 | 1796589 |
| glomerular pathology in surviving pigs experimentally infected with african swine fever virus. | twelve miniature pigs were inoculated with an attenuated african swine fever virus to study glomerular involvement in surviving pigs. in acute phase, kidneys were severely affected and displayed a glomerular capillary thrombosis with fibrin deposition in vascular lumen, detected by immunofluorescence. fibrin-positive deposits were progressively cleared between one to three months after infection in surviving pigs. the histological picture in kidneys of surviving pigs, up to one post-infection ye ... | 1991 | 1806048 |
| rapid detection of hog cholera virus in tissues by the polymerase chain reaction. | a rapid method for the detection of hog cholera virus (hcv) in infected tissues, using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed. total rna isolated from hcv-infected tissues was reverse transcribed with amv reverse transcriptase and the resulting complementary dna was amplified by taq dna polymerase in the presence of two hcv-specific primers. the amplified dna fragment was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. the sensitivity of this method was at 10(4) tcid50 of hcv. the sensitivity in ... | 1991 | 1816255 |
| vaccinia virus-mediated expression of african swine fever virus genes. | bacteriophage lambda and plasmid clones containing african swine fever virus (asfv) dna inserts, which together covered more than 90% of the genome of a malawi asfv isolate (lil 20/1), were transfected into vaccinia virus (vv)-infected cells. expression of asfv-encoded proteins was assayed at late times after vv infection by immunoprecipitation of [35s]methionine-labeled proteins with hyperimmune serum from asfv-infected pigs, separation of immunoprecipitated proteins by denaturing polyacrylamid ... | 1991 | 1826575 |
| live attenuated pseudorabies virus expressing envelope glycoprotein e1 of hog cholera virus protects swine against both pseudorabies and hog cholera. | to investigate whether live attenuated pseudorabies virus (prv) can be used as a vaccine vector, prv recombinants that expressed envelope glycoprotein e1 of hog cholera virus (hcv) were generated. pigs inoculated with these recombinants developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies against prv and hcv and were protected against both pseudorabies and hog cholera (classical swine fever). | 1991 | 1850051 |
| isolation and molecular characterization of the swinepox virus thymidine kinase gene. | swinepox virus (spv), the only member of the suipoxvirus genus, shows little antigenic relatedness or dna homology to members of the other poxvirus genera. a spv thymidine kinase (tk) gene was detected and mapped to the left end of the hindiii g fragment using degenerate oligonucleotide probes. cloning and sequencing of a 1.8-kb hindiii-bamhi fragment containing the spv tk gene revealed an open reading frame (orf) of 181 amino acids yielding a predicted polypeptide of mr 20.6 kda with significan ... | 1991 | 1853562 |
| hog cholera virus: molecular composition of virions from a pestivirus. | virions from hog cholera virus (hcv), a member of the genus pestivirus, were analyzed by using specific antibodies. the nucleocapsid protein was found to be a 14-kda molecule (hcv p14). an equivalent protein could also be demonstrated for virions from another pestivirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus. the hcv envelope is composed of three glycoproteins, hcv gp44/48, gp33, and gp55. all three exist in the form of disulfide-linked dimers in virus-infected cells and in virions; hcv gp44/48 and gp55 e ... | 1991 | 1870198 |
| the sequences of the ribonucleotide reductase genes from african swine fever virus show considerable homology with those of the orthopoxvirus, vaccinia virus. | two african swine fever virus (asfv) recombinant plasmids containing large inserts of dna have been sequenced at random, and translations of the dna sequence have been compared to libraries of vaccinia virus protein sequences. among other genes identified by their extensive homology with vaccinia virus genes were the large and small subunits of ribonucleotide reductase. a 5.5-kb fragment from the malawi (lil20/1) strain of asfv was identified as containing the genes for both these subunits. the ... | 1991 | 1871976 |
