| putative roles as oncogene or tumour suppressor of the mid-clustered micrornas in gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (gahv2) induced marek's disease lymphomagenesis. | in the last decade, numerous micrornas (mirnas) have been identified in diverse virus families, particularly in herpesviruses. gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (gahv2) is a representative oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that induces rapid-onset t-cell lymphomas in its natural hosts, namely marek's disease (md). in the gahv2 genome there are 26 mature mirnas derived from 14 precursors assembled into three clusters, namely the meq-cluster, mid-cluster and lat-cluster. several gahv2 mirnas, especially those in ... | 2017 | 28510513 |
| protective efficacy of a novel recombinant marek's disease virus vector vaccine against infectious bursal disease in chickens with or without maternal antibodies. | infectious bursal disease (ibd) causes significant clinical and economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. current vaccine programs using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines have numerous drawbacks. as an alternative solution to control ibd, a marek's disease virus (mdv) vector vaccine (rmdv-vp2) expressing the vp2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) has been developed. in this study, the protective efficacy of rmdv-vp2 was evaluated in a dose-related experiment which sho ... | 2017 | 28413051 |
| transcriptomic analysis of host immune response in the skin of chickens infected with marek's disease virus. | marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly cell-associated oncogenic α-herpesvirus, is the causative agent of t cell lymphoma and neuropathic disease called marek's disease. the skin is the only anatomical site where infectious enveloped cell-free virions are produced and shed into the environment. studies have demonstrated that mdv infection induces immunological responses within the skin, including the release of cytokines and the recruitment of t lymphocytes. the host immune response, however, is ... | 2017 | 28410454 |
| escdl-1, a new cell line derived from chicken embryonic stem cells, supports efficient replication of mardiviruses. | marek's disease virus is the etiological agent of a major lymphoproliferative disorder in poultry and the prototype of the mardivirus genus. primary avian somatic cells are currently used for virus replication and vaccine production, but they are largely refractory to any genetic modification compatible with the preservation of intact viral susceptibility. we explored the concept of induction of viral replication permissiveness in an established pluripotent chicken embryonic stem cell-line (ces) ... | 2017 | 28406989 |
| in ovo evaluation of floramax®-b11 on marek´s disease hvt vaccine protective efficacy, hatchability, microbiota composition, morphometric analysis, and salmonella enteritidis infection in broiler chickens. | three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of in ovo administration of floramax®-b11 (fm) on marek´s disease (md) herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) vaccine protective efficacy, hatchability, microbiota composition, morphometric analysis, and salmonella enteritidis (se) infection in chickens. experiment 1 consisted of 3 trials. in trials 1 and 2, d 18 white leghorn 15i5x71 embryos were randomly distributed in 4 groups: 1) hvt vaccinated in ovo and no marek's disease virus (mdv) challenge; ... | 2017 | 28160004 |
| epstein-barr virus-encoded rnas (ebers) complement the loss of herpesvirus telomerase rna (vtr) in virus-induced tumor formation. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes fatal lymphomas in chickens and is used as a natural virus-host model for herpesvirus-induced tumorigenesis. mdv encodes a telomerase rna subunit (vtr) that is crucial for efficient mdv-induced lymphoma formation; however, the mechanism is not completely understood. similarly, epstein barr-virus (ebv) encodes two rnas (eber-1 and eber-2) that are highly expressed in ebv-induced tumor cells, however their role in tumorigenesis remains ... | 2018 | 29317752 |
| attenuation of marek's disease virus by codon pair deoptimization of a core gene. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus of gallus gallus, the domesticated chicken. control strategies rely upon vaccination with live attenuated viruses of antigenically similar avian herpesviruses or attenuated strains of mdv. recent studies in other viruses have shown that recoding certain viral genes to employ synonymous but rarely-used codon pairs resulted in viral attenuation. we deoptimized two mdv proteins, ul54/icp27 and ul49/vp22, and demonstrate that the more seve ... | 2018 | 29407380 |
| phylogenetic and molecular epidemiological studies reveal evidence of recombination among marek's disease viruses. | marek's disease has brought enormous loss in chicken production worldwide and the increasing virulence of marek's disease virus (mdv) became a severe problem. to better understand the genetic basis underlying, a chinese mdv strain hngs101 isolated from immunized chickens was sequenced. phylogenetic analysis implied that hngs101 showed more relatedness to eurasian strains than gahv-2 circulating in north america. recombination networks analysis showed the evidence of recombination among mdv strai ... | 2018 | 29407378 |
| attenuation of a very virulent marek's disease herpesvirus (mdv) by codon pair bias deoptimization. | codon pair bias deoptimization (cpbd) has enabled highly efficient and rapid attenuation of rna viruses. the technique relies on recoding of viral genes by increasing the number of codon pairs that are statistically underrepresented in protein coding genes of the viral host without changing the amino acid sequence of the encoded proteins. utilization of naturally underrepresented codon pairs reduces protein production of recoded genes and directly causes virus attenuation. as a result, the mutan ... | 2018 | 29377958 |
| modeling marek's disease virus transmission: a framework for evaluating the impact of farming practices and evolution. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a pathogen of chickens whose control has twice been undermined by pathogen evolution. disease ecology is believed to be the main driver of this evolution, yet mathematical models of mdv disease ecology have never been confronted with data to test their reliability. here, we develop a suite of mdv models that differ in the ecological mechanisms they include. we fit these models with maximum likelihood using iterated filtering in 'pomp' to data on mdv concentration i ... | 2018 | 29366873 |
| identification of the receptor and cellular ortholog of the marek's disease virus (mdv) cxc chemokine. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a cell associatedalphaherpesvirusthat causes fatal lymphoma in chickens. one factor that plays a crucial role in mdv pathogenesis is the viral cxc chemokine vil-8 that was originally named after chicken interleukin 8 (cil-8). however, a recent study demonstrated that vil-8 recruits b cells and a subset of t cells but not neutrophils, suggesting that vil-8 is not a cil-8 orthologue. in this study, we set to identify the cellular orthologues and receptor of vil-8 usi ... | 2017 | 29326678 |
| monitoring the uptake of live avian vaccines by their detection in feathers. | protection against diseases caused by the avian viruses, marek's disease, infectious laryngotracheitis, chicken anemia and turkey meningoencephalitis is achieved by live vaccines. the application quality is important to assure proper uptake in commercial flocks. we describe a novel evaluation method for the vaccination process by sequential monitoring the vaccine viruses in feathers. feather collection is easy, non-invasive and non-lethal for the birds, therefore advantageous for monitoring purp ... | 2018 | 29287680 |
