| comparative evaluation of lesion development, tissue damage, and cytokine expression in golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) infected by inocula with different leishmania (viannia) braziliensis concentrations. | the golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) is a susceptible model to leishmania (viannia) spp.; however, available studies employ different infection protocols, which account for clinical and pathological presentation differences. herein, l. (v.) braziliensis preparations were standardized to contain 10(4), 10(5), or 10(6) parasites to determine an optimal inoculum that ensured cutaneous lesions without causing a disseminated infection in hamsters. lesion development was followed for 105 days by ... | 2014 | 25287925 |
| betulin derivatives impair leishmania braziliensis viability and host-parasite interaction. | leishmaniasis is a public health problem in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, including venezuela. the incidence of treatment failure and the number of cases with leishmania-hiv co-infection underscore the importance of developing alternative, economical and effective therapies against this disease. the work presented here analyzed whether terpenoids derived from betulin are active against new world leishmania parasites. initially we determined the concentration that inhibits the grow ... | 2014 | 25240731 |
| clinical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in dogs with furazolidone and domperidone. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a zoonosis and a public health problem in countries of subtropical america. the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of furazolidone and domperidone treatment of dogs naturally infected with leishmania (viannia) braziliensis. infection was confirmed by pcr and parasite culture of tissue collected from skin scrapings of the lesion borders of dogs. naturally infected animals were divided into control (n=4) and treatment (n=8) groups. the treatment group ... | 2014 | 25219877 |
| proteome profiling of human cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion. | in this study, we used proteomics and biological network analysis to evaluate the potential biological processes and components present in the identified proteins of biopsies from cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) patients infected by leishmania braziliensis in comparison with normal skin. we identified 59 proteins differently expressed in samples from infected and normal skin. biological network analysis employing identified proteins showed the presence of networks that may be involved in the cell d ... | 2015 | 25207817 |
| essential role of leukotriene b4 on leishmania (viannia) braziliensis killing by human macrophages. | although leishmania (viannia) braziliensis is the most prevalent species that cause american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl), the immune response against this parasite has been poorly investigated. upon activation, macrophages produce a series of pro-inflammatory molecules, including the lipid mediator leukotriene b4 (ltb4). ltb4 has been shown to enhance several macrophage functions, but its role in human macrophages is less known. here, we investigated the role of ltb4 on human monocyte-derive ... | 2014 | 25195516 |
| functional analysis of cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase in antimony-resistant and -susceptible leishmania braziliensis and leishmania infantum lines. | tryparedoxin peroxidase (txnpx) participates in defence against oxidative stress as an antioxidant by metabolizing hydrogen peroxide into water molecules. reports suggest that drug-resistant parasites may increase the levels of txnpx and other enzymes, thereby protecting them against oxidative stress. | 2014 | 25174795 |
| pcr associated with molecular hybridization detects leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in healthy skin in canine tegumentary leishmaniasis. | tegumentary leishmaniasis (tl) is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and domestic dogs. in brazil, tl is considered endemic, and leishmania (viannia) braziliensis is the prevalent species causing this disease. there is debate about the role of dogs (canis familiaris) as domestic reservoirs in the transmission cycle of tl. to date, classical parasitological techniques, including parasite isolation in culture media, have been able to detect parasites only from cutaneous lesions. in this study, ... | 2015 | 25158080 |
| the effect of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-o--gallate in vitro and in vivo in leishmania braziliensis: involvement of reactive oxygen species as a mechanism of action. | leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease associated with extensive mortality and morbidity. the treatment for leishmaniasis is currently based on pentavalent antimonials and amphotericin b; however, these drugs result in numerous adverse side effects. natural compounds have been used as novel treatments for parasitic diseases. in this paper, we evaluated the effect of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-o-gallate (egcg) on leishmania braziliensis in vitro and in vivo and described the mechanism of egcg action ag ... | 2014 | 25144225 |
| tr-1-like cd4+cd25-cd127-/lowfoxp3- cells are the main source of interleukin 10 in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania braziliensis. | cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) regulatory t cells have long been shown to mediate susceptibility to leishmania infection, mainly via interleukin 10 production. in this work, we showed that the main sources of interleukin 10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania braziliensis are cd4(+)cd25(-)cd127(-/low)foxp3(-) cells. compared with uninfected controls, patients with cl had increased frequencies of circulating interleukin 10-producing cd ... | 2015 | 25139022 |
| intermediate monocytes contribute to pathologic immune response in leishmania braziliensis infections. | ulcer development in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) caused by leishmania braziliensis is associated with high levels of tumor necrosis factor (tnf). we found that early after infection, before ulcer development, the frequency of cd16(+) (both intermediate [cd14(+)cd16(+)] and nonclassical [cd14(dim)cd16(+)]) monocytes was increased in the peripheral blood of patients with l. braziliensis, compared with uninfected controls. these results suggest that cd16(+) monocytes might promote di ... | 2015 | 25139016 |
| triazolopyrimidine compounds containing first-row transition metals and their activity against the neglected infectious chagas disease and leishmaniasis. | leishmaniasis and chagas disease remain a significant global problem. current treatments have serious disadvantage due to cost, toxicity, long therapy duration and resistance. in the last years increasing interest has arisen in drug development to fight both diseases. recently, metal-based drugs have revealed as promising drugs in a variety of therapeutic areas. herein we describe six newly synthesized transition metal complexes with a bioactive molecule 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimid ... | 2014 | 25127147 |
| [specificity of the intradermal montenegro test in patients infected by trypanosoma cruzi from different regions of peru]. | in order to assess the specificity of the leishmanin skin test in chagas disease patients without clinical history of leishmaniasis, present or former. a sample of 102 persons infected with trypanosoma cruzi (14 acute cases with parasitological diagnosis and 88 chronic cases) through the demonstration of igg antibodies by elisa and indirect immunofluorescence (iif) were evaluated with leishmanin soluble antigen which contained leishmania (viannia) peruviana concentration of 25-30 ug/ml. only fiv ... | 2014 | 25123866 |
