| influenza and the winter increase in mortality in the united states, 1959-1999. | in economically developed countries, mortality increases distinctly during winter. many causes have been suggested, including light-dark cycles, temperature/weather, and infectious agents. the authors analyzed monthly mortality in the united states during the period 1959-1999 for four major disease classes. the authors isolated the seasonal component of mortality by removing trends and standardizing the time series. they evaluated four properties: coincidence in mortality peaks, autocorrelation ... | 2004 | 15321847 |
| effect of the addition of oligosaccharides on the biological activities and antigenicity of influenza a/h3n2 virus hemagglutinin. | influenza a/h3n2 viruses have developed an increased number of glycosylation sites on the globular head of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein since their appearance in 1968. here, the effect of addition of oligosaccharide chains to the ha of a/h3n2 viruses on its biological activities was investigated. we constructed seven mutant has of a/aichi/2/68 virus with one to six glycosylation sites on the globular head, as found in natural isolates, by site-directed mutagenesis and analyzed their intracellu ... | 2004 | 15331693 |
| resistant influenza a viruses in children treated with oseltamivir: descriptive study. | oseltamivir is an effective inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase. although viruses resistant to oseltamivir emerge less frequently than those resistant to amantadine or rimantadine, information on oseltamivir-resistant viruses arising during clinical use of the drug in children is limited. our aim was to investigate oseltamivir resistance in a group of children treated for influenza. | 2004 | 15337401 |
| [antigenic and genetic characterizations of group a influenza viruses h3n2 circulated in men in china during 2000-2002]. | to understand the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza a h3n2 viruses circulated in man in china from 2000 to 2002. | 2004 | 15340518 |
| exposure of sero-positive gilts to swine influenza virus may cause a few stillbirths per litter. | six pregnant gilts were purchased from a high health herd and were found to be serologically positive for swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h3n2. three of the gilts, at 80 to 82 days of gestation, were experimentally exposed a second time to the same siv subtype--h3n2. no clinical signs resulted from the second exposure to siv and hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) titers for siv at 4 weeks postexposure were unchanged suggesting that the gilts had not been reinfected. however, the second exposur ... | 2004 | 15352547 |
| influenza surveillance in indonesia: 1999-2003. | although influenza is recognized for its worldwide importance, little is known about the disease from tropical countries like indonesia. from august 1999 through january 2003, a surveillance study was conducted in clinics at 6 sentinel locations. adults (age, >14 years) and children (age, 4-14 years) presenting with respiratory symptoms suggestive of influenza were asked to enroll in the study. nasal and pharyngeal swabs were examined by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, and rapid immu ... | 2004 | 15356802 |
| detection and control of influenza outbreaks in well-vaccinated nursing home populations. | influenza outbreaks continue to occur in nursing homes despite high vaccination coverage among residents. recommendations for outbreak control in institutions such as nursing homes advises use of antiviral drugs to reduce influenza transmission. | 2004 | 15356805 |
| measuring antibody responses to a live attenuated influenza vaccine in children. | hemagglutination inhibition (hai) assay is the standard method for evaluating inactivated influenza vaccines, but no standard assay has been established for evaluating live attenuated influenza vaccines (laiv). laiv containing a/beijing/262/95(h1n1) induced low serum hai antibody responses to the antigenic variant, a/new caledonia/20/99(h1n1) in a serologic study but provided protection against the a/new caledonia-like viruses in a community study. neutralization and hai assays were compared by ... | 2004 | 15361726 |
| influenza circulating strains in argentina exhibit differential induction of cytotoxicity and caspase-3 in vitro. | human influenza infections are a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. though damage to the respiratory epithelium and has been related to apoptosis, which occurs subsequent to influenza virus infection, little information is available regarding cell cytotoxicity of human strains. | 2004 | 15364270 |
| influenza-associated hospitalizations in the united states. | respiratory viral infections are responsible for a large number of hospitalizations in the united states each year. | 2004 | 15367555 |
| characterization of different strains of poliovirus and influenza virus by differential scanning calorimetry. | vaccines against poliomyelitis and influenza contain inactivated forms of poliovirus and influenza virus. these antigens are generated on an industrial scale from the purified active viruses that have been analysed in this study by dsc (differential scanning calorimetry). multiple unfolding transitions are seen for influenza virus a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1), a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2) and b/shangdong/7/97. these data, combined with previously reported data on other influenza viruses, indicates th ... | 2005 | 15377284 |
| genetic analysis of human h2n2 and early h3n2 influenza viruses, 1957-1972: evidence for genetic divergence and multiple reassortment events. | phylogenic analysis of all gene segments of human h2n2 viruses isolated from 1957 to 1968 was undertaken to better understand the evolution of this virus subtype. human h3n2 viruses isolated from 1968 to 1972 were also examined to investigate genetic events associated with their emergence in humans and to identify the putative h2n2 ancestral virus. all gene segments of human h2n2 viruses demonstrated divergent evolution into two distinct clades (i and ii) among late h2n2 isolates. all gene segme ... | 2004 | 15380362 |
| surfactant vesicle-mediated delivery of dna vaccines via the subcutaneous route. | compared to naked dna immunisation, entrapment of plasmid-based dna vaccines into liposomes by the dehydration-rehydration method has shown to enhance both humoural and cell-mediated immune responses to encoded antigens administered by a variety of routes. in this paper we have compared the potency of lipid-based and non-ionic surfactant based vesicle carrier systems for dna vaccines after subcutaneous immunisation. plasmid pi.18sfi/np containing the nucleoprotein (np) gene of a/sichuan/2/87 (h3 ... | 2004 | 15454294 |
| [pulmonary cell susceptibility in mice and rats to influenza virus when infected in vivo and in vitro]. | the purpose of the case study was to evaluate comparatively the relative contribution of cell susceptibility and the inhibiting effect of factors of pulmonary epithelial lining in mice and rats to influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) adapted to mice as related with the development of infection process in the lungs of experimental animals when infected in vivo and in vitro. mice and rats were infected aerogenically with different doses of influenza virus. the primary cell-culture suspensions sampl ... | 2004 | 15455685 |
