| detection of simian immunodeficiency virus in diverse species and of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 by using consensus primers within the pol region. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is the result of cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from sooty mangabey monkeys to humans. primer pairs (inthiv-2/siv) based on a region of integrase that has considerable homology across hiv-2 and siv lineages were designed to develop a broadly cross-reactive molecular assay to detect lentivirus infection in primates. the inthiv-2/siv primers detect hiv-2 and simian viruses sivcpz, sivsmm, sivsyk, sivagm, and sivmnd. the ... | 2002 | 12202548 |
| enhancement of antibody responses to an hiv-2 dna envelope vaccine using an expression vector containing a constitutive transport element. | because immune responses to dna vaccines in humans remains suboptimal, strategies need to be devised to facilitate expression of the vaccine in vivo. one method to improve response to a dna vaccine is to construct plasmid vectors with leader sequences and post-transcriptional elements that facilitate export of transcribed rna. in this study, we sought to determine if a mammalian expression vector (pnd-14) containing a tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) leader sequence and a constitutive transpor ... | 2002 | 12215261 |
| cd4 t cell depletion is linked directly to immune activation in the pathogenesis of hiv-1 and hiv-2 but only indirectly to the viral load. | the causal relationships among cd4 cell depletion, hiv replication, and immune activation are not well understood. hiv-2 infection, "nature's experiment" with inherently attenuated hiv disease, provides additional insights into this issue. we report the finding that in hiv-2 and hiv-1 patients with a comparable degree of cd4 depletion the imbalance in the relative sizes of the naive and memory t cell populations and the up-regulation of cd4 and cd8 cell activation markers (hla-dr, cd38, cd69, fa ... | 2002 | 12218162 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) vector-mediated in vivo gene transfer into adult rabbit retina. | to evaluate the potential usefulness of hiv-2 viral vector in in vivo retinal gene therapy. | 2002 | 12221527 |
| epidemiological and preventive aspects of hiv infection. | the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), has been identified by 2 types: hiv 1 and hiv 2. detection is done through blood testing and is difficult to diagnosis by symptoms because the disease has a latency period. 28 countries in europe and the surrounding mediterranean area reported a total of 10,181 cases of aids by december 31, 1987. the largest percentage of cases are in the sexually active category, and the number of cases among het ... | 1988 | 12222207 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration by diketo derivatives. | a series of diketo derivatives was found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase activity. only l-708,906 inhibited the replication of hiv-1(iii(b)) (50% effective concentration, 12 micro m), hiv-1 clinical strains, hiv-1 strains resistant to reverse transcriptase or fusion inhibitors, hiv-2 (rod strain) and simian immunodeficiency virus (mac(251)). the combinations of l-708,906 with zidovudine, nevirapine, or nelfinavir proved to be subsynergistic. in cell culture, addi ... | 2002 | 12234864 |
| requirements for rna heterodimerization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 genomes. | retroviruses are prone to recombination because they package two copies of the rna genome. whereas recombination is a frequent event within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 groups, no hiv-1/hiv-2 recombinants have been reported thus far. the possibility of forming hiv-1/hiv-2 rna heterodimers was studied in vitro. in both viruses, the dimer initiation site (dis) hairpin is used to form dimers, but these motifs appear too dissimilar to allow rna heterodimer formation. mul ... | 2002 | 12237437 |
| nationwide community-based serological survey of hiv-1 and other human retrovirus infections in a central african country. | in december, 1986, a nationwide serological survey was done in rwanda, central africa. the sampling method was a modification of the cluster sampling technique developed for assessing immunization coverage. 60 clusters ("cells" of 50-150 households) were randomly selected. only 1 person per household was chosen for inclusion in the study. serum was collected and tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1, hiv-2, and htlv-1 for 1870 urban and 742 rural residents. elisa and ... | 1989 | 12282458 |
| prevalence of and mortality from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in bissau, west africa. | this is a critique of the first community-based prevalence study on hiv-2 infection in africa (kvinesdal, aabyin lancet, 1989). it took place in bissau, west africa, in 1987, where the population in 100 randomly-selected houses were asked to participate. 1329 (89%) of 1499 men, women and children were examined and had a blood sample drawn. all clinical and scientific precautions were taken during sampling and analysis to assure accurate results. the study demonstrated that sexual contact and ... | 1989 | 12282585 |
| the global epidemiology and projected short-term demographic impact of aids. | this paper summarizes the natural history, surveillance, and global patterns of infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the etiologic agent of aids the focus is primarily on hiv-1 because surveillance of hiv-2, which has recently been recognized as a separate type of the virus, is only just beginning. the natural progress of the disease is described, from acute infection through asymptomatic phase to the clinical illness phase. available evidence on the speed of progression fr ... | 1989 | 12282636 |
| aids: understanding cause and effect. | this article discusses the history, pathology, and symptoms of aids. caused by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), aids was first detected in 1981 among the american homosexual population, later spreading to other populations, including hemophiliacs and intravenous drug users. this led epidemiologists to deduce that aids spreads through body fluids. in 1983, french scientists isolated the virus which late came to be known as hiv-1. and in 1987, scientists identified another virus capable of ... | 1991 | 12284230 |
| an aids test that travels well. | a new dipstick test will enable health workers in remote third world communities to screen blood for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and monitor the spread of hiv infection. the test, developed by the program for appropriate technology in health (path), works without electricity, instrumentation, or cold chain and is locally manufacturable. results are available in 20 minutes, and the cost is 25 cents per sample. antibodies to both hiv-1 and hiv-2 are detectable. in the test, a plastic dip ... | 1993 | 12286975 |
| update -- aids treatment and epidemiology. | this update on aids treatment and epidemiology reviews the status of zidovudine (azt) treatment effectiveness, tuberculosis and hiv, vaccine development, vertical hiv transmission, and sexually transmitted diseases (std) and hiv transmission. the european multicenter concorde trial of azt involving 1749 people followed over a three-year period found no difference in time progression of aids or survival in the azt-treated versus placebo group. on tuberculosis (tb), hiv-induced immunosuppression ... | 1994 | 12287809 |