| association of marek's disease induced immunosuppression with activation of a novel regulatory t cells in chickens. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens, transforms cd4+ t cells and causes deadly lymphomas. in addition, mdv induces immunosuppression early during infection by inducing cell death of the infected lymphocytes, and potentially due to activation of regulatory t (treg)-cells. furthermore, immunosuppression also occurs during the transformation phase of the disease; however, it is still unknown how the disease can suppress immune response prior or after lymphoma fo ... | 2017 | 29267390 |
| application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay in the detection of herpesvirus of turkey (fc 126 strain) from chicken samples in nigeria. | this study was designed to optimize and apply the use of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) as an alternative to conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) (fc 126 strain) in vaccinated and non-vaccinated poultry in nigeria. | 2017 | 29263603 |
| a phylogenomic analysis of marek's disease virus reveals independent paths to virulence in eurasia and north america. | virulence determines the impact a pathogen has on the fitness of its host, yet current understanding of the evolutionary origins and causes of virulence of many pathogens is surprisingly incomplete. here, we explore the evolution of marek's disease virus (mdv), a herpesvirus commonly afflicting chickens and rarely other avian species. the history of mdv in the 20th century represents an important case study in the evolution of virulence. the severity of mdv infection in chickens has been rising ... | 2017 | 29151863 |
| characterization of the deubiquitination activity and substrate specificity of the chicken ubiquitin-specific protease 1/usp associated factor 1 complex. | deubiquitinases (dubs) are essential regulators of intracellular processes involving ubiquitin (ub) modification. the human dub ubiquitin-specific protease 1 (husp1) interacts with human usp-associated factor 1 (huaf1), and helps to regulate processes such as dna damage repair. previously, we identified a chicken usp1 homologue (chusp1) during an investigation into the properties of marek's disease virus (mdv). however, chusp1's deubiquitination activity, interaction with chuaf1, and substrate s ... | 2017 | 29091922 |
| toll-like receptor 3 pathway restricts marek's disease virus infection. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an α-herpesvirus that causes immune suppression and t lymphoma in chickens. toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) is critical for the host immune response against mdv infection. previously, our team demonstrated that pre-treatment of tlr3 agonist poly (i:c) inhibited marek's disease virus infection in chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs). however, whether tlr3 inhibits the aggravation of mdv infection is unknown. in the current study, we found that tlr3 activation in mdv-infect ... | 2017 | 29050325 |
| depression of vaccinal immunity to marek's disease by infection with chicken infectious anemia virus. | marek's disease (md) has been occurring with increasing frequency in chickens in recent years. to our knowledge, however, there has been no report of the very virulent plus (vv+) md virus (mdv) field isolate in china. studies have shown that dual infection with immunosuppressive viruses such as chicken infectious anemia virus (ciav) occurs frequently in chickens developing md. in this study, we performed a designed set ofin vivoexperiments, which comprised five different groups of chickens, incl ... | 2017 | 29018431 |
| induction of dna damages upon marek's disease virus infection: implication in viral replication and pathogenesis. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly contagious alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens and causes a deadly neoplastic disease. we previously demonstrated that mdv infection arrests cells in s phase and that the tegument protein vp22 plays a major role in this process. in addition, expression of vp22 induces double-strand breaks (dsbs) in the cellular dna, suggesting that dna damage and the associated cellular response might be favorable for the mdv life cycle. here, we addressed the role of d ... | 2017 | 28978699 |
| dynamic changes in the splenic transcriptome of chickens during the early infection and progress of marek's disease. | gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (gahv2) is an oncogenic avian herpesvirus inducing marek's disease (md) and rapid-onset t-cell lymphomas. to reveal molecular events in md pathogenesis and tumorigenesis, the dynamic splenic transcriptome of gahv2-infected chickens during early infection and pathogenic phases has been determined utilizing rna-seq. based on the significant differentially expressed genes (degs), analysis of gene ontology, kegg pathway and protein-protein interaction network has demonstrat ... | 2017 | 28912500 |
| long intergenic non-coding rna galmd3 in chicken marek's disease. | long intergenic non-coding rnas (lincrnas) are transcribed from non-coding dna sequences. studies have revealed that aberrant expressions of lincrnas are associated with various types of cancers and neurological disorders. marek's disease (md) is a highly contagious t-cell lymphoid neoplasia of chicken induced by marek's disease virus (mdv). in this study, we first identified and validated linc-galmd3 highly expressed in mdv-infected cd4+ t cells by rna-seq and qrt-pcr. by rna-seq analysis in md ... | 2017 | 28860661 |
| atrophy of primary lymphoid organs induced by marek's disease virus during early infection is associated with increased apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation and a severe b-lymphopenia. | marek's disease is a multi-faceted highly contagious disease affecting chickens caused by the marek's disease alphaherpesvirus (mdv). mdv early infection induces a transient immunosuppression, which is associated with thymus and bursa of fabricius atrophy. little is known about the cellular processes involved in primary lymphoid organ atrophy. here, by in situ tunel assay, we demonstrate that mdv infection results in a high level of apoptosis in the thymus and bursa of fabricius, which is concom ... | 2018 | 29587836 |
| reduction of marek's disease virus infection by toll-like receptor ligands in chicken embryo fibroblast cells. | evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (tlrs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) that are present in microbes. pamps induce several pathways downstream of tlrs that lead to induction of antiviral responses. the objective of this study was to investigate the stimulatory effect of various pamps (in the form of tlr ligands) in reducing marek's disease virus (mdv) infection in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (cefs). to this end, ce ... | 2018 | 29570417 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of four immunosuppressive viruses in chicken. | loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) methods to detect chicken infectious anemia virus (ciav), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), and marek's disease virus (mdv), and a reverse transcription (rt)-lamp assay to detect infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), were developed. the ciav-lamp, rev-lamp, mdv-lamp, and ibdv-rt-lamp methods were performed using four sets of six primers targeting the vp1 gene of ciav, the gp90 gene of rev, the meq gene of mdv, and the vp2 gene of ibdv. the results ... | 2018 | 29476761 |
| chicken anaemia virus evades host immune responses in transformed lymphocytes. | chicken anaemia virus (cav) is a lymphotropic virus that causes anaemia and immunosuppression in chickens. previously, we proposed that cav evades host antiviral responses in vivo by disrupting t-cell signalling, but the precise cellular targets and modes of action remain elusive. in this study, we examined gene expression in marek's disease virus-transformed chicken t-cell line msb-1 after infection with cav using both a custom 5k immune-focused microarray and quantitative real-time pcr at 24, ... | 2018 | 29458670 |