| immunogenicity and tolerability of a trivalent virosomal influenza vaccine in a cohort of hiv-infected children. | twenty-three children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were vaccinated with a trivalent inactivated virosomal influenza vaccine. serum haemagglutinin inhibition antibody titres were determined for the three viral strains at the time of vaccination and 1 month later. cd4 cell counts and hiv viral loads were measured to evaluate the effect of vaccination on hiv status. adverse reactions were monitored during the first hour following vaccination by an investigator and then on a ... | 2004 | 15458281 |
| annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2003. | surveillance of influenza in australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general-practitioner practices for influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. in 2003, the peak in influenza activity was in august which was later than in 2002. in 2003, 3,604 laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza were notified to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system, which was marginally lower than for the previous year. ninety-four per cent ... | 2004 | 15460951 |
| higher than normal seasonal influenza activity in victoria, 2003. | influenza surveillance in victoria comprises surveillance of patients with influenza-like illness (ili) from sentinel general practices and laboratory based reporting of influenza detections, predominantly from hospital inpatients. surveillance of patients with ili seen by the melbourne medical locum service (mmls) was conducted for the first time in 2003, when the influenza season was characterised by a late onset with higher than normal seasonal activity. influenza a (h3n2) was the predominant ... | 2004 | 15460953 |
| influenza viruses resistant to the antiviral drug oseltamivir: transmission studies in ferrets. | three type a influenza viruses, each of which has a distinct neuraminidase-gene mutation and is resistant to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, have been isolated. previously, in the ferret model, an r292k mutant of a type a (h3n2) virus was not transmitted under conditions in which the wild-type virus was transmitted. this model was used to investigate whether the e119v mutant of a type a (h3n2) virus and the h274y mutant of a type a (h1n1) virus would be transmitted under similar circums ... | 2004 | 15478068 |
| [screening for antibodies against zoonotic agents among employees of the zoological garden of vienna, schönbrunn, austria]. | the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against zoonotic agents in employees of the zoological garden of vienna, schönbrunn, austria. sixty out of 120 employees participated in the study. in 97% of them antibodies to at least one zoonotic agent were identified. only two participants were free of antibodies to the zoonotic agents tested. the following seroprevalences (in brackets) were obtained: viral zoonotic (and potentially zoonotic) agents: influenzavirus a/h1n1 ... | 2004 | 15495931 |
| no apoptotic deaths and different levels of inductions of inflammatory cytokines in alveolar macrophages infected with influenza viruses. | influenza viruses are reported to infect mainly the respiratory tract epithelium of hosts. our studies in a pig model show that influenza a viruses infect alveolar macrophages that constitutively reside in the respiratory tract, without causing apoptosis. tumor necrosis factor alpha was the inflammatory cytokine most highly induced in these macrophages. in vivo, alveolar macrophages infected with human h3n2 influenza virus showed greater expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha than did alveola ... | 2004 | 15518807 |
| [the 2003/2004 influenza season in the netherlands with a limited epidemic of the virus variant a/fujian, and the vaccine composition for the 2004/2005 season]. | in contrast to the three previous influenza seasons, the influenza epidemic of the 2003/2004 season started early in week 49 of 2003. the epidemic was predominantly caused by influenza-a viruses of the h3n2 subtype. all isolated influenza-a viruses were antigenically related to influenza virus a/fujian/411/02, which was already detected in the influenza season 2002/2003 and that deviated from the vaccine-reference strain a/moscow/10/99 to a certain extent. the magnitude of the epidemic was limit ... | 2004 | 15524136 |
| treatment of mannan-enhanced influenza b virus infections in mice with oseltamivir, ribavirin and viramidine. | mannan, a polysaccharide preparation from saccharomyces cerevisiae, has previously been shown to enhance influenza virus replication in mice by inhibiting host defense collectins. the use of mannan in infections may serve to broaden the types of influenza viruses that can be studied in rodent infection models. when mannan was co-administered with influenza b/sichuan/379/99 virus to mice, the animals died from the infection, whereas mice infected with only virus survived. three types of influenza ... | 2004 | 15535048 |
| protection against influenza virus infection by intranasal administration of hemagglutinin vaccine with chitin microparticles as an adjuvant. | chitin in the form of microparticles (chitin microparticles, cmp) has been demonstrated to be a potent stimulator of macrophages, promoting t-helper-1 (th1) activation and cytokine response. in order to examine the mucosal adjuvant effect of cmp co-administered with influenza hemagglutinin (ha) vaccine against influenza infection, cmp were intranasally co-administered with influenza ha vaccine prepared from pr8 (h1n1) virus. inoculation of the vaccine with cmp induced primary and secondary anti- ... | 2005 | 15543590 |
| antibodies to human-related h3 influenza a virus in baikal seals (phoca sibirica) and ringed seals (phoca hispida) in russia. | antibodies to influenza a virus were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in the sera from two of seven baikal seals (phoca sibrica) and from five of six ringed seals (phoca hispida) in russia. in a hemagglutination-inhibition test using h1-h15 reference influenza a viruses, elisa-positive sera from one baikal seal and four ringed seals reacted to a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and a/bangkok/1/79 (h3n2) strains. one ringed seal serum sample reacted to a/seal/massachusetts/1/80 (h7n7). t ... | 2004 | 15557750 |
| neuraminidase inhibitor-rimantadine combinations exert additive and synergistic anti-influenza virus effects in mdck cells. | there is insufficient information about combination therapy with approved anti-influenza agents. we tested combinations that paired a neuraminidase (na) inhibitor (zanamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate, or peramivir) with rimantadine against infection of mdck cells with h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes of influenza a virus and characterized their mode of interaction. when reduction of extracellular virus was analyzed by individual regression models and three-dimensional representations of the data, all three ... | 2004 | 15561867 |
