| update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax. | since october 3, 2001, cdc and state and local public health authorities have been investigating cases of bioterrorism-related anthrax. this report updates findings as of october 31, and includes interim guidelines for the clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax. a total of 21 cases (16 confirmed and five suspected) of bioterrorism-related anthrax have been reported among persons who worked in the district of columbia, florida, new jersey, and new york city (figure 1). until the sou ... | 2001 | 11708591 |
| updated recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis among asymptomatic pregnant women after exposure to bacillus anthracis. | the antimicrobial of choice for initial prophylactic therapy among asymptomatic pregnant women exposed to bacillus anthracis is ciprofloxacin, 500 mg twice a day for 60 days. in instances in which the specific b. anthracis strain has been shown to be penicillin-sensitive, prophylactic therapy with amoxicillin, 500 mg three times a day for 60 days, may be considered. isolates of b. anthracis implicated in the current bioterrorist attacks are susceptible to penicillin in laboratory tests, but may ... | 2001 | 11708594 |
| interim recommendations for protecting workers from exposure to bacillus anthracis in work sites in which mail is handled or processed. | cdc has developed interim recommendations to assist personnel responsible for occupational health and safety in developing a comprehensive program to reduce potential cutaneous or inhalational exposures to bacillus anthracis spores among workers in work sites in which mail is handled or processed. such work sites include post offices, mail distribution/handling centers, bulk mail centers, air mail facilities, priority mail processing centers, public and private mail rooms, and other settings in ... | 2001 | 11708595 |
| the hunt for the anthrax killers. | | 2001 | 11710155 |
| protecting america. the top 10 priorities. | | 2001 | 11710159 |
| 'i need scientists!'. | | 2001 | 11710160 |
| anthrax nation. | | 2001 | 11710268 |
| into the zone of the unknown. it's been the blind leading the blind through the maze of anthrax. | | 2001 | 11710269 |
| what you should know. confusion about anthrax and what to do about it abounds; here are answers, straight and up to date. | | 2001 | 11710270 |
| see this goop? it kills anthrax. | | 2001 | 11710273 |
| scientists against biological weapons. | | 2001 | 11711640 |
| bioterrorism. labs tighten security, regardless of need. | | 2001 | 11711648 |
| anthrax battle continues; office of public health preparedness emerges. | | 2001 | 11713771 |
| mapping the anthrax protective antigen binding site on the lethal and edema factors. | entry of anthrax edema factor (ef) and lethal factor (lf) into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells depends on their ability to translocate across the endosomal membrane in the presence of anthrax protective antigen (pa). here we report attributes of the n-terminal domains of ef and lf (ef(n) and lf(n), respectively) that are critical for their initial interaction with pa. we found that deletion of the first 36 residues of lf(n) had no effect on its binding to pa or its ability to be translocated. to ... | 2002 | 11714723 |
| sketchy isn't best. hospitals fault feds for poor anthrax guidance. | | 2001 | 11715739 |
| how little we really know. | | 2001 | 11715747 |
| life on alert. nation remains jittery as threats keep coming. | | 2001 | 11715791 |
| cdc has anthrax, smallpox vaccination guidelines available. | | 2001 | 11715817 |
| clueless in manhattan. | | 2001 | 11715865 |
| counting deadly spores. | | 2001 | 11715866 |
| bugs, bared. genome sequences of killer microbes reveal the arsenals of infection. | | 2001 | 11715870 |
| [this concerns your patients. how does one recognize anthrax? (interview by dr. roland knauer)]. | | 2001 | 11715871 |
| who should get flu shots? | | 2001 | 11715913 |
| anthrax. the mystery deepens. | | 2001 | 11715914 |
| anthrax as a cancer drug? | | 2001 | 11717324 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray study of the edema factor exotoxin adenylyl cyclase domain from bacillus anthracis in the presence of its activator, calmodulin. | edema factor from bacillus anthracis is a 92 kda secreted adenylyl cyclase exotoxin and is activated by the host-resident protein calmodulin. calmodulin is a ubiquitous intracellular calcium sensor in eukaryotes and activates edema factor nearly 1000-fold upon binding. while calmodulin has many known effectors, including kinases, phosphodiesterases, motor proteins, channels and type 1 adenylyl cyclases, no structures of calmodulin in complex with a functional enzyme have been solved. the crystal ... | 2001 | 11717504 |
| hyping bioterrorism obscures real concerns. | | 2001 | 11718116 |
| bioterrorism in the united states: take it seriously. | | 2001 | 11718117 |