| detection of african swine fever virus by a biotinylated dna probe: assay on cell cultures and field samples. | african swine fever virus was detected in various samples using a molecular hybridization technique. a fragment located in a constant area of the viral genome was biotin-labelled. this probe, when present at a concentration of 100 ng/ml of the hybridization solution, could detect 10 pg of target dna immobilized on nitrocellulose with cellular dna and rna. the virus was evidenced after being passaged on monkey kidney cells, either 8 h post-inoculation (pi) if the multiplicity of infection (moi) w ... | 1991 | 1897870 |
| protection tests in pigs vaccinated with the lapinized chinese strain of hog cholera virus (hcv) previously adapted in a minipig kidney (mpk) cell line, to challenge infection with virulent hcv. | pigs which had been vaccinated with the lapinized chinese strain of hog cholera virus previously adapted in a minipig cell line cultures (mpk-lc-hcv), resultet to be protected when they were subjected to challenge infection with virulent hog cholera virus (hcv) 6 or 11 months later. the challenge virus was never isolated from any of the vaccinated pigs. the mpk-lc-hcv vaccine induced a significant rise of the antibody titer to the hcv in pigs kept under field conditions. | 1991 | 1921741 |
| rapid isolation of monoclonal hybridoma cultures by a 'fusion-cloning' method: the requirement for aminopterin. | hybridomas were generated by fusing the balb/c sp2/0 myeloma-like cell line with either: (i) splenocytes from balb/c mice immunized with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), rinderpest virus (rpv), peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), african swine fever virus (asfv) or pig thymocytes; or (ii) lymph node cells from cattle immunized with fmdv. if the fusion mixtures were plated in cloning medium of methyl cellulose and hat medium, small hybridoma colonies developed which rarely survived. fusi ... | 1991 | 1954000 |
| hog cholera: an update of present knowledge. | | 1991 | 1959010 |
| african swine fever virus fatty acid acylated proteins. | labeling experiments with [3h]palmitic and [3h]myristic acids of african swine fever virus-infected vero cells have shown that 11 proteins induced during infection are covalently bound to myristic acid and that palmitic acid was not attached to viral proteins. the time course of synthesis of the myristylated polypeptides and the requirements of viral dna replication indicated that the myristylated proteins, with the exception of a 13-kda protein, belong to the late class of viral proteins. the m ... | 1991 | 1962463 |
| ruminant pestivirus infection in pigs. | ruminant pestivirus infections of pigs have a worldwide distribution. the prevalence is varied and depends mainly on (i) contact with cattle, (ii) age of pigs and (iii) degree of homology of virus strains used for serology, with field strains of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) infecting pigs. emphasis should be laid on sources of bvdv other than cattle, e.g. contaminated vaccines and fetal calf serum. the need for differentiation of pestiviruses (hog cholera, bovine virus diarrhoea and borde ... | 1990 | 1966720 |
| bovine virus diarrhoea virus: speculation and observations on current concepts. | this final chapter highlights the advances and some of the unanswered questions concerning bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) presented in this review by specialists from around the world. persistently viraemic cattle play an essential role in the dissemination of bvdv but it is suggested that acute infections with the virus are also important. the role of latency is considered but, as yet, there is no evidence that it plays a part in pathogenesis. it is well established that bvdv, border disea ... | 1990 | 1966724 |
| use of biotechnical methods in veterinary medicine. | biotechnological methods offer promising approaches for improved diagnostic and prophylactic purposes. the following biotechnological techniques are used in the institute of virology at the hanover veterinary school:--production of monoclonal antibodies directed against viral and bacteria-specific antigens such as bovine virus diarrhoea virus, classical swine fever (hog cholera) virus, feline leukaemia virus, animal parvoviruses, alphavirus, brucella and francisella--establishment of improved an ... | 1990 | 1966725 |
| expression and characterization of the thymidine kinase gene of african swine fever virus. | the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of african swine fever virus (asfv) was located within the viral genome by using two degenerate oligonucleotide probes derived from sequences of the vaccinia virus and cellular tk genes. the tk gene was mapped within a 0.72-kbp bglii-xhoi fragment (0.242 to 0.246 map units) derived from a 23.9-kbp sali-b fragment of the asfv genome. identification of this region as the asfv tk gene was confirmed by expression of tk in escherichia coli and by the synthesis of active ... | 1991 | 1987368 |