| press imprint smear: a rapid, simple, and cheap method for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis. | a modified imprint method, press-imprint-smear, was compared with histopathology for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. amastigotes were seen in 69 (92%) of 75 individuals in one or both assays. the press-imprint-smear was positive in 85.3%, and histopathology was positive in 44%. press-imprint-smear is a rapid and relatively sensitive method for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 2014 | 25114007 |
| its1 pcr-rflp diagnosis and characterization of leishmania in clinical samples and strains from cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in states of the mexican southeast. | american cutaneous leishmaniasis includes a spectrum of clinical forms localized cutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis which can be caused by different strains of leishmania belonging to the l. mexicana or l. braziliensis complexes which may coexist in the same endemic area. we evaluated the pcr-rflp assay of the its1 genes for direct identification of leishmania species in 163 clinical samples and 21 mexican isolates of leishmania. in relation to the mexican isolates of ... | 2014 | 25104958 |
| the immunotherapeutic role of regulatory t cells in leishmania (viannia) panamensis infection. | leishmania (viannia) parasites are etiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the new world. infection is characterized by a mixed th1/th2 inflammatory response, which contributes to disease pathology. however, the role of regulatory t cells (tregs) in leishmania (viannia) disease pathogenesis is unclear. using the mouse model of chronic l. (v.) panamensis infection, we examined the hypothesis that treg functionality contributes to control of pathogenesis. upon infection, tregs (cd4(+)foxp ... | 2014 | 25098291 |
| tryparedoxin peroxidase of leishmania braziliensis: homology modeling and inhibitory effects of flavonoids for anti-leishmanial activity. | inhibition of the tryparedoxin peroxidase interaction has been becomes a new therapeutic strategy in leishmaniasis. docking analysis was carried out to study the effects of quercetin and taxifolin on tryparedoxin peroxidase (tryp). tryparedoxin peroxidase of trypanosomatidae functions as antioxidants through their peroxidase and peroxynitrite reductase activities. the 3d models of tryparedoxin peroxidase of leishmania braziliensis (l. braziliensis tryp) was modeled using the template tryparedoxi ... | 2014 | 25097378 |
| therapeutic vaccines for leishmaniasis. | numerous therapeutic strategies are used to treat leishmaniasis. the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is solely depends on antimonate derivatives with safety issues and questionable efficacy and there is no fully effective modality to treat cl caused by leishmania tropica and leishmania braziliensis. | 2014 | 25077737 |
| native rodent species are unlikely sources of infection for leishmania (viannia) braziliensis along the transoceanic highway in madre de dios, peru. | an estimated 2.3 million disability-adjusted life years are lost globally from leishmaniasis. in peru's amazon region, the department of madre de dios (mdd) rises above the rest of the country in terms of the annual incidence rates of human leishmaniasis. leishmania (viannia) braziliensis is the species most frequently responsible for the form of disease that results in tissue destruction of the nose and mouth. however, essentially nothing is known regarding the reservoirs of this vector-borne, ... | 2014 | 25062033 |
| a case of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed by serology. | a 43-year-old japanese bolivian male had been suffering from a right leg ulcer after an insect bite during his residence in bolivia. the ulcer healed after herbal medicine treatment. ten years later, the patient had symptoms of nasal obstruction, nasal bleeding, and pharyngodynia, which were accompanied by a destructive ulcer with surrounding erythema involving the right nostril apex and columella. papillary, irregular mucosal lesions were seen on the soft palate. giemsa staining and polymerase ... | 2014 | 25041360 |
| genomic profiling of human leishmania braziliensis lesions identifies transcriptional modules associated with cutaneous immunopathology. | the host immune response has a critical role not only in protection from human leishmaniasis but also in promoting disease severity. although candidate gene approaches in mouse models of leishmaniasis have been extremely informative, a global understanding of the immune pathways active in lesions from human patients is lacking. to address this issue, genome-wide transcriptional profiling of leishmania braziliensis-infected cutaneous lesions and normal skin controls was carried out. a signature o ... | 2015 | 25036052 |
| intermediate cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis successfully treated with fluconazole. | american cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic anthropozoonosis that exhibits a broad spectrum of clinical presentations. intermediate/borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis is a distinct clinical condition that comprises cutaneous disease of a chronic nature, usually occurring as multiple lesions with or without mucosal involvement. the disease is usually caused by parasites of the subgenus viannia, frequently occurs in context of an underlying disease, and is often resistant to standa ... | 2014 | 24985142 |
| s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno) is cytotoxic to intracellular amastigotes and promotes healing of topically treated leishmania major or leishmania braziliensis skin lesions-authors' response. | | 2014 | 24948707 |
| mapping b-cell epitopes for the peroxidoxin of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and its potential for the clinical diagnosis of tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis. | the search toward the establishment of novel serological tests for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and proper differential diagnosis may represent one alternative to the invasive parasitological methods currently used to identify infected individuals. in the present work, we investigated the potential use of recombinant peroxidoxin (rperoxidoxin) of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis as a potential antigen for the immunodiagnosis of human tegumentary (tl) and visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and canine ... | 2014 | 24921246 |
| mucosal leishmaniasis of the lip: an emerging clinical form in tunisia. | mucosal leishmaniasis (ml), which mostly occurs in the new world, is mainly associated with leishmania braziliensis. primary lip ml is very rare in the mediterranean basin and particulary in tunisia despite the endemicity of both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in this area. | 2015 | 24910266 |
| interleukin 32γ (il-32γ) is highly expressed in cutaneous and mucosal lesions of american tegumentary leishmaniasis patients: association with tumor necrosis factor (tnf) and il-10. | the interleukin 32 (il-32) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by immune and non-immune cells. it can be induced during bacterial and viral infections, but its production was never investigated in protozoan infections. american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl) is caused by leishmania protozoan leading to cutaneous, nasal or oral lesions. the aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of il-32 in cutaneous and mucosal lesions as well as in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) exposed ... | 2014 | 24884781 |