| the loss of innocence. | | 2001 | 11718352 |
| anthrax: a motor protein determines anthrax susceptibility. | a new study has found that polymorphisms in the host gene kif1c, which encodes a kinesin-like motor protein, determine whether mouse macrophages are resistant or sensitive to anthrax lethal toxin. these findings may lead the way to discovering how both germ and host factors might contribute to a lethal infection. | 2001 | 11719234 |
| clinical presentation of inhalational anthrax following bioterrorism exposure: report of 2 surviving patients. | the use of anthrax as a weapon of biological terrorism has moved from theory to reality in recent weeks. following processing of a letter containing anthrax spores that had been mailed to a us senator, 5 cases of inhalational anthrax have occurred among postal workers employed at a major postal facility in washington, dc. this report details the clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and initial therapy of 2 of these patients. the clinical course is in some ways different from what has been d ... | 2001 | 11722268 |
| death due to bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: report of 2 patients. | on october 9, 2001, a letter containing anthrax spores was mailed from new jersey to washington, dc. the letter was processed at a major postal facility in washington, dc, and opened in the senate's hart office building on october 15. between october 19 and october 26, there were 5 cases of inhalational anthrax among postal workers who were employed at that major facility or who handled bulk mail originating from that facility. the cases of 2 postal workers who died of inhalational anthrax are r ... | 2001 | 11722269 |
| bioterrorism on the home front: a new challenge for american medicine. | | 2001 | 11722275 |
| optimization of an oligonucleotide microchip for microbial identification studies: a non-equilibrium dissociation approach. | the utility of a high-density oligonucleotide microarray (microchip) for identifying strains of five closely related bacilli (bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, bacillus mycoides, bacillus medusa and bacillus subtilis) was demonstrated using an approach that compares the non-equilibrium dissociation rates ('melting curves') of all probe-target duplexes simultaneously. for this study, a hierarchical set of 30 oligonucleotide probes targeting the 16s ribosomal rna of these bacilli at multiple le ... | 2001 | 11722542 |
| [bacillus anthracis, an old friend in a new appearance?]. | | 2001 | 11723811 |
| something she called a fever: michelet, derrida, and dust. | | 2001 | 11724069 |
| update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and adverse events from antimicrobial prophylaxis. | cdc and state and local public health authorities continue to investigate cases of bioterrorism-related anthrax. as of november 7, a total of 22 cases of anthrax have been identified according to the cdc surveillance case definition; 10 were confirmed inhalational anthrax cases and 12 cases (seven confirmed and five suspected) were cutaneous anthrax (table 1). the majority of cases have occurred in persons working at postal facilities in new jersey (nj) and the district of columbia (dc) in which ... | 2001 | 11724150 |
| considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax. | cdc has issued guidelines on the evaluation of persons with a history of exposure to bacillus anthracis spores or who have an occupational or environmental risk for anthrax exposure. this notice describes the clinical evaluation of persons who are not known to be at increased risk for anthrax but who have symptoms of influenza-like illness (ili). clinicians evaluating persons with ili should consider a combination of epidemiologic, clinical, and, if indicated, laboratory and radiographic test re ... | 2001 | 11724153 |
| interim guidelines for investigation of and response to bacillus anthracis exposures. | environmental sampling. environmental testing to detect b. anthracis on surfaces or in the air can be used to investigate known or suspected exposure events. the highest priority of an investigation is to evaluate the risk for exposure to aerosolized b. anthracis spores. persons collecting and testing samples should 1) obtain adequate samples, 2) avoid cross-contamination during processing, and 3) ensure proficient laboratory testing and interpretation of test results. a positive laboratory test ... | 2001 | 11724154 |
| update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, 2001. | this report updates the investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and the provision of antimicrobial prophylaxis to exposed persons and highlights cdc assistance to other countries investigating cases of bioterrorism-related anthrax. since november 7, 2001, cdc and state and local public health agencies have identified no new cases of bioterrorism-related anthrax. as of november 14, a total of 22 cases of anthrax has met the cdc case definition; 10 were confirmed inhalational anthrax, and 12 ... | 2001 | 11724158 |