| structural proteins of hog cholera virus expressed by vaccinia virus: further characterization and induction of protective immunity. | a cdna fragment covering the genomic region that encodes the structural proteins of hog cholera virus (hcv) was inserted into the tk gene of vaccinia virus. expression studies with vaccinia virus/hcv recombinants led to identification of hcv-specific proteins. the putative hcv core protein p23 was demonstrated for the first time by using an antiserum against a bacterial fusion protein. the glycoproteins expressed by vaccinia virus/hcv recombinant migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gels identical ... | 1991 | 1987372 |
| protein p22 of african swine fever virus: an early structural protein that is incorporated into the membrane of infected cells. | the open reading frame k'177, located at the left end of the african swine fever virus genome, codes for an early induced structural protein of 22,000 da (p22), which is released from the viral particle by the nonionic detergent n-octyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside under conditions that solubilize external viral structural proteins. the predicted amino acid sequence of the protein contains a hydrophobic region at its n-terminus with characteristics of a signal peptide and, at early times after virus i ... | 1991 | 1994575 |
| fc receptors do not mediate african swine fever virus replication in macrophages. | titration experiments in swine macrophages have shown that african swine fever virus infectivity was not enhanced in the presence of antiviral antibodies. the early viral protein synthesis and the viral dna replication in swine macrophages infected with virus-antibody complexes were inhibited in the presence of high doses of uv-inactivated virus, which saturated specific virus receptors, but not when fc receptors were saturated with antibodies. these results indicate that african swine fever vir ... | 1991 | 2014648 |
| african swine fever virus attachment protein. | treatment of african swine fever virus particles with nonionic detergents released proteins p35, p17, p14, and p12 from the virion. of these proteins, only p12 bound to virus-sensitive vero cells but not to virus-resistant l or ibrs2 cells. the binding of p12 was abolished by whole african swine fever virus and not by similar concentrations of subviral particles that lacked the external proteins. a monoclonal antibody (24bb7) specific for p12 precipitated a protein that, when analyzed by sodium ... | 1991 | 2016759 |
| the primary structure of the thymidine kinase gene of fish lymphocystis disease virus. | the dna nucleotide sequence of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of fish lymphocystis disease virus (fldv) which has been localized between the coordinates 0.678 to 0.688 of the viral genome was determined. the analysis of the dna nucleotide sequence located between the recognition sites of hindiii (0.669 map unit; nucleotide position 1) and acci (nucleotide position 2032) revealed the presence of an open reading frame of 954 bp on the lower strand of this region between nucleotide positions 1868 ( ... | 1991 | 2024501 |
| role of b and t lymphocytes in the specific immunosuppression induced by a protein released by porcine monocytes infected with african swine fever virus. | some immunobiological aspects of host responses to an immunosuppressive protein (p36) released by porcine monocytes upon infection with african swine fever virus were analysed in a murine system. treatment of normal, adult c57bl/6 mice with p36 (i) significantly delayed allogenic skin graft rejection; (ii) suppressed the specific plaque-forming cell response to immunization with heterologous erythrocytes; but (iii) induced marked increases in the numbers of 'background' splenic ig-secreting plaq ... | 1991 | 2025617 |
| in vivo study of hemadsorption in african swine fever virus infected cells. | | 1991 | 2063520 |
| comparison of a radioimmunoprecipitation assay to immunoblotting and elisa for detection of antibody to african swine fever virus. | a radioimmunoprecipitation assay (ripa) has been developed for detection of antibody to african swine fever virus (asfv) and compared with the immunoblot assay with regard to sensitivity and specificity. two hundred seven field sera, obtained from pigs in spain from different geographic areas between 1975 and 1986, that were positive by asfv enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were also analysed by immunoblot assay and ripa. by serum dilution experiments, the ripa appeared at least as sens ... | 1990 | 2094444 |