| "killer t-cells" give gambian sex-workers the cutting-edge on hiv. | the results of a gambian study may explain how 30 women out of 424 prostitutes in nairobi, kenya, remain uninfected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) after 5-6 years of prostitution, in spite of a prevalence rate of 90% in city sex workers. the gambian study also found a group of uninfected sex workers who had been repeatedly exposed to the virus; researchers believe killer t-cells are responsible. sarah rowland-jones of the institute of molecular medicine at the university of oxford, at ... | 1995 | 12288603 |
| aids in the gambia. | of concern in the gambia is a recent trend toward infection with the more aggressive, deadly human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). in 1990, hiv-2 infections among commercial sex workers outnumbered hiv-1 by a ratio of nine to one. according to the most recent data, however, hiv-1 was present in 42% of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients; 60% of aids cases were attributable to hiv-2 and 4% involved infection with both hiv-1 and hiv-2. about 2.2% of gambia's 1 million resi ... | 1994 | 12288999 |
| "immune" nairobi women also have "killer" t-cells. | further evidence that so-called "killer t-cells" could be the key to an hiv-vaccine has come from "immune" sex-workers in nairobi, kenya. earlier this year, british researcher sarah rowland-jones discovered a group of sex-workers in gambia, west africa, who seemed to be immune to hiv-infection. study of six of the women's blood revealed that five had the t-cells, which seek out and destroy infected cells. t-cells are produced as part of the immune-system's response to infection. a second group o ... | 1995 | 12289854 |
| [laboratory tests for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection]. | laboratory tests are essential for diagnosis and management of patients infected with hiv, for screening of blood donors, and for epidemiologic surveillance of hiv infection and aids. diagnosis of hiv infection is based on demonstration of antibodies against the virus, detection of viral antigens, isolation of the virus, or detection of genetic material in infected cells. tests that detect antibodies are the most frequently used because of their ease of use and relatively low cost. the elisa ... | 1992 | 12290619 |
| hiv-1 epidemic and public health threat in central african republic. | preliminary sampling among the population of the central african republic suggested a wide genetic variation of hiv-1 subtypes, which indicated multiple introductions of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) into the country. in response to these findings, dr. timothy j. dondero of the u.s. centers for disease control and prevention led a multicenter group that examined the epidemiologic patterns of hiv-1 in the central african republic. 2250 individuals from 17 sites in 10 cities were tested and ... | 1996 | 12291508 |
| aids breakthrough in 1995. | during 1995, there were a few provocative findings about the way hiv reproduces and survives. in january, two groups reported that hiv reproduces and is cleared from the body at higher rates than previously suspected. the immune system is able to keep pace with the virus through the first years of the infection but is finally overpowered. this leads to questions about why the immune system seems to be unable to permanently control the virus, and some light was shed on this issue in june with ... | 1995 | 12291701 |
| strategies for safe blood. reducing hiv transmission. | blood transfusion programs can minimize the risk of transfusing infected blood through three strategies: 1) recruiting and counseling voluntary donors who are at low risk of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), 2) screening all donated blood for hiv and other infections transmitted by blood and safely disposing of infected blood, and 3) reducing the number of blood and blood product transfusions. schools, universities, church groups, community centers, and workplaces provide opportunities for ed ... | 1996 | 12291928 |
| hiv-2: slower, still deadly. | hiv 2 transmission and prevalence in west africa are discussed. hiv 2 was first recognized in 1985 in senegal. prevalence in 1991 was highest in guinea-bissau, ivory coast, and burkina faso. the population at greatest risk is prostitutes and men who attend sexually transmitted disease (std) clinics, which populations have a 10 times greater prevalence than the general population. 8% of prostitutes in senegal are infected with hiv, 16% in burkina faso, and 9% in the general population of guin ... | 1992 | 12318129 |
| [aids in senegal]. | in senegal, aids was 1st discovered in december 1986 going from 6 cases in 1987, to 181 in 1988, to 269 in 1989, and to 361 in june of 1990. senegal has the hiv-2 virus, which has a longer incubation period than the hiv-1 virus and its incidence is becoming a growing problem. unlike most other countries in africa, senegal did not institute an aids program with the world health organization; but signed a contract with harvard, tours and lomoges universities to undertake research on aids, sexual ... | 1990 | 12342926 |
| [strategies and prevention of the increase of aids in africa]. | there is great concern over the prevalence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in sub-saharan africa (ssa), especially because of the existence of the hiv-1 and hiv-2 viruses. for example, in senegal 9.8% of all prostitutes are infected with the hiv-2 virus as against 1.3% infected with the hiv-1 virus, and 0.7% infected by the 2 viruses. this situation has created many logistical problems for ssa as quoted from dr. ngaly's presentation at the international aids conference in mont ... | 1990 | 12342927 |
| hiv infection and aids in china. | through november 1990, phlebotomists took serum samples from 305,280 people (32,093 of whom were foreigners) to determine the prevalence of hiv-1 infection and aids in china. the phlebotomists worked in the laboratory at the academy of preventive medicine in beijing, provincial health and antiepidemic stations, and other health institutions throughout china. the virology institute at the academy used the elisa, immunoenzymatic tests, gelatin particle agglutination test, or immunofluorescence t ... | 1992 | 12344005 |
| prior hiv-2 infection reduces chance of acquiring hiv-1. senegal. | dr. phyllis kanki, a scientist at the harvard school of public health, states that her 9-year study of prostitutes in senegal showed that those women who were infected with hiv-2, a weaker strain of hiv, were approximately 70% less likely to acquire hiv-1. hiv-2 can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), but it is much less virulent and much less aggressive. persons who are infected with hiv-2 may take 25 years to develop aids, while those with hiv-1 die from the disease in half that ... | 1995 | 12346426 |
| aids -- diagnosis and management. | hiv infection causes aids, a fatal disease. viral types hiv-1 and hiv-2 have thus far been identified, the latter form presenting mainly in west africa. hiv-1 is in countries throughout the world, demonstrating a pattern of infection which varies by region. 960 hiv-positive cases have been detected in pakistan, 52 of which had progressed to aids. hiv can be transmitted either horizontally by blood and semen or vertically through the placenta. however, transmission is most common in individu ... | 1996 | 12346519 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcription is stimulated by tat from other lentiviruses. | the tat gene is required by hiv-1 for efficient reverse transcription and this function of tat can be distinguished from its role in transcription by rna polymerase ii using tat point mutations that abrogate each function independently. the mechanism of tat's role in reverse transcription, however, is not known, nor is it known whether this role is conserved among trans-activating factors in other retroviruses. here we examine the abilities of heterologous viral trans-activating proteins from je ... | 2002 | 12350353 |