| development and application of a sybr green real-time pcr for detection of the emerging avian leukosis virus subgroup k. | avian leukosis virus subgroup k (alv-k) is an emerging alv tumor virus of chickens. we developed a sybr green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for the rapid and economical detection of alv-k in chicken flocks. the assay was specific for alv-k and did not cross-react with other alv subgroup or avian influenza virus, newcastle disease virus, or marek's disease virus. the method was 100 times more sensitive than conventional pcr and 10 times more sensitive than the enzyme-linke ... | 2018 | 29617900 |
| first molecular detection and characterization of marek's disease virus in red-crowned cranes (grus japonensis): a case report. | marek's disease virus (mdv) resides in the genus mardivirus in the family herpesviridae. mdv is a highly contagious virus that can cause neurological lesions, lymphocytic proliferation, immune suppression, and death in avian species, including galliformes (chickens, quails, partridges, and pheasants), strigiformes (owls), anseriformes (ducks, geese, and swans), and falconiformes (kestrels). | 2018 | 29615025 |
| serological survey for select infectious agents in wild magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) in argentina, 1994-2008. | despite being the most numerous penguin species in south america, exposure of the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) to pathogens has not yet been thoroughly assessed. we collected serum from 1,058 magellanic penguins at 10 breeding colonies along the entire latitudinal range of this species in argentina. the work spanned 10 breeding seasons over 15 yr (1994-2008). sera were tested for antibodies to select infectious agents. antibodies reacting against 16 pathogens were detected (serop ... | 2020 | 31237822 |
| out of sight, but not out of mind: aspects of the avian oncogenic herpesvirus, marek's disease virus. | marek's disease virus is an economically important avian herpesvirus that causes tumors and immunosuppression in chickens and turkeys. the virus, disease, and vaccines have been known for more than 50 years, but as knowledge gaps still exists, intensive research is still ongoing. the understanding of mdv complexity can provide scientific insight in topics that cannot be experimented in humans, providing a unique model that is dually useful for the benefit of the poultry industry and for studying ... | 2020 | 32751762 |
| a common live-attenuated avian herpesvirus vaccine expresses a very potent oncogene. | vaccines play a crucial role in the protection of animals and humans from deadly pathogens. the first vaccine that also protected against cancer was developed against the highly oncogenic herpesvirus marek's disease virus (mdv). mdv infects chickens and causes severe immunosuppression, neurological signs, and fatal lymphomas, a process that requires the viral oncogene, meq the most frequently used marek's disease vaccine is the live-attenuated cvi988/rispens (cvi) strain, which efficiently prote ... | 2019 | 31597721 |
| novel cyclovirus identified in broiler chickens with transmissible viral proventriculitis in china. | in october 2018, an outbreak of transmissible viral proventriculitis (tvp) occurred in 30-day-old commercial broiler chickens on a farm in weifang, china. tvp, an infectious viral disease characterized by runting and stunting, is associated with many viruses, and has a significant economic impact on the global poultry industry. tvp is diagnosed according to clinical symptoms, gross and histological lesions, and negative pcr results for pathogenic bacteria, avian leukosis virus subgroup j, marek' ... | 2020 | 33134354 |
| marek's disease virus requires both copies of the inverted repeat regions for efficient in vivo replication and pathogenesis. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus of chickens. the mdv genome consists of two unique regions that are both flanked by inverted repeat regions. these repeats harbor several genes involved in virus replication and pathogenesis, but it remains unclear why mdv and other herpesviruses harbor these large sequence duplications. in this study, we set to determine if both copies of these repeat regions are required for mdv replication and pathogenesis. our results demonstrate t ... | 2020 | 33115875 |
| establishment of an in vitro model of persistent chicken anemia virus infection. | persistent infection of chicken anemia virus (cav) in chickens has been suspected to result in immunosuppression and exogenous virus contamination within vaccine production. however, no direct evidence for persistent cav infection has thus far been obtained. in this study, we aimed to establish an in vitro model of persistent cav infection. cav-infected mdcc-msb1 (msb1) cells, a marek's disease virus-transformed continuous cell line, were cultured in the presence of both cav and cav neutralizing ... | 2020 | 33076262 |
| efficacy of a turkey herpesvirus double construct vaccine (hvt-nd-ibd) against challenge with different strains of newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease and marek's disease viruses. | a double construct vaccine of turkey herpesvirus (hvt) was prepared that contains the fusion (f) gene from newcastle disease virus (ndv) and the viral protein 2 (vp2) gene from infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). safety of the vaccine (hvt-nd-ibd) was confirmed and efficacy was evaluated after subcutaneous (sc) vaccination at 1 day of age or the in ovo route of vaccination. challenges were performed with velogenic ndv strains (texas gb and herts weybridge 33/56), with different strains of ib ... | 2020 | 33063529 |
| de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and its trafficking in lamp-1 positive vesicles are involved in replication and spread of marek's disease virus. | marek's disease virus (mdv) transforms cd4+ t cells and causes a deadly neoplastic disease which is associated with metabolic dysregulation leading to atherosclerosis in chickens. while mdv-infected chickens have normal serum concentrations of cholesterol, their aortic tissues were found to have elevated concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol. here, we demonstrate that infection of chicken embryonated fibroblasts (cefs) with the highly pathogenic mdv-rb1b increases cellular cholestero ... | 2020 | 32999035 |
| the tegument protein pul47 of marek's disease virus is necessary for horizontal transmission and is important for expression of glycoprotein gc. | viral tropism and transmission of herpesviruses are best studied in their natural host for maximal biological relevance. in the case of α-herpesviruses, few reports have focused on those aspects, primarily because of the few animal models available as natural hosts that are compatible with such studies. here, using marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly contagious and deadly alphaherpesvirus of chickens, we analyze the role of tegument proteins pul47 and pul48 in the whole life cycle of the virus ... | 2020 | 32999032 |
| depletion of cd8αβ+ t cells in chickens demonstrates their involvement in protective immunity towards marek's disease with respect to tumor incidence and vaccinal protection. | marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease in chickens caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus. since 1970, md has been controlled through widespread vaccination of commercial flocks. however, repeated and unpredictable md outbreaks continue to occur in vaccinated flocks, indicating the need for a better understanding of mdv pathogenesis to guide improved or alternative control measures. as mdv is an intracellular pathogen that infects and transforms ... | 2020 | 32987648 |
