| development of a new pcr protocol for the detection of species and genotypes (strains) of echinococcus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. | the aim of our study was to establish a new pcr protocol for the detection and discrimination of echinococcus granulosus complex on one hand and echinococcus multilocularis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues (ffpts) on the other. the target sequences for all pcrs are located on a 471bp segment of the mitochondrial nd1 gene, the fragment sizes of the amplification products are 295bp (for the sheep strain of e. granulosus), 204bp (for the pig strain of e. granulosus) and 252bp (for e. mu ... | 2008 | 18177654 |
| independent introduction of two lactase-persistence alleles into human populations reflects different history of adaptation to milk culture. | the t(-13910) variant located in the enhancer element of the lactase (lct) gene correlates perfectly with lactase persistence (lp) in eurasian populations whereas the variant is almost nonexistent among sub-saharan african populations, showing high prevalence of lp. here, we report identification of two new mutations among saudis, also known for the high prevalence of lp. we confirmed the absence of the european t(-13910) and established two new mutations found as a compound allele: t/g(-13915) ... | 2008 | 18179885 |
| the normal anatomical, radiographical and ultrasonographic appearance of the carpal region of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the macroscopic, radiographic and ultrasonographic anatomy of the carpal region of eight clinically normal camels (camelus dromedarius) was determined with the help of a 7.5-mhz linear transducer. at the dorsal aspect of the carpus and distal radius, the extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis and extensor digitorum lateralis tendons were easily identified. the ulnaris lateralis tendon was observed laterally. the extensor carpi obliqus tendon was identified with difficulty. at the p ... | 2008 | 18197896 |
| a camel bite breaking the neck and causing brain infarction. | | 2007 | 18212669 |
| the ultrastructure of camel blood platelets: a comparative study with human, bovine, and equine cells. | previous studies indicated that the camel has a very active haemostatic mechanism with a short bleeding time and thrombocytosis. however, platelet function, when tested by agonist-induced aggregation and pfa 100 closure time, showed marked inhibition compared to humans. since camels are also far more resistant to long exposure to excessive heat and high body temperature than humans, it seemed worthwhile to explore fundamental morphological differences between human and camel platelets and those ... | 2008 | 18231938 |
| serological survey of bovine enterovirus type 1 in different mammalian species in turkey. | the bovine enterovirus type 1 (bev-1) infection has a wide range of host spectrum including humans. in this study, seroprevalence of bev-1 was investigated in eight mammalian species. blood serum samples were collected from 244 humans, 1520 cattle, 272 horse, 126 dog, 281 sheep, 477 goat, 18 camel (camelus dromedarius) and 82 gazelle (gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) in different regions of turkey. microneutralization tests showed that gazelle and camel did not have any seropositivities, but s ... | 2008 | 18234029 |
| chemical activation of in vitro matured dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) oocytes: optimization of protocols. | experiments were conducted to study the efficiency of sequential treatments of ionomycine and ethanol combined with phosphorylation inhibitor (6-dimethylaminopurine) or the specific maturation promoting factor inhibitor (roscovitine) in inducing artificial activation in dromedary m-ii oocytes. cumulus oocyte complexes (cocs), collected from slaughterhouse ovaries were cultured at 38.5 degrees c in an atmosphere of 5% co2 in air for 24-48 h. in experiment 1, the cocs were either fertilized in vit ... | 2008 | 18242678 |
| effect of different selenium supplementation levels on selenium status in camel. | twelve female camels divided into three groups received, after a 2-week adaptation period, an oral se supplementation (0, 2, and 4 mg, respectively) under sodium selenite form for 3 months. feed intake was assessed daily, blood samples and body weight were taken on a weekly basis, and feces and urine samples were collected every 2 weeks up to 1 month after the end of the supplementation period. the se concentration in serum was increased significantly in supplemented groups. the maximum level wa ... | 2008 | 18265949 |
| abortions in dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) caused by equine rhinitis a virus. | a virus was isolated from aborted dromedary (camelus dromedarius) fetuses during an abortion storm in dubai, united arab emirates. laboratory investigations showed the causative agent to be indistinguishable from equine rhinitis a virus (erav), a picornavirus. two pregnant dromedaries experimentally infected with the camel virus isolate both aborted and an identical virus was reisolated from both fetuses, thus confirming the diagnosis. the extremely high prevalence of antibody (>90 %) and the hi ... | 2008 | 18272756 |
| isospora orlovi infection in suckling dromedary camel calves (camelus dromedarius) in kenya. | outbreaks of isosporosis in young suckling dromedary camel calves (camelus dromedarius) in dubai, uae and in kenya were recently described. in the former outbreak the pathogen was shown to be isospora orlovi by morphological features and was later characterized molecularly. in the present study, we have made a longitudinal investigation of 159 suckling dromedary calves < or =12 weeks of age belonging to 8 ranched camel herds (m1) in northern kenya. the study was carried out during 18 months. in ... | 2008 | 18295405 |
| cross-sensitization between milk proteins: reactivity to a "kosher" epitope? | immunoglobulin e-mediated allergy to cow's milk protein represents a major problem for infants who are not breast fed. a search for substitute milks revealed a cross-allergenicity to milk derived from goat and sheep but not to milk from a mare. we noted that the cow, goat and sheep species are both artiodactyls and ruminants, defining them as kosher animals, in contrast to the mare. | 2008 | 18300584 |
| carotid occlusion and cerebral infarction from camel bite: case report. | a 30-year-old farmer was bitten by his camel on the left side of the neck. he suffered immediate loss of consciousness but recovered three days later with right-sided hemiplegia and complete aphasia. he bled minimally from the neck. ct scan of the brain and carotid doppler ultrasonography confirmed left parietal lobe infarction and partial occlusion of the left carotid artery respectively. he was managed conservatively with physiotherapy and low dose aspirin. at six months of follow up, his spee ... | 2007 | 18303748 |
| tuareg ethnoveterinary treatments of camel diseases in agadez area (niger). | for generations, nomadic herders have been learning to manage herd health, particularly in dromedaries because of their great value. owing to the unavailability of veterinary services, camel herders in remote areas have been developing their own pharmacopoeia and veterinary techniques. the bleeding of sick animals is a common treatment, as tuareg herders believe that 'tainted blood' (izni) is the cause of many conditions. several surgical techniques are also used, such as excision of calcified s ... | 2007 | 18318345 |