| immunogenicity and adverse reactions of influenza vaccination in elderly patients given acetaminophen or placebo. | the objective was to examine the antibody responses to influenza immunization in an elderly population and the effect of prophylactic acetaminophen on adverse responses due to inactivated whole virus vaccine containing influenza a (h3n2 and h1n1) and b antigens. during the autumn of 1990, 100 patients 65 years or older were immunized and randomly allocated to receive placebo or 1,950 mg (2 x 975 mg) of acetaminophen. they recorded any local and systemic side effects over a 3-day period. serology ... | 1993 | 15566726 |
| monoclonal antibodies for the direct detection of influenza-a virus by elisa in clinical specimens from patients with respiratory infections. | monoclonal antibody technology provides antibody reagents of known specificity, high titres and unlimited availability, that form ideal reference antibodies for use in specific viral antigen-detection methods. | 1995 | 15566817 |
| prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). | this report updates 1999 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (mmwr 1999;48[no. rr-4]: 1-29). these recommendations include five principal changes: a) the age for universal vaccination has been lowered to 50 years from 65 years; b) scheduling of large, organized vaccination campaigns after mid-october may be considered because the availability of vaccine in any location cannot be assured consistently in th ... | 2000 | 15580733 |
| monoclonal antibodies versus reverse transcription-pcr for detection of respiratory viruses in a patient population with respiratory tract infections admitted to hospital. | in the winter season 2001-2002, 239 nasopharyngeal aspirate and 15 bronchoalveolar lavage samples from 208 patients (135 pediatric and 73 adults, including 19 lung transplant recipients) admitted to hospital because of an acute respiratory tract infection were examined for rapid diagnosis of respiratory viruses by two diagnostic approaches: immunological, using specific monoclonal antibodies (mab); and molecular, using specific reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays. both methods detected influen ... | 2005 | 15602736 |
| [discovery of a novel reassortant h1n2 influenza virus]. | three strains of influenza a virus were isolated from patients suffering from influenza like disease in railway hygiene and anti-epidemic station of taiyuan in january 1996. the identification results by serological method indicated that the isolates were different from h1n2 subtype of influenza a virus isolated from men in 1989 and 1992 and that their ha antigenicity was similar to that of a/rp/8/34 (h1n1) virus, but distinguishable from that of influenza a (h1n1) virus circulating in mans rece ... | 1997 | 15619808 |
| [emergence of new viruses in asia: is climate change involved?]. | tropical africa is not the only area where deadly viruses have recently emerged. in south-east asia severe epidemics of dengue hemorrhagic fever started in 1954 and flu pandemics have originated from china such as the asian flu (h2n2) in 1957, the hong-kong flu (h3n2) in 1968, and the russian flu (h1n1) in 1977. however, it is especially during the last ten years that very dangerous viruses for mankind have repeatedly developed in asia, with the occurrence of alkhurma hemorrhagic fever in saudi ... | 2004 | 15620053 |
| [safety and immunogenicity of split vaccines of influenza viruses]. | to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of influenza split vaccine. | 2004 | 15640848 |
| [application of fluorescent real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in detecting influenza viruses]. | to apply fluorescent real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in detecting influenza viruses. | 2004 | 15640871 |
| h3n2 influenza virus transmission from swine to turkeys, united states. | in 1998, a novel h3n2 reassortant virus emerged in the united states swine population. we report the interspecies transmission of this virus to turkeys in two geographically distant farms in the united states in 2003. this event is of concern, considering the reassortment capacity of this virus and the susceptibility of turkey to infection by avian influenza viruses. two h3n2 isolates, a/turkey/nc/16108/03 and a/turkey/mn/764/03, had 98.0% to 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity to each other in a ... | 2004 | 15663853 |
| immune response to influenza vaccine in healthy adults and the elderly: association with nutritional status. | the immune response and serum nutritional status of 153 elderly residents of nursing homes (mean age 84.4 years) and 95 health care workers (mean age 36.8 years) were assessed before and after immunization with trivalent split-virus influenza vaccine. postvaccination titers of hemagglutination inhibition (hai) antibody to a/h1n1 and b among the elderly were lower than those among workers, but the seroconversion rates (greater than or equal to a four-fold rise) for a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 were unexpect ... | 2005 | 15670881 |
| [epidemics of acute respiratory infections in madagascar in 2002: from alert to confirmation]. | an epidemiological investigation (ministry of health/institut pasteur de madagascar (ipm)) was conducted in july 2002, in two districts of a same province (fianarantsoa: fianarantsoa ii and ikongo) considering the high frequency of deaths linked with acute respiratory infection (ari). morbidity and mortality data was collected in the centre de santé de base (csb) which gave the alert (village of sahafata, district fianarantsoa ii). analysis of monthly activity reports (mar) allowed calculation o ... | 2003 | 15678810 |
| [influenza epidemiologic and virologic surveillance in antananarivo from 1995 to 2002]. | the "institut pasteur de madagascar" virology laboratory is the national who centre for influenza surveillance in madagascar. on this surveillance collaborate the ministry of health with 9 sentinel centres. in the present article, the authors relate the results of influenza surveillance in antananarivo between 1995 and 2002. among 6341 patients with nasal and/or pharyngeal swabs, influenza virus were isolated from 427 patients (6.7%): 307 (68.4%) influenza virus a (h3n2), 124 (27.1%) influenza v ... | 2003 | 15678811 |
| avian influenza viruses in korean live poultry markets and their pathogenic potential. | we surveyed live-poultry markets in korea in 2003 and isolated 9 h9n2, 6 h3n2, and 1 h6n1 influenza viruses. antigenic and phylogenetic analyses showed that all 9 h9n2 isolates were of a/chicken/korea/25232-96006/96-like lineage (which caused disease in chickens in korea in 1996) but were different from h9n2 viruses of southeastern china. they had at least 4 genotypes and replicated in chickens but not in mice. the h3n2 and h6n1 viruses were new to korea and were probably reassortants of avian i ... | 2005 | 15680418 |
| impact of influenza vaccination on seasonal mortality in the us elderly population. | observational studies report that influenza vaccination reduces winter mortality risk from any cause by 50% among the elderly. influenza vaccination coverage among elderly persons (> or =65 years) in the united states increased from between 15% and 20% before 1980 to 65% in 2001. unexpectedly, estimates of influenza-related mortality in this age group also increased during this period. we tried to reconcile these conflicting findings by adjusting excess mortality estimates for aging and increase ... | 2005 | 15710788 |