| associations between mhc class i and susceptibility to hiv-2 disease progression. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) progression to disease is significantly slower than that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). genetic determinants for susceptibility to disease progression were hypothesized to play a more significant role in this infection compared with hiv-1. we sought to identify common human lymphocyte antigen (hla) alleles in the senegalese population and to compare hla profiles between hiv-2-infected individuals with low and high risk for disease prog ... | 2002 | 12352262 |
| plasma rna viral load in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype a and subtype b infections. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is much less pathogenic than hiv-1, and hiv-2 infection is associated with plasma viral loads significantly lower than those found in hiv-1 infection. we have developed a real-time quantitative pcr method for measuring the hiv-2 rna load that covers the range of genetic diversity of hiv-2 isolates and that detects extremely low viral loads. samples from 49 patients were studied. proviral dna was first detected and quantified. the strains that were dete ... | 2002 | 12354861 |
| [selectivity of the reverse transcriptase inhibitors toward types 1 and 2 of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)]. | two novel series of acyclonucleosides active as nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrti) against the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have been synthesized. structural modifications, inverting the selectivity of classical nnrti, considerably more active against hiv-1 than hiv-2, are reported. in these series, an increase in anti-hiv-2 activity is correlated with an increase of the cytotoxicity of these new molecules. | 2002 | 12378149 |
| how to reach clients of female sex workers: a survey by surprise in brothels in dakar, senegal. | to describe the sampling techniques and survey procedures used in identifying male clients who frequent brothels to buy sexual services from female sex workers in dakar, senegal, with the aim of measuring the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and investigating related risk behaviours. | 2002 | 12378288 |
| low prevalence of hepatitis c virus infection among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals from slovenia and croatia. | the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in the population of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1)-infected individuals from slovenia and croatia was determined. one hundred and sixty-six out of a total of 188 slovenian hiv-1-infected individuals and 120 subjects who were randomly chosen out of a total 342 croatian hiv-1 antibodies-positive individuals were tested for hcv infection. detection of hcv antibodies was carried out by a third generation enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) a ... | 2002 | 12387500 |
| tsg101, an inactive homologue of ubiquitin ligase e2, interacts specifically with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 gag polyprotein and results in increased levels of ubiquitinated gag. | the final stages of budding and release of a retroviral particle from the cell require the late (l) domain of gag. recently, ubiquitin and ubiquitin ligases have been implicated in the late stages of retroviral budding. in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a t-cell cdna library to identify cellular proteins that interact with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) gag polyprotein, we identified tsg101, an inactive homologue of ubiquitin ligase e2. tsg101 and hiv-2 gag interact specifically in vi ... | 2002 | 12388682 |
| ccr5 and hiv infection. | chemokines and chemokine receptors play a crucial role in the trafficking of leukocyte populations across the body, and are involved in the development of a large variety of human diseases. ccr5 is the main coreceptor used by macrophage (m)-tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2, which are responsible for viral transmission. ccr5 therefore plays an essential role in hiv pathogenesis. a number of inflammatory cc-chemokines, including mip-1 alpha, mip-1 beta, rante ... | 2002 | 12402506 |
| hiv association with conventional stds (sexual transmitted diseases) in lagos state, nigeria. | the study examined a possible association between hiv infection and conventional sexually transmitted diseases (stds) in a population of 700 patients seen in some hospitals and clinics in lagos state between november 1997 and december 1999. the patients were drawn mainly from luth and jolad hospitals in lagos state. in these hospitals, patients who presented with symptoms of stds were screened clinically and microbiologically for agents of stds and hiv antibodies. screening was carried out using ... | 2002 | 12403041 |
| infection with retroviruses other than hiv-1 in spain: a retrospective analysis for hiv-2, htlv-i, and/or htlv-ii. | hiv-2, human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv)-i, and htlv-ii infections are currently circulating in spain with no evidence of an increase in the number of reported cases over time. up to june 2002, a total of 106, 53, and 460 cases of hiv-2, htlv-i, and htlv-ii infection, respectively, have been identified in spain. most hiv-2-infected and htlv-i-infected individuals are immigrants who come from endemic areas or are spaniards with a past history of travel to or sexual contacts with persons orig ... | 2002 | 12407489 |
| torch agents in pregnant saudi women. | to determine the seroprevalence rates of igg to common torch agents in pregnant saudi women using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | 2002 | 12424411 |
| the conserved process of tcr/cd3 complex down-modulation by siv nef is mediated by the central core, not endocytic motifs. | the nef protein of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) associates with multiple t lymphocyte signaling proteins, including the t cell receptor (tcr) zeta chain. we demonstrate here that these interactions are conserved and highly specific. nefs derived from genetically diverse strains of siv (siv(mac)239, siv(smm)pbj, and siv(smm)deltab670) all interacted with tcr zeta on two separate domains, referred to as siv nef interaction domains (snids), as examined in both yeast two-hybrid and glutathion ... | 2002 | 12429520 |
| evaluation and interventions to reduce errors in hiv-2 testing. | when patients are evaluated for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, the possibility of hiv type 2 (hiv-2) infection should be considered in individuals who may have acquired infection in west africa or from an individual from that area. a 45.6% error rate in hiv-2 test ordering was observed among patients at the cleveland clinic foundation, this was attributed in large part to the order entry screen, which may have confused ward clerks who were entering hiv testing ordered by clinician ... | 2002 | 12432859 |