| cytokine responses in camels (camelus bactrianus) vaccinated with brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine. | in the present study, we determined the levels of cytokines produced by camel (camelus bactrianus) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in response to live attenuated brucella abortus (b. abortus) s19 vaccine. seven camels were vaccinated with commercial b. abortus s19 vaccine, and their cytokine responses were determined using a real-time pcr assay. cytokine responses to b. abortus s19 were examined at 6 hr, 48 hr and 1, 2 and 3 weeks post-vaccination. serological tests were performed to ... | 2008 | 18319583 |
| pharmacokinetic, metabolism and withdrawal time of orphenadrine in camels (camelus dromedarius) after intravenous administration. | the pharmacokinetics of orphenadrine (orph) following a single intravenous (i.v.) dose was investigated in six camels (camelus dormedarius). orphenadrine was extracted from the plasma using a simple sensitive liquid-liquid extraction method and determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (gc/ms). following i.v. administration plasma concentrations of orph decline bi-exponentially with distribution half-life (t(1/2)(alpha)) of 0.50+/-0.07h, elimination half-life (t(1/2)(beta)) of 3.57+/-0. ... | 2008 | 18321539 |
| chaperone activities of bovine and camel beta-caseins: importance of their surface hydrophobicity in protection against alcohol dehydrogenase aggregation. | beta-casein (beta-cn) showing properties of intrinsically unstructured proteins (iup) displays many similarities with molecular chaperones and shows anti-aggregation activity in vitro. chaperone activities of bovine and camel beta-cn were studied using alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) as a substrate. to obtain an adequate relevant information about the chaperone capacities of studied caseins, three different physical parameters including chaperone constant (k(c), microm(-1)), thermal aggregation cons ... | 2008 | 18336901 |
| infectivity, pathogenicity, and genetic characteristics of mammalian gastric cryptosporidium spp. in domestic ruminants. | farm ruminants were infected experimentally with four mammalian gastric cryptosporidium, namely cryptosporidium andersoni li03 originated from cattle and three isolates of cryptosporidium muris from brown rat (isolate rn66), bactrian camel (isolate cb03) and firstly characterized isolate from east african mole rat (isolate ts03). sequence characterizations of the small-subunit rrna gene showed that the li03 isolate was c. andersoni and the other three isolates belonged to c. muris, although the ... | 2008 | 18343038 |
| brucellosis in camels (camelus dromedarius) in darfur, western sudan. | in a field outbreak of brucellosis in 21 camels mixed with cattle, sheep and goats, five camels, three of which showed clinical signs, were serologically positive. in a subsequent abattoir survey of apparently healthy camels, six animals were seropositive, albeit with titres that tended to be lower than those found in the field outbreak. of the six seropositive slaughtered camels, five were shown to have lymph nodes (prescapular and supramammary) infected with brucellae (brucella melitensis biov ... | 2008 | 18346482 |
| plasma biochemistry of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius): effects of anticoagulants and comparison with serum. | the effects of various types of anticoagulants on plasma biochemistry were studied in man and various animals but limited informations are existing for camel plasma biochemistry. eleven clinically healthy one-humped camels were blood sampled in different tubes containing different anticoagulants and plain tubes for harvesting plasma and serum. the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnes ... | 2008 | 18371999 |
| in vitro embryo production in camel (camelus dromedarius) from in vitro matured oocytes fertilized with epididymal spermatozoa stored at 4 degrees c. | experiments were conducted to study the effect of storing epididymal spermatozoa, in tris-tes- and tris-lactose egg yolk extenders, on their fertilizing ability and subsequent in vitro embryo development. ovaries and testes were collected from a local slaughterhouse in normal saline solution (nss) at 37 degrees c and on ice (0-1 degrees c), respectively. cumulus oocyte complexes (cocs) aspirated from the follicles were randomly distributed to 4-well culture plates (20-25cocs/well) containing 500 ... | 2009 | 18372126 |
| an inventory of the ethnoveterinary practices for reproductive disorders in cattle and buffaloes, sargodha district of pakistan. | this study was conducted to document the ethnoveterinary practices (evps) used for the treatment and/or management of reproductive disorders of cattle and buffaloes. | 2008 | 18384987 |
| isolation of lactoferrin from milk of different species: calorimetric and antimicrobial studies. | lactoferrin (lf) is an iron-binding glycoprotein found in different biological fluids of mammals and in neutrophils. it has been proposed to be involved in many functions, including protection from pathogens. in this work, purification of lactoferrin using an ion-exchange chromatography (sp-sepharose) was attempted for the milk of the following animals: sheep (ovis aries), goat (capra hircus), camel (camelus bactrianus), alpaca (lama pacos), elephant (elephas maximus) and grey seal (halichoerus ... | 2008 | 18387837 |
| dynamics of follicular fluid in one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | in the present study, ovarian follicular fluid and serum biochemical, hormonal, electrolytes and amino acids profiles in female dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius), were investigated. fluid from small (2-6 mm) and large follicles (7-20 mm) and blood samples were collected from 25 clinically healthy adult female camels. the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, urea, total proteins, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate am ... | 2008 | 18422863 |
| effects of heat on camel platelet structure and function-a comparative study with humans. | camels and many other desert animals are uniquely adapted to conserve water and other fluids in order to survive intense heat for long periods. earlier studies have suggested that human platelets may be the trigger for the coagulopathy involved in heat prostration and stroke. the present study has compared the resistance of camel and human platelets to heat in order to see if they might help to protect camels from the effects of high body temperature for prolonged periods. the findings demonstra ... | 2008 | 18432517 |
| toward chaperone-assisted crystallography: protein engineering enhancement of crystal packing and x-ray phasing capabilities of a camelid single-domain antibody (vhh) scaffold. | a crystallization chaperone is an auxiliary protein that binds to a target of interest, enhances and modulates crystal packing, and provides high-quality phasing information. we critically evaluated the effectiveness of a camelid single-domain antibody (v(h)h) as a crystallization chaperone. by using a yeast surface display system for v(h)h, we successfully introduced additional met residues in the core of the v(h)h scaffold. we identified a set of semet-labeled v(h)h variants that collectively ... | 2008 | 18445622 |