| summer outbreak of respiratory disease in an australian prison due to an influenza a/fujian/411/2002(h3n2)-like virus. | an outbreak of influenza a occurred in a prison system in new south wales, australia in january 2003 during the southern hemisphere summer. this report documents only the third confirmed outbreak of influenza in a prison environment. the outbreak investigation included case ascertainment, state-wide surveillance, a case-control study and interventions to limit the outbreak such as infection control, quarantine, cohorting of cases, and the use of antiviral medication for prophylaxis. a total of 3 ... | 2005 | 15724717 |
| a prototype prophylactic anti-influenza preparation in aerosol form on the basis of abies sibirica polyprenols. | this research investigates a promising antiviral compound based on polyprenols from siberian silver fir (abies sibirica). the physico-chemical characteristics of a preparation developed in aerosol form and an estimation of its protective efficacy against aerosol challenge of laboratory animals are presented. it is shown that (1) by using a simple ultrasonic disperser one can obtain aerosol of three formulations studied with about 70% of its mass accumulated in the size range below 1.8 microm; (2 ... | 2005 | 15741774 |
| consequences of immunodominant epitope deletion for minor influenza virus-specific cd8+-t-cell responses. | the extent to which cd8+ t cells specific for other antigens expand to compensate for the mutational loss of the prominent dbnp366 and dbpa224 epitopes has been investigated using h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses modified by reverse genetics. significantly increased numbers of cd8+ kbpb1(703)+, cd8+ kbns2(114)+, and cd8+ dbpb1-f2(62)+ t cells were found in the spleen and in the inflammatory population recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage from mice that were first given the -np-pa h1n1 virus intr ... | 2005 | 15767433 |
| a plant polyphenol-rich extract restores the suppressed functions of phagocytes in influenza virus-infected mice. | influenza infection was induced in white icr mice by intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of the virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2). the number, migration and phagocyte indices of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages (pmø) and of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns), as well as the inhibition of the pmn adherence in the presence of a specific antigen were followed for 9 days after infection. the effect of the i.n. application of a polyphenol-rich extract, designated as polyphenolic complex (pc), isolated fr ... | 2005 | 15780977 |
| cranberry juice constituents affect influenza virus adhesion and infectivity. | cranberry juice contains high molecular weight materials (ndm) that inhibit bacterial adhesion to host cells as well as the co-aggregation of many oral bacteria. because of its broad-spectrum activity, we investigated ndm's potential for inhibiting influenza virus adhesion to cells, and subsequent infectivity. hemagglutination (ha) of red blood cells (rbc) caused by representatives of both influenza virus a subtypes (h1n1)and h3n2) and the b type was inhibited by ndm at concentrations of 125 mic ... | 2005 | 15781126 |
| postreassortment changes in a model system: ha-na adjustment in an h3n2 avian-human reassortant influenza virus. | in our previous studies we described the postreassortment changes in the hemagglutinin (ha) of h2n1, h3n1, h4n1 and h13n1 influenza a virus reassortants with has derived from avian viruses and low-functional neuraminidase (na) of a human parent virus a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1). the changes involved amino acid substitutions that increased the negative local charge in the vicinity of the receptor-binding pocket and decreased the affinity of ha to sialic acid receptors. in the present report we describe t ... | 2005 | 15789269 |
| virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine conferred complete protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge. | we have previously demonstrated the formation and release of influenza virus-like particles (vlps) from the surface of sf9 cells infected with either a quadruple baculovirus recombinant that simultaneously expresses the influenza structural proteins hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix 1 (m1) and m2, or a combination of single recombinants that include the m1 protein. in this work, we present data on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy afforded by vlps (formed by m1 and ha) foll ... | 2005 | 15802970 |
| influenza a virus-induced apoptosis is a multifactorial process: exploiting reverse genetics to elucidate the role of influenza a virus proteins in virus-induced apoptosis. | three influenza viruses, a/puerto rico/8/34-a/england/939/69 clone 7a (h3n2), a/fiji/15899/83 (h1n1), and a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), induce different levels of apoptosis in vitro at equal moi; clone 7a > a/victoria > a/fiji. previous studies have shown that several viral proteins from clone 7a and a/fiji, including pb2, na, ns1, m1, and m2, induce apoptosis when expressed individually fused to the herpes simplex virus tegument protein, vp22. however, this did not reflect viral protein-protein-rna i ... | 2005 | 15840519 |
| development of three multiplex rt-pcr assays for the detection of 12 respiratory rna viruses. | three multiplex hemi-nested rt-pcr assays were developed to detect simultaneously 12 rna respiratory viruses: influenza viruses a, b and c, human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (piv-1, -2, -3 and -4), human coronavirus oc43 and 229e (hcov) and rhinovirus (hrv). an internal amplification control was included in one of the rt-pcr assays. the rt-pcr multiplex 1 and the hemi-nested multiplex 1 detected 1 and 0.1 tcid50 of rsv a, respec ... | 2005 | 15847919 |
| purification and characterization of a soluble recombinant human st6gal i functionally expressed in escherichia coli. | a soluble and active form of recombinant human st6gal i was expressed in escherichia coli. the gene encoding the soluble form of st6gal i lacking the membrane and cytosolic regions was introduced into a bacterial expression vector, pmal-p2x, fused in frame with a maltose-binding protein (mbp) tag. low-temperature cultivation at 13 degrees c during iptg-induction significantly improved both solubility and mbp-tagging of the recombinant enzyme expressed in bacteria. the supernatant prepared by dis ... | 2005 | 15864429 |
| two residues in the hemagglutinin of a/fujian/411/02-like influenza viruses are responsible for antigenic drift from a/panama/2007/99. | the h3n2 vaccine strain (a/panama/2007/99) for the 2003-2004 influenza season did not antigenically match the circulating a/fujian/411/02-like h3n2 viruses and had reduced effectiveness against influenza outbreaks. a/wyoming/03/2003, an a/fujian-like virus, was recommended as the vaccine strain for the 2004-2005 season. a/wyoming differed from a/panama by 16 amino acids in the ha1 molecule. reverse genetics was used to determine the minimal amino acid changes that were responsible for the antige ... | 2005 | 15866076 |