| role of dna methylation and cpg sites in the viral telomerase rna promoter during gallid herpesvirus 2 pathogenesis. | gallid herpesvirus type 2 (gahv-2) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that induces malignant t-cell lymphoma in chicken. gahv-2 encodes a viral telomerase rna subunit (vtr) that plays a crucial role in virus-induced tumorigenesis, enhances telomerase activity, and possesses functions independent of the telomerase complex. vtr is driven by a robust viral promoter, highly expressed in virus-infected cells, and regulated by two c-myc response elements (c-myc res). the regulatory mechanisms involved i ... | 2020 | 32967954 |
| marek's disease virus oncogene meq expression in infected cells in vaccinated and unvaccinated hosts. | marek's disease (md) vaccines are unique in their capability to prevent md lymphomas as early as a few days after vaccination, despite the fact that they do not eliminate virulent viruses from the host. to help understand the mechanism behind this unique md vaccine effect, we compared the expression of mdv oncoprotein meq among cd4+ t cells between vaccinated and unvaccinated birds. chickens were vaccinated by an md vaccine, herpesvirus of turkeys, and then challenged by a recombinant virulent m ... | 2020 | 32891023 |
| newly detected mutations in the meq oncogene and molecular pathotyping of very virulent marek's disease herpesvirus in tunisia. | marek's disease (md) is a contagious avian viral disease that is responsible for large economic losses to farmers. the disease is caused by marek's disease virus (species gallid alphaherpesvirus 2), which causes neurological lesions, immune suppression, and tumor proliferation of lymphoid cells that invade a large number of organs and tissues. despite widespread vaccination, marek's disease virus (mdv), has shown a continuous increase in its virulence and has acquired the ability to overcome imm ... | 2020 | 32876794 |
| mapping qtl associated with resistance to avian oncogenic marek's disease virus (mdv) reveals major candidate genes and variants. | marek's disease (md) represents a significant global economic and animal welfare issue. marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly contagious oncogenic and highly immune-suppressive α-herpes virus, which infects chickens, causing neurological effects and tumour formation. though partially controlled by vaccination, md continues to have a profound impact on animal health and on the poultry industry. genetic selection provides an alternative and complementary method to vaccination. however, even afte ... | 2020 | 32872585 |
| adiponectin and its receptor genes' expression in response to marek's disease virus infection of white leghorns. | marek's disease virus (mdv) causes t-cell lymphoma in susceptible chicken and is also related to an imbalance of the lipid metabolism. adiponectin is a circulatory cytokine secreted from adipose tissue and exerts critical metabolic functions. although the associations between adiponectin and diseases, including lipid disorder and noncardiac vascular diseases, have been reported, little is known about the relationship between mdv infection and adiponectin. here, we challenged white leghorns from ... | 2020 | 32867969 |
| detection of p53 mutation and serum monitoring alert caused by marek's disease virus in poultry. | marek's disease (md) is a chicken neoplastic disease, which brings huge economic losses to the global poultry industry. the wild type p53, a tumor suppressor gene, plays a key role in blocking cell cycle, promoting apoptosis, and maintaining the stability of the genome. however, the mutant p53 losses its tumor inhibitory role and become an oncogene when a mutation has happened. | 2020 | 32831091 |
| integration of gene expression profile data to screen and verify immune-related genes of chicken erythrocytes involved in marek's disease virus. | chicken erythrocytes participated in immunity, but the role of erythrocytes in the immunity of marek's disease virus (mdv) has not been reported related to the immunity genes. the purpose of this study was to screen and verify the immune-related genes of chicken erythrocytes which could be proven as a biomarker in mdv. the datasets (gpl8764-chicken gene expression microarray) were downloaded from the geo profile database for control and mdv infected chickens to obtain differentially expressed ge ... | 2020 | 32818575 |
| genetic variability of the avian leukosis virus subgroup j gp85 gene in layer flocks in lower egypt. | this study aimed to determine the prevalence of layer flock tumor disease in lower egypt during the period of 2018-2019 and to undertake molecular characterization and determine the genetic diversity of all identified viruses. | 2020 | 32801556 |
| development and application of an mrt-qpcr assay for detecting coinfection of six vertically transmitted or immunosuppressive avian viruses. | marek's disease virus (mdv), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), avian reovirus (arv), chicken infectious anemia virus (ciav), infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), and fowl adenovirus (fadv) are important causes of disease in poultry. to investigate the infection status of the above six viruses in chickens in china, 1,187 samples from chicken flocks were collected and tested using a newly developed multiplex reverse-transcription quantitative real-time pcr (mrt-qpcr) assay in the study. a seri ... | 2020 | 32765453 |
| morphological and immunohistochemical examination of lymphoproliferative lesions caused by marek's disease virus in breeder chickens. | marek's disease is widely controlled by vaccination programs; however, chickens are not totally protected, especially immediately after the vaccination when a strong challenge could interfere with the effectiveness of vaccination in the absence of proper biosecurity practice. this case report describes the occurrence of marek's disease (md) observed in a breeder chicken flock reared southeast of sicily. md outbreak occurred from 32 to 47 weeks with an increase in weekly mortality rate (+0.4-0.6% ... | 2020 | 32727058 |
| safety and efficacy evaluation of recombinant marek's disease virus with rev-ltr. | recently, chickens vaccinated with the cvi988/rispens vaccine showed increased tumor incidence. moreover, many strains of marek's disease virus (mdv) that were naturally integrated with the long terminal repeat (ltr) of the avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) have been isolated, which means it is necessary to develop a new vaccine. in this study, two ltr sequences were inserted into rispens to construct a recombinant mdv (rmdv). then, the safety and efficacy of rmdv were evaluated separately ... | 2020 | 32698460 |
| erratum: chakraborty, p. et al. macrophages from susceptible and resistant chicken lines have different transcriptomes following marek's disease virus infection. genes 2019, 10, 74. | the authors wish to make the following correction to their paper published in genes [...]. | 2020 | 32679683 |
| prevention of avian retrovirus infection in chickens using crispr-cas9 delivered by marek's disease virus. | reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) is an avian retrovirus that causes an oncogenic, immunosuppressive, and runting-stunting syndrome in avian hosts. the co-infection of rev and marek's disease virus (mdv), an oncogenic herpesvirus in chickens, further increases disease severity and reduces mdv vaccine efficacy. the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr)-cas9 system has successfully been used against pathogens in mammalian cells. however, the large size of the crispr-ca ... | 2020 | 32650233 |
| abrogation of marek's disease virus replication using crispr/cas9. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly cell-associated alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly lymphomas in chickens. while vaccination protects against clinical symptoms, mdv field strains can still circulate in vaccinated flocks and continuously evolve towards greater virulence. mdv vaccines do not provide sterilizing immunity, allowing the virus to overcome vaccine protection, and has increased the need for more potent vaccines or alternative interventions. in this study, we addressed if the cri ... | 2020 | 32616820 |