| unique microanatomy of ileal peyer's patches of the one humped camel (camelus dromedarius) is not age-dependent. | the peyer's patches (pp) have been intensely investigated in several species because this is an important entry site for antigens and infectious agents. there are many pp in the jejunum, and in some species such as ruminants, carnivores, and omnivores, a different continuous pp is found in the terminal ileum. this pp disappears with age in these species studied. so far the ileal pp (ipp) has only been examined in the camel by light microscopy. therefore, the localization of ileal peyer's patches ... | 2008 | 18449903 |
| a comparison of the mitochondrial genomes from two families of solifugae (arthropoda: chelicerata): eremobatidae and ammotrechidae. | arachnids are an ancient and diverse group of arthropods, yet few representative mitochondrial genomes have been published for most of the 11 orders. here, we present and compare sequence and genomic data from two complete mitochondrial genomes from the arachnid order solifugae (the camel spiders or wind scorpions), representing two families, ammotrechidae and eremobatidae. we also make genome-level and sequence comparisons between these taxa and the horseshoe crab, a chelicerate from the sister ... | 2008 | 18456437 |
| pharmacokinetics and milk penetration of orbifloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular injections to dromedary lactating camels (camelus dromedaries). | | 2008 | 18471152 |
| isolation of nitrate-reductase positive corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from dromedary camels. | | 2008 | 18484117 |
| risk factors associated with camel brucellosis in jordan. | during the period between february, 2004 and december, 2006, a cross-sectional study was performed to investigate some epidemiological aspects related to camel brucellosis in jordan. four hundred twelve camel sera from 37 herds were randomly collected and analyzed using rose bengal plate test and complement fixation test. a structured pre-tested questionnaire was administered to collect information on camel herd health and management. a multivariable logistic regression model was constructed to ... | 2008 | 18484121 |
| a survey of chemical and nutritional characteristics of halophytes plants used by camels in southern tunisia. | the camel (camelus dromedarius) is well adapted to the utilization of vegetation of low nutritional value in its natural habitat zone, thanks to its aptitude to vary food and to search plants that are rich in water content and that can make up for its nutritional deficits, particularly as concerns mineral elements. therefore, a survey was carried out to determine camels pasture quality, dietary preference and to characterize the chemical characteristics and nutritional value of different halophy ... | 2009 | 18500670 |
| gross and microscopic pulmonary lesions of camels from eastern ethiopia. | camels are important animals for pastoralists in the northeastern, eastern, southeastern and southern parts of ethiopia. this paper reports on abattoir study of respiratory lesions in 104 adult camels at the dire dawa abattoir (88 male and 16 female). the study showed 98% of the examined lungs had one or more lesions. the most common lesions were pulmonary fibrosis (50.00%), pneumoconiosis (34.62%), hydatid cyst (30.80%), pulmonary abscess (3.85%) and parasitic bronchopneumonia (0.96%). the dist ... | 2008 | 18551775 |
| do camels (camelus dromedarius) play an epidemiological role in the spread of shiga toxin producing escherichia coli (stec) infection? | in the present work, faecal and serum samples from 400 camels were investigated for the presence of shiga toxin producing e.coli (stec) and anti-shiga toxin (anti-stx) antibodies, respectively. the used samples were obtained from adult male camels of five east african countries (egypt, somalia, djibouti, kenya and sudan) between the years 2002-2004. one e.coli isolate per camel was randomly selected to be cultured on gassner, chromocult and sorbit agar for the detection of o157:h7 strains. in th ... | 2008 | 18575976 |
| molecular genetic characterization of different isolates of echinococcus granulosus in east and southeast regions of turkey. | we used pcr-rflp analysis of ribosomal its1 fragment using four different restriction enzymes and dna sequencing of mitochondrial co1 gene to investigate the genetic characteristics of isolates of echinococcus granulosus obtained from different hosts (179 sheep, 19 cattle, 7 goat, 1 camel, 1 dog and 1 human) and regions (elazig, malatya, erzurum, van, diyarbakir and sanliurfa) of turkey. the report represents the most comprehensive genotypic investigation of e. granulosus isolates undertaken in ... | 2008 | 18579101 |
| the dromedary sign--an unusual capnograph tracing. | | 2008 | 18580185 |
| composition and electrophoretic mobility of plasma lipoproteins of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | to determine the lipid composition and electrophoretic pattern of plasma lipoproteins in samples obtained from healthy 1-humped camels (camelus dromedarius). | 2008 | 18593238 |
| staphylococcus aureus host specificity: comparative genomics of human versus animal isolates by multi-strain microarray. | staphylococcus aureus is a commensal and pathogen of several mammalian species, particularly humans and cattle. we aimed to (i) identify s. aureus genes associated with host specificity, (ii) determine the relatedness of human and animal isolates, and (iii) identify whether human and animal isolates typically exchanged mobile genetic elements encoding virulence and resistance genes. using a well-validated seven-strain s. aureus microarray, we compared 56 uk s. aureus isolates that caused infecti ... | 2008 | 18599823 |
| prevalence and pathology of camel nasal myiasis in eastern areas of iran. | camel botfly, cephalopina titillator, causes severe economic losses to the camel industry in many camel-producing areas of the world. a total of 1328 camels, of different age groups and of both sexes, slaughtered at mashhad slaughterhouse, khorasan razavi province, eastern iran were inspected for infestation with larvae of c. titillator. after slaughtering, the head was dissected and grossly inspected for presence of c. titillator larvae and other gross abnormalities. seven hundred and seventy o ... | 2008 | 18600202 |
| pharmacokinetics and intramuscular bioavailability of difloxacin in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | single-dose disposition kinetics of difloxacin (5mg/kg bodyweight) were determined in clinically normal male dromedary camels (n=6) following intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im) administration. difloxacin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. the concentration-time data were analysed by compartmental and non-compartmental kinetic methods. following a single iv injection, the plasma difloxacin concentration-time curve was best de ... | 2009 | 18603456 |