| arginine supplementation enhances mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferation but does not affect in vivo indicators of antigen-specific immunity in mice. | arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid with many physiologic roles. its role in immune function has been one of major focus with conflicting results. early in vitro immune studies demonstrated increased mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation with dietary arginine supplementation; however, not all studies confirmed this effect. even less is known about the effect of arginine supplementation on in vivo immune responses. to test whether arginine supplementation enhances in vivo indicato ... | 2005 | 15867295 |
| epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in europe during the 2003-2004 season. | the 2003-2004 influenza season in europe was dominated by the spread of the new drift variant a/fujian/411/2002 (h3n2)-like virus which was not perfectly matched with the a(h3n2) component of the influenza vaccine. sporadic cases of this virus were detected in europe at the end of the 2002-2003 season and influenza activity associated with this virus began relatively early during the 2003-2004 season. generally, influenza activity first occurred in the west of europe (ireland, the united kingdom ... | 2005 | 15879646 |
| [immunogenicity and safety of the influenza vaccine, in a population older than 55-years in mexico]. | to confirm the immunogenicity and tolerance of the inactivated, fractionated, and purified influenza vaccine, in a mexican adult population aged 55 and older, medically served at a petróleos mexicanos hospital (pemex, mexican oil company). | 2005 | 15889641 |
| improvement of influenza a/fujian/411/02 (h3n2) virus growth in embryonated chicken eggs by balancing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities, using reverse genetics. | the h3n2 influenza a/fujian/411/02-like virus strains that circulated during the 2003-2004 influenza season caused influenza epidemics. most of the a/fujian/411/02 virus lineages did not replicate well in embryonated chicken eggs and had to be isolated originally by cell culture. the molecular basis for the poor replication of a/fujian/411/02 virus was examined in this study by the reverse genetics technology. two antigenically related strains that replicated well in embryonated chicken eggs, a/ ... | 2005 | 15890915 |
| an influenza a(h3) reassortant was epidemic in australia and new zealand in 2003. | during 2003, australia and new zealand experienced substantial outbreaks of influenza. the strain responsible was an a(h3n2) influenza virus described as a/fujian/411/2002-like, which had circulated as a minor variant in the previous northern hemisphere (nh) winter, mainly in korea and japan. early in the year the isolates were very similar to those that had been previously isolated in the nh, however, a reassortant strain emerged early in the new zealand winter, followed by the appearance of si ... | 2005 | 15902711 |
| sensitivity of diagnostic tests for influenza varies with the circulating strains. | effective strategies to combat the spread of influenza viruses rely on accurate diagnosis of the infection, which is greatly affected by the sensitivity of the assays used. | 2005 | 15911434 |
| divergent genetic evolution of hemagglutinin in influenza a h1n1 and a h1n2 subtypes isolated in the south-france since the winter of 2001-2002. | influenza a viruses are divided into subtypes based on their hemagglutinin (h1 to h15) and neuraminidase (n1 to n9) glycoproteins. of these, three a subtypes h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 circulate in the human population. influenza a viruses display a high antigenic variability called "antigenic drift" which allows the virus to escape antibody neutralization. | 2005 | 15911445 |
| evidence of the concurrent circulation of h1n2, h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses in densely populated pig areas in spain. | this paper reports on a serological and virological survey for swine influenza virus (siv) in densely populated pig areas in spain. the survey was undertaken to examine whether the h1n2 siv subtype circulates in pigs in these areas, as in other european regions. six hundred sow sera from 100 unvaccinated breeding herds across northern and eastern spain were examined using haemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests against h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 siv subtypes. additionally, 225 lung samples from pigs wi ... | 2006 | 15914047 |
| mismatched hemagglutinin and neuraminidase specificities in recent human h3n2 influenza viruses. | the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza viruses initiates infection by binding to sialic acid on the cell surface via alpha2,6 (human) or alpha2,3 (avian) linkage. the influenza neuraminidase (na) can cleave both alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked sialic acids, but all influenza nas have a marked preference for the non-human alpha2,3 linkage. recent h3n2 influenza viruses have lost the ability to agglutinate chicken red blood cells. to determine if changes in ha specificity or affinity correlate with na ... | 2005 | 15950996 |
| respiratory vaccination of mice against influenza virus: dissection of t- and b-cell priming functions. | we find that a single respiratory administration of replicationally inactivated influenza a viral particles most often elicits a waning serum antibody response, as the long-sustained bone marrow antiviral plasma cell populations characteristically induced by viral infection are lacking, though antiviral plasma cells at other sites may occasionally persist for a long time. to determine whether this alteration in the pattern of the b-cell response is a reflection of the nature of t-helper (th) pri ... | 2005 | 15953188 |
| multinational impact of the 1968 hong kong influenza pandemic: evidence for a smoldering pandemic. | the first pandemic season of a/h3n2 influenza virus (1968/1969) resulted in significant mortality in the united states, but it was the second pandemic season of a/h3n2 influenza virus (1969/1970) that caused the majority of deaths in england. we further explored the global pattern of mortality caused by the pandemic during this period. | 2005 | 15962218 |
| the efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccination among thai elderly persons living in the community. | to determine the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the thai elderly living in an urban community. | 2005 | 15962680 |
| estimation of the neuraminidase content of influenza viruses and split-product vaccines by immunochromatography. | the neuraminidase (na) of the influenza virus, as well as the hemagglutinin, is the most important protective components in the vaccine. however, the na content of the vaccine remains to be standardized because of the labile nature of this glycoprotein during various chemical treatments and storage. in the present study, the na content of the split-product (sp) vaccine (virus treated with ether then formalin) was estimated together with that of the virus by an immunochoromatography technique usi ... | 2005 | 15964668 |