| polysulfonates derived from metal thiolate complexes as inhibitors of hiv-1 and various other enveloped viruses in vitro. | sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate reacts with the metal ions pd(ii), pt(ii), ag(i), cd(ii) and zn(ii) to yield complexes containing multiple anionic sulfonate sites. on the basis of spectroscopic and other analytical data the complexes were assigned the tentative molecular formulas: pd6(sch2ch2so3na)12, ptn(sch2ch2so3na)2n+2, agn(sch2ch2so3na)n, na2zn4(sch2ch2so3na)10, and na2cd4(sch2ch2so3na)10. the complexes displayed a variety of differences in activity towards dna and rna viruses. the platinu ... | 2002 | 12448691 |
| comparison of cis and trans tat gene expression in hiv ltr-based amplifier vectors. | the long terminal repeat (ltr) of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) drives highly efficient gene expression in the presence of the transactivator, tat. thus, tat-containing vectors may be very useful tools in gene therapy. however information about the optimal way of delivering the tat gene is limited. in this study, we compared the effects of cis and trans expressions of the tat gene and its effects on hiv ltr-driven gene expression in different cell lines using non-viral vectors. the huma ... | 2002 | 12449396 |
| 4'-c-substituted-2'-deoxynucleosides: a family of antiretroviral agents which are potent against drug-resistant hiv variants. | in the past years, a variety of 4'-c-substituted-2'-deoxynucleosides (4'sdns) were designed, synthesized, and examined as potential therapeutics against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and certain such analogues proved to exert potent activity against hiv-1 in vitro. unlike currently available nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors such as 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt), which have the 2',3'-dideoxy configuration and thereby cause dna chain termination in the elongating ... | 2001 | 12455229 |
| anatomy and pathology of hiv-1 peptidase. | the peptidase of the hiv type 1 (hiv pr) is required for the replication of and further infection by the virus. a concerted effort has taken place in the past 15 years to understand the properties of this enzyme, as it serves as an excellent drug target for control of the virus. owing to drug pressure, many mutations arise during turnover of the virus and some of these lead to resistance to the effects of the inhibitors. recent advances in the understanding of the changes these mutations cause t ... | 2002 | 12463165 |
| increased virus replication and virulence after serial passage of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in baboons. | similar to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection of humans, the natural history of hiv-2 infection in baboons (papio cynocephalus) is a slow and chronic disease that generally takes several years before an aids-like condition develops. to shorten the amount of time to the development of disease, we performed five serial passages of hiv-2(uc2) in baboons by using blood and bone marrow samples during the acute phase of infection when viral loads were at high levels. after these ser ... | 2003 | 12477812 |
| low level viremia and high cd4% predict normal survival in a cohort of hiv type-2-infected villagers. | a community-based study of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection was conducted in a rural village in northern guinea bissau, west africa to assess the relationship between plasma hiv-2 rna levels, cd4 lymphocyte percentage, and survival over an 8-year period. the cohort of 133 hiv-2-infected individuals and 160 hiv-uninfected controls enrolled in 1991 were followed up at home until 1998. thirty-one (23%) hiv-2-infected and 24 (16%) hiv-uninfected individuals died over the follow- ... | 2002 | 12487822 |
| identification of gp120 binding sites on cxcr4 by using cd4-independent human immunodeficiency virus type 2 env proteins. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian (siv) immunodeficiency virus entry is mediated by binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein (env) to cd4 and chemokine receptors, ccr5 and/or cxcr4. cd4 induces extensive conformational changes that expose and/or induce formation of a chemokine receptor binding site on gp120. cd4-independent env's of hiv type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and siv have been identified that exhibit exposed chemokine receptor binding sites and can bind directly to ccr5 or cxcr4 in ... | 2003 | 12502809 |
| actinomycin d induces high-level resistance to thymidine analogs in replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by interfering with host cell thymidine kinase expression. | actinomycin d (actd) is a transcription inhibitor and has been used in the treatment of certain forms of cancer. actd has been reported to be a potential inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication due to its ability to inhibit reverse transcription. in contrast to what was expected, low concentrations of actd (1 to 10 nm) upregulated hiv-1 replication 8- to 10-fold in mt-2 cells and had no effect on hiv-2 replication or on hiv-1 replication in mt-4, jurkat, or periphera ... | 2003 | 12502817 |
| x-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of zinc in the n-terminal domain of hiv-2 integrase and model compounds. | x-ray absorption spectroscopy (xas), including extended x-ray absorption fine structure (exafs) and x-ray absorption near-edge structure (xanes) analysis, has been carried out at the zn k edge of the n-terminal part of the integrase protein of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 2 (hiv-2), and of some zinc coordination compounds. in the presence of excess beta-mercaptoethanol, which was present in the nmr structure elucidation of the protein [eijkelenboom et al. (1997), curr. biol. 7, 739-746 ... | 2003 | 12511797 |
| introduction of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection in the philippines. | the aim of this study was to describe and document the first case of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in the philippines by using serological and molecular techniques and to compare the diversity of this strain to that of strains from other countries. with the introduction of hiv-2 into the country and the presence of diversified strains of hiv-1, the use of highly sensitive assays to detect all these strains is recommended. | 2003 | 12517912 |
| immune responses in baboons vaccinated with hiv-2 genetic expression libraries. | immunization using genetic expression libraries may be an improvement over conventional dna immunization using a single gene because more epitopes are simultaneously presented to the immune system. in this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of an hiv-2 vaccine made from a genomic expression library in baboons. we found that hiv-2 expression library immunization induced hiv-2-specific memory responses but low levels of cd8+ cell anti-viral responses and neutralizing antibodies. after intraveno ... | 2002 | 12519210 |
| a structurally disordered region at the c terminus of capsid plays essential roles in multimerization and membrane binding of the gag protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | crystal structures of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) capsid protein (ca) reveal that the last 11 c-terminal amino acids are disordered. this disordered region contains a glycine-rich sequence 353-gvggp-357 (numbering refers to the initiation methionine of gag) that is highly conserved within the gag proteins of hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus, which suggests the importance of this sequence in virus replication. in the present study, we demonstrate that changing any i ... | 2003 | 12525611 |