| morphology of rhinencephalon and hippocampal formation of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) with their adaptive features. | detailed description of the brain size, rhinencephalon and hippocampal formation of the bactrian camel is presented in our study. the brain weight of the bactrian camel is 626 g averagely, and the encephalization quotient (eq) value 1.3, indicating a high level of intelligence. the rhinencephalon is mature and well developed, accordant with the good olfactory sense. the hippocampus is relatively large, concomitant with the good ability of spatial memory. these anatomical features agree with the ... | 2009 | 18604593 |
| human hydatid disease in peru is basically restricted to echinococcus granulosus genotype g1. | a molecular pcr study using dna from 21 hydatid cysts was performed to determine which strain type is responsible for human infection in peru. the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (co1) gene was amplified in 20 out of 21 samples, revealing that all but 1 sample (19/20, 95%) belonged to the common sheep strain (g1). the remaining samples belonged to the camel strain (g6). the g1 genotype was most frequently found in human cases of cystic hydatid disease (chd) in peru. local control me ... | 2008 | 18606769 |
| vhh, bivalent domains and chimeric heavy chain-only antibodies with high neutralizing efficacy for scorpion toxin aahi'. | many efforts aim at solving the serious problems encountered with immunotherapy against scorpion envenoming. the most attractive approach consists in generating single-chain antibody fragments (scfv) as their pharmaco-kinetic properties should match closely those of the scorpion toxins. although high affinity scfv reagents have been generated in the past, their production level, stability, and toxin neutralizing capacity remain disappointingly poor. in the current study, we identified one nanobo ... | 2008 | 18614235 |
| growth characteristic of camel pox and vaccinia viruses in embryonated eggs and cell culture. | camel pox viruses isolated in sudan and vd45 (african camel pox strain) and vaccinia virus (elstree strain) were used for inoculation of chorioallantoic membrane (cam) of embryonated eggs (ee) and cell culture (cc). in ee lesions were seen as pocks ranging in size from 1 to 1.5 mm in diameter, and they increase in size with serial passage and taking opaque- white and opaque- yellow colors. when propagated in vero cells, these viruses gave clear cpe, characterized by rounding of cells, plaque for ... | 2009 | 18626782 |
| prevalence and pathology of camel filariasis in iran. | a total of 1,070 camels of different ages and of both sexes slaughtered at mashhad slaughterhouse were inspected for infection with dipetalonema evansi. microfilariae were found in peripheral blood smears of 221 (20.7%) camels (14% females and 23% males). in a second study, the testicles, epididymises, spermatic cords, and lungs of 197 male camels were examined, and 165 (83.7%) were infected with adult forms of d. evansi. tissue sections from 30 infected and ten uninfected camels were collected ... | 2008 | 18629537 |
| use of flavored cigarettes among older adolescent and adult smokers: united states, 2004--2005. | cigarettes with candy, fruit and alcohol flavors have been introduced in recent years as extensions to popular cigarette brands, raising concerns in the public health community that the enticing names, creative packaging, and intense flavorings of these products may be especially appealing to youth. this study used two national surveys to examine the prevalence of use of camel exotic blends, kool smooth fusion, and salem silver label brands during 2004--2005 among older adolescents and young adu ... | 2008 | 18629731 |
| tetrameric and homodimeric camelid iggs originate from the same igh locus. | in addition to producing conventional tetrameric iggs, camelids have the particularity of producing a functional homodimeric igg type lacking l (light) chains and only made up of two h (heavy) chains. this nonconventional igg type is characterized by variable and constant regions referred to as v(h)h and c(h)h, respectively, and which differ from conventional v(h) and c(h) counterparts. although the structural properties of homodimeric iggs have been well investigated, the genetic bases involved ... | 2008 | 18641337 |
| high level agglutination of camel (camelus dromedarius) erythrocytes by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1. | camel erythrocytes were suitable for haemagglutination (ha) and ha inhibition (hi) tests using four isolates of avian paramyxovirus type 1. the results were similar to those obtained with chicken erythrocytes. | 1993 | 18671008 |
| preliminary assessment of somatic cell nuclear transfer in the dromedary (camelus dromedarius). | somatic cloning may enable the maintenance/expansion of the population of camels with the highest potential for milk production or the best racing performances. however, there have been no reports of embryonic or somatic nuclear transfer in camels. the aim of this study was to produce dromedary embryos by nuclear transfer using in vitro matured oocytes and two somatic cells from two sources (adult fibroblasts or granulosa cells). a total of 58 adult females were superstimulated by a single dose ... | 2008 | 18675449 |
| differences in the susceptibility of dromedary and bactrian camels to foot-and-mouth disease virus. | in this study, two sheep, eight dromedary camels and two bactrian camels were inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a sau 22/92. five naive dromedary camels and four sheep were kept in direct or indirect contact with the inoculated camels. the inoculated sheep, which served as positive controls, displayed typical moderate clinical signs of fmd and developed viraemia and high antibody titres. the presence of the virus was also detected in probang and mouth-swab samples for seve ... | 2009 | 18687160 |
| molecular characterization of echinococcus granulosus in tunisia and mauritania by mitochondrial rrns gene sequencing. | cystic hydatid disease is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the cestode echinococcus granulosus and represents a major public health problem in many countries around the world, including north africa. e. granulosus exists as a series of genetic variants or strains which differ in a wide variety of criteria that impact on the epidemiology, pathology and control of cystic hydatid disease. nucleotide sequencing of the mitochondrial rrns gene was here used to characterize 38 e. granulosus isola ... | 2007 | 18689235 |
| high-expression of monoclonal nanobodies used in the preparation of hrp-conjugated second antibody. | camelids produce functional antibodies devoid of light chains and constant heavy-chain domain (ch1). the antigen binding fragments of such heavy-chain antibodies are therefore comprised in one single domain, the so-called vh of the camelid heavy-chain antibody (vhh) or nanobody. the very close similarity of these molecules to human vhs illustrated the potential application of these novel products as an immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeutic reagent, so the anti-nanobody hrp conjugate is one of t ... | 2008 | 18707545 |