| influenza surveillance in victoria, 2004. | influenza activity during the traditional victorian influenza season from may to october 2004 was low with no well-defined peak. surveillance was based on sentinel general practice influenza-like illness (ili) notification with laboratory confirmation, locum service ili notification and laboratory reporting of influenza detections. eight hundred and fifteen consultations for ili were reported from 38 general practices and 216 consultations for ili were reported from the locum service. the averag ... | 2005 | 15966678 |
| immunization against influenza a virus: comparison of conventional inactivated, live-attenuated and recombinant baculovirus produced purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase vaccines in a murine model system. | to simulate the 2003-2004 influenza season and compare available vaccination methods, immunologically naive mice were immunized with: influenza a virus hemagglutinin (rha) and neuraminidase (rna) from a/panama/2007/99 h3n2 or a/fujian/411/2002 h3n2 expressed by recombinant baculovirus, chromatographically purified, either as single antigens (rha or rna) or in combination (rharna); conventional inactivated monovalent (civ) vaccines from each heterotypic strain; or a live-attenuated influenza (lav ... | 2005 | 15996702 |
| clinical experience with inactivated, virosomal influenza vaccine. | current available influenza vaccines are safe and effective in preventing influenza. nevertheless, there is a need for influenza vaccines with improved efficacy in the elderly. this need is underscored by both the observation that influenza has a major clinical and economic impact in the elderly and the fact that currently available vaccines are generally less effective in elderly than in younger subjects. several approaches are currently being pursued in order to improve the efficacy of influen ... | 2005 | 16005120 |
| influenza-related hospitalisations among children aged less than 5 years old in the basque country, spain: a 3-year study (july 2001-june 2004). | this population-based study evaluated the incidence of virologically confirmed influenza-related hospitalisation in children aged <5 years between july 2001 and june 2004 in a region of southern europe. forty-nine children with influenza virus infection were hospitalised. the annual hospitalisation rates per 1000 inhabitants for each period were 5.1, 0 and 7.3 for infants aged less than 6 months, 0.9, 0.2 and 0.9 for children aged 6-23 months, and 0.7, 0.1 and 0.8 for those aged 24-59 months. mo ... | 2005 | 16005741 |
| effect of quercetin supplementation on lung antioxidants after experimental influenza virus infection. | in the mice, instillation of influenza virus a/udorn/317/72(h3n2) intranasally resulted in a significant decrease in the pulmonary concentrations of catalase, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. there was a decrease in vitamin e level also. these effects were observed on the 5th day after viral instillation. oral supplementation with quercetin simultaneous with viral instillation produced significant increases in the pulmonary concentrations of catalase, reduced glutathione, and super ... | 2005 | 16019982 |
| whole-genome analysis of human influenza a virus reveals multiple persistent lineages and reassortment among recent h3n2 viruses. | understanding the evolution of influenza a viruses in humans is important for surveillance and vaccine strain selection. we performed a phylogenetic analysis of 156 complete genomes of human h3n2 influenza a viruses collected between 1999 and 2004 from new york state, united states, and observed multiple co-circulating clades with different population frequencies. strikingly, phylogenies inferred for individual gene segments revealed that multiple reassortment events had occurred among these cla ... | 2005 | 16026181 |
| virus-like particle vaccine conferred complete protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge. | we have previously demonstrated the formation and release of influenza virus-like particles (vlps) from the surface of sf9 cells infected with either a quadruple baculovirus recombinant that simultaneously expresses the influenza structural proteins hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix 1 (m1), and matrix 2 (m2), or a combination of single recombinants that include the m1 protein. in this work, we present data on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy afforded by vlps (formed by m1 ... | 2005 | 16035948 |
| cross-reactive protection against influenza a virus by a topically applied dna vaccine encoding m gene with adjuvant. | the skin is rich with immunocompetent cells and therefore immunization through the skin is an attractive alternative to the invasive vaccination methods currently used. in this study the backs of mice were gently shaved, hydrated, and painted with a dna vaccine encoding influenza m protein with adjuvant. the immunized mice were then challenged with two mouse-adapted strains of the influenza virus a: a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) and a/udorn/72 (h3n2). this adjuvanated and topically applied dna vaccine effici ... | 2005 | 16035949 |
| influenza activity among the paediatric age group in chennai. | respiratory viral infections have a major impact on public health. acute respiratory infections largely caused by viruses, are the most common illnesses experienced by otherwise healthy adults and children. among the respiratory viruses, influenza viruses are known to cause outbreaks globally. information on the activity of influenza virus in our country is limited and none from chennai. the present study was carried out to isolate and identify the influenza virus serotypes causing acute respira ... | 2005 | 16037623 |
| p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent hyperinduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in response to avian influenza virus h5n1. | avian influenza a virus subtype h5n1 can infect humans to cause a severe viral pneumonia with mortality rates of more than 30%. the biological basis for this unusual disease severity is not fully understood. we previously demonstrated that in contrast to human influenza a virus subtypes including h1n1 or h3n2, the h5n1 virus associated with the "bird flu" outbreak in hong kong in 1997 (h5n1/97) hyperinduces proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), in primary ... | 2005 | 16051807 |
| prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). | this report updates the 2004 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2004;53[no. rr-6]:1-40). the 2005 recommendations include new or updated information regarding 1) vaccination of persons with conditions leading to compromise of the respiratory system; 2) vaccination of health-c ... | 2005 | 16086456 |
| in vitro and in vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effects of viramidine. | viramidine, the 3-carboxamidine derivative of ribavirin, was effective against a spectrum of influenza a (h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1) and b viruses in vitro, with the 50% effective concentration (ec50) ranging from 2 to 32 microg/ml. the mean 50% cytotoxic concentration (cc50) in the mdck cells used in these experiments was 760 microg/ml. ribavirin, run in parallel, had a similar antiviral spectrum, with ec50 values ranging from 0.6 to 5.5 microg/ml; the mean cc50 for ribavirin was 560 microg/ml. oral ... | 2005 | 16087250 |
