| tea and its consumption: benefits and risks. | the recent convention of introducing phytochemicals to support the immune system or combat diseases is a centuries' old tradition. nutritional support is an emerging advancement in the domain of diet-based therapies; tea and its constituents are one of the significant components of these strategies to maintain the health and reduce the risk of various malignancies. tea is the most frequently consumed beverage worldwide, besides water. all the three most popular types of tea, green (unfermented), ... | 2015 | 24915350 |
| a review on the structure-function relationship aspect of polysaccharides from tea materials. | tea (camellia sinensis) has a long history of medicinal use in the world. the chemical components of tea mainly consist of polyphenols (tpp), proteins, polysaccharides (tps), chlorophyll, alkaloids, and so on. great advances have been made in chemical and bioactive studies of catechins and tpp from tea in recent decades. however, the tps from tea materials have received much less consideration than that of tpp. the number of relevant publications on the tps from tea leaves and flowers has increa ... | 2015 | 24915319 |
| metabolic variation and antioxidant potential of malus prunifolia (wild apple) compared with high flavon-3-ol containing fruits (apple, grapes) and beverage (black tea). | secondary metabolic variation of wild apple (malus prunifolia) was compared with fruits that contained high flavan-3-ol like grapes (gr), apple (app) and the beverage, black tea (bt). the polyphenol contents in wild apple was higher than in gr and app but less than bt. the identified phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids) and flavonoids (quercetin and myricetin) indicate that wild apple was higher than that of app. among all the samples, bt had highest ... | 2014 | 24912694 |
| effect of camellia sinensis supplementation and increasing holding time on quality of cryopreserved boar semen. | cryopreservation of boar semen is still considered suboptimal due to the low fertility when compared with fresh semen. this study was performed to evaluate the effects of green tea (camellia sinensis) supplementation of the freezing extender at different concentration (0, 2.5%, 5%, 10%) and also to determine the influence of increasing holding time from 2 to 24 h at 15 °c. seventeen ejaculates from nine boars were used to make pools of three of them and then cryopreserved. sperm motility, viabil ... | 2015 | 24909203 |
| black tea extract and its thearubigins relieve the sildenafil-induced delayed gut motility in mice: a possible role of nitric oxide. | in this study we hypothesize that a standardized black tea aqueous extract (bte) and thearubigins, its main polyphenolic pigments, will improve sildenafil-induced delay in gastric emptying (ge) and small intestinal transit (sit) in mice. twenty groups of mice (n = 8) were given a phenol red meal, and three sets of experiments were performed. in the first and second sets, effects of different concentrations of bte, thearubigins (trs), and sildenafil (sld), alone and in combinations, on ge and sit ... | 2014 | 24895242 |
| accuracy of surgical wound drainage measurements: an analysis and comparison. | surgical drain tube readings can influence the clinical management of the post-operative patient. the accuracy of these readings has not been documented in the current literature and this experimental study aims to address this paucity. | 2015 | 24891212 |
| effects of black tea on body composition and metabolic outcomes related to cardiovascular disease risk: a randomized controlled trial. | there is increasing evidence that tea and its non-caffeine components (primarily flavonoids) contribute to cardiovascular health. randomized controlled trials have shown that tea can improve cardiovascular disease risk factors. we have previously reported a non-caffeine associated beneficial effect of regular black tea consumption on blood pressure and its variation. | 2014 | 24889137 |
| a green and black tea extract benefits urological health in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. | the objective of this study was to examine the effects of a green and black tea extract blend [assuritea men's health (amh)] in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (luts). | 2014 | 24883106 |
| overexpression of a tea flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene confers tolerance to salt stress and alternaria solani in transgenic tobacco. | flavan-3-ols are the major flavonoids present in tea (camellia sinensis) leaves. these are known to have antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties in vitro. flavanone 3-hydroxylase is considered to be an important enzyme of flavonoid pathway leading to accumulation of flavan-3-ols in tea. expression analysis revealed the upregulation in transcript levels of c. sinensis flavanone 3-hydroxylase (csf3h) encoding gene under salt stress. in this study, the biotechnological potential of csf3h ... | 2014 | 24880475 |