| host genetic factors in american cutaneous leishmaniasis: a critical appraisal of studies conducted in an endemic area of brazil. | american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) is a vector-transmitted infectious disease with an estimated 1.5 million new cases per year. in brazil, acl represents a significant public health problem, with approximately 30,000 new reported cases annually, representing an incidence of 18.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. corte de pedra is in a region endemic for acl in the state of bahia (ba), northeastern brazil, with 500-1,300 patients treated annually. over the last decade, population and family-base ... | 2014 | 24863979 |
| epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in central amazonia: a comparison of sex-biased incidence among rural settlers and field biologists. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is more frequently reported in men than in women; this may be due to male-biased exposure to cl vectors, female-biased resistance against the disease or both. we sought to determine whether gender-specific exposure to vector habitats explains male-biased cl incidence in two human populations of central amazonia. | 2014 | 24862350 |
| cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis co-infection in dogs from rio de janeiro, brazil: evaluation by specific pcr and rflp-pcr assays. | during a diagnostic evaluation of canine visceral leishmaniasis (vl), two of seventeen dogs were found to be co-infected by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and leishmania (leishmania) chagasi. | 2014 | 24861303 |
| in vitro leishmanicidal activities of sesquiterpene lactones from tithonia diversifolia against leishmania braziliensis promastigotes and amastigotes. | natural compounds represent a rich and promising source of novel, biologically active chemical entities for treating leishmaniasis. sesquiterpene lactones are a recognized class of terpenoids with a wide spectrum of biological activities, including activity against leishmania spp. in this work, a sesquiterpene lactone-rich preparation-a leaf rinse extract (lre) from tithonia diversifolia-was tested against promastigote forms of l. braziliensis. the results revealed that the lre is a rich source ... | 2014 | 24830711 |
| in vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal activity of astronium fraxinifolium (schott) and plectranthus amboinicus (lour.) spreng against leishmania (viannia) braziliensis. | the aim of the present work was to evaluate antileishmanial activity of astronium fraxinifolium and plectranthus amboinicus. for the in vitro tests, essential oil of p. amboinicus (oepa) and ethanolic extracts from a. fraxinifolium (eeaf) were incubated with 10(6) promastigotes of l. (viannia) braziliensis. the oepa was able to reduce the parasite growth after 48 h; nonetheless, all the eeafs could totally abolish the parasite growth. for the in vivo studies, balb/c mice were infected subcutaneo ... | 2014 | 24829921 |
| tracking false-negative results in molecular diagnosis: proposal of a triplex-pcr based method for leishmaniasis diagnosis. | molecular biological methods have become increasingly relevant to the diagnosis and control of infectious diseases, such as leishmaniasis. since various factors may affect the sensitivity of pcr assays, including dna yield and purity, an optimal extraction method is pivotal. losses of a parasite's dna during extraction may significantly impair its detection by pcr and lead to false-negative results. this study proposes a triplex pcr assay targeting the parasite's dna, an external control (puc18) ... | 2014 | 24808911 |
| epitope mapping of the hsp83.1 protein of leishmania braziliensis discloses novel targets for immunodiagnosis of tegumentary and visceral clinical forms of leishmaniasis. | gold standard serological diagnostic methods focus on antigens that elicit a strong humoral immune response that is specific to a certain pathogen. in this study, we used bioinformatics approaches to identify linear b-cell epitopes that are conserved among leishmania species but are divergent from the host species homo sapiens and canis familiaris and from trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes chagas disease, to select potential targets for the immunodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. using these ... | 2014 | 24807053 |
| myd88 and tlr9 dependent immune responses mediate resistance to leishmania guyanensis infections, irrespective of leishmania rna virus burden. | infections with leishmania parasites of the leishmania viannia subgenus give rise to both localized cutaneous (cl), and metastatic leishmaniasis. metastasizing disease forms including disseminated (dcl) and mutocutaneous (mcl) leishmaniasis result from parasitic dissemination and lesion formation at sites distal to infection and have increased inflammatory responses. the presence of leishmania rna virus (lrv) in l. guyanensis parasites contributes to the exacerbation of disease and impacts infla ... | 2014 | 24801628 |
| comment on: s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno) is cytotoxic to intracellular amastigotes and promotes healing of topically treated leishmania major or leishmania braziliensis skin lesions. | | 2014 | 24777905 |
| polymorphisms and ambiguous sites present in dna sequences of leishmania clones: looking closer. | in genetic studies of leishmania parasites, co-dominant markers are chosen for their ability to detect heterozygous polymorphisms, to infer the occurrence of inbreeding and to resolve genetic variability. the majority of dna sequence based reports perform conventional dye terminator cycle sequencing where perfectly ambiguous sites or double peaks in the chromatogram are interpreted as heterozygous strains. however, molecular peculiarities of the parasite such as aneuploidy, mixed populations and ... | 2014 | 24768683 |
| chronicity of dermal leishmaniasis caused by leishmania panamensis is associated with parasite-mediated induction of chemokine gene expression. | chronic tegumentary leishmaniasis is characterized by a scarcity of parasites in lesions and a heightened inflammatory response. deregulated and hyperactive inflammation contributes to tissue damage and parasite persistence. the mechanisms by which immune cells are recruited to the lesion and their relationship to clinical outcomes remain elusive. we examined the expression levels of chemokines and their receptors in relation to clinical outcome in dermal leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (vian ... | 2014 | 24752514 |
| reactivation of mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis in a renal transplanted patient. | mucosal leishmaniasis (ml) is a chronic form of tegumentary leishmaniasis, which causes destructive lesions of nasal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal mucosa. we describe a case of leishmaniasis reactivation with simultaneous cutaneous and mucosal forms in a renal transplanted patient with no history of prior leishmaniasis. reactivation after renal transplantation was not reported in brazil. a 67-year-old woman receiving prednisone 20 mg/day, tacrolimus 1 mg/day, and mycophenolic acid 360 mg/day presen ... | 2014 | 24732458 |
| can equids be a reservoir of leishmania braziliensis in endemic areas? | in this study, we detected leishmania (viannia) braziliensis infection in equids living in endemic regions of cutaneous leishmaniasis. to determine the role of these animals in the leishmania cycle, we used two approaches: serological and molecular methods. antibodies to the parasite were assayed using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). blood samples were collected and tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and the positive products were sequenced. the results showed that 11.0% ( ... | 2014 | 24721908 |