| effect of different methods of cryopreservation on the cytoskeletal integrity of dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) embryos. | this study examined the effect of different methods of cryopreservation on the cytoskeletal integrity of camel embryos. a total of 32 embryos were recovered on days 6 and 7 after ovulation and measured before being frozen using either a conventional slow-cooling technique (n=12: six day 6 and six day 7 embryos) or vitrification (n=12: four day 6 and eight day 7). the remaining 8 'control' embryos (four day 6 and four day 7) were not cryopreserved but instead incubated in holding medium for 30 mi ... | 2009 | 18715727 |
| what happens when trypanosoma brucei leaves africa. | julius lukes and co-workers evaluated the evolutionary origin of trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma evansi, parasites that cause horse and camel diseases. although similar to t. brucei, the sleeping-sickness parasite, these trypanosomes do not cycle through the tsetse fly and have been able to spread beyond africa. transmission occurs sexually, or via blood-sucking flies or vampire bats. they concluded that these parasites, which resemble yeast petite mutants, are t. brucei sub-species, whic ... | 2008 | 18715829 |
| improved tumor targeting of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor nanobodies through albumin binding: taking advantage of modular nanobody technology. | the approximately 15-kda variable domains of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (called nanobodies) can easily be formatted as multivalent or multispecific single-chain proteins. because of fast excretion, however, they are less suitable for therapy of cancer. in this study, we aimed for improved tumor targeting of a bivalent anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) nanobody (alphaegfr-alphaegfr) by fusion to a nanobody unit binding to albumin (alphaalb). biodistributions of alphaegfr-alpha ... | 2008 | 18723476 |
| event-related potentials in semantic memory retrieval. | the involvement of the left temporal lobe in semantics and object naming has been repeatedly demonstrated in the context of language comprehension; however, its role in the mechanisms and time course for the retrieval of an integrated object memory from its constituent features have not been well delineated. in this study, 19 young adults were presented with two features of an object (e.g., "desert" and "humps") and asked to determine whether these two features were congruent to form a retrieval ... | 2008 | 18764976 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characterization of staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw camel milk samples. | in the present study 320 milk samples collected from 160 apparently healthy camels of three different locations in sudan were investigated for the presence of staphylococcus aureus resulting in the isolation of this bacterial pathogen from 28 milk samples from 24 camels. twenty-five s. aureus were identified phenotypically and by pcr mediated amplification of species-specific genes or gene segments. investigation of the s. aureus for toxinogenic potential revealed that three s. aureus strains we ... | 2009 | 18778841 |
| daily aa-nat gene expression in the camel (camelus dromedarius) pineal gland. | arylalkylamine n-acetyltransferase (aa-nat) is the rhythm-generating enzyme for the synthesis of pineal melatonin. molecular investigations have revealed two biological models for the activation of aa-nat. in rodent species, aa-nat gene transcription is turned off during the daytime and markedly activated at night. in primates, sheep, and cows, the aa-nat gene is constitutively transcripted with no visible daily variations. this inter-species difference in aa-nat gene regulation leads to differe ... | 2008 | 18780205 |
| dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) are of low susceptibility to inoculation with foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o. | two sheep and five dromedaries were inoculated with a highdose of a cattle-passaged type o strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the sheep developed typical fmd. the inoculated camels, which were placed in contact with five further dromedaries and four sheep, showed no visible signs of illness or vesicular lesions. however, one of them had a raised body temperature at 3 days post-inoculation (pi) and a viraemia from days 2 to 10; probang samples from this animal were negative for infect ... | 2008 | 18789453 |
| in vitro and in vivo developmental competence of dromedary (camelus dromedarius) oocytes following in vitro fertilization or parthenogenetic activation. | parthenogenetic activation of the oocyte represents an important step in the somatic cloning. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness (in term of in vitro development) of different methods of parthenogenetic activation of dromedary oocytes. selected cumulus-oocytes-complexes (n=1264) collected by follicular aspiration from ovaries obtained postmortem were matured in vitro (ivm) for 30 h then divided randomly into seven groups and submitted to artificial activation. two gro ... | 2009 | 18789618 |
| microbial and sensory characteristics of camel meat during refrigerated storage as affected by gamma irradiation. | the present study was undertaken to assess the microbiological profile of fresh camel meat and the possibility of improving microbial quality and extending the refrigerated storage life of meat by using low-dose gamma irradiation. camel meat samples were subjected to 0 (control), 1.5 and 3 kgy doses and stored at 3 +/- 1 degrees c. the microbial and sensory attributes were evaluated. exposure to 1.5 kgy dose significantly reduced the initial counts of aerobic plate counts (apcs), psychrophilic b ... | 2008 | 18814652 |
| engineering a camelid antibody fragment that binds to the active site of human lysozyme and inhibits its conversion into amyloid fibrils. | a single-domain fragment, cab-hul22, of a camelid heavy-chain antibody specific for the active site of human lysozyme has been generated, and its effects on the properties of the i56t and d67h amyloidogenic variants of human lysozyme, which are associated with a form of systemic amyloidosis, have been investigated by a wide range of biophysical techniques. pulse-labeling hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments monitored by mass spectrometry reveal that binding of the antibody fragment strongly i ... | 2008 | 18816062 |
| seasonal hair follicle cycle of camelus dromedarius. | this experiment was conducted to identify the annual changes in hair follicle activity, changes at the follicular level and to characterize some of the fibre-follicle characteristics of camels at different ages. a total of 28 camels were allocated at random on the basis of age to one of four groups (2, 4, 6 and older than 8 years). all groups of camels were fed a maintenance level of ration throughout the experiment. to determine hair follicle cycle and other follicle characteristics samples of ... | 2008 | 18817164 |
