| 3' utr elements enhance expression of pgs28, an ookinete protein of plasmodium gallinaceum. | in plasmodium parasites the fusion of gametes to form a fertilized zygote and morphogenesis into the motile ookinete are critical developmental stages in the parasite's complex life cycle. in analogous developmental stages of metazoan organisms 3' gene flanking regions are critical in the regulation of gene expression. to determine whether these mechanisms are conserved in the protozoan parasite we studied the 3' gene flanking elements necessary for the expression of pgs28, the major surface pro ... | 2000 | 10613699 |
| sex ratio adjustment in plasmodium gallinaceum. | the sex ratio of the avian malaria parasite, plasmodium gallinaceum, was examined during the course of infection in its natural host, the chicken. infections can have two possible outcomes: death of the host resulting from anaemia or self-cure and survival. in lethal infections the sex ratio remained female biased throughout, whereas in self-curing infections, the sex ratio became progressively less female biased. we examined the consequences of altering sex ratio for parasite transmission succe ... | 1999 | 10697848 |
| vector competence of aedes albopictus (skuse) and aedes aegypti (linnaeus) for plasmodium gallinaceum infection and transmission. | avian malaria caused by plasmodium gallinaceum is an important mosquito-borne disease. eradication of this disease remains problematic since its competent vectors are diverse and widely distributed across the globe. several mosquito species were implicated as competent vectors for this parasite. however, studies on vector competence for p. gallinaceum remain limited. in this study, vector competence in the two most predominant mosquito vectors in tropical countries, aedes albopictus and ae. aegy ... | 2017 | 28579025 |
| chitinases of the avian malaria parasite plasmodium gallinaceum, a class of enzymes necessary for parasite invasion of the mosquito midgut. | the plasmodium ookinete produces chitinolytic activity that allows the parasite to penetrate the chitin-containing peritrophic matrix surrounding the blood meal in the mosquito midgut. since the peritrophic matrix is a physical barrier that the parasite must cross to invade the mosquito, and the presence of allosamidin, a chitinase inhibitor, in a blood meal prevents the parasite from invading the midgut epithelium, chitinases (3.2.1.14) are potential targets of malaria parasite transmission-blo ... | 2000 | 10744721 |
| malaria parasite plasmodium gallinaceum up-regulates host red blood cell channels. | the properties of the malaria parasite-induced permeability pathways in the host red blood cell have been a major area of interest particularly in the context of whether the pathways are host- or parasite-derived. in the present study, the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique has been used to show that, compared with normal cells, chicken red blood cells infected by plasmodium gallinaceum exhibited a 5-40-fold larger membrane conductance, which could be further increased up to 1 ... | 2001 | 11434924 |
| the search for new antimalarial drugs from plants used to treat fever and malaria or plants ramdomly selected: a review. | in this review we discuss the ongoing situation of human malaria in the brazilian amazon, where it is endemic causing over 610,000 new acute cases yearly, a number which is on the increase. this is partly a result of drug resistant parasites and new antimalarial drugs are urgently needed. the approaches we have used in the search of new drugs during decades are now reviewed and include ethnopharmocology, plants randomly selected, extracts or isolated substances from plants shown to be active aga ... | 2001 | 11784919 |
| a snake venom phospholipase a(2) blocks malaria parasite development in the mosquito midgut by inhibiting ookinete association with the midgut surface. | oocyst formation is a critical stage in the development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito. we have discovered that the phospholipase a(2) (pla2) from the venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus adamanteus) inhibits oocyst formation when added to infected chicken blood and fed to mosquitoes. a similar transmission-blocking activity was demonstrated for pla2s from the venom of other snakes and from the honeybee. this effect is seen both with the avian malaria parasite plasmodi ... | 2001 | 11809789 |
| the development of plasmodium gallinaceum infections in chickens following single infections with three different dose levels. | in the present study, groups of 5-day-old chickens were inoculated intravenously with approximately 10(6), 10(4) or 10(2) p. gallinaceum-infected erythrocytes. the outcome of disease in relation to dose level was evaluated in terms of number of parasitized erythrocytes, change in number of erythrocytes, pathological changes of organs and the course of exo-erythrocytic stages of the parasite in various organs over a period of 8 weeks. mean weight gain and mortality were also recorded. with regard ... | 2002 | 11879962 |
| proteomic analysis of zygote and ookinete stages of the avian malaria parasite plasmodium gallinaceum delineates the homologous proteomes of the lethal human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. | delineation of the complement of proteins comprising the zygote and ookinete, the early developmental stages of plasmodium within the mosquito midgut, is fundamental to understand initial molecular parasite-vector interactions. the published proteome of plasmodium falciparum does not include analysis of the zygote/ookinete stages, nor does that of p. berghei include the zygote stage or secreted proteins. p. gallinaceum zygote, ookinete, and ookinete-secreted/released protein samples were prepare ... | 2008 | 18563747 |