| erythema exsudativum multiforme after a leishmania skin test. | a 45-year-old otherwise healthy male from an endemic region for leishmania braziliensis infection in bahia, brazil, presented with three erosive hemorrhagic infiltrated plaques on the left shin accompanied with lymphadenopathy in the groin since one month. a leishmania skin test performed on the left forearm was strongly positive (20 × 18 mm). two days later, the patient felt sick and feverish. painful erythematous target lesions developed on the palms and scapula together with conjunctivitis. h ... | 2014 | 24696403 |
| in vitro leishmanicidal activity of pyrazole-containing polyamine macrocycles which inhibit the fe-sod enzyme of leishmania infantum and leishmania braziliensis species. | the in vitro leishmanicidal activity and cytotoxicity of pyrazole-containing macrocyclic polyamines 1-4 was assayed on leishmania infantum and leishmania braziliensis species. compounds 1-4 were more active and less toxic than glucantime and both infection rates and ultrastructural alterations confirmed that 1 and 2 were highly leishmanicidal and induced extensive parasite cell damage. modifications in the excretion products of parasites treated with 1-3 were also consistent with substantial cyt ... | 2014 | 24636142 |
| a novel marker, arm58, confers antimony resistance to leishmania spp. | protozoa of the leishmania genus cause a variety of disease forms that rank at the top of the list of neglected tropical diseases. anti-leishmanial drugs based on pentavalent antimony have been the mainstay of therapy for over 60 years and resistance against them is increasingly encountered in the field. the biochemical basis for this is poorly understood and likely diverse. no stringent correlation between genetic markers and antimony resistance has so far been shown, prompting us to use a func ... | 2014 | 24596667 |
| leishmania braziliensis amastigotes stimulate production of il-1β, il-6, il-10 and tgf-β by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from nonendemic area healthy residents. | leishmania (viannia) braziliensis causes cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in several countries in latin america. in mammals, the parasites live as amastigotes, interacting with host immune cells and stimulating cytokine production that will drive the type of the specific immune responses. generation of th17 lymphocytes is associated with tissue destruction and depends on il-1β, il-6, tgf-β and il-23 production, whereas il-10 and tgf-β are associated with tissue protection. here, we evaluate w ... | 2014 | 24575815 |
| cd4 t cell activation by b cells in human leishmania (viannia) infection. | an effective adaptive immune response requires activation of specific cd4 t cells. the capacity of b cells to activate cd4 t cells in human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (viannia) has not been evaluated. | 2014 | 24568275 |
| multilocus sequence analysis for leishmania braziliensis outbreak investigation. | with the emergence of leishmaniasis in new regions around the world, molecular epidemiological methods with adequate discriminatory power, reproducibility, high throughput and inter-laboratory comparability are needed for outbreak investigation of this complex parasitic disease. as multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) has been projected as the future gold standard technique for leishmania species characterization, we propose a mlsa panel of six housekeeping gene loci (6pgd, mpi, icd, hsp70, mdhmt ... | 2014 | 24551258 |
| detection and characterization of leishmania (leishmania) and leishmania (viannia) by sybr green-based real-time pcr and high resolution melt analysis targeting kinetoplast minicircle dna. | leishmaniasis is a neglected disease with a broad clinical spectrum which includes asymptomatic infection. a thorough diagnosis, able to distinguish and quantify leishmania parasites in a clinical sample, constitutes a key step in choosing an appropriate therapy, making an accurate prognosis and performing epidemiological studies. several molecular techniques have been shown to be effective in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. in particular, a number of pcr methods have been developed on various t ... | 2014 | 24551178 |
| diagnosis of american cutaneous leishmaniasis by enzyme immunoassay using membrane antigens of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis. | this study evaluated the reactivity of membrane antigens of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis for the diagnosis of acl by enzyme immunoassay (eia). promastigotes of l. (v.) braziliensis were grown in medium 199 and lysed in a sonicator. sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and western blotting showed that specific proteins of l. (v.) braziliensis (apparent molecular weights 36 kda and 48-56 kda) were recognized by sera from acl patients. these proteins were eluted ... | 2014 | 24485589 |
| the role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis. | in tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by leishmania braziliensis, there is evidence that increased production of ifn-γ, tnf-α and absence of il-10 is associated with strong inflammatory reaction and with tissue destruction and development of the lesions observed in cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ml). we evaluate the role of regulatory cytokines and cytokine antagonists in the downregulation of immune response in l. braziliensis infection. peripheral blood mononuclear cells ... | 2014 | 24485388 |
| cd8+ t cells in situ in different clinical forms of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. | leishmania braziliensis infection induces a large spectrum of lesions that clinically manifest as nodules or papules that progress to ulcers. although it is already known that t helper cells predominate in the lesions, cytotoxic t cells have also been reported to be present, and their role in leishmaniasis immunopathogenesis is not well known. this study investigated the amounts of cd8+ and granzyme b+ cells in different clinical forms of human cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl). | 2017 | 24474014 |
| human classical monocytes control the intracellular stage of leishmania braziliensis by reactive oxygen species. | leishmania braziliensis are intracellular parasites that cause unique clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis. previous studies with other leishmania species demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ros) control promastigotes, the infective stage of the parasite, but not the amastigote form that exists in the mammalian host. here we show that ros inhibits growth of l. braziliensis amastigotes in resting monocytes, and that classical monocytes are primarily responsible for this control. ros, ... | 2014 | 24403561 |
| reduced antimony accumulation in arm58-overexpressing leishmania infantum. | antimony-based drugs are still the mainstay of chemotherapy against leishmania infections in many countries where the parasites are endemic. the efficacy of antimonials has been compromised by increasing numbers of resistant infections, the basis of which is not fully understood and likely involves multiple factors. by using a functional cloning strategy, we recently identified a novel antimony resistance marker, arm58, from the parasite leishmania braziliensis that protects the parasites agains ... | 2014 | 24366738 |
| leishmania braziliensis-reactive t cells are down-regulated in long-term cured cutaneous leishmaniasis, but the renewal capacity of t effector memory compartments is preserved. | leishmania (viannia) braziliensis control and tissue damage relate to the effector immune response, which in turn affects clinical outcome. leishmania reactive cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells are expanded in long-term healed cutaneous leishmaniasis (hcl) patients but their functional characteristics remain to be determined. this study investigates antigen-specific recall in long-term healed cl caused by l. braziliensis infection. healed cl subjects were grouped according to the time elapsed since the ... | 2013 | 24303052 |