| gut microbiota profiles of commercial laying hens infected with tumorigenic viruses. | studies have shown that some viral infections cause structural changes in the intestinal microflora, but little is known about the effects of tumorigenic viral infection on the intestinal microflora of chickens. | 2020 | 32600312 |
| role of marek's disease virus (mdv)-encoded us3 serine/threonine protein kinase in regulating mdv meq and cellular creb phosphorylation. | marek's disease (md) is a neoplastic disease of chickens caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), a member of the subfamily alphaherpesvirinae like other alphaherpesviruses, mdv encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase, us3. the functions of us3 have been extensively studied in other alphaherpesviruses; however, the biological functions of mdv us3 and its substrates have not been studied in detail. in this study, we investigated potential cellular pathways that are regulated by mdv us3 and identi ... | 2020 | 32581093 |
| prevalence of poultry red mite (dermanyssus gallinae) in korean layer farms and the presence of avian pathogens in the mite. | the poultry red mite, dermanyssus gallinae, is a blood-feeding parasite of layer hens and a potential vector of several avian infectious agents. high infestation with d. gallinae in layer farm buildings could result in economic losses, and the mites may act as a reservoir of avian pathogens within farms. this study aimed to assess the prevalence of d. gallinae in layer farm buildings in korea and to investigate avian pathogens in the collected mites. the mite samples were collected from 36 korea ... | 2020 | 32435982 |
| vertical transmission of alv from alv-j positive parents caused severe immunosuppression and significantly reduced marek's disease vaccine efficacy in three-yellow chickens. | in order to evaluate the influence of the vertical transmission of avian leukosis virus (alv) from j subgroup (alv-j) positive parents on the vaccine efficacy of marek's disease virus (mdv), alv-j positive male breeders × female breeders of three-yellow chickens and the alv negative male breeder × the negative female breeders were used respectively for crossbreeding to produce eggs and the hatching offspring. the commercial cvi988/rispens vaccine was used to vaccinate the crossbred offspring at ... | 2020 | 32402336 |
| efficient mutagenesis of marek's disease virus-encoded micrornas using a crispr/cas9-based gene editing system. | the virus-encoded micrornas (mirnas) have been demonstrated to have important regulatory roles in herpesvirus biology, including virus replication, latency, pathogenesis and/or tumorigenesis. as an emerging efficient tool for gene editing, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr)/cas9 system has been successfully applied in manipulating the genomes of large dna viruses. herein, utilizing the crispr/cas9 system with a double-guide rnas transfection/virus infection str ... | 2020 | 32325942 |
| molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of marek's disease virus in turkish layer chickens. | 1. there is no current data about the genotypes of marek's disease virus (mdv) in turkish poultry flocks; hence, this study was performed to analyse cvi988/rispens, turkey herpesvirus (hvt) vaccine viruses and mdv field viruses as well as to perform phylogenetic analysis of mdv in turkish layer chickens. 2. in 2017 and 2018, a total of 602 spleen samples from 49 layer flocks were collected from the marmara, west black sea and aegean regions. dna was extracted from the spleen samples and the samp ... | 2020 | 32316760 |
| potential role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the pathogenesis of marek's disease. | marek's disease virus (mdv) can cause malignant t-cell lymphomas and immunosuppression in chickens. macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) not only plays a critical role in inhibiting t-cell responses, but also contributes to multiple aspects of tumour progression. the aim of this study was to reveal the potential role of mif in the pathogenesis of mdv infection. | 2020 | 32258797 |
| attenuation of a recombinant marek's disease virus lacking the meq oncogene and evaluation on its immune efficacy against marek's disease virus. | sc9-2 is a recombinant marek's disease virus (mdv) strain lacking the meq oncogene. previous study demonstrated that sc9-2 virus provides good protection against challenge with a very virulent mdv rmd5, but it induces immunosuppressive effects in specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. in the present study, sc9-2 was serially passaged on chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) cell cultures. the pathogenicity and immune efficacy of sc9-2/10th and sc9-2/40th against rmd5 were evaluated. animal experimenta ... | 2020 | 32241474 |
| understanding the cross-talk between host and virus in poultry from the perspectives of microrna. | in poultry, viral infections (e.g., marek's disease virus, avian leukosis virus, influenza a virus, and so on) can cause devastating mortality and economic losses. because viruses are solely dependent on host cells to propagate, they alter the host intracellular microenvironment. thus, understanding the virus-host interaction is important for antiviral immunity and drug development in the poultry industry. micrornas are crucial posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in a wide spectrum ... | 2020 | 32241464 |
| transcriptional profiles associated with marek's disease virus in bursa and spleen lymphocytes reveal contrasting immune responses during early cytolytic infection. | marek's disease virus (mdv), an alpha herpes virus, causes a lymphoproliferative state in chickens known as marek's disease (md), resulting in severe monetary losses to the poultry industry. because lymphocytes of bursa of fabricius and spleen are prime targets of mdv replication during the early cytolytic phase of infection, the immune response in bursa and spleen should be the foundation of late immunity induced by mdv. however, the mechanism of the mdv-mediated host immune response in lymphoc ... | 2020 | 32210095 |
| pervasive differential splicing in marek's disease virus can discriminate cvi-988 vaccine strain from rb-1b very virulent strain in chicken embryonic fibroblasts. | marek's disease is a major scourge challenging poultry health worldwide. it is caused by the highly contagious marek's disease virus (mdv), an alphaherpesvirus. here, we showed that, similar to other members of its herpesviridae family, mdv also presents a complex landscape of splicing events, most of which are uncharacterised and/or not annotated. quite strikingly, and although the biological relevance of this fact is unknown, we found that a number of viral splicing isoforms are strain-specifi ... | 2020 | 32197378 |
| latest insights into marek's disease virus pathogenesis and tumorigenesis. | marek's disease virus (mdv) infects chickens and causes one of the most frequent cancers in animals. over 100 years of research on this oncogenic alphaherpesvirus has led to a profound understanding of virus-induced tumor development. live-attenuated vaccines against mdv were the first that prevented cancer and minimized the losses in the poultry industry. even though the current gold standard vaccine efficiently protects against clinical disease, the virus continuously evolves towards higher vi ... | 2020 | 32164311 |