| inhibition of african swine fever virus in cultured swine monocytes by phosphonoacetic acid (paa) and by phosphonoformic acid (pfa). | the use of phosphonoacetic (paa) and phosphonoformic acid (pfa) as inhibitors of african swine fever virus (asfv) replication in porcine monocytes/macrophages (mo) was investigated. at concentrations sufficient to inhibit replication, hemadsorption, and cytopathogenic damage by high inocula of asfv, both antiviral agents were cytostatic and suppressed the dna-synthetic growth response of porcine mo to the mo-specific colony-stimulating factor-1 (csf-1). paa and pfa inhibited asfv-associated dna- ... | 1990 | 2148081 |
| molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of hog cholera virus strain brescia and mapping of the genomic region encoding envelope protein e1. | genomic rna of hog cholera virus (hcv) strain brescia was cloned and sequenced. the nucleotide sequence was deduced from overlapping cdna clones and comprises 12,283 nucleotides. we cloned the complete 3' end of the hcv genome, but could not unequivocally prove that the cdna sequence also completely covers hcv rna at the 5' end. the hcv genome contained one large open reading frame, which spans the viral plus strand rna and encodes an amino acid sequence of 3898 residues with a calculated molecu ... | 1990 | 2162104 |
| a blocking elisa to differentiate hog cholera virus antibodies in pig sera from those due to other pestiviruses. | the blocking elisa technique was extended to comparative serology by using 3 different pestivirus strains: hog cholera virus (hcv) alfort strain propagated in pk15 cell line, border disease virus (bdv) aveyron strain in pk15 and bvd nadl** strain in fetal calf kidney (fck) primary cells. rabbit antisera to the alfort hcv strain and aveyron bdv strain were raised for use in the test. a bovine hyperimmune serum to bvd virus was also used for detecting antibodies specific to bvd virus. the elisa wa ... | 1990 | 2163232 |
| antigenic comparisons of hog cholera virus isolates from europe, america and asia using monoclonal antibodies. | nineteen monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with specificity for hog cholera virus (hcv) were prepared. they were used in an immune binding (peroxidase linked) assay to determine the reaction patterns of hcv isolates from europe, brazil, usa, japan and malaysia, as well as laboratory reference strains of the virus. a further panel of 17 mabs raised against bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) was included in the study, together with 5 mabs raised against a non-hcv pestivirus of porcine origin. all the ... | 1990 | 2178905 |
| a new approach for the diagnosis of hog cholera. | pestiviruses were isolated from seven cases of suspect hog cholera. using peroxidase conjugates of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) six isolates were identified as hog cholera viruses (hcv), while one isolate was of ruminant origin, possibly bovine viral diarrhea virus. in parallel attempts were made to develop an elisa for the detection of hcv-specific antibodies in pig sera. the mab hctc26 coated to polystyrol plates efficiently captured the major viral glycoprotein gp53 from crude antigen suspens ... | 1990 | 2178908 |
| genetic variation and multigene families in african swine fever virus. | the genome of a virulent strain (lis57) of african swine fever virus differs from that of the vero-cell-adapted strain (ba71v) in several deletions located in the variable regions. the region which contains the most differences is located 8-20 kb from the left end. the dna sequence of this region was obtained from lis57 virus dna and compared with the overlapping sequences of ba71v virus. this comparison revealed that the changes in the variable regions result in differences in the number of gen ... | 1990 | 2219721 |
| in vitro dna replication by cytoplasmic extracts from cells infected with african swine fever virus. | a cell-free system that catalyzes dna replication was prepared from cytoplasmic extracts of vero cells infected with african swine fever virus (asfv). the cells were permeabilized with lysolecithin and disrupted by mild mechanical action and the nuclei were removed by low-speed centrifugation. extracts prepared from infected cells at the time of maximal dna replication incorporated [alpha-32p]dttp into acid-insoluble material that was sensitive to dnase and resistant to rnase. the reaction was i ... | 1990 | 2219742 |