| leishmanicidal activity of synthetic chalcones in leishmania (viannia) braziliensis. | the treatment of american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) is based on a small group of compounds that were developed decades ago, all of which are highly toxic and have a high rate of treatment failure. the chalcones show leishmanicidal activity, yet few studies have evaluated this activity against leishmania (viannia) braziliensis, one of the most important species of leishmania across latin america. four new synthetic chalcones (1-4) were evaluated for inhibitory activity in vitro against promas ... | 2014 | 24269198 |
| is the dog a possible reservoir for cutaneous leishmaniasis in suriname? | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is an emerging disease in suriname, with at least 200 cases per year. little is known about the biology of cl in the country. the most important parasite species is leishmania viannia guyanensis, but possible vectors and reservoirs are hardly incriminated. in the present study, it was investigated whether the dog could possibly be a zoonotic reservoir for the disease in suriname. forty-seven dogs were examined for overt clinical signs of leishmaniasis, and blood samp ... | 2013 | 24194768 |
| role of the trypanosoma brucei hen1 family methyltransferase in small interfering rna modification. | parasitic protozoa of the flagellate order kinetoplastida represent one of the deepest branches of the eukaryotic tree. among this group of organisms, the mechanism of rna interference (rnai) has been investigated in trypanosoma brucei and to a lesser degree in leishmania (viannia) spp. the pathway is triggered by long double-stranded rna (dsrna) and in t. brucei requires a set of five core genes, including a single argonaute (ago) protein, t. brucei ago1 (tbago1). the five genes are conserved i ... | 2014 | 24186950 |
| the effect of temperature on leishmania (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) development in sand flies. | the spread of leishmaniasis to areas where it was previously considered nonendemic has been recently found in the new and old worlds, and climate changes are suspected as a crucial factor responsible for this spread. ambient temperature is known to significantly affect the metabolism of sand flies and their developmental times, but little is known about the effect of temperature on the leishmania life cycle in vectors. this study assesses the effect of temperature on the development of two close ... | 2013 | 24180098 |
| identification of leishmania at the species level with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flightmaldi-tof mass spectrometry (ms) is now widely recognized as a powerful tool with which to identify bacteria and fungi at the species level, and sometimes in a rapid and accurate manner. we report herein an approach to identify, at the species level, leishmania promastigotes from in vitro culture. we first constructed a reference database of spectra including the main leishmania species known to cause human leishmaniasis. then, the perfor ... | 2014 | 24165542 |
| cellular growth and mitochondrial ultrastructure of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis promastigotes are affected by the iron chelator 2,2-dipyridyl. | iron is an essential element for the survival of microorganisms in vitro and in vivo, acting as a cofactor of several enzymes and playing a critical role in host-parasite relationships. leishmania (viannia) braziliensis is a parasite that is widespread in the new world and considered the major etiological agent of american tegumentary leishmaniasis. although iron depletion leads to promastigote and amastigote growth inhibition, little is known about the role of iron in the biology of leishmania. ... | 2013 | 24147167 |
| treatment failure and miltefosine susceptibility in dermal leishmaniasis caused by leishmania subgenus viannia species. | treatment failure and parasite drug susceptibility in dermal leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (viannia) species are poorly understood. prospective evaluation of drug susceptibility of strains isolated from individual patients before drug exposure and at clinical failure allows intrinsic and acquired differences in susceptibility to be discerned and analyzed. to determine whether intrinsic susceptibility or loss of susceptibility to miltefosine contributed to treatment failure, we evaluated the ... | 2014 | 24145529 |
| cytokine and nitric oxide patterns in dogs immunized with lbsap vaccine, before and after experimental challenge with leishmania chagasi plus saliva of lutzomyia longipalpis. | in the studies presented here, dogs were vaccinated against leishmania (leishmania) chagasi challenge infection using a preparation of leishmania braziliensis promastigote proteins and saponin as adjuvant (lbsap). vaccination with lbsap induced a prominent type 1 immune response that was characterized by increased levels of interleukin (il-) 12 and interferon gamma (ifn-γ) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) upon stimulation with soluble vaccine antigen. importantly, results ... | 2013 | 24129068 |
| identification of proteins interacting with hsp70 mrnas in leishmania braziliensis. | hsp70 protein is involved in leishmania differentiation, apoptosis, antimony-resistance and host-immune response. therefore, this protein and the regulatory mechanisms of hsp70 gene expression are promising targets for therapeutic intervention against leishmaniasis. the regulation of mrna expression in trypanosomatids operates mostly through the interaction of trans-acting proteins, and elements located in the untranslated regions of mrnas. the aim of this work was to identify protein factors in ... | 2013 | 24060997 |
| hindii and sdui digests of heat-shock protein 70 pcr for leishmania typing. | restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the heat-shock protein 70 gene have been used for discriminating leishmania species. here, we validated hindii as a much cheaper alternative to ecorii and sdui for discriminating leishmania (viannia) braziliensis from leishmania (viannia) naiffi and an atypical leishmania (v.) braziliensis group, which was previously not possible. | 2013 | 24050933 |
| first human cases of leishmania (viannia) naiffi infection in ecuador and identification of its suspected vector species. | epidemiological surveillance of leishmaniasis was conducted in a northern amazonian region of ecuador, in which cutaneous leishmaniasis cases were recently reported. sand flies were captured in the military training camp, and the natural infection of sand flies by leishmania species was examined. out of 334 female sand flies dissected, the natural infection by flagellates was microscopically detected in 3.9% of lutzomyia yuilli yuilli and 3.7% of lutzomyia tortura, and the parasite species were ... | 2013 | 24044975 |
| body weight as a determinant of clinical evolution in hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) infected with leishmania (viannia) panamensis. | the clinical outcome of infection with leishmania species of the subgenus viannia in hamster model (mesocricetus auratus) has shown to be different depending on experimental protocol. body weight has been a relevant determinant of the clinical outcome of the infection in hamsters with visceral leishmaniasis but its importance as a clinical parameter in hamsters with cutaneous leishmaniasis is not known. in this study, the clinical evolution of infection with l. (v) panamensis was evaluated in ju ... | 2015 | 24037292 |