| pathogen transmission from vaccinated hosts can cause dose-dependent reduction in virulence. | many livestock and human vaccines are leaky because they block symptoms but do not prevent infection or onward transmission. this leakiness is concerning because it increases vaccination coverage required to prevent disease spread and can promote evolution of increased pathogen virulence. despite leakiness, vaccination may reduce pathogen load, affecting disease transmission dynamics. however, the impacts on post-transmission disease development and infectiousness in contact individuals are unkn ... | 2020 | 32134914 |
| vaccinal efficacy of molecularly cloned gallid alphaherpesvirus 3 strain 301b/1 against very virulent marek's disease virus challenge. | marek's disease virus (mdv), a causative agent of marek's disease, has evolved its virulence partly because the current control strategies fail to provide sterilizing immunity. gallid alphaherpesvirus 3 (gahv-3) and turkey herpesvirus have been developed as bivalent vaccines to improve upon the level of protection elicited by single formulations. since the in vitro passage of vaccines can result in attenuation, a gahv-3 strain 301b/1 was cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) by inser ... | 2020 | 32134378 |
| marek's disease virus as a crispr/cas9 delivery system to defend against avian leukosis virus infection in chickens. | the crispr/crispr-associated protein 9 (cas9) system is a powerful gene-editing tool originally discovered as an integral mediator of bacterial adaptive immunity. recently, this technology has been explored for its potential utility in providing new and unique treatments for viral infection. marek's disease virus (mdv) and avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j), major immunosuppressive viruses, cause significant economic losses to the chicken industry. here, we evaluated the efficacy of using m ... | 2020 | 32122593 |
| chickens can durably clear herpesvirus vaccine infection in feathers while still carrying vaccine-induced antibodies. | marek's disease (md) is a major disease of chickens induced by marek's disease virus (mdv) associated to lethal lymphomas. current md vaccines protect against lymphomas, but fail to prevent infection and shedding. the control of mdv shedding is crucial in order to eradicate this highly contagious virus. like pathogenic mdv, md vaccines infect the feather follicles of the skin before being shed into the environment. md vaccines constitute excellent models to study virus interaction with feathers, ... | 2020 | 32093754 |
| revisiting cellular immune response to oncogenic marek's disease virus: the rising of avian t-cell immunity. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly t-cell lymphomas and serves as a natural virus-induced tumor model in chickens. although marek's disease (md) is well controlled by current vaccines, the evolution of mdv field viruses towards increasing virulence is concerning as a better vaccine to combat very virulent plus mdv is still lacking. our understanding of molecular and cellular immunity to mdv and its immunopathogenesis has significantly improved, ... | 2020 | 32080753 |
| microrna profiling in the bursae of marek's disease virus-infected resistant and susceptible chicken lines. | marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by a cell-associated oncogenic alpha-herpesvirus, marek's disease virus (mdv). clinical signs of md include bursal/thymic atrophy, neurologic disorders, and t cell lymphomas. mirnas play key roles in regulation of gene expression by targeting translational suppression or mrna degradation. mdv encodes mirnas that are associated with viral pathogenicity and oncogenesis. in this study, we performed mirna sequencing in ... | 2020 | 32059995 |
| effect of gga-mir-155 on cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of marek's disease virus (mdv) transformed cell line msb1 by targeting rora. | marek's disease (md) is caused by the oncogenic marek's disease virus (mdv), and is a highly contagious avian infection with a complex underlying pathology that involves lymphoproliferative neoplasm formation. micrornas (mirnas) act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in most cancers. the gga-mir-155 is downregulated in the mdv-infected chicken tissues or lymphocyte lines, although its exact role in tumorigenesis remains unclear. the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of gga-mir-155 on t ... | 2020 | 31992293 |
| genome-wide analysis of circular rnas involved in marek's disease tumourigenesis in chickens. | marek's disease (md), induced by marek's disease virus (mdv), is a lymphotropic neoplastic disease and causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry. non-coding rnas (ncrnas) play important regulatory roles in disease pathogenesis. to investigate host circular rna (circrna) and microrna (mirna) expression profile, rna sequencing was performed in tumourous spleens (ts), spleens from the survivors (ss) without any lesion after mdv infection, and non-infected chicken spleens (ns). a total of ... | 2020 | 31948317 |
| increased horizontal transmission of recombinant marek's disease virus due to reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat is the major competitive advantage of the virus being a prevalent strain. | gx0101 is the first field marek's disease virus (mdv) recombinant with an rev ltr insert isolated in china. we speculated that there was a selective advantage of gx0101 becoming the more prevalent field strain from a very low percentage of recombinant virus. in the study, dual fluorescence quantitative real-time pcr (df-qpcr) that detects gx0101 and gx0101δltr simultaneously was established based on the genomic difference of gx0101 and its ltr deletion strain gx0101δltr. mdv natural transmission ... | 2019 | 31921027 |
| natural co-infection with two virulent wild strains of marek's disease virus in a commercial layer flock. | marek's disease (md) is a highly contagious lymphoproliferative poultry disease caused by the oncogenic herpesvirus, marek's disease virus (mdv). mdv strains have shown a continued evolution of virulence leading to immune failure, and md cases continue to occur. co-infection of virulent mdv strains is an important factor leading to viral evolution and host immune failure. this study conducted a laboratory diagnosis and analysis of a mdv infected flock. testing showed that all samples were mdv po ... | 2020 | 31902513 |
| transcriptional analyses of innate and acquired immune patterning elicited by marek's disease virus vaccine strains: turkey herpesvirus (hvt), marek's disease virus 2 (strain sb1), and bivalent vaccines (hvt/sb1 and hvt-lt/sb1). | marek's disease (md) is a complex pathology of chickens caused by md virus (mdv) 1 and is observed as paralysis, immune suppression, neurologic signs, and the rapid formation of t-cell lymphomas. the incidence of md in commercial broilers is largely controlled via vaccination, either in ovo or at hatch with live attenuated vaccines, i.e., turkey herpesvirus (hvt) or a bivalent combination of hvt with the mdv 2 strain (sb1). to further extend the protection conferred by bivalent hvt/sb-1, recombi ... | 2019 | 31865682 |
| molecular detection of marek's disease virus in feather and blood samples from young laying hens in colombia. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an immunosuppressive pathogen that can cause low production efficiency and high mortality rates in chickens. there is no current information on the mdv serotypes and pathotypes circulating in vaccinated commercial farms in colombia where the birds are vaccinated in the incubator with gallid herpesvirus (gahv-2) and meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (mehv-1). based on that, the main focus of this study was to understand the mdv's infection dynamics for the three known serotyp ... | 2019 | 31802681 |
| expression of the conserved herpesvirus protein kinase (chpk) of marek's disease alphaherpesvirus in the skin reveals a mechanistic importance for chpk during interindividual spread in chickens. | the herpesviridae encode many conserved genes, including the conserved herpesvirus protein kinase (chpk) that has multifunctional properties. in most cases, herpesviruses lacking chpk can propagate in cell culture to various degrees, depending on the virus and cell culture system. however, in the natural animal model system of marek's disease alphaherpesvirus (mdv) in chickens, chpk is absolutely required for interindividual spread from chicken to chicken. the lack of biological reagents for chi ... | 2020 | 31801854 |