| recent scientific studies of a traditional chinese medicine, tea, on prevention of chronic diseases. | green tea ( lǜ chá), made from the leaves of the plant camellia sinensis, has traditionally been used as a medicine in china for thousands of years. according to the classical work of li shizhen ( lǐ shí zhēn) of the ming dynasty, "tea is cold and lowers the fire." since fire (inflammation) causes many diseases, could tea be effective in the prevention of many diseases? the possible prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases ... | 2014 | 24872929 |
| quantification of gamma-aminobutyric acid in sri lankan tea by means of ultra performance tandem mass spectrometry. | gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), an important bioactive component of tea, acts as a major inhibitory neurotransmitter and is considered to influence other physiological processes in human as well as in planta. in the hereby presented study, the content of this valuable metabolite was investigated in two novel types of ceylon tea, explicitly "silver tips" and "white tea", originating from minimally processed buds of the unique cultivar, "tri 2043". the samples were subjected to hot water infusion, ... | 2014 | 24868875 |
| concentrated green tea extract induces severe acute hepatitis in a 63-year-old woman--a case report with pharmaceutical analysis. | etnopharmacological relevance: the popularity of concentrated green tea extracts as dietary supplements for a wide range of applications is increasing due to their health-promoting effects attributed to the high amounts of catechins they contain. the most important of the green tea catechins is (-)-epigallocatechin-3-o-gallate (egcg). while their beneficiary effects have been studied extensively, a small number of adverse events have been reported in the medical literature. here we present a typ ... | 2014 | 24862489 |
| the use of green tea (camellia sinensis) as a phytogenic substance in poultry diets. | this review examined the use of green tea (camellia sinensis) in the diets of poultry. research findings were obtained from various recent studies, where much attention was focused on the role of green tea in the promotion of both animal and human health. the review involved some of the currently available information about green tea, pertaining to its chemical composition, anticoccidial and antimicrobial effect, effect on broiler and layer performance and on blood and egg yolk constituents. to ... | 2014 | 24833345 |
| nutritional status and coronary artery disease: a cross sectional study. | nutrition is among the most important factors influencing coronary artery disease. | 2014 | 24829768 |
| consumption of green tea, but not black tea or coffee, is associated with reduced risk of cognitive decline. | our objective was to determine whether the consumption of green tea, coffee, or black tea influences the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (mci) in older people. we conducted a population-based prospective study with japanese residents aged >60 years from nakajima, japan (the nakajima project). participants received an evaluation of cognitive function and blood tests. the consumption of green tea, coffee, and black tea was also evaluated at baseline. of 723 participants with no ... | 2014 | 24828424 |
| effect of commercially available green and black tea beverages on drug-metabolizing enzymes and oxidative stress in wistar rats. | the effect of commercially available green tea (gt) and black tea (bt) drinks on drug metabolizing enzymes (dme) and oxidative stress in rats was investigated. male wistar rats were fed a laboratory chow diet and gt or bt drink for 5 weeks. control rats received de-ionized water instead of the tea drinks. rats received the gt and bt drinks treatment for 5 weeks showed a significant increase in hepatic microsomal cytochrome p450 (cyp) 1a1 and cyp1a2, and a significant decrease in cyp2c, cyp2e1 an ... | 2014 | 24815822 |
| a summary of a cochrane review: green and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. | | 2014 | 24808983 |
| analysis of trace metals and perfluorinated compounds in 43 representative tea products from south china. | six trace metals (cd, pb, cr, cu, zn, and mn) and 2 perfluorinated compounds (pfcs), perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos) and perfluorooctanoic acid (pfoa), were analyzed in 43 representative tea products (including 18 green, 12 oolong, and 13 black teas) from 7 main tea production provinces in china, using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for trace metals analysis and hplc-ms/ms for pfos and pfoa analysis. the average contents of the 3 essential metals mn, cu, and zn ions in the tea samples ... | 2014 | 24806350 |