| variable regions on the genome of malawi isolates of african swine fever virus. | restriction enzyme site mapping showed that most bamhi and all clai sites were conserved on the genomes of 17 african swine fever virus isolates from separate disease outbreaks that occurred between 1982 and 1989 in malawi. however, frequent variation between virus genomes did occur due to addition or deletion of dna sequences at various positions along the genome and 11 virus genotypes could thus be distinguished among the 17 isolates analysed. length variations occurred at 10 different loci on ... | 1990 | 2230738 |
| [polypeptides of african swine fever virus]. | the published data on the characteristics and properties of structural and nonstructural polypeptides of the african porcine virus are reviewed. localization of the viral proteins in virions and infected cells, kinetics of biosynthesis, glycosylation, phosphorylation and the antigenicity of the proteins are discussed. | 1990 | 2233783 |
| comparison of two antigens for use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect african swine fever antibody. | two african swine fever virus (asfv) antigens were tested for use in an elisa to detect antibody to asfv. antigens used were the cytoplasmic soluble fraction (cs-p) of infected cells grown in the presence of porcine serum and the semipurified viral structural protein vp73 (svp73). both antigens were tested by elisa against 72 sera obtained during several asf field episodes and from asfv-inapparent carriers. of the 72 sera, only 2.8% has positive results by elisa against cs-p antigen; 60% of posi ... | 1990 | 2240773 |
| inhibitory effect of african swine fever virus on lectin-dependent swine lymphocyte proliferation. | the incubation of swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) with african swine fever (asf) virus preparations strongly inhibited the proliferative response of lymphocytes to pha and other lectins. the inhibition, which persisted after inactivation of the virus by uv radiation, was dependent upon the dose and the time that virus preparations were present in cultures. when virus preparations were fractionated by ultracentrifugation, the inhibitory activity resulted to be soluble, whereas no ... | 1990 | 2251767 |
| identification of a variable region of the african swine fever virus genome that has undergone separate dna rearrangements leading to expansion of minisatellite-like sequences. | nucleotide sequencing identified a tandemly repeated sequence array 22 x 10(3) base-pairs from the right-hand dna terminus of the african swine fever virus (asfv) genome. the sequence of the repeat array and sequences closely flanking it were compared in the genomes of four groups of asfv isolates that had very different restriction enzyme site maps. arrays present in one group of asfv isolates from east zambia/malawi varied in length and contained between 8 and 38 copies of a 17-nucleotide repe ... | 1990 | 2258935 |
| the lapinized chinese strain of hog cholera virus (hcv) previously adapted in minipig kidney (mpk) cell line cultures, would also protect pigs to experimental infection with virulent hcv [corrected]. | two-month old piglets previously inoculated with different dilutions of the lapinized chinese (lc) strain of hog cholera virus (hcv), adapted in a minipig kidney (mpk) cell line, resisted challenge infection with virulent hcv. all the animals remained healthy and the challenge virus was never recovered from any of them. in contrast, the pigs which served as controls for the challenging virus underwent the clinically lethal form of the disease and hcv was consistently recovered from their tissues ... | 1990 | 2273980 |
| effect of macrophage-specific colony-stimulating factor (csf-1) on swine monocyte/macrophage susceptibility to in vitro infection by african swine fever virus. | swine cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage (mm) proliferate and survive for several weeks in vitro in medium supplemented with the murine macrophage-specific hematopoietic growth factor, colony-stimulating factor 1 (csf-1). the extent to which mm, cultured in csf-1, supported african swine fever virus (asfv) growth in vitro was investigated. mm, cultured in medium with csf-1, were sensitive to infection and viral-induced cytopathogenic damage by both natural field isolates of asfv and fibrob ... | 1990 | 2281603 |