| characterization of regulatory t cell (treg) function in patients infected with leishmania braziliensis. | th1 immune responses are crucial for eliminating leishmania parasites. however, despite strong th1 responses, cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) patients infected with leishmania braziliensis develop the disease, while milder th1 responses are found in sub-clinical (sc) infections. therefore, cl patients may experience impaired regulatory t cell (treg) function, causing excessive th1 responses and tissue damage. to address this hypothesis, we characterized the function of circulating tregs in l. brazi ... | 2013 | 23993989 |
| detection of dna from leishmania (viannia): accuracy of polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) can occur in skin and mucosa, causing disfiguring lesions. the laboratory diagnosis of cl involves immunological methods and optical detection of the parasite, al of which have limitations. there is a need for more effective diagnostic methods for cl which wil allow treatment to be initiated more promptly in order to help prevent the development of severe forms of mucosal disease, and to estimate the prognosis of the infection. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has ... | 2013 | 23976920 |
| expression of foxp3, tgf-β and il-10 in american cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. | regulatory t cells (tregs) are a unique population of cd25+cd4+ t cells that regulate innate and adaptive immune responses and have the ability to control the excessive or misdirected effects of the immune system. this modulation involves different mechanisms, such as the suppression of t cell proliferation and cytokine production, the secretion of suppressive cytokines (il-10 and tgf-β) and the induction of effector t cell apoptosis in humans with infectious diseases such as leishmania infectio ... | 2014 | 23922083 |
| three leishmania/l. species--l. infantum, l. major, l. tropica--as causative agents of mucosal leishmaniasis in iran. | cases of human oro-mucosal leishmaniasis are mainly reported in areas where leishmania (viannia) braziliensis perpetuates and the damages are mainly located at the cartilaginous nasal septum and frontal portions of the nasal fossa. in iran, an area free of any l.(v) braziliensis, three leishmania species are known to perpetuate through distinct (i) blood-feeding sand flies and (ii) rodents or (iii) canidae. thus while establishing the diagnosis of any human oro-mucosal lesions, three leishmania ... | 2013 | 23916336 |
| dogs immunized with lbsap vaccine displayed high levels of il-12 and il-10 cytokines and ccl4, ccl5 and cxcl8 chemokines in the dermis. | the complex interplay between cytokines and chemokines regulates innate and adaptive immune responses against pathogens; specifically, cytokine and chemokine expression drives activation of immune effector cells and their recruitment to tissue infection sites. herein, we inoculated dogs with leishmania braziliensis antigens plus saponin (the lbsap vaccine), as well as with the vaccine components, and then used real-time pcr to evaluate the kinetics of dermal expression of mrnas of cytokines (il- ... | 2013 | 23911411 |
| first record of leishmania braziliensis presence detected in bats, mato grosso do sul, southwest brazil. | leishmaniasis, a zoonotic disease caused by parasites of the genus leishmania, has expanded beyond its natural range and is becoming increasingly urban. using pcr and pcr-rflp, we detected leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in two bats (chiroptera) in mato grosso do sul, brazil, an endemic area. this is the first record of l. (v.) braziliensis in bats. it is also the first record of any leishmania sp. in bats in the state. the animals testing positive were found in both a rural site and an urban ... | 2013 | 23886850 |
| cytotoxic t cells mediate pathology and metastasis in cutaneous leishmaniasis. | disease progression in response to infection can be strongly influenced by both pathogen burden and infection-induced immunopathology. while current therapeutics focus on augmenting protective immune responses, identifying therapeutics that reduce infection-induced immunopathology are clearly warranted. despite the apparent protective role for murine cd8⁺ t cells following infection with the intracellular parasite leishmania, cd8⁺ t cells have been paradoxically linked to immunopathological resp ... | 2013 | 23874205 |
| small mammals as hosts of leishmania spp. in a highly endemic area for zoonotic leishmaniasis in north-eastern brazil. | leishmania parasites cause leishmaniasis in humans and animals worldwide. these parasites are transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, which become infected upon feeding on an infected mammalian host. we assessed the occurrence of leishmania infection in small mammals in an area of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis endemicity. | 2013 | 23868744 |
| assessment of leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities of aliphatic diamine derivatives. | leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activity of seventeen lipophilic diamines was evaluated in vitro against leishmania braziliensis, l. chagasi, and trypanosoma cruzi. twelve compounds presented anti-leishmania and six showed anti-t. cruzi amastigote activity. compound 14 (n-tetradecyl-1,4-butanediamine) was the most active against both l. braziliensis (ic50 = 2.6 μm) and l. chagasi (ic50 = 3.0 μm) which showed a selectivity index (si) >100. n-decyl-1,6-hexanediamine (compound 9) presented an ic5 ... | 2013 | 23865595 |
| phlebotomine sandfly fauna and natural leishmania infection rates in a rural area of cerrado (tropical savannah) in nova mutum, state of mato grosso in brazil. | american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) has been reported in every municipality of the state of mato grosso, brazil, but the transmission epidemiology remains poorly understood. our study was developed in a rural area of the nova mutum municipality where four autochthonous cases of acl were reported in 2009. our aims were to describe the local phlebotomine sandfly fauna and to investigate the infection rates and infecting leishmania species in the captured sandflies. | 2013 | 23856858 |
| first evidence of autochthonous cases of leishmania (leishmania) infantum in horse (equus caballus) in the americas and mixed infection of leishmania infantum and leishmania (viannia) braziliensis. | this study reports the first evidence of infection by leishmania infantum in equus caballus in americas and the first mixed infection of l. infantum/leishmania braziliensis on this mammalian species in the world. the diagnoses was based on presence of parasites in lesions and bone marrow aspirates, their identification by using specific primers for l. infantum and l. braziliensis complexes and also serological methods ifat and elisa. the analysis of the pcr products suggested mixed infection in ... | 2013 | 23845306 |
| comparative proteomic analysis of antimony-resistant and -susceptible leishmania braziliensis and leishmania infantum chagasi lines. | the emergence of drug-resistant leishmania species is a significant problem in several countries. a comparative proteomic analysis of antimony-susceptible and antimony-resistant leishmania braziliensis (lbsbr) and leishmania infantum chagasi (lcsbr) lines was carried out using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) followed by mass spectrometry (lc/ms/ms) for protein identification. out of 132 protein spots exclusive or up-regulated submitted to ms, we identified 80 proteins that corresponde ... | 2013 | 23831370 |
| alpha tubulin genes from leishmania braziliensis: genomic organization, gene structure and insights on their expression. | alpha tubulin is a fundamental component of the cytoskeleton which is responsible for cell shape and is involved in cell division, ciliary and flagellar motility and intracellular transport. alpha tubulin gene expression varies according to the morphological changes suffered by leishmania in its life cycle. however, the objective of studying the mechanisms responsible for the differential expression has resulted to be a difficult task due to the complex genome organization of tubulin genes and t ... | 2013 | 23829570 |