| update: interim recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis for children and breastfeeding mothers and treatment of children with anthrax. | ciprofloxacin or doxycycline is recommended for antimicrobial prophylaxis and treatment of adults and children with bacillus anthracis infection associated with the recent bioterrorist attacks in the united states. amoxicillin is an option for antimicrobial prophylaxis for children and pregnant women and to complete treatment of cutaneous disease when b. anthracis is susceptible to penicillin, as is the case in the recent attacks. use of ciprofloxacin or doxycycline might be associated with adve ... | 2001 | 11724160 |
| molecular investigation of the aum shinrikyo anthrax release in kameido, japan. | in 1993, the aum shinrikyo cult aerosolized bacillus anthracis spores over kameido, japan. spore samples were obtained from the release site, cultured, and characterized by molecular genetic typing. the isolates were consistent with strain sterne 34f2, which is used in japan for animal prophylaxis against anthrax. | 2001 | 11724885 |
| bioterrorism watch. clinicians must be voice of reason, reassurance now that bioterrorism battle has been joined. | | 2001 | 11725496 |
| rapid anthrax test developed. | | 2001 | 11726951 |
| bioterrorism: a clear and present danger. | | 2001 | 11726956 |
| 'we're all working together.' new york-area hospitals redouble efforts in face of anthrax death. | the death of a new york hospital worker from inhalation anthrax last week put new strains on an overburdened public health system. the fact that no source of the bacteria could be found only added to the difficulties. hospitals along the east coast battled clinical, logistical and financial problems from the outbreak. | 2001 | 11727463 |
| bleach, gas, or foam? | | 2001 | 11727474 |
| early and aggressive treatment saves us anthrax victims. | | 2001 | 11728555 |
| taking anthrax's genetic fingerprints. | | 2001 | 11729278 |
| anthrax. can lab sleuths clinch the case? | | 2001 | 11729279 |
| a second anthrax genome project. | | 2001 | 11729280 |
| anthrax. a 'sure killer' yields to medicine. | | 2001 | 11729281 |
| us anti-bioterror efforts swiftly expanding. | | 2001 | 11731763 |
| fate of germinated bacillus anthracis spores in primary murine macrophages. | we investigated the fate of germinated bacillus anthracis spores after their germination in swiss murine peritoneal macrophages and in the cell line raw264.7. we found that the lethal toxin and the oedema toxin are germ-associated factors that are essential for the survival of the vegetative form in host cells. we also found that px02 is not involved in this complex pathogenic process. by transmission electron microscopy, we showed the tight interaction between the exosporium of the spore and th ... | 2001 | 11737637 |
| cutaneous anthrax: still a reality in india. | | 2001 | 11737702 |
| winter, plague and pestilence. | | 2001 | 11737937 |
| [bacillus anthracis and bioterrorism]. | | 2001 | 11738001 |
| in vitro resistance of bacillus anthracis sterne to doxycycline, macrolides and quinolones. | bacillus anthracis is a potential biological warfare agent. its ability to develop resistance to antimicrobial agents currently recommended for the treatment of anthrax infection is a major concern. b. anthracis sterne was grown from a live veterinary vaccine and used it to test for the development of resistance after 21 sequential subcultures in sub-inhibitory concentrations of doxycycline and three quinolones (ciprofloxacin, alatrofloxacin and gatifloxacin) and 15 sequential subcultures in sub ... | 2001 | 11738344 |
| induction of hepatitis c virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes in mice by immunization with dendritic cells treated with an anthrax toxin fusion protein. | as a novel and safe vaccine strategy, the anthrax toxin-mediated antigen delivery system composed of lethal factor (lf) fusion protein and protective antigen (pa) has been studied to prime hepatitis c virus (hcv) core-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) in vivo. the core epitope fused to lf (lf-core) together with pa induces a negligible core-specific ctl response in mice, whereas core-specific ctl are effectively primed in mice by injecting dendritic cells (dcs) treated in vitro with lf-cor ... | 2001 | 11738742 |
| anthrax vaccine: short-term safety experience in humans. | bacillus anthracis is the major terrorist and biological warfare agent of concern to civilian and military medical planners. the licensed anthrax vaccine, adsorbed (ava) is believed to be an effective prophylactic medical countermeasure against this threat. our objective in this report was to expand the safety database for this vaccine by assessing data on self-reported, short-term safety of ava during more than 25 years of use, measured by local and systemic adverse events temporally associated ... | 2001 | 11738765 |