| linc-galmd1 regulates viral gene expression in the chicken. | a rapidly increasing number of reports on dysregulated long intergenic non-coding rna (lincrna) expression across numerous types of cancers indicates that aberrant lincrna expression may be a major contributor to tumorigenesis. marek's disease (md) is a t cell lymphoma of chickens induced by marek's disease virus (mdv). although we have investigated the roles of lincrnas in bursa tissue of mdv-infected chickens in previous studies, the molecular mechanisms of lincrna functions in t cells remain ... | 2019 | 31798630 |
| ifnα and ifnγ impede marek's disease progression. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes marek's disease, a malignant lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens. while mdv vaccines protect animals from clinical disease, they do not provide sterilizing immunity and allow field strains to circulate and evolve in vaccinated flocks. therefore, there is a need for improved vaccines and for a better understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses against mdv infections. interferons (ifns) play important roles in th ... | 2019 | 31795203 |
| marek's disease virus infection of natural killer cells. | natural killer (nk) cells are key players in the innate immune response. they kill virus-infected cells and are crucial for the induction of adaptive immune responses. marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly contagious alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly t cell lymphomas in chickens. host resistance to mdv is associated with differences in nk cell responses; however, the exact role of nk cells in the control of mdv remains unknown. in this study, we assessed if mdv can infect nk cells and alter ... | 2019 | 31757008 |
| detection and molecular characterization of a natural coinfection of marek's disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus in brazilian backyard chicken flock. | marek's disease virus (mdv) and the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) are two of the primary oncogenic viruses that significantly affect chickens. in brazil, there have been no previous published reports on the presence of field rev alone or in coinfection. this retrospective study analyzes samples from a case of lymphoproliferative lesions from a backyard chicken flock. mdv and rev were detected by pcr and classified as mdv1 and rev3, respectively, through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis b ... | 2019 | 31756886 |
| glutaminolysis and glycolysis are essential for optimal replication of marek's disease virus. | viruses may hijack glycolysis, glutaminolysis, or fatty acid β-oxidation of host cells to provide the energy and macromolecules required for efficient viral replication. marek's disease virus (mdv) causes a deadly lymphoproliferative disease in chickens and modulates metabolism of host cells. metabolic analysis of mdv-infected chicken embryonic fibroblasts (cefs) identified elevated levels of metabolites involved in glutamine catabolism, such as glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, pyrimidine, and c ... | 2020 | 31748393 |
| molecular characterization of a marek's disease virus strain detected in tumour-bearing turkeys. | marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), which primarily affects chickens. however, the virus is also able to induce tumours in turkeys, albeit less frequently than in chickens. this study reports the molecular characterization of a gahv-2 strain detected in a flock of italian meat-type turkeys exhibiting visceral lymphomas. sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the meq gene revealed that the turkey gahv-2 has molecular features of hig ... | 2020 | 31702386 |
| rapid and sensitive real-time recombinase polymerase amplification for detection of marek's disease virus. | marek's disease (md) is one of the most devastating diseases of poultry. it's caused by the highly infectious alphaherpesvirus md virus serotype 1 (mdv-1). in this study, a rapid and easy-to-use assay based on recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) was developed for mdv detection. primer-probe sets targeting the highly conserved region of meq gene were designed and applied to the rpa assay. the assay was carried out on a real-time thermostatic fluorescence detector at 39 °c for 20 min. as re ... | 2019 | 31580913 |
| endogenous avian leukosis virus in combination with serotype 2 marek's disease virus significantly boosted the incidence of lymphoid leukosis-like bursal lymphomas in susceptible chickens. | in 2010, sporadic cases of avian leukosis virus (alv)-like bursal lymphoma, also known as spontaneous lymphoid leukosis (ll)-like tumors, were identified in two commercial broiler breeder flocks in the absence of exogenous alv infection. two individual alv subgroup e (alv-e) field strains, designated af227 and af229, were isolated from two different breeder farms. the role of these alv-e field isolates in development of and the potential joint impact in conjunction with a marek's disease virus ( ... | 2019 | 31554689 |
| rapid detection of avian leukosis virus using a fluorescent microsphere immunochromatographic test strip assay. | we developed a rapid fluorescent microsphere immunochromatographic test strip (fm-icts) assay for the quantitative detection of avian leukosis virus (alv). a monoclonal antibody specific for the alv major capsid protein encoded by the gag gene was coupled to label fluorescent microspheres. alv antibodies were coated on a nitrocellulose membrane to prepare a test line for sample detection. the fluorescence signals of the test and control lines can be read either visually by exposure to uv light o ... | 2019 | 31553793 |
| avian oncogenic herpesvirus antagonizes the cgas-sting dna-sensing pathway to mediate immune evasion. | the cellular dna sensor cgmp-amp synthase (cgas) detects cytosolic viral dna via the stimulator of interferon genes (sting) to initiate innate antiviral response. herpesviruses are known to target key immune signaling pathways to persist in an immune-competent host. marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly pathogenic and oncogenic herpesvirus of chickens, can antagonize host innate immune responses to achieve persistent infection. with a functional screen, we identified five mdv proteins that block ... | 2019 | 31539404 |
| allele-specific expression of cd4+ t cells in response to marek's disease virus infection. | marek's disease (md) is a t cell lymphoma disease induced by marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly oncogenic α herpesvirus primarily affecting chickens. md is a chronic infectious disease that threatens the poultry industry. however, the mechanisms of genetic resistance for md are complex and not completely understood. in this study, to identify high-confidence candidate genes of md genetic resistance, high throughput sequencing (rna-seq) was used to obtain transcriptomic data of cd4+ t cells is ... | 2019 | 31533276 |
| artesunate derivative tf27 inhibits replication and pathogenesis of an oncogenic avian alphaherpesvirus. | nucleoside analogues have been the cornerstone of clinical treatment of herpesvirus infections since the 1970s. however, severe side effects and emergence of drug resistant viruses raise the need for alternative treatment options. we recently investigated the broad and strong antiherpesviral activity of the optimized artesunate derivative tf27 in vitro. tf27 efficiently inhibited replication of the highly oncogenic marek's disease virus (mdv), a virus that infects chickens, causes deadly lymphom ... | 2019 | 31520682 |