| synchronisation of ovarian follicular waves in the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | this study was designed to compare the efficacy of various treatments intended to synchronise follicular wave cycles in dromedary camels by removing the existing follicle of unknown size and replacing it with a follicle capable of ovulating at a known time. camels were randomly assigned to one of five groups and treated with either (1) 5mg oestradiol benzoate (i.m.) and 100mg progesterone (i.m.; e/p, n=15), (2) 20 icrog gnrh analogue, buserelin (i.m.; gnrh, n=15), (3) 20 microg buserelin (i.m.) ... | 2009 | 18835669 |
| investigation of heat stress response in the camel fibroblast cell line dubca. | we have used a camel cell line model (dubca) to investigate the effect of heat stress on cell survival. the mechanism(s) of such survival response are very important not only for normal physiological function, but also, in pathological conditions, such as cancer. those cells that have escaped the normal response to heat are an important model in helping us better understand the intricate signaling change(s) that might have occurred in changing a cell's phenotype from normal to cancerous. our fin ... | 2008 | 18837913 |
| llama antibody fragments with cross-subtype human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-neutralizing properties and high affinity for hiv-1 gp120. | members of the camelidae family produce immunoglobulins devoid of light chains. we have characterized variable domains of these heavy chain antibodies, the vhh, from llamas immunized with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope protein gp120 in order to identify vhh that can inhibit hiv-1 infection. to increase the chances of isolating neutralizing vhh, we employed a functional selection approach, involving panning of phage libraries expressing the vhh repertoire on recombinant gp12 ... | 2008 | 18842738 |
| perceptions and problems of disease in the one-humped camel in southern africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. | the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) was first introduced to german south west africa (namibia) for military purposes in 1889. introductions to the cape of good hope (south africa) in 1897 and rhodesia (zimbabwe) in 1903 were initially with a view to replacing oxen that died of rinderpest. disease risks attendant on these introductions were recognised and to some extent guarded against. there were, however, relatively few problems. one camel was diagnosed as having foot-and-mouth disease. ... | 2008 | 18846848 |
| studies on the anatomy of the ovary and corpus luteum of the camel. | | 1948 | 18867351 |
| the eosinophil cell; studies in horse and camel. | | 1948 | 18881566 |
| urinary system of the camel. | | 1948 | 18895289 |
| single-domain antibodies recognize selectively small oligomeric forms of amyloid beta, prevent abeta-induced neurotoxicity and inhibit fibril formation. | neurotoxic oligomers of amyloid beta (abeta) peptide have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of alzheimer's disease. further exploration of this issue has been hampered to this date by the fact that all previously described anti-abeta antibodies are unable to discriminate between the different conformations of the peptide (oligomers, protofibrils and fibrils). here, we describe the generation of novel camelid single-chain binding domains (vhhs) that recognizes specifically low molecular-weigh ... | 2009 | 18930548 |
| relevance of the diversity among members of the trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase family analyzed with camelids single-domain antibodies. | the sialic acid present in the protective surface mucin coat of trypanosoma cruzi is added by a membrane anchored trans-sialidase (tcts), a modified sialidase that is expressed from a large gene family. in this work, we analyzed single domain camelid antibodies produced against trans-sialidase. llamas were immunized with a recombinant trans-sialidase and inhibitory single-domain antibody fragments were obtained by phage display selection, taking advantage of a screening strategy using an inhibit ... | 2008 | 18949046 |
| placental glycosylation in a cama (camel-llama cross) and its relevance to successful hybridisation. | | 2008 | 18950721 |
| effect of selenium supplementation on blood status and milk, urine, and fecal excretion in pregnant and lactating camel. | ten pregnant female camels divided into two groups received, after a 2-week adaptation period, an oral selenium (se) supplementation (0 and 2 mg, respectively) under sodium selenite form for 6 months from the three last months of gestation up to the three first months of lactation. feed intake was assessed daily. blood samples and body weight were taken on a biweekly basis, both in dams and their camel calves after parturition. feces and urine samples were collected monthly and milk on a biweekl ... | 2009 | 18972072 |
| copper status in breeding and racing camels (camelus dromedarius) and response to cupric oxide needle capsules. | copper was determined in the blood of breeding camels, camel calves and racing camels to evaluate copper status in these animals in uae. low blood copper concentrations were reported in newly born camel calves (100%) and calves 2-4 months old (68%), breeding camels at early (55.6%) and at mid lactation (48%) and at late pregnancy (69%). this is attributed to the low copper and high sulfate in the rhodes grass which is the only diet offered to the breeding camels. on the other hand only 9.7% of r ... | 2008 | 18975129 |
| multiple abscesses caused by salmonella enterica and corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in a dromedary camel. | a rare case of arthritis, peri-arthiritis and pleurits associated with salmonella enterica and corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in a dromedary camel is reported. articular infections caused by non-typhoidal salmonella have been exceptionally described in human medicine. to our knowledge, this would be the first description of articular infections associated with non-thyphoidal salmonella in other mammals than humans. possible pathogenesis of the infection is discussed. | 2009 | 18989744 |
| transient expression and purification of chimeric heavy chain antibodies. | monoclonal antibodies have been successfully engineered as approved therapeutics. however, their large size is considered a major factor preventing them from having a more efficient tissue penetration. as the first step to establish a possibly more efficient antibody platform, we present here transient expression, purification and characterization of six chimeric heavy chain antibodies (chcabs), or fusion of camelid single domain antibodies (sdabs) to human fragment crystallizable (fc). all six ... | 2009 | 19007889 |
| general strategy to humanize a camelid single-domain antibody and identification of a universal humanized nanobody scaffold. | nanobodies, single-domain antigen-binding fragments of camelid-specific heavy-chain only antibodies offer special advantages in therapy over classic antibody fragments because of their smaller size, robustness, and preference to target unique epitopes. a nanobody differs from a human heavy chain variable domain in about ten amino acids spread all over its surface, four hallmark nanobody-specific amino acids in the framework-2 region (positions 42, 49, 50, and 52), and a longer third antigen-bind ... | 2009 | 19010777 |