| noninvasive detection of new simian immunodeficiency virus lineages in captive sooty mangabeys: ability to amplify virion rna from fecal samples correlates with viral load in plasma. | the sooty mangabey (sm) (cercocebus atys) is the natural host of a simian immunodeficiency virus, termed sivsm, which gave rise to human immunodeficiency virus type 2. data on the geographic distribution, prevalence, and genetic diversity of sivsm in the wild remains limited. to address this issue, noninvasive strategies based on screening sm fecal and urine specimens for sivsm-specific antibodies and virion rna (vrna) were developed, and the results were correlated with viral loads in plasma. t ... | 2003 | 12525656 |
| prevalences of and risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases among japanese female commercial sex workers in middle- and high-class soaplands in japan. | a cross-sectional study among japanese female commercial sex workers (csws) working in soaplands (massage parlours with baths) was conducted between july 1999 and june 2000. the study subjects included 135 csws aged from 20 to 36 years. a questionnaire included sexual characteristics in addition to real name, working name, and date of birth. we serologically or bacteriologically confirmed prevalences of hiv-1, hiv-2, hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), chlamydia trachomatis, neisse ... | 2002 | 12537737 |
| restriction of multiple divergent retroviruses by lv1 and ref1. | the mouse gene fv1 encodes a saturable restriction factor that selectively blocks infection by n-tropic or b-tropic murine leukemia virus (mlv) strains. despite the absence of an fv1 gene, a similar activity is present in humans that blocks n-mlv infection (ref1). moreover, some non-human primate cell lines express a potentially related inhibitor of hiv-1 and/or sivmac infection (lv1). here, we examine the spectrum of retrovirus-restricting activities expressed by human and african green monkey ... | 2003 | 12554640 |
| cd4-dependent and cd4-independent hiv-2: consequences for neutralization. | hiv-2 is less pathogenic than hiv-1. in contrast to hiv-1, many isolates of hiv-2, including primary isolates, can infect cells independently of cd4. | 2003 | 12556682 |
| expression patterns of phenotypic markers on lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected baboons. | the development of aids in hiv-1-infected humans is associated with profound changes in the expression patterns of lymphocyte phenotypic markers associated with increased immune activation and with decreased recall immune responses. in assessing these immunologic changes in an animal model, we characterized the expression patterns of immune activation markers on lymphocyte subsets during the acute, chronic, and end stages of hiv-2 infection in baboons. using flow cytometry, we identified 21 huma ... | 2003 | 12581514 |
| comparison of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in senegal. | from a prospective cohort study of 1948 initially human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) uninfected female commercial sex workers followed between 1985 and 1999 in dakar, senegal, the authors compared the male to female per infectious sexual exposure transmission probability of hiv types one (hiv-1) and two (hiv-2). new non-parametric competing risks failure time methods were used, which minimized modelling assumptions and controlled for risk factors for hiv infection. the hiv-1 versus hiv-2 infecti ... | 2003 | 12590415 |
| budding and secretion of hiv gag-env virus-like particles from recombinant human adenovirus infected cells. | we have characterized the assembly, budding and extra-cellular release of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) gag-env virus-like particles (vlps) from human embryonic kidney cells (293 cells expressing the e1a protein of adenovirus) infected with recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus type 5. recombinant human adenovirus vectors expressing the chimeric gag-env protein were constructed by inserting the gag-env fusion gene into the e1a region of the human adenovirus type 5. biochemical ... | 2003 | 12606078 |
| molecular investigation of gb virus c rna in hemodialysis and thalassemics patients from brazil. | the gb virus c (gbv-c)/hepatitis g virus (hgv) is a member of the flaviviridae family. based on the clinical and epidemiological profiles, this virus could be acquired mainly by parenteral transmission through contaminated blood. we therefore investigated the presence of gbv-c/hgv and its relation with the other blood borne viruses as hepatitis b and c viruses (hbv, hcv) in hemodialysis and thalassemic individuals and blood donors from ribeirão preto-brazil. detection of blood borne virus marker ... | 2003 | 12617334 |
| virus inactivation in bone tissue transplants (femoral heads) by moist heat with the 'marburg bone bank system'. | several virus inactivation procedures like heat treatment, gamma irradiation and chemical sterilization are used to increase the safety of bone tissue transplants. in this study we present data on the virus-inactivating effect of heat disinfection on human femoral heads, using the marburg bone bank system 'lobator sd-2'. three enveloped viruses (human immunodeficiency virus type 2 [hiv-2], bovine viral diarrhoea virus as a model for hepatitis c virus [hcv], and the herpesvirus pseudorabies virus ... | 2003 | 12623062 |
| prevalence of hiv-2 infection in europe. | the hiv/aids pandemic is primarily caused by hiv-1. another type of virus, hiv-2, is found mainly in certain west african countries in europe, most of the cases of hiv-2 infection described have been in people from africa. the objective of this study was | 1996 | 12631849 |
| the cationic amphipathic alpha-helix of hiv-1 viral protein r (vpr) binds to nucleic acids, permeabilizes membranes, and efficiently transfects cells. | viral protein r (vpr) is a small protein of 96 amino acids that is conserved among the lentiviruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. we recently sought to determine whether the karyophilic properties of vpr, as well as its ability to bind nucleic acids, could be used to deliver dna into cells. we have found that the c-terminal domain of vpr-(52-96) is able to efficiently transfect various cell lines. here, we show that the shortest active seq ... | 2003 | 12639957 |
| cross-reaction of anti-simian immunodeficiency virus envelope protein antibodies with human immunoglobulins. | it has been recently established that retroviral envelope proteins (reps) have structural features similar to those of immunoglobulins (igs). in this study, we asked whether anti-rep antibodies cross-react with human igs (higs). to this end, murine monoclonal antibodies (mmoabs) that had been raised against a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) envelope protein, sivmac251gp120, were screened for their ability to react with human monoclonal igs (hmigs). we show that two hmigs, rfsj2 (a rheumatoid ... | 2003 | 12641652 |
| role of hiv-1 vpr in aids pathogenesis: relevance and implications of intravirion, intracellular and free vpr. | vpr, a 14-kda, 96 amino acid protein, is conserved among the primate lentiviruses hiv-1, hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus supporting the notion that it plays an important role in virus life cycle in vivo. vpr appears to have several functions including cell cycle arrest at g2 stage, apoptosis, nuclear localization, nuclear import of the pre-integration complex, cation selective channel activity and transcriptionally activate hiv-1 ltr and other heterologous promoters. over the years, we h ... | 2003 | 12642033 |
| seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus among voluntary blood donors in delhi, india. | cytomegalovirus (cmv) is known to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following blood transfusion in children and immunocompromised adults. in india, it is not mandatory to screen donated blood for cmv in blood banks. very few studies have been conducted in india to estimate the seroprevalence of this infection in voluntary blood donors. this study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of cmv among voluntary blood donors in delhi, india. in this study, none of 200 donors tes ... | 2002 | 12659416 |
| comparing modified and plain peptide linked enzyme immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) and type-2 (hiv-2) antibodies. | serological diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) based on detection of hiv antibodies is one of the easiest, cheapest and simplest assay. synthetic peptides corresponding to immunodominant regions of envelope glycoprotein (gp41, v3 loop for hiv-1 and gp36 for hiv-2) were used in the present study, to detect the anti-hiv antibodies in sera of sexually transmitted diseases (std), tuberculosis (tb), anti-natal care (anc) patients. about 550 serum samples were tested using enzyme linked i ... | 2003 | 12663143 |
| [establishment of a double-antigen sandwich elisa for detecting total antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1/2]. | to describe and evaluate a double-antigen sandwich elisa for detecting human immunodeficiency virus type 1/2 (hiv-1/2) specific antibodies. | 2002 | 12665944 |
| characterization of a novel rna-binding region of eif4gi critical for ribosomal scanning. | the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eif4gi binds several proteins and acts as a scaffold to promote preinitiation complex formation on the mrna molecule (48s). following mrna attachment this complex scans along the messenger in a 5' to 3' direction until it locates and recognizes the initiation start codon. by using a combination of retroviral and picornaviral proteases (hiv-2 and l respectively) in the reticulocyte lysate system, we have characterized a 40 amino acid (aa) region of eif ... | 2003 | 12682023 |
| performance characteristics of the trugene hiv-1 genotyping kit and the opengene dna sequencing system. | the trugene hiv-1 genotyping kit and opengene dna sequencing system are designed to sequence the protease (pr)- and reverse transcriptase (rt)-coding regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) pol. studies were undertaken to determine the accuracy of this assay system in detecting resistance-associated mutations and to determine the effects of rna extraction methods, anticoagulants, specimen handling, and potentially interfering substances. samples were plasma obtained from hiv-infec ... | 2003 | 12682150 |
| susceptibility of hvs-immortalized lymphocytic hsc-f cells to various strains and mutants of hiv/siv. | susceptibility of hsc-f, a cynomolgus macaque cell line immortalized by herpesvirus saimiri, to infection with various primate immunodeficiency viruses were monitored. while nl432 clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) did not grow at all in hsc-f cells, gh123 and gl-an clones of hiv-2, and ma239 clone of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from macaque monkeys (sivmac) did grow in these cells. in addition, nm-3 clone of a chimeric simian and human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) ... | 2003 | 12684704 |
| natural variation of the nef gene in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infections in portugal. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infections cause severe immunodeficiency in humans, although hiv-2 is associated frequently with reduced virulence and pathogenicity compared to hiv-1. genetic determinants that play a role in hiv pathogenesis are relatively poorly understood but nef has been implicated in inducing a more pathogenic phenotype in vivo. however, relatively little is known about the role of nef in hiv-2 pathogenesis. to address this, the genetic composition of 44 nef alle ... | 2003 | 12692296 |
| serum immunoglobulin a (iga)-mediated immunity in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection. | in the present study, we sought to define the importance of serum iga (siga)-mediated immunity in hiv-2 infection. serum samples from a total of 29 hiv-2-infected patients from guinea-bissau (n = 20) and portugal (n = 9) were studied. samples from seronegative individuals were used as controls. antibody reactivity to native and recombinant envelope glycoproteins as well as peptides representing various regions of the envelope glycoproteins was investigated. furthermore, the capacity of purified ... | 2003 | 12706073 |
| comparative in vitro effects of azt and extracts of ocimum gratissimum, ficus polita, clausena anisata, alchornea cordifolia, and elaeophorbia drupifera against hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. | the effects of ocimum gratissimum (ghx-2), ficus polita (ghx-6), clausena anisata (ghx-7), alchornea cordifolia (ghx-26), elaeophorbia drupifera (ghx-27), and azt on in vitro hiv-1 and hiv-2 replication and cytopathicity were compared. all plant extracts inhibited hiv-1 strain htlviii(b) cytopathicity, the leaves of ghx-2 and the seeds of ghx-26 having high antiviral indices (110 and 90, respectively). against hiv-2 strain gh1, the ec(50) values ranged from <0.005 to 0.075 mg/ml when treatment w ... | 2003 | 12719004 |
| specific g2 arrest of caprine cells infected with a caprine arthritis encephalitis virus expressing vpr and vpx genes from simian immunodeficiency virus. | primate lentivirus (hiv and siv) vpr accessory genes encode 12- to 14-kda proteins which induce cell cycle arrest at the g2 phase of infected cells, preventing them from going through mitosis. members of the hiv-2/sivmac/sivsmm group also encode a second closely related accessory protein called vpx. vpx and hiv vpr are critical for virus replication in nondividing cells due to their participation in nuclear import of the preintegration complex. caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) and mae ... | 2003 | 12726725 |
| naturally occurring amino acid substitutions in the hiv-2 rod envelope glycoprotein regulate its ability to augment viral particle release. | the envelope glycoprotein of hiv-2 rod10 has the intriguing ability to enhance the rate of viral particle release from infected cells. however, not all hiv-2 envelope glycoproteins are active in this regard. indeed, we have previously noted that, despite a high degree of identity with that of rod10, the envelope protein of the rod14 isolate was unable to enhance virus production. in this study, site-directed mutagenesis was employed to reveal that a single naturally occurring alanine-to-threonin ... | 2003 | 12726729 |
| vpx and vpr proteins of hiv-2 up-regulate the viral infectivity by a distinct mechanism in lymphocytic cells. | mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) carrying a frame-shift mutation in vpx, vpr, and in both genes were monitored for their growth potentials in a newly established lymphocytic cell line, hsc-f. worthy of note, the replication of a vpx single mutant, but not vpr, was severely impaired in these cells, and that of a vpx-vpr double mutant was more damaged. defective replication sites of the vpx single and vpx-vpr double mutants were demonstrated to be mapped, respectively, to the ... | 2003 | 12737994 |