| towards a mechanistic understanding of the synergistic response induced by bivalent marek's disease vaccines to prevent lymphomas. | marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), an oncogenic α-herpesvirus. since 1970, md has been controlled by widespread vaccination; however, more effective md vaccines are needed to counter more virulent mdv strains. the bivalent vaccine combination of sb-1 and herpesvirus of turkey (hvt) strain fc126 has been widely used. nonetheless, the mechanism(s) underlying this synergistic effect has not been investigated. | 2019 | 31515142 |
| marek's disease viruses circulating in commercial poultry in italy in the years 2015-2018 are closely related by their meq gene phylogeny. | marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease important to the poultry industry worldwide; it is caused by gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (gahv-2). the virulence of gahv-2 isolates has shifted over the years from mild to virulent, very virulent and very virulent +. nowadays the disease is controlled by vaccination, but field strains of increased virulence are emerging worldwide. economic losses due to md are mostly associated with its acute form, characterized by visceral lymphomas. the prese ... | 2020 | 31411371 |
| influence of marek's disease virus vaccines on chicken melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-dependent-type i interferon signal transduction pathway with a highlight on their secondary impact on the immune responses post newcastle disease virus vaccination. | marek's disease virus (mdv) leads to a lytic infection of b-lymphocytes in chickens, and also latently infects t-lymphocytes. although marek's disease vaccines have been widely in use, little is known about the innate immune response of this important livestock vaccine. in this study, we tested the effect of different commercially applied marek's disease vaccines on the expression pattern of selected genes related to chicken interferon-alpha (chifn-α) (melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 ... | 2019 | 31383309 |
| histologic findings and viral antigen distribution in natural coinfection of layer hens with subgroup j avian leukosis virus, marek's disease virus, and reticuloendotheliosis virus. | we investigated the histologic findings and viral antigen distribution in 3 cases of natural coinfection of layer hens with subgroup j avian leukosis virus (alv-j), marek's disease virus (mdv), and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) in hens. at autopsy, diseased hens were found to have hepatosplenomegaly and thickened proventriculi, with white tumor nodules in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and ovary. microscopically, most tissues had been infiltrated by neoplastic lymphocytes; the spleen, lung ... | 2019 | 31378167 |
| natural outbreak of marek's disease in indigenous chicken and japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) in jos, plateau state, nigeria. | carcasses of an indigenous adult chicken and japanese quail from different flocks were presented to a veterinary clinic for postmortem (pm) examination in 2014 in jos, plateau state, nigeria. pm observations revealed cutaneous, hepatic, and splenic tumors in the indigenous chicken. the quail carcass was emaciated with hepatic tumors. histopathology revealed severe focally extensive non-encapsulated circumscribed large nodules with pleomorphic population of cells mainly composed of lymphoplasmacy ... | 2019 | 31360655 |
| biotic concerns in generating molecular diagnosis matrixes for 4 avian viruses with emphasis on marek's disease virus. | the great advance in the field of diagnosis of avian viruses is reflecting the highly sophisticated molecular assays of the human and general virology in providing highly sensitive and fast methods of diagnosis. the present review will discuss the biotic factors and the complexities that became evident with the evolution of the novel molecular diagnostic assays with emphasis on 4 avian viruses, chicken anemia, infectious laryngotracheitis, turkey meningoencephalitis, but mainly on marek's diseas ... | 2019 | 31351169 |
| rna-seq analysis of viral gene expression in the skin of marek's disease virus infected chickens. | marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly cell-associated oncogenic avian α-herpesvirus, is the causative agent of malignant transformation of t cells in domestic chickens. the latently infected cd4+cd8- t cells carry the virus through the blood stream and establish lymphomas in the skin, visceral organs and peripheral nerves. the feather follicle epithelium (ffe) is the only anatomical site where fully infectious enveloped virions are produced and eventually disseminated into the environment to inf ... | 2019 | 31307672 |
| highly virulent marek's disease virus strains affect t lymphocyte function and viability of splenocytes in commercial meat-type chickens. | in previous studies, we have demonstrated that very virulent plus marek's disease viruses (vv+mdv) are highly immunosuppressive in commercial meat-type chickens. the specific objectives of this work were to evaluate if vv+mdv immunosuppression (mdv-is) is induced by reduction of lymphocyte responsiveness and/or viability. three experiments were conducted to (i) compare vv+mdv 686 with a partially attenuated 686-bac; (ii) compare vv+mdv strains (648a and 686) with vmdv (ga) and vvmdv (md5); and ( ... | 2019 | 31294636 |
| lorf9 deletion significantly eliminated lymphoid organ atrophy induced by meq-deleted very virulent marek's disease virus. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly contagious alphaherpesvirus that causes rapid onset of t cell lymphomas in chickens. mdv continues to break through vaccinal immunity due to the emergence of highly virulent field strains. earlier studies revealed that deletion of the meq gene from mdv results in attenuated vaccines that protect against disease when chickens are infected with highly virulent strains. however, meq-deleted viruses still retain the ability to induce lymphoid organ atrophy, wh ... | 2019 | 31282374 |
| marek's disease virus infection induced mitochondria changes in chickens. | mitochondria are crucial cellular organelles in eukaryotes and participate in many cell processes including immune response, growth development, and tumorigenesis. marek's disease (md), caused by an avian alpha-herpesvirus marek's disease virus (mdv), is characterized with lymphomas and immunosuppression. in this research, we hypothesize that mitochondria may play roles in response to mdv infection. to test it, mitochondrial dna (mtdna) abundance and gene expression in immune organs were examine ... | 2019 | 31252692 |
| marek's disease virus rlorf4 inhibits type i interferon production by antagonizing nf-κb activation. | marek's disease virus (mdv), which causes t cell lymphomas in chickens, is economically important and has contributed to knowledge of herpesvirus-associated oncogenicity. the dna-sensing pathway induces innate immune responses against dna virus infection, and nuclear factor κb (nf-κb) signaling is critical for the establishment of innate immunity. here, we report that rlorf4, an mdv-specific protein directly involved in viral attenuation, is an inhibitor of the dna-sensing pathway. the results s ... | 2019 | 31243133 |
| marek's disease alphaherpesvirus (mdv) rlorf4 is not required for expression of glycoprotein c and interindividual spread. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus that causes marek's disease (md) in chickens. rlorf4 is a mdv-specific gene that is systematically deleted during attenuation of mdv in vitro. concomitantly, the expression of glycoprotein c (gc) is diminished during attenuation, suggesting these two changes may be linked. original studies in which rlorf4 was deleted utilized an infectious clone that lacked gc expression due to a frame-shift mutation within the gc open reading frame ... | 2019 | 31226665 |