| macroanatomy of coronary arteries in bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the aim of present study was to determine the origin, distribution and course of the coronary arteries in bactrian camels. ten hearts of adult healthy bactrian camels of different sex constituted the material. following exposition of the arteries by means of injection of 15% abs coloured with red carmine to a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra, dissection was performed. the arterial vascularization of the heart in bactrian camels was determined to be supplied by a. coronaria sinistra an ... | 2009 | 19011985 |
| australian government health advisory groups and health policy: seeking a horse, finding a camel. | since its election, the rudd labor government has created 10 new advisory bodies in the health portfolio, in addition to the 100 or more that were already established. an expansive and devolved advisory system could improve the health policy-making process, but only if it is integrated into the processes of government. we outline eight simple and practical measures that, if implemented, would make australia's health advisory system more transparent and effective. past experience shows that the m ... | 2008 | 19012559 |
| new and traditional smokeless tobacco: comparison of toxicant and carcinogen levels. | declining cigarette use and spreading bans on smoking in public places in the united states are encouraging the u.s. cigarette industry to turn to another tobacco category, smokeless tobacco products. currently, a number of new brands are being test marketed, including taboka, marlboro snus, camel snus, and skoal dry. we report here levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (tsnas), alkaloids, anions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah), and volatile aldehydes in these products, and compare the ... | 2008 | 19023828 |
| camelid immunoglobulins and nanobody technology. | it is well established that all camelids have unique antibodies circulating in their blood. unlike antibodies from other species, these special antibodies are devoid of light chains and are composed of a heavy-chain homodimer. these so-called heavy-chain antibodies (hcabs) are expressed after a v-d-j rearrangement and require dedicated constant gamma-genes. an immune response is raised in these so-called heavy-chain antibodies following classical immunization protocols. these hcabs are easily pu ... | 2009 | 19026455 |
| aggregation-resistant vhs selected by in vitro evolution tend to have disulfide-bonded loops and acidic isoelectric points. | when panned with a transient heat denaturation approach against target enzymes, a human v(h) (antibody heavy chain variable domain) phage display library yielded v(h)s with composite characteristics of binding, non-aggregation and reversible thermal unfolding. moreover, selection was characterized by enrichment for v(h)s with (i) an even number of disulfide forming cys residues in complementarity-determining region (cdr) 1 and cdr3 and (ii) acidic isoelectric points. this parallels naturally occ ... | 2009 | 19033278 |
| comparative study on heat stability and functionality of camel and bovine milk whey proteins. | heat stability, emulsifying, and foaming properties of camel whey have been investigated and compared with that of bovine whey. camel whey is similar to bovine whey in composition, but is deficient in beta-lactoglubulin (beta-lg), a major component of bovine whey. whether the deficiency in beta-lg will affect stability and functional properties is not yet known. substantial information on the functional properties of bovine milk whey proteins is available; however, there is little research done ... | 2008 | 19038927 |
| nanobodies, a promising tool for species-specific diagnosis of taenia solium cysticercosis. | taenia solium cysticercosis is a major helminth zoonosis in developing countries. pigs are the intermediate hosts mediating transmission of infection. specific assays to diagnose living cysts in pigs are lacking. the monoclonal-based antigen detection elisa is genus-specific and cross-reactions with taenia hydatigena hamper the use of this test to screen pigs. we, therefore, aimed to introduce nanobodies, camelid-derived single-domain antibodies specific for t. solium cysticercosis, to develop u ... | 2009 | 19041315 |
| the relationship between serum level of thyroid hormones, trace elements and antioxidant enzymes in dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | thyroid hormones might be able to regulate the activities of superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (gpx). the role of thyroid hormones in metabolic pathways and antioxidant enzyme activities are well known in many species. nevertheless, there is no report describing probable relationship between thyroid hormones status, erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes and serum profiles of trace elements. this study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between these parameters ... | 2009 | 19052911 |
| seasonal variation in botanical and chemical composition of plants selected by one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | the present study has been conducted in order to investigate the seasonal variation in the botanical and chemical composition of plant parts consumed by camels (camelus dromedarius). the study has been conducted on 210 indigenous arabian camel of different age (1-18 years) and sex and kept under natural range in southern darfur, sudan. the findings of the present study indicate that camels are selective browser rather than grazer. furthermore, they are selective feeder to the parts of pasture pl ... | 2007 | 19069892 |
| light, scanning electron microscopy and sds-page studies on the effect of the essential oil, citrus sinensis var. balady on the embryonic development of camel tick hyalomma dromedarii (koch, 1818) (acari: ixodidae). | gc-mse analysis of the essential oil of fresh fruit peel of citrus sinensis var. balady recognized two main natural toxic compounds, limonene (83.28%) as hydrocarbon compound and linalool (3.97%) as oxygenated compound. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate its effect on different egg-ages of hyalomma dromedarii at four concentrations of 1:40, 1:30, 1:20 and 1:15 (oil : ethanol 95%) (v/v). the lc50 values were 1:56, 1:34, 1:41, 1:32, 1: 23, 1:23, 1:18, 1:14 and 1:11 for egg-ages ... | 2007 | 19069909 |
| seasonal variation in blood constituents of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | this study was carried out in southern darfur, sudan during dry-and green (wet) season and was designed to investigate the effects of season (dry-versus green season) on the blood constituents of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). two hundred and ten blood samples collected from apparently healthy one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) of different age and sex groups were used in this study, out of which 110 blood samples were collected during the dry season, while 100 blood samples we ... | 2007 | 19069924 |
| isolation and characterization of campylobacter spp. from domestic animals and poultry in south of iran. | a total of 455 domestic animals (cow, horse and camel) and poultry from south of iran were surveyed for fecal carriage of campylobacter spp. out of all collected fecal samples, the highest isolation rate of campylobacter was recorded among poultry (35%), followed by horse (27%) and cow (21%) while, lowest isolation rate was recorded among camel. of the 85 campylobacter strains isolated, 76 were classified as catalase positive campylobacter. out of them, high frequency of occurrence was belonged ... | 2007 | 19069968 |