| ampelozyziphus amazonicus ducke (rhamnaceae), a medicinal plant used to prevent malaria in the amazon region, hampers the development of plasmodium berghei sporozoites. | most medicinal plants used against malaria in endemic areas aim to treat the acute symptoms of the disease such as high temperature fevers with periodicity and chills. in some endemic areas of the brazilian amazon region one medicinal plant seems to be an exception: ampelozyziphus amazonicus, locally named "indian beer" or "saracura-mira", used to prevent the disease when taken daily as a cold suspension of powdered dried roots. in previous work we found no activity of the plant extracts against ... | 2008 | 18599059 |
| biliverdin production in chickens infected with the malarial parasite plasmodium gallinaceum. | chickens infected with the malarial parasite plasmodium gallinceum produced green droppings: the predominant pigment was biliverdin. droppings of identical appearance were produced by chicks injected with phenylhydrazine, a haemolytic agent: it is concluded that the catabolism of haemoglobin resulting at least in part from malarial haemolysis produces excess bile pigments which appear in the droppings. other chicken diseases in which green droppings are "a characteristic objective symptom are fo ... | 1985 | 18766933 |
| pathogenic action of plasmodium gallinaceum in chickens: brain histology and nitric oxide production by blood monocyte-derived macrophages. | plasmodium infection causes major losses to animal and human populations. the characterization of experimental malaria models is needed for a better understanding of disease mechanisms and the development of new treatment protocols. chickens infected with plasmodium gallinaceum constitute an adequate malaria model due to the phylogenetic proximity of this parasite to human plasmodium as well as similarities in disease manifestation, such as cerebral malaria. the aim of the present study was to f ... | 2010 | 20537466 |
| plasmodium gallinaceum and subsequent eimeria acervulina infections in chickens are not synergistic. | twenty-three years age, the first and only report of synergism between malarial and coccidial infections in chickens was published. in view of the potential commercial importance of this possible parasitic interaction in some parts of the world, and the lack of further supporting publications, this disease complex has now been reconsidered. an experiment on plasmodium gallinaceum and eimeria acervulina revealed no interaction of any kind between these species and a re-examination, with statistic ... | 1985 | 20821868 |
| effect of the aedes fluviatilis saliva on the development of plasmodium gallinaceum infection in gallus (gallus) domesticus. | effect of aedes fluviatilis saliva on the development of plasmodium gallinaceum experimental infection in gallus (gallus) domesticus was studied in distinct aspects. chickens subcutaneously infected with sporozoites in the presence of the mosquito salivary gland homogenates (sgh) showed higher levels of parasitaemia when compared to those ones that received only the sporozoites. however, the parasitaemia levels were lower among chickens previously immunized by sgh or non-infected mosquito bites ... | 2004 | 15654426 |
| the efficacy of a mixture of trimethoprim and sulphaquinoxaline against plasmodium gallinaceum malaria in the domesticated fowl gallus gallus. | the apicomplexan parasite plasmodium gallinaceum has not been much studied from the veterinary standpoint. although it causes malaria in domesticated chickens, no effective drugs appear to be commercially available. a mixture of trimethoprim and sulphaquinoxaline (tmp/sqx, ratio 1:3), with a wide spectrum of activity against bacteria and coccidia, is here shown to be also efficacious against blood-induced p. gallinaceum malaria when administered therapeutically in the feed of chickens for 5-day ... | 2005 | 15845274 |
| plasmodium gallinaceum: clinical progression, recovery, and resistance to disease in chickens infected via mosquito bite. | historically, in vivo experiments of plasmodium gallinaceum in chickens have caused high mortality. perhaps because of this high mortality, it remains to be demonstrated whether recovered birds will resist a second episode of illness when re-exposed to infected mosquitoes. in the current study, groups of 10 chicks were infected with p. gallinaceum via mosquito bite. parasitemia and anemia were followed by recovery in all birds, although they had persisting, low levels of parasitized erythrocytes ... | 2005 | 16354820 |
| complement fixation in human malaria using an antigen prepared from the chicken parasite plasmodium gallinaceum. | | 1945 | 16695224 |
| inhibition of malaria parasite blood stages by tyrocidines, membrane-active cyclic peptide antibiotics from bacillus brevis. | tyrothricin, a complex mixture of antibiotic peptides from bacillus brevis, was reported in 1944 to have antimalarial activity rivalling that of quinine in chickens infected with plasmodium gallinaceum. we have isolated the major components of tyrothricin, cyclic decapeptides collectively known as the tyrocidines, and tested them against the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum using standard in vitro assays. although the tyrocidines differ from each other by conservative amino acid subs ... | 2007 | 17462586 |