| identification of a subset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus strains able to exploit an alternative coreceptor on untransformed human brain and lymphoid cells. | the chemokine receptors ccr5 and cxcr4 are the major coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). at least 12 other chemokine receptors or close relatives support infection by particular hiv and siv strains on cd4(+) transformed indicator cell lines in vitro. however, the role of these alternative coreceptors in vivo is presently thought to be insignificant. infection of cell lines expressing high levels of recombinant cd4 and coreceptors thus does ... | 2003 | 12743271 |
| hemophilia care in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. | in the developing countries of the world, few people with hemophilia receive adequate care. nevertheless, brazil has made significant advances in the treatment of hemophilia over the last decade. the provision of factor concentrates imported by the government of brazil is gradually increasing, and patients receive the concentrates for free. a national register was established as well as a coordinated program for comprehensive care. of the 6 297 persons with hemophilia in brazil who were register ... | 2003 | 12744788 |
| a retrospective clinical, laboratory and outcome analysis in 43 cases of acute aseptic meningitis. | forty-three consecutive cases of acute aseptic meningitis (aam) presenting within a 24-months period were retrospectively analysed with respect to clinical symptomatology, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) findings, clinical course, treatment and outcome. nineteen of the 43 aam cases (44%) were caused by enterovirus, one by hiv (2%), two by varicella zoster virus (5%), three due to herpes simplex virus i (7%), two due to herpes simplex virus ii (5%), one due to central european encephalitis virus (2%), ... | 2003 | 12752401 |
| antiretroviral activity of semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics. | a variety of semisynthetic derivatives of natural antibacterial glycopeptide antibiotics such as vancomycin, eremomycin, ristocetin a, teicoplanin a(2)-2, da-40926, their aglycons, and also the products of their partial degradation with a destroyed or modified peptide core show marked anti-retroviral activity in cell culture. in particular, aglycon antibiotic derivatives containing various substituents of a preferably hydrophobic nature displayed activity against human immunodeficiency virus typ ... | 2003 | 12801238 |
| evolution and diversity of hiv-1 in africa--a review. | the hiv/aids pandemic represents a major development crisis for the african continent, which is the worst affected region in the world. currently, almost 30 of the 42 million people infected with hiv worldwide live in africa. aids in humans is caused by two lentiviruses, hiv-1 and hiv-2, which entered the human population by zoonotic transmissions from at least two different african primate species. extensive phylogenetic analyses of partial and full-length genome sequences have helped to gain i ... | 2003 | 12803467 |
| infection with hepatitis b and c viruses and human retroviruses (htlv-i and hiv) among high-risk lebanese patients. | three groups of lebanese patients (haemophiliacs, patients on cycled cancer chemotherapy who were regularly receiving blood transfusions, and intravenous drug users) and a control group of healthy blood donors were checked for markers of infection with hepatitis viruses (b and c) and human retroviruses (hiv and htlv-i). compared with the controls, all three groups of patients were more likely to be seropositive for antibody to hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv), and the haemophiliacs and cancer patien ... | 2003 | 12803874 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 reverse transcriptase activity in model systems that mimic steps in reverse transcription. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection is a serious problem in west africa and asia. however, there have been relatively few studies of hiv-2 reverse transcriptase (rt), a potential target for antiviral therapy. detailed knowledge of hiv-2 rt activities is critical for development of specific high-throughput screening assays of potential inhibitors. here, we have conducted a systematic evaluation of hiv-2 rt function, using assays that model specific steps in reverse transcription ... | 2003 | 12805462 |
| diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy, and emergence of resistance to antiretroviral agents in hiv-2 infection: a review. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) are the causative agents of aids. hiv-2 is prevalent at moderate to high rates in west african countries, such as senegal, guinea, gambia, and cape verde. diagnosis of hiv-2 is made with a positive hiv-1/hiv-2 elisa or simple/rapid assay, followed by one or two confirmatory tests specific for hiv-2. following cd(4)(+)t cell counts, hiv-2 viral burden and clinical signs and symptoms of immunodeficiency are beneficial in monitoring hiv ... | 2003 | 12807687 |
| mechanisms of cd4+ t lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and aids. | aids, caused by the retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2), has reached pandemic proportions. therefore, it is critical to understand how hiv causes aids so that appropriate therapies can be formulated. primarily, hiv infects and kills cd4(+) t lymphocytes, which function as regulators and amplifiers of the immune response. in the absence of effective anti-retroviral therapy, the hallmark decrease in cd4(+) t lymphocytes during aids results in a weakened im ... | 2003 | 12810858 |
| viral reservoirs/transient infection in hiv/aids: where are we now and where should we go? summary of the june 13-14, 2002 think tank meeting. | highly active antiretroviral therapy in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) often lowers serum levels of virus to below current detection limits. however, cessation of therapy results in there appearance of virus replication, indicating that hiv-infected cells persist in such individuals. identification, and elimination, of such reservoirs of virus-infected cells are crucial for eradicating hiv from infected individuals. more research studies are needed to devise strateg ... | 2003 | 12816085 |
| greater cd8+ tcr heterogeneity and functional flexibility in hiv-2 compared to hiv-1 infection. | virus-specific cd8(+) t cells are known to play an important role in the control of hiv infection. in this study we investigated whether there may be qualitative differences in the cd8(+) t cell response in hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected individuals that contribute to the relatively efficient control of the latter infection. a molecular comparison of global tcr heterogeneity showed a more oligoclonal pattern of cd8 cells in hiv-1- than hiv-2-infected patients. this was reflected in restricted and con ... | 2003 | 12817012 |
| identification of the nuclear localization signal of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx. | the vpx protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is a viral accessory protein related to, but distinct from, the vpr protein of hiv-1. vpx is packaged into virions and, as a component of the viral preintegration complex (pic), vpx is required for efficient virus replication in nondividing cells. therefore, the localization of vpx in cells is dynamic and dependent upon discrete domains of the protein. expressed in the absence of other viral proteins, vpx localizes to the nucleus of ... | 2003 | 12832198 |