| low resolution structural studies indicate that the activator of hsp90 atpase 1 (aha1) of leishmania braziliensis has an elongated shape which allows its interaction with both n- and m-domains of hsp90. | the hsp90 molecular chaperone is essential for protein homeostasis and in the maturation of proteins involved with cell-cycle control. the low atpase activity of hsp90 is critical to drive its functional cycle, which is dependent on the hsp90 cochaperones. the activator of hsp90 atpase-1 (aha1) is a protein formed by two domains, n- and c-terminal, that stimulates the hsp90 atpase activity by several folds. although the relevance of aha1 for hsp90 functions has been proved, as well as its involv ... | 2013 | 23826147 |
| leishmania braziliensis: cytotoxic, cytostatic and chemotactic effects of poly-lysine-methotrexate-conjugates. | chemotactic responses play a significant role during leishmania differentiation, as well as in the course of parasite-host-cell interaction, a process that precedes a successful infection. the present study uses the modified "two-chamber capillary assay" to quantitatively evaluate the chemotactic properties and the toxic activities of methotrexate containing branched chain polymeric polypeptide conjugates in leishmania. our results demonstrate that this methodology quantitatively determines the ... | 2013 | 23816643 |
| s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno) is cytotoxic to intracellular amastigotes and promotes healing of topically treated leishmania major or leishmania braziliensis skin lesions. | this study was designed to verify the cytotoxic activity of s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno) against intracellular leishmania amastigotes and to test its efficacy as a topical treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (lcl) in leishmania major- or leishmania braziliensis-infected mice. | 2013 | 23788476 |
| american tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis: assessment of parasite genetic variability at intra- and inter-patient levels. | the genetic variability of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis was assessed at intra and interpatient levels of individuals with different clinical manifestations of american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl). | 2013 | 23786878 |
| specificity of the rapid rk39 antigen-based immunochromatographic test kalazar detect(r) in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in brazil. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the specificity of a rapid immunochromatographic test that was developed to detect antibodies against the rk39 antigen for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). this evaluation was performed using sera from patients with a confirmed diagnosis of active cutaneous leishmaniasis. the sera from 272 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of localised cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) who resided in an area endemic for leishmania braziliensis in brazil were obtain ... | 2013 | 23778671 |
| synthesis and biological activity of sulfur compounds showing structural analogy with combretastatin a-4. | we extended our previous exploration of sulfur bridges as bioisosteric replacements for atoms forming the bridge between the aromatic rings of combretastatin a-4. employing coupling reactions between 5-iodo-1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene and substituted thiols, followed by oxidation to sulfones with m-cpba, different locations for attaching the sulfur atom to ring a through the synthesis of nine compounds were examined. antitubulin activity was performed with electrophoretically homogenous bovine brain ... | 2013 | 23766547 |
| brazilian propolis antileishmanial and immunomodulatory effects. | the antileishmanial and immunomodulatory effects of propolis collected in botucatu, são paulo state, brazil, were evaluated in leishmania (viannia) braziliensis experimental infection. the antileishmanial effect of propolis on promastigote forms was verified by reducing growth and by promoting morphologic alterations observed by scanning electron microscopy. in in vitro immunomodulatory assays, macrophages were pretreated with propolis and then infected with l. (v.) braziliensis. in vivo, supern ... | 2013 | 23762152 |
| anti-leishmanial evaluation of c2-aryl quinolines: mechanistic insight on bioenergetics and sterol biosynthetic pathway of leishmania braziliensis. | a series of diverse simple c2-aryl quinolines was synthesized de novo via a straightforward synthesis based on the acid-catalyzed multicomponent imino diels-alder reactions. seven selected quinolines were evaluated at different stages of leishmania braziliensis parasite. among them, the 6-ethyl-2-phenylquinoline 5f was able to inhibit the growth of promastigotes of this parasite without affecting the mammalian cells viability and decreasing the number of intracellular l. braziliensis amastigotes ... | 2013 | 23719286 |
| first molecular-based detection of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania major in iran. | mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which mostly occurs in the new world, is mainly associated with leishmania braziliensis and to a lesser degree l. panamensis and l. amazonensis infections. primary mucosal leishmaniasis is very rare in iran in spite of high prevalence of cutaneous and visceral leishmanisis. a nine-year-old boy had cutaneous leishmaniaisis for five years involving the left side of his face; he then developed swelling and ulceration of the lip and left side buccal mucosa five months be ... | 2013 | 23669431 |
| myriocin, a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor, blocks cytokinesis in leishmania (viannia) braziliensis promastigotes. | we studied the effect of myriocin, an inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase, on cultured leishmania (viannia) braziliensis promastigotes. myriocin significantly reduced synthesis of inositol phosphorylceramide, the major sphingolipid expressed in promastigotes as characterized by thin layer chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. log-phase promastigotes treated with 1 μm myriocin showed a 52% reduction in growth rate and morphological alterations such as more rounded sha ... | 2015 | 23659342 |
| plga nanoparticles loaded with kmp-11 stimulate innate immunity and induce the killing of leishmania. | we recently demonstrated that immunization with polyester poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid) (plga) nanoparticles loaded with the 11-kda leishmania vaccine candidate kinetoplastid membrane protein 11 (kmp-11) significantly reduced parasite load in vivo. presently, we explored the ability of the recombinant plga nanoparticles to stimulate innate responses in macrophages and the outcome of infection with leishmania braziliensis in vitro. incubation of macrophages with kmp-11-loaded plga nanoparticles ... | 2013 | 23603355 |
| detection and quantification of leishmania braziliensis in ectoparasites from dogs. | american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) is a disease caused by different species of leishmania protozoa, leishmania braziliensis being the main species found in brazil. in this study, two rural areas in pernambuco, northeastern brazil, where acl is endemic, were selected. genomic dna was extracted from canine ectoparasites (ticks, fleas, and lice) and tested using a conventional pcr and a quantitative real time pcr. a total of 117 ectoparasites were collected, being 50 (42.74%) of them positive f ... | 2013 | 23601843 |