| interaction of african swine fever virus with macrophages. | morphological data obtained by electron microscopy have shown that african swine fever virus adapted to vero cells enters swine macrophages, its natural host cell, by a mechanism of receptor-mediated endocytosis. binding studies with 3h-labeled virus and competition experiments with uv-inactivated virus have shown that the virus entry that leads to a productive infection in swine macrophages is mediated by saturable binding sites on the plasma membrane. the virus also penetrated into rabbit macr ... | 1990 | 2291335 |
| genomic localization of hog cholera virus glycoproteins. | a polyspecific antiserum has been used to identify four different glycoproteins in hog cholera virus (hcv)-infected cells termed gp55, gp48, gp44, and gp33 (rümenapf et al, 1989, virology 171, 18-27). fusion proteins containing parts of the putative hcv-encoded glycoproteins were expressed in bacteria and served for the preparation of specific antibodies. these were used in radioimmunoprecipitation assays which revealed that gp48 and gp44 most likely share a common protein backbone. the order of ... | 1990 | 2294643 |
| african swine fever virus: purification of capsomeres released by lipase. | the virus capsomeres of the outer and inner layers of capsids were effectively released simultaneously from purified virions by lipase digestion and were purified by a linear gradient ultracentrifugation. the capsid consisted of an array of double layers of uniformly arranged individual capsomeres where a lipid(s) served as a matrix in between the capsomeres. | 1990 | 2309446 |
| development and properties of a cell culture produced vaccine for hog cholera based on the chinese strain. | the chinese strain of hog cholera virus (hcv) was adapted to suspension cultures of the established swine kidney cell line sk6. the strain designated "cedipest", is produced on the basis of a seedlot system. the masterseed virus was identified in vitro and in vivo, and was found free from extraneous pig pathogenic viruses by repeated animal inoculation followed by appropriate serological tests. a distinct and reproducible relationship was ascertained between infectivity in vitro and protection. ... | 1990 | 2311534 |
| immunoaffinity purification and characterization of the envelope protein e1 of hog cholera virus. | the envelope protein e1 of hog cholera virus (hcv) was isolated by immunoaffinity purification with monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against hcv. e1 consisted of a doublet of glycoproteins which varied in size from 51k to 56k between the three strains tested. e1 contains major antigenic determinants of hcv which are conserved, and are involved in neutralization by mabs. in infected cells, e1 was found always connected with a glycoprotein of 31k. when n-linked glycans were removed, e1 had a ... | 1990 | 2313266 |
| multigene families in african swine fever virus: family 110. | the genome of african swine fever virus was screened for the existence of repetitive sequences by hybridization between different cloned restriction fragments covering the viral dna. several sets of repeated sequences were detected in fragments located close to the dna ends. one of these groups of repetitions involved fragments located at both ends of the genome. the remaining groups involved fragments that were located exclusively at the left end. the sequence of a 3.2-kilobase segment spanning ... | 1990 | 2325202 |
| multigene families in african swine fever virus: family 360. | a group of cross-hybridizing dna segments contained within the restriction fragments rk', rl, rj, and rd' of african swine fever virus dna were mapped and sequenced. analysis of these sequences revealed the presence of a family of homologous open reading frames in regions close to the dna ends. the whole family is composed of six open reading frames with an average length of 360 coding triplets (multigene family 360), four of which are located in the left part of the genome and two of which are ... | 1990 | 2325203 |
| mapping and sequence of the gene coding for protein p72, the major capsid protein of african swine fever virus. | the gene encoding protein p72, the major structural protein of african swine fever virus and one of the most immunogenic proteins in natural infection has been mapped and sequenced. the gene was mapped by using oligonucleotide probes deduced from amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides obtained from purified protein p72. this allowed the location of the gene in fragment ecori b of african swine fever virus dna. the nucleotide sequence obtained from this region revealed an open reading frame enc ... | 1990 | 2327074 |