| caffeine and total polyphenol contents of market tea cultivated and processed in bangladesh. | the aim of this study was to determine the contents of caffeine and total polyphenol in six brands of market tea cultivated and processed in bangladesh. | 2013 | 24800393 |
| iqp-gc-101 reduces body weight and body fat mass: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. | iqp-gc-101 is a patented blend of the standardized extracts of garcinia cambogia, camellia sinensis, unroasted coffea arabica, and lagerstroemia speciosa. these individual ingredients of iqp-gc-101 have each shown promise in promoting weight loss; however, the efficacy of the blend has not been established. this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group study conducted over 14 weeks (including a 2-week run-in phase) aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of iqp-gc-101 in ... | 2014 | 24797657 |
| effects of water availability and pest pressures on tea (camellia sinensis) growth and functional quality. | extreme shifts in water availability linked to global climate change are impacting crops worldwide. the present study examines the direct and interactive effects of water availability and pest pressures on tea (camellia sinensis; theaceae) growth and functional quality. manipulative greenhouse experiments were used to measure the effects of variable water availability and pest pressures simulated by jasmonic acid (ja) on tea leaf growth and secondary metabolites that determine tea quality. water ... | 2014 | 24790117 |
| development and characterization of single nucleotide polymorphism markers in camellia sinensis (theaceae). | tea is the second most popular non-alcoholic beverage in the world. in recent years, several molecular markers have been used in genetic studies of the tea plant. yet, only a few single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) have been reported. here, we identified 818 putative snps from expressed sequence tag (est) databases for the tea plant, which produced a frequency of 1 snp/170 bp. a direct sequencing method was then used to verify 253 putative snps in genome dna of 17 tea varieties. fifty (20%) c ... | 2014 | 24782211 |
| essential and toxic metals in tea (camellia sinensis) imported and produced in ethiopia. | sixteen samples of packed tea leaves (camellia sinensis) were purchased from supermarkets in addis ababa, ethiopia for metal analysis. elements were measured by faas and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (gfaas) employing external calibration curves. the levels in mg/kg dried weight basis varied from cu: 4.7-12.9; cd: 0.02-2.83; pb: <0.01-2.29; zn: 8.6-198.3; mn: 81.7-962.2; al: 3376.4-10,369.3; k: 7667.7-10,775; li: 0.2-0.62; ba: 9.4-1407.1; mg: 1145.6-1834.1; fe: 286.4-880.9; ca: ... | 2014 | 24779976 |
| chromium level and intake from chinese made tea. | tea is a popular drink around the world. it is also one of the sources of metal intake. the objectives of this study were to assess chromium (cr) intake from popular green, oolong, black and pu-erh tea. in total, 128 chinese made teas were analysed and concentration differences among four types of tea were explored. black tea contained highest total cr, which varied between 0.63 and 17.60 mg/kg. the lowest content was found in the green tea samples, between 0.26 and 1.30 mg/kg. cr(iii) and cr(vi ... | 2013 | 24779940 |
| aflatoxins in black tea in iran. | aflatoxins (afs) are highly toxic, and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolites and have been detected in various food commodities. in this regard, 40 black tea samples including domestic and imported black tea were analysed for aflatoxin contamination by high-performance liquid chromatography using a post-column derivatisation procedure (kobra cell) with fluorescence detection. samples were randomly collected in 2010 from tehran markets. the results revealed that 30 among 40 samples were conta ... | 2013 | 24779878 |
| heavy metal content of black teas consumed in iran. | tea (camellia sinensis) is the most widely consumed beverage in several parts of the world. tea consumption is a major component of the traditional iranian diet; however, limited data are available indicating heavy metals content of this beverage. this study aimed to assess concentrations of heavy metals, including copper, lead, cadmium, chromium and mercury as well as minerals like zinc and iron in black tea samples. atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the elements of interest ... | 2013 | 24779877 |