| correlation between serum transferrin receptor and percentage of parasitemia in malaria. a preliminary report. | the serum transferrin receptor (stfr) concentration is an individual reflects of the extent of erythropoietic activity, and is a useful marker for monitoring erythropoiesis. malaria is an important tropical disease with evidence of ineffective erythropoiesis. although there have been previous reports concerning stfr changes in malaria, these were descriptive studies of infected and non-infected case and there are no previous reports of correlation between stfr levels and parasitemia in malaria. ... | 2007 | 17645190 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of histomonas meleagridis infection in chickens targeting the 18s rrna sequences. | histomonas meleagridis is the causative agent of histomonosis, a disease of gallinaceous fowl characterized by necrotic typhlitis, hepatitis, and high mortality. to develop a rapid and sensitive method for specific detection of h. meleagridis, an assay based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) targeting the 18s rrna gene was established. the detection limit of the lamp assay was 10 copies for standard plasmids containing an 18s rrna gene fragment, which was superior to that of a cla ... | 2013 | 24325302 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of histomonas meleagridis infection in chickens targeting the 18s rrna sequences. | histomonas meleagridis is the causative agent of histomonosis, a disease of gallinaceous fowl characterized by necrotic typhlitis, hepatitis, and high mortality. to develop a rapid and sensitive method for specific detection of h. meleagridis, an assay based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) targeting the 18s rrna gene was established. the detection limit of the lamp assay was 10 copies for standard plasmids containing an 18s rrna gene fragment, which was superior to that of a cla ... | 2014 | 24320623 |
| development of malaria transmission-blocking vaccines: from concept to product. | despite decades of effort battling against malaria, the disease is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs) that target sexual stage parasite development could be an integral part of measures for malaria elimination. in the 1950s, huff et al. first demonstrated the induction of transmission-blocking immunity in chickens by repeated immunizations with plasmodium gallinaceum-infected red blood cells. since then, significant progress has been made in ide ... | 2015 | 26003037 |
| molecular detection of the avian malaria parasite plasmodium gallinaceum in thailand. | avian malaria is one of the most common veterinary problems in southeast asia. the standard molecular method for detection of the avian malaria parasite involves the phenol-chloroform extraction of parasite genomic (g)dna followed by the amplification of parasite gdna using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). however, the phenol-chloroform extraction method is time-consuming and requires large amounts of samples and toxic organic solvents, thereby limiting its applications for parasite detection in ... | 2015 | 25868848 |
| chickens treated with a nitric oxide inhibitor became more resistant to plasmodium gallinaceum infection due to reduced anemia, thrombocytopenia and inflammation. | malaria is a serious infectious disease caused by parasites of the plasmodium genus that affect different vertebrate hosts. severe malaria leads to host death and involves different pathophysiological phenomena such as anemia, thrombocytopenia and inflammation. nitric oxide (no) is an important effector molecule in this disease, but little is known about its role in avian malaria models. plasmodium gallinaceum-infected chickens were treated with aminoguanidine (ag), an inhibitor of inducible nit ... | 2013 | 23398940 |
| xanthurenic acid induces gametogenesis in plasmodium, the malaria parasite. | a small, heat stable chromophore extracted from mosquitoes has recently been implicated as the signal that induces mating of plasmodium, the malaria parasite. we have used high resolution electrospray mass spectrometry to determine that this gamete activation factor (gaf) has a m/z = 205.0450, suggesting a molecular species composition of c10h7no4. xanthurenic acid (xa), a product of tryptophan catabolism, was determined to have an elemental composition, ultraviolet absorbance maxima, and mass s ... | 1998 | 9575140 |
| identification and expression of maebl, an erythrocyte-binding gene, in plasmodium gallinaceum. | avian malaria is of significant ecological importance and serves as a model system to study broad patterns of host switching and host specificity. the erythrocyte invasion mechanism of the malaria parasite plasmodium is mediated, in large part, by proteins of the erythrocyte-binding-like (ebl) family of genes. however, little is known about how these genes are conserved across different species of plasmodium, especially those that infect birds. using bioinformatical methods in conjunction with p ... | 2013 | 23224610 |
| the avian malaria parasite plasmodium gallinaceum causes marked structural changes on the surface of its host erythrocyte. | using a combination of atomic force, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, we found that avian erythrocytes infected with the avian malaria parasite plasmodium gallinaceum develop approximately 60 nm wide and approximately 430 nm long furrow-like structures on the surface. furrows begin to appear during the early trophozoite stage of the parasite's development. they remain constant in size and density during the course of parasite maturation and are uniformly distributed in random orien ... | 2008 | 18442920 |