| nutritive value of some herbages for dromedary camel in iran. | to prepare standard tables of chemical composition of feedstuffs and to determine digestibility and palatability of different plant species in dromedary camel, this research was carried out by considering the most consuming herbages of iranian desert rages. the plant species were included atriplex lentiformis, alhagi persarum, seidlitzia rosmarinus, saueda fruticosa, haloxylon ammodendron, tamarix kotschyi, hammada salicornica, salsola yazdiana, salsola tomentosa, tamarix aphylla and artemisia s ... | 2007 | 19070008 |
| milk composition of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius): nutritional effects and correlation to corresponding blood parameters. | this study has been conducted in order to study the possible correlations between the nutritional value of plants selected by camels during the dry and green season and the corresponding blood and milk composition of the dromedary camels. the study has been conducted on 50 indigenous arabian camels of different age and kept under natural range in southern darfur. the dromedary camels selected plants with significantly (p<0.05) higher crude protein content during the dry season and kept the serum ... | 2007 | 19070090 |
| concentration-time courses of pefloxacin in plasma and milk of lactating she-camels (camelus dromedarius). | using the microbial inhibition test, the single-dose pharmacokinetics of pefloxacin mesylate dehydrate were studied in six clinically normal lactating she-camels (camelus dromedarius) after intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im) administration of 10 mg/kg body weight (bwt). blood and milk samples were collected intermittently for a 48 h period, and the pharmacokinetic variables were calculated using compartmental and non-compartmental analytical methods.the plasma course of pefloxacin was best ... | 2008 | 19086693 |
| a new method to discriminate immunogen-specific heavy-chain homodimer from heterotetramer immunoglobulin g directly in immunized dromedary whole plasma proteins: western ligand blotting. | the variable domain of heavy-chain camelid antibodies (vhh), exclusively present in the homodimer iggs (hc igg), provides valuable ligands for diagnosis, imaging and therapy. these vhhs are efficiently produced from lymphocytes of immunized animals through phage display and recombination biotechnology. for vhh development it is desirable to identify animals with high affinity hc igg response by monitoring antigen-binding in the course of immunization. the aim of this study was to propose a direc ... | 2009 | 19091427 |
| nutritional composition of three fodder species browsed by camels (camelus dromedarius) on arid area of tunisia. | browsing camels have access to different plant species in relation to the kind of pasture they can reach. a study was conducted in an arid region of southern tunisia to determine the dietary preference and forage quality of free ranging camels. foliage consisting of leaves from limonium pruinosum, retama raetam and stipa tenacissima, was collected during the dry season to evaluate the chemical characteristics and nutritional value of these browse fodder species. the dietary preference was studie ... | 2009 | 19105041 |
| distribution and density of mast cells in camel small intestine and influence of fixation techniques. | this study was carried out to gather species-specific data on mast-cell density and distribution in camel small intestine under different fixation conditions and to elucidate the presence and cross-reactivity of tryptase in the camel small intestine using human specific anti-tryptase antibody. tissue specimens from the jejunum, duodenum, and ileum were obtained from 9 healthy, 9-12 months old, male camels. specimens were fixed either with carnoy's fluid or formalinbuffered solution and stained w ... | 2008 | 19109098 |
| echinococcosis in pigs and intestinal infection with echinococcus spp. in dogs in southwestern lithuania. | cystic echinococcosis is a major emerging zoonosis in many eastern european and asian countries. post slaughter examinations of 684 pig livers in lithuania revealed significantly higher numbers of echinococcus granulosus infections in animals from family farms (13.2%; 95% ci 10.7-16.2) as compared with those from industrial farms (4.1%; 95% ci 0.8-11.5). the prevalence was also significantly higher in pigs older than 1 year than in younger ones. in addition, in 0.5% of the pigs from the family f ... | 2009 | 19111990 |
| nanobody-aided structure determination of the epsi:epsj pseudopilin heterodimer from vibrio vulnificus. | pseudopilins form the central pseudopilus of the sophisticated bacterial type 2 secretion systems. the crystallization of the epsi:epsj pseudopilin heterodimer from vibrio vulnificus was greatly accelerated by the use of nanobodies, which are the smallest antigen-binding fragments derived from heavy-chain only camelid antibodies. seven anti-epsi:epsj nanobodies were generated and co-crystallization of epsi:epsj nanobody complexes yielded several crystal forms very rapidly. in the structure solve ... | 2009 | 19118632 |
| reproductive glycogenetics--a critical factor in pregnancy success and species hybridisation. | hybridisation occurs rarely in nature and experiments using interspecific transfer of embryos generally result in implantation failure. here we show that appropriate glycosylation of the apposing surfaces of endometrium and trophoblast probably is an important factor and may play a critical role in pregnancy success. examination of closely related species shows that each has its own specific pattern of glycosylation, or glycotype, at the fetomaternal interface and that interacting surfaces appea ... | 2009 | 19121542 |
| sarcocystis and its complications in camels (camelus dromedarius) of eastern provinces of iran. | the prevalence of sarcocystis spp. was investigated by gross and histopathological examinations in 250 camels (camelus dromedarius) slaughtered from 2002 to 2005 in the mashhad slaughterhouse, eastern iran. samples were taken from the diaphragm, heart, tongue, esophagus and masseter muscles for histopathological studies. no macroscopic sarcocysts were found in the samples at gross inspection. sarcocysts were detected in 209 of 250 (83.6%) examined camels at histopathological level. the infection ... | 2008 | 19127328 |
| metastatic malignant melanoma in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). | a case of malignant melanoma in a 7-year-old, intact, black, male huacaya alpaca with a history of a chronic, nonhealing wound involving the left external nostril, weight loss, and inappetence is described. malignant melanoma was diagnosed by histology of punch biopsy specimens from a mass on the maxilla associated with the nonhealing wound and from a mass in the submandibular region. the alpaca was humanely euthanized 10 days after the diagnosis on the basis of the poor prognosis and rapid clin ... | 2009 | 19139517 |