| diet patterns and risk of squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma: a case-control study in uruguay. | oesophageal cancer presents high incidence rates in the so-called brazilian-uruguayan belt. | 2014 | 24761898 |
| induction of apoptosis and cytotoxic activities of iranian orthodox black tea extract (bte) using in vitro models. | plant-derivate therapeutic agents can perform cancer chemotherapeutic activity through triggering apoptotic cell death. our aim was to investigate the cytotoxic effects, induction of apoptosis, and the mechanism of cell death of iranian orthodox black tea extracts (btes) and hydro methanolic purified fractions (40, 60, 80 and 100%) in kb cells (oral squamous cell carcinoma). | 2014 | 24754009 |
| crystal structures of β-primeverosidase in complex with disaccharide amidine inhibitors. | β-primeverosidase (pd) is a disaccharide-specific β-glycosidase in tea leaves. this enzyme is involved in aroma formation during the manufacturing process of oolong tea and black tea. pd hydrolyzes β-primeveroside (6-o-β-d-xylopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside) at the β-glycosidic bond of primeverose to aglycone, and releases aromatic alcoholic volatiles of aglycones. pd only accepts primeverose as the glycone substrate, but broadly accepts various aglycones, including 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcoho ... | 2014 | 24753293 |
| coffee, alcohol and other beverages in relation to cirrhosis mortality: the singapore chinese health study. | limited experimental and epidemiologic data suggest that coffee may reduce hepatic damage in chronic liver disease. the association between consumption of coffee and other beverages and risk of cirrhosis mortality was evaluated in the singapore chinese health study. this is a prospective population-based cohort of 63,275 middle-aged and older chinese subjects who provided data on diet, lifestyle, and medical histories through in-person interviews using a structured questionnaire at enrollment be ... | 2014 | 24753005 |
| colour stainability of indirect cad-cam processed composites vs. conventionally laboratory processed composites after immersion in staining solutions. | the aim of this study was to determine, by using a spectrophotometer device, the colour stainability of two indirect cad/cam processed composites in comparison with two conventionally laboratory-processed composites after being immersed 4 weeks in staining solutions such as coffee, black tea and red wine, using distilled water as control group. | 2014 | 24746713 |
| the characterization of caffeine and nine individual catechins in the leaves of green tea (camellia sinensis l.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. | near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (nirs) was used to determine the contents of caffeine and nine individual catechins in tea leaves. a total of 665 samples were scanned by nirs, and also by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector to determine the contents of caffeine and nine individual catechins. the calibration models for caffeine, egc, c, egcg, ec, ecg, and total catechins had high r(2) (more than 0.90) and rsp (the ratio of standard deviation of referenc ... | 2014 | 24731354 |
| the use of green tea (<i>camellia sinensis</i>) as a phytogenic substance in poultry diets. | this review examined the use of green tea (camellia sinensis) in the diets of poultry. research findings were obtained from various recent studies, where much attention was focused on the role of green tea in the promotion of both animal and human health. the review involved some of the currently available information about green tea, pertaining to its chemical composition, anticoccidial and antimicrobial effect, effect on broiler and layer performance and on blood and egg yolk constituents. to ... | 2014 | 28235287 |
| aroma changes of black tea prepared from methyl jasmonate treated tea plants. | methyl jasmonate (meja) was widely applied in promoting food quality. aroma is one of the key indicators in judging the quality of tea. this study examined the effect of exogenous meja treatment on tea aroma. the aroma components in black tea prepared from meja-treated fresh tea leaves were extracted using headspace solid-phase microextraction (hs-spme) and were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and gc-olfactometry (gc-o). forty-five volatile compounds were identified. ... | 2014 | 24711352 |
| the red spider mite, oligonychus coffeae (acari: tetranychidae): its status, biology, ecology and management in tea plantations. | oligonychus coffeae nietner (acari: tetranychidae), the red spider mite (rsm), is a major pest of tea (camellia sinensis) in most tea-producing countries. nymphs and adults of rsm lacerate cells, producing minute characteristic reddish brown marks on the upper surface of mature leaves, which turn red in severe cases of infestation, resulting in crop loss. the pest is present on tea all the year round, although numbers vary depending on season. their number increases as the weather warms up and d ... | 2014 | 24705870 |