| whole influenza virus vaccine is more immunogenic than split influenza virus vaccine and induces primarily an igg2a response in balb/c mice. | the aim of this study was to compare the kinetics and the magnitude of the humoral immune response to two different influenza vaccine formulations, whole and split virus vaccines. balb/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with one or two doses (3 weeks apart) of 7.5, 15 or 30 microg of haemagglutinin of monovalent a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2) split or whole virus vaccine. the two vaccine formulations induced similar kinetics of the antibody-secreting cells response; however, differences in the magni ... | 2005 | 16092921 |
| isolation and characterization of h3n2 influenza a virus from turkeys. | five 34-wk-old turkey breeder layer flocks in separate houses of 2550 birds each in a single farm in ohio experienced a drop in egg production from late january to early february 2004. tracheal swabs (n = 60), cloacal swabs (n = 50), and convalescent sera (n = 110) from the flocks were submitted to the laboratory for diagnostics. virus isolation was attempted in specific-pathogen free embryonating chicken eggs and vero and mdck cells. virus characterization was performed using agar gel immunodif ... | 2005 | 16094824 |
| influenza a (h3n2) outbreak, nepal. | in july 2004, an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) was detected at 3 bhutanese refugee camps in southeastern nepal. hemagglutination inhibition showed that approximately 40% of the viruses from this outbreak were antigenically distinct from the a/wyoming/3/03 vaccine strain. four amino acid differences were observed in most of the 26 isolates compared with the a/wyoming/3/2003 vaccine strain. all 4 substitutions are located within or adjacent to known antibody-binding sites. several isolates showed ... | 2005 | 16102305 |
| influenza in taiwan: seasonality and vaccine strain match. | this article explores seasonality, epidemiology and dominant epidemic strains of influenza in taiwan. surveillance in taiwan demonstrates that influenza is a disease which occurs throughout the year but has peak activity in winter. due to the high mutability of influenza virus, effective vaccination is the best strategy for protection. although the world health organization-recommended vaccine compositions usually matched with around 77% of circulating strains worldwide, the rate of matching in ... | 2005 | 16118670 |
| annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2004. | the national influenza surveillance scheme includes data on influenza-like illness from sentinel general practitioner practices, laboratory reports of influenza from national notifiable diseases surveillance scheme and absenteeism data from a national employer. in 2004, 2,116 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness were reported, which was 41 per cent lower than the previous year. peak activity was recorded in september, a month later than in 2003. influenza a was again predominant ... | 2005 | 16119760 |
| respiratory disease caused by a species b2 adenovirus in a military camp in turkey. | in april 2004, two patients were admitted to hospital in berlin, germany, with clinical signs of acute respiratory infection after returning from a military exercise in their home country of turkey. they were admitted to a high security infectious disease unit as epidemiological data pointed to an outbreak of unknown etiology. samples taken at the time of admission proved to be strongly positive for adenovirus by pcr, but negative for influenza a/h1n1 virus, influenza a/h3n2 virus, influenza b v ... | 2005 | 16121380 |
| sensitivity of influenza viruses to zanamivir and oseltamivir: a study performed on viruses circulating in france prior to the introduction of neuraminidase inhibitors in clinical practice. | influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) were introduced in clinical practice in various parts of the world since 1999 but were only scarcely distributed in france. prior to the generalization of zanamivir and oseltamivir utilization in our country, we decided to test a large panel of influenza strains to establish the baseline sensitivity of these viruses to anti-neuraminidase drugs, based upon a fluorometric neuraminidase enzymatic test. our study was performed on clinical samples colle ... | 2005 | 16125799 |
| antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus. | polyphenolic compound catechins ((-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ecg) and (-)-epigallocatechin (egc)) from green tea were evaluated for their ability to inhibit influenza virus replication in cell culture and for potentially direct virucidal effect. among the test compounds, the egcg and ecg were found to be potent inhibitors of influenza virus replication in mdck cell culture and this effect was observed in all influenza virus subtypes tested, including a/h1n1, a/h ... | 2005 | 16137775 |
| sialidase activity of influenza a virus in an endocytic pathway enhances viral replication. | n2 neuraminidase (na) genes of the 1957 and 1968 pandemic influenza virus strains possessed avian-like low-ph stability of sialidase activity, unlike most epidemic strains. we generated four reverse-genetics viruses from a genetic background of a/wsn/33 (h1n1) that included parental n2 nas of 1968 pandemic (h3n2) and epidemic (h2n2) strains or their counterpart n2 nas in which the low-ph stability of the sialidase activity was changed by substitutions of one or two amino acid residues. we found ... | 2005 | 16140748 |
| influenza immunisation in children with solid tumours. | we assessed response to immunisation with trivalent split virus influenza vaccine in children with non-leukaemic malignant disease. children with solid tumours and lymphoma received one or two doses of influenza vaccine, according to current uk guidelines, in autumn 2001 and/or 2002. children were currently receiving chemotherapy or were within 6 months of completing chemotherapy. pre and post vaccination sera were assessed for antibodies to the prevalent influenza strains by haemagglutination i ... | 2005 | 16143516 |
| the origins of new pandemic viruses: the acquisition of new host ranges by canine parvovirus and influenza a viruses. | transfer of viruses between hosts to create a new self-sustaining epidemic is rare; however, those new viruses can cause severe outbreaks. examples of such viruses include three pandemic human influenza a viruses and canine parvovirus in dogs. in each case one virus made the original transfer and spread worldwide, and then further adaptation resulted in the emergence of variants worldwide. for the influenza viruses several changes were required for growth and spread between humans, and the emerg ... | 2005 | 16153179 |
| implementation of the community network of reference laboratories for human influenza in europe. | the increased need for accurate influenza laboratory surveillance data in the european union required formalisation of the existing network of collaborating national influenza reference laboratories participating in the european influenza surveillance scheme (eiss). | 2005 | 16157259 |