| clinical complexity of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis infections amongst travelers. | the protozoan parasite leishmania (viannia) braziliensis is one of the main causes of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in south america. here, we describe three cases of l. (v.) braziliensis infection which were acquired during travelling in bolivia, peru or paraguay and illustrate the phenotypic heterogeneity and therapeutic complexity of the disease. two patients presented with unusual clinical manifestations, i.e. with prominent regional lymphadenopathy ("bubonic leishmaniasis") and ... | 2013 | 23557633 |
| real-time pcr assay for detection and quantification of leishmania (viannia) organisms in skin and mucosal lesions: exploratory study of parasite load and clinical parameters. | earlier histopathology studies suggest that parasite loads may differ between cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ml) lesions and between acute and chronic cl. formal demonstration requires highly sensitive detection and accurate quantification of leishmania in human lesional tissue. in this study, we developed a quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay targeting minicircle kinetoplast dna (kdna) to detect and quantify leishmania (viannia) parasites. we evaluated a total of 15 ... | 2013 | 23554201 |
| cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of the mitochondrial tryparedoxin peroxidase from leishmania braziliensis. | tryparedoxin peroxidase (txnpx) is an essential constituent of the main enzymatic scavenger system for reactive oxygen species (ros) in trypanosomatids. genetic studies have demonstrated the importance of this system for the development and virulence of these parasites, representing a potential target for the discovery of new trypanocidal drugs. in this work, the mitochondrial txnpx from leishmania braziliensis was cloned, overexpressed, purified and crystallized. the crystals diffracted to 3.3 ... | 2013 | 23545647 |
| two biochemically distinct lipophosphoglycans from leishmania braziliensis and leishmania infantum trigger different innate immune responses in murine macrophages. | the dominant, cell surface lipophosphoglycan (lpg) of leishmania is a multifunctional molecule involved in the interaction with vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. although the role of lpg on infection has been extensively studied, it is not known if lpg interspecies variations contribute to the different immunopathologies of leishmaniases. to investigate the issue of interspecies polymorphisms, two leishmania species from the new world that express structural variations of side chains of lpg rep ... | 2013 | 23497381 |
| role of toll-like receptor 9 signaling in experimental leishmania braziliensis infection. | infection with leishmania braziliensis causes cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. toll-like receptor 9 (tlr9) expression has been found in granulomas of lesions in l. braziliensis-infected individuals. l. braziliensis inoculation in mice induces very small lesions that are self-healing, whereas deficiency in the tlr adaptor molecule, myd88, renders mice susceptible to infection. the tlr involved has not been identified, prompting us to investigate if tlr9 triggering by the parasi ... | 2013 | 23439309 |
| cytokines and no in american tegumentary leishmaniasis patients: profiles in active disease, after therapy and in self-healed individuals. | studies suggest the influence of immune response on the successful treatment of american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl), and indicate the existence of protective immunity in self-healed patients. thus, the aim of this work was to quantify interferon-gamma (ifn-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-α), interleukin (il-) 10, il-17, il-22 and nitric oxide (no) in culture supernatants of pbmc from patients with active disease (ad), after treatment (at), and from self-healed (sh) and healthy subjects ... | 2013 | 23428929 |
| synthesis, cytotoxicity and in vitro antileishmanial activity of naphthothiazoles. | the leishmaniasis is a spectral disease caused by the protozoan leishmania spp., which threatens millions of people worldwide. current treatments exhibit high toxicity, and there is no vaccine available. the need for new lead compounds with leishmanicidal activity is urgent. considering that many lead leishmanicidal compounds contain a quinoidal scaffold and the thiazole heterocyclic ring is found in a number of antimicrobial drugs, we proposed a hybridization approach to generate a diverse set ... | 2013 | 23421616 |
| genetic diversity of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in lutzomyia spp., with special reference to lutzomyia peruensis, a main vector of leishmania (viannia) peruviana in the peruvian andes. | the genetic divergence caused by genetic drift and/or selection is suggested to affect the vectorial capacity and insecticide susceptibility of sand flies, as well as other arthropods. in the present study, cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequences were determined in 13 species circulating in peru to establish a basis for analysis of the genetic structure, and the intraspecific genetic diversity was assessed in the lutzomyia (lu.) peruensis, a main vector species of leishmania (viannia) peruviana in p ... | 2013 | 23416127 |
| assessment of drug resistance related genes as candidate markers for treatment outcome prediction of cutaneous leishmaniasis in brazil. | the great public health problem posed by leishmaniasis has substantially worsened in recent years by the emergence of clinical failure. in brazil, the poor prognosis observed for patients infected by leishmania braziliensis (lb) or l. guyanensis (lg) may be related to parasite drug resistance. in the present study, 19 lb and 29 lg isolates were obtained from infected patients with different treatment outcomes. translated amino acid sequence polymorphisms from four described antimony resistance r ... | 2013 | 23416123 |
| quantitative real time pcr assays for the detection of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in animals and humans. | american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) caused by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis is a neglected disease of humans in the new world that may also cause irreversible skin and eventually mucocutaneous lesions. this parasite can also infect dogs and represents a diagnostic challenge for veterinarians. methods currently available for the diagnosis of acl have a low sensitivity and may be time-consuming, representing a limit for treatment expedition of acl. quantitative real time pcr assays (qpcr) f ... | 2013 | 23402826 |
| golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) as an experimental model for leishmania (viannia) braziliensis infection. | the lack of an adequate model for leishmania (viannia) braziliensis infection is a limiting factor for studying american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl). the golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) is a promising model because besides being highly susceptible to dermotropic leishmania infection, the lesions are very similar to cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in humans. however, different leishmania isolates or species and/or protocols have resulted in different outcomes, whereas no study has evaluate ... | 2013 | 23369503 |
| live attenuated leishmania donovani p27 gene knockout parasites are nonpathogenic and elicit long-term protective immunity in balb/c mice. | leishmaniasis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and no vaccines against this disease are available. previously, we had shown that the amastigote-specific protein p27 (ldp27) is a component of an active cytochrome c oxidase complex in leishmania donovani and that upon deletion of its gene the parasite had reduced virulence in vivo. in this study, we have shown that ldp27(-/-) parasites do not survive beyond 20 wk in balb/c mice and hence are safe as an immunogen. upon virulent ... | 2013 | 23338240 |