| interactions among chemical components of cocoa tea (camellia ptilophylla chang), a naturally low caffeine-containing tea species. | in the 1980s, a novel tea species, cocoa tea (camellia ptilophylla chang), was discovered in southern china with surprisingly low caffeine content (0.2% by dry weight). although its health promoting characteristics have been known for a while, a very limited amount of scientific research has been focused on cocoa tea. herein, a systematic study on cocoa tea and its chemical components, interactions and bioactivities was performed. yd tea (yunnan daye tea, camellia sinensis), a tea species with a ... | 2014 | 24699984 |
| application of derivative and derivative ratio spectrophotometry to simultaneous trace determination of rhodamine b and rhodamine 6g after dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. | two novel methods, first derivative spectrophotometric method ((1)d) and first derivative ratio spectrophotometric method ((1)dr), have been developed for the simultaneous trace determination of rhodamine b (rhb) and rhodamine 6g (rh6g) in food samples after dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (dllme). the combination of derivative spectrophotometric techniques and dllme procedure endows the presented methods with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. under optimum conditions, the linear ca ... | 2014 | 24691361 |
| construction of a ssr-based genetic map and identification of qtls for catechins content in tea plant (camellia sinensis). | catechins are the most important bioactive compounds in tea, and have been demonstrated to possess a wide variety of pharmacological activities. to characterize quantitative trait loci (qtls) for catechins content in the tender shoots of tea plant, we constructed a moderately saturated genetic map using 406 simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers, based on a pseudo-testcross population of 183 individuals derived from an intraspecific cross of two camellia sinensis varieties with diverse catechins c ... | 2014 | 24676054 |
| the effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. | many different dietary supplements are currently marketed for the management of hypertension, but the evidence for effectiveness is mixed. the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for or against the effectiveness of green tea (camellia sinensis) on blood pressure and lipid parameters. | 2014 | 24675010 |
| rapid and sustained systemic circulation of conjugated gut microbial catabolites after single-dose black tea extract consumption. | gut microbial catabolites of black tea polyphenols (btps) have been proposed to exert beneficial cardiovascular bioactivity. this hypothesis is difficult to verify because the conjugation patterns and pharmacokinetics of these catabolites are largely unknown. the objective of our study was to identify, quantify, and assess the pharmacokinetics of conjugated btp metabolites in plasma of healthy humans by means of an a priori untargeted lc-ms-based metabolomics approach. in a randomized, open, pla ... | 2014 | 24673575 |
| differential expression of micrornas in dormant bud of tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze]. | expression analysis of mirnas and understanding their target genes function in dormant tea bud might be used to identify molecular network panel and novel approaches for modulating dormancy in tea. tea [camellia sinensis (l) o. kuntze, theaceae] is an important commercial beverage crop manufactured from the apical bud and two leaves immediately below the bud. the yield and quality of tea depend on the vegetative growth of shoots and bud dormancy. the dormancy of bud is being regulated by many fa ... | 2014 | 24658841 |
| the resonance rayleigh light scattering spectral investigation on the interaction of dna with camellia sinensis in the presence of cpc and its analytical application. | a novel method with high sensitivity was designed for the determination of trace nucleic acids by using cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (cpc) and camellia sinensis (cs) as resonance rayleigh light scattering (rls) probes. it was found dna could combine with cs and cpc in tris-hcl buffer (ph=7.4). under optimum conditions, the rls intensity of dna can be enhanced by cpc-cs obviously at 294nm, and the enhanced rls intensity was directly proportional to dna concentration in the range f ... | 2014 | 24637271 |
| tea consumption and the risk