| the cotton rat provides a useful small-animal model for the study of influenza virus pathogenesis. | influenza a virus continues to cause annual epidemics. the emergence of avian viruses in the human population poses a pandemic threat, and has highlighted the need for more effective influenza vaccines and antivirals. development of such therapeutics would be enhanced by the use of a small-animal model that is permissive for replication of human influenza virus, and for which reagents are available to dissect the host response. a model is presented of nasal and pulmonary infection in adult inbre ... | 2005 | 16186238 |
| neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant influenza viruses may differ substantially in fitness and transmissibility. | mutations of the conserved residues of influenza virus neuraminidase (na) that are associated with na inhibitor (nai) resistance decrease the sialidase activity and/or stability of the na, thus compromising viral fitness. in fact, clinically derived nai-resistant variants with different na mutations have shown different transmissibilities in ferrets (m. l. herlocher, r. truscon, s. elias, h. yen, n. a. roberts, s. e. ohmit, and a. s. monto, j. infect. dis. 190:1627-1630, 2004). molecular charact ... | 2005 | 16189083 |
| [sequence analysis of the ha1 regions of hemagglutinin gene from influenza viruses (h3n2) isolated from children in beijing in 2004 indicated antigenic variation]. | to identify variations in hemagglutinin genes from influenza viruses (h3n2) isolated from infants and young children with acute respiratory infection (ari) between march, 2004 and april 2005. | 2005 | 16191295 |
| influenza a/fujian/411/02(h3n2)-lineage viruses in finland: genetic diversity, epidemic activity and vaccination-induced antibody response. | the first sporadic cases of fujian/411/02-lineage viruses were recorded in finland in winter 2001-2002. the first protracted but low-intensity outbreak occurred here during the first half of 2003, and the second outbreak early in autumn 2003, after detection of sporadic influenza a cases in the summer. the calculated incidence of influenza a in the finnish army was 515/10000 during the first outbreak and 2066/10000 during the second outbreak. during the 2003-2004 epidemic season, the isolates fe ... | 2006 | 16195790 |
| incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern. | adamantanes have been used to treat influenza a virus infections for many years. studies have shown a low incidence of resistance to these drugs among circulating influenza viruses; however, their use is rising worldwide and drug resistance has been reported among influenza a (h5n1) viruses isolated from poultry and human beings in asia. we sought to assess adamantane resistance among influenza a viruses isolated during the past decade from countries participating in who's global influenza surve ... | 2005 | 16198766 |
| [sensitivity of various influenza virus strains to arbidol. influence of arbidol combination with different antiviral drugs on reproduction of influenza virus a]. | to study antiviral activity of arbidol in relation to various antigenic subtypes of influenza virus isolated from humans; efficacy of arbidol action in combination with adamantanic antiviral drugs, ribavirin and ribamidil on reproduction of influenza virus a (iva) in cell culture. | 2005 | 16206613 |
| influenza virus hemagglutinin (h3 subtype) requires palmitoylation of its cytoplasmic tail for assembly: m1 proteins of two subtypes differ in their ability to support assembly. | the influenza a virus hemagglutinin (ha) transmembrane domain boundary region and the cytoplasmic tail contain three cysteines (residues 555, 562, and 565 for the h3 ha subtype) that are highly conserved among the 16 ha subtypes and which are each modified by the covalent addition of palmitic acid. previous analysis of the role of these conserved cysteine residues led to differing data, suggesting either no role for ha palmitoylation or an important role for ha palmitoylation. to reexamine the r ... | 2005 | 16227287 |
| it's not about smoldering or neuraminidase: there were 2 variants of the a(h3n2) pandemic virus differing in internal genes. | | 2005 | 16235189 |
| [the rimantadine sensitivity spectrum in influenza a viruses circulating in the 2002-2004 epidemic seasons]. | a total of 200 influenza a virus strains were studied. among them there 32 strains of a(h1n1) and 84 strains of a(h3n2) from the 2002-2003 epidemic season and 84 strains of a(h3n2) from the 2003-2004 epidemic season. most rimantadine-sensitive strains whose infectivity and hemagglutinating activity were found to decrease by the drug given at a concentration of 0.5 microg/ml. in terms of infectivity and hemagglutinating activity, the number of rimantadine-resistant strains of a (h1n1) was equal t ... | 2005 | 16250597 |
| [multiplex rt-pcr for the rapid detection of influenza virus types and subtypes]. | to establish a sensitive and specific multiplex rt-pcr(mrt-pcr) for the simultaneous detection of influenza virus types and subtypes. | 2005 | 16261209 |
| [the influenza season 2004/'05 in the netherlands with the largest epidemic of the last 5 years caused by the virus variant a/california and the composition of the vaccine for the season 2005/'06]. | in the netherlands, the influenza epidemic of the 2004/'05 season started late. the background value of 3 cases of an influenza-like illness per 10,000 inhabitants per week was exceeded from week 1 until week 14 of 2005. the magnitude of the epidemic was the largest of the last 5 years, namely 104 per 10,000 inhabitants. as usual, the epidemic was caused mainly by influenza-a viruses of subtype h3n2 and to a lesser degree by a/h1n1 and b viruses. the h3n2-virus isolates belonged to the newly eme ... | 2005 | 16261717 |
| immunization with influenza a np-expressing vaccinia virus recombinant protects mice against experimental infection with human and avian influenza viruses. | two-fold immunization of balb/c mice with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the np protein of influenza a/pr8/34 (h1n1) virus under the control of a strong synthetic promoter induced specific antibodies and protected animals against low-dose challenge by mouse-adapted heterosubtypic variants of human a/aichi2/68 (h3n2) and avian a/mallard/pennsylvania/10218/84 (h5n2) influenza virus strains. the surviving immunized animals had lower anti-hemagglutinin antibody titers compared to non-immuni ... | 2006 | 16292596 |
| interaction between a 1998 human influenza virus n2 neuraminidase and monoclonal antibody mem5. | influenza virus constantly escapes antibody inhibition by introducing mutations that disrupt protein-protein interactions. based on the structure of the complex between neuraminidase (na) of influenza a/memphis/31/98 (h3n2) and the fab of a monoclonal antibody (mem5) that binds and inhibits the memphis/98 na, we investigated the contribution made by individual amino acids of na to the stability of the complex. we made mutations d147a, d147n, h150a, h197a, d198a, d198n, e199a, e199q, k221r, a246k ... | 2006 | 16297424 |