| vaccines, biological warfare, and bioterrorism. | this article presents a brief history of the use of biological agents in warfare and bioterrorism. bacillus anthracis, smallpox virus, and yersinia pestis, historically have been and currently are considered the most likely candidates for potential use under these circumstances. this article discusses the clinical syndromes these agents cause and the role of vaccines in protection against them. | 2001 | 11739031 |
| edwin klebs's grundversuche. | in 1876, discussions of the role of microorganisms in disease causation focused on anthrax and wound infections, and even in respect to these diseases there was controversy. in a series of papers on the pathologicality of bacteria, edwin klebs identified four "grundversuche" (fundamental tests) that provided a basis for his own research strategy. the grundversuche can be read as the following hypotheses: first, all bacteria are pathological; second, bacteria never occur spontaneously; third, eve ... | 2001 | 11740130 |
| anthrax evidence implies us culprit. | | 2001 | 11740513 |
| bacillus anthracis pxo1 plasmid sequence conservation among closely related bacterial species. | the complete sequencing and annotation of the 181.7-kb bacillus anthracis virulence plasmid pxo1 predicted 143 genes but could only assign putative functions to 45. hybridization assays, pcr amplification, and dna sequencing were used to determine whether pxo1 open reading frame (orf) sequences were present in other bacilli and more distantly related bacterial genera. eighteen bacillus species isolates and four other bacterial species were tested for the presence of 106 pxo1 orfs. three orfs wer ... | 2002 | 11741853 |
| plasmid-encoded autolysin in bacillus anthracis: modular structure and catalytic properties. | a bacillus anthracis virulence plasmid-encoded peptidoglycan hydrolase (amia) with sequence similarity to n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidases hydrolyzes peptidoglycan independently of cell wall binding. residues h341, e355, h415, and e486 are absolutely required for catalysis. many amia paralogs are fused to different sorting signals, suggesting that these modular proteins result from domain shuffling. | 2002 | 11741877 |
| responding to bioterrorism. | | 2001 | 11743010 |
| the department of defense birth defects registry: overview of a new surveillance system. | the u.s. department of defense (dod) is challenged with monitoring and protecting the health and wellbeing of its service members. the growing number of women on active duty and the diverse hazardous exposures associated with military service make reproductive health issues a special concern of dod. to address this concern, the dod birth defects registry was established at the dod center for deployment health research located at the naval health research center, san diego, california. | 2001 | 11745841 |
| detection of specific bacillus anthracis spore biomarkers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tofms) was applied for the characterization of bacillus anthracis spore biomarkers. b. anthracis spores were extracted under a simple procedure, followed by linear mode analysis, using sinapinic acid as the matrix. several markers with a mass range of 4-7 kda were detected in three b. anthracis strains: vollum, sterne and v770-np1-r. similar spectra were also obtained for spore extracts of two members ... | 2001 | 11746875 |
| bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the united states. | from october 4 to november 2, 2001, the first 10 confirmed cases of inhalational anthrax caused by intentional release of bacillus anthracis were identified in the united states. epidemiologic investigation indicated that the outbreak, in the district of columbia, florida, new jersey, and new york, resulted from intentional delivery of b. anthracis spores through mailed letters or packages. we describe the clinical presentation and course of these cases of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthr ... | 2001 | 11747719 |
| bioterrorism pressure on research agendas. | | 2001 | 11747829 |
| antimicrobial sensitivity in enterobacteria from aids patients, zambia. | mycoplasma contamination of the licensed anthrax vaccine administered to military personnel has been suggested as a possible cause of persian gulf illness. vaccine samples tested by nonmilitary laboratories were negative for viable mycoplasma and mycoplasma dna and did not support its survival. mycoplasma contamination of anthrax vaccine should not be considered a possible cause of illness. | 2002 | 11749759 |
| bioterrorism. lessons learned so far. | | 2001 | 11751087 |