| clinical progression in early and late stages of disease in a cohort of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus-2 in guinea-bissau. | the aim of this study was to assess the rate of clinical progression to early and late stages of human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) infection. cd4 cell counts and other potential prognostic markers for disease progression were also evaluated. in january 1990 an open prospective cohort of police officers in guinea-bissau was initiated with yearly serological and clinical follow-up. follow-up ended in june 1998. symptoms were classified according to the world health organization staging system ... | 2003 | 12839157 |
| whole-blood agglutination assay for on-site detection of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | simple and rapid diagnostic tests are needed to curtail human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, especially in the developing and underdeveloped nations of the world. the visible-agglutination assay for the detection of hiv with the naked eye (neva hiv, which represents naked eye visible-agglutination assay for hiv) is a hemagglutination-based test for the detection of antibodies to hiv in whole blood. the neva hiv reagent is a cocktail of highly stable recombinant bifunctional antibody fus ... | 2003 | 12843006 |
| polymorphism of human and primate rantes, cx3cr1, ccr2 and cxcr4 genes with regard to hiv/siv infection. | among genes that influence human susceptibility to hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) infection or aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) progression, chemokine-receptor and chemokine genes were extensively studied because of their role as hiv co-receptors or co-receptor competitors, respectively. we have studied in non-human primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, gibbon, orang-utan, crab-eating and rhesus macaque, baboon and marmoset) the rantes, ccr2 and cx3cr1 gene sequences in regions surrounding ... | 2003 | 12879309 |
| increased risk of high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical cancer among african women with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 infections. | to assess the risk of prevalent high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (hsils) or invasive cervical cancer (icc) associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1, hiv-2, and human papillomavirus (hpv) infections, hiv load, and cd4 cell count, we studied 4119 women attending an outpatient clinic in senegal. hiv infection was associated with increased rates of cervical infection with high-risk hpvs. among women infected with high-risk hpvs, those with hiv-1 (odds ratio [or], ... | 2003 | 12898443 |
| pol gene sequence variation in swedish hiv-2 patients failing antiretroviral therapy. | there is limited knowledge about how to treat and interpret results from genotypic resistance assays in hiv-2 infection. here, genetic variation in hiv-2 pol gene was studied in 20 of 23 known hiv-2 cases in sweden. five patients with signs of virological treatment failure were longitudinally studied. clinical, virological and immunological data were collected and the protease (pr) and first half of the reverse transcriptase (rt) was amplified and directly sequenced from plasma samples. moderate ... | 2003 | 12908931 |
| the packaging signal of simian immunodeficiency virus is upstream of the major splice donor at a distance from the rna cap site similar to that of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | deletion mutation of the rna 5' leader sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) was used to localize the virus packaging signal. deletion of sequences upstream of the major splice donor (sd) site produced a phenotype most consistent with a packaging defect when analysed by both rnase protection assay and rt-pcr. sequences downstream of the sd were deleted and produced varying effects but did not affect packaging: a large downstream deletion had little effect on function, whereas a nested ... | 2003 | 12917463 |
| male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of hiv in men. | the findings from observational studies, reviews and meta-analyses, supported by biological theories, that circumcised men appear less likely to acquire human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has contributed to the recent ground swell of support for considering male circumcision as a strategy for preventing sexually acquired infection. we sought to elucidate and appraise the global evidence from published and unpublished studies that circumcision can be used as an intervention to prevent hiv infecti ... | 2003 | 12917962 |
| cyanovirin-n gel as a topical microbicide prevents rectal transmission of shiv89.6p in macaques. | cyanovirin-n (cv-n), an 11-kda cyanobacterial protein, potently inactivates diverse strains of hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and also prevents virus-to-cell fusion, virus entry, and infection of cells in vitro. these properties make cv-n an attractive candidate for use as a topical microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of hiv. we evaluated the efficacy of gel-formulated, recombinant cv-n gel asa topical microbicide in male macaques (macaca fascicularis) that were ... | 2003 | 12921090 |
| reduction of the diagnostic window in three cases of human immunodeficiency-1 subtype e primary infection with fourth-generation hiv screening assays. | the influence of genetic variability on the sensitivity of serological diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has, to date, been poorly investigated. the aim of the present study was to assess whether fourth-generation assays for the combined detection of hiv antigen and antibodies to hiv (anti-hiv) permit a reduction of the diagnostic window in comparison to third-generation antibody enzyme immunoassays (eias), which so far have shown a poor sensitivity for detection of hiv-1 ... | 2003 | 12925157 |
| a non-canonical transferable signal mediates nuclear import of simian immunodeficiency virus vpx protein. | protein transport into the nucleus is generally considered to involve specific nuclear localization signals (nls) though it is becoming increasingly evident that efficient and well controlled import of proteins which lack a canonical nls also occurs in cells. vpx, a 112 amino acid protein from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and the closely related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is one such protein, which does not have an identifiable canonical nls and is yet efficiently importe ... | 2003 | 12927548 |
| a small molecule hiv-1 inhibitor that targets the hiv-1 envelope and inhibits cd4 receptor binding. | bms-378806 is a recently discovered small molecule hiv-1 inhibitor that blocks viral entrance to cells. the compound exhibits potent inhibitory activity against a panel of r5-(virus using the ccr5 coreceptor), x4-(virus using the cxcr4 coreceptor), and r5/x4 hiv-1 laboratory and clinical isolates of the b subtype (median ec50 of 0.04 microm) in culture assays. bms-378806 is selective for hiv-1 and inactive against hiv-2, siv and a panel of other viruses, and exhibits no significant cytotoxicity ... | 2003 | 12930892 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus by a new class of pyridine oxide derivatives. | a new class of pyridine oxide derivatives as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and/or hiv-2 replication in cell culture has been identified. the compounds, which specifically inhibit hiv-1, behave as typical nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis). the most active congener of this group, jpl-133 (uc-b3096), has a 50% effective concentration of 0.05 microg/ml for hiv-1(iii(b)) with a selectivity index of approximately 760 in cem cell cultures. however, the ... | 2003 | 12937000 |