| control of anthrax toxin gene expression by the transition state regulator abrb. | bacillus anthracis produces the anthrax toxin proteins protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf), and edema factor (ef) in a growth phase-dependent manner when cultured in liquid medium. expression of the toxin genes paga, lef, and cya peaks in late log phase, and steady-state levels of the toxin proteins are highest during the transition into stationary phase. here we show that an apparent transition state regulator negatively regulates toxin gene expression. we identified two orthologues of ... | 2002 | 11751813 |
| betawrap: successful prediction of parallel beta -helices from primary sequence reveals an association with many microbial pathogens. | the amino acid sequence rules that specify beta-sheet structure in proteins remain obscure. a subclass of beta-sheet proteins, parallel beta-helices, represent a processive folding of the chain into an elongated topologically simpler fold than globular beta-sheets. in this paper, we present a computational approach that predicts the right-handed parallel beta-helix supersecondary structural motif in primary amino acid sequences by using beta-strand interactions learned from non-beta-helix struct ... | 2001 | 11752429 |
| breakthrough of the year. the year of living dangerously. | | 2001 | 11752537 |
| bioterrorism--biotechnology to the rescue? | | 2002 | 11753354 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. investigation of anthrax associated with intentional exposure and interim public health guidelines, october 2001. | | 2001 | 11757496 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. recognition of illness associated with the intentional release of a biologic agent. | | 2001 | 11757497 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy, october 2001. | | 2001 | 11757528 |
| cdc issues guidelines on illnesses associated with intentional release of biologic agents. | | 2001 | 11759081 |
| anthrax: a primer for practitioners. | | 2001 | 11759435 |
| anthrax vaccine: what you need to know. | | 2001 | 11759436 |
| evaluating the threat. | | 2001 | 11759581 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax. | | 2001 | 11759667 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. updated recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis among asymptomatic pregnant women after exposure to bacillus anthracis. | | 2001 | 11759668 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. interim recommendations for protecting workers from exposure to bacillus anthracis in work sites in which mail is handled or processed. | | 2001 | 11759669 |
| smallpox and anthrax vaccine information. | | 2001 | 11760366 |
| [anthrax. description of symptoms, findings, diagnostics and treatment of infection]. | | 2001 | 11760546 |
| [anthrax transmission from patient to patient?]. | | 2001 | 11760547 |
| bioterrorism. implications for the occupational and environmental health nurse. | 1. bioterrorism is the intentional release of a biological agent--bacterial, viral, or genetically altered--to instill fear or create chaos, massive casualities, illness, and death in humans, animals, or plants. 2. the threat of bioterrorism is real. although every community is vulnerable, terrorists seek densely populated, highly visible targets. 3. occupational and environmental health nurses must to be able to recognize and report signs and symptoms of an early bioweapons outbreak in their wo ... | 2001 | 11760706 |
| overlooked in cipro hype: other anti-anthrax meds. | | 2001 | 11761591 |
| wv department of health and human services. information for physicians: anthrax. | | 2001 | 11761656 |
| how much is enough? aha, lawmakers debate federal funding for bioterrorism preparation. | the anthrax outbreak was just the beginning. recently the nation's hospitals got their first taste of dealing with a bioterrorism attack. and as fears of different terrorist onslaughts escalate, healthcare providers struggle to answer questions they never faced before--and to anticipate new ones. | 2001 | 11761733 |
| anthrax: walking the fine line between precaution and panic. | | 2001 | 11762587 |
| clinicians must be voice of reason, reassurance now that bioterrorism battle has been joined. | | 2001 | 11763593 |
| cdc broadcast aims to improve clinicians' grasp of anthrax issues. | | 2001 | 11763795 |
| special health care team screens postal workers for anthrax. | | 2001 | 11763796 |
| ciprofloxacin frenzy. | | 2001 | 11763803 |
| pharmacy preparedness for incidents involving weapons of mass destruction. | recent worldwide terrorist acts and hoaxes have heightened awareness that incidents involving weapons of mass destruction (wmd) may occur in the united states. with federal funding assistance, local domestic preparedness programs have been initiated to train and equip emergency services and emergency department personnel in the management of large numbers of casualties exposed to nuclear, biological, or chemical (nbc) agents. hospital pharmacies will be required to provide antidotes, antibiotics ... | 2001 | 11763806 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and adverse events from antimicrobial prophylaxis. | | 2001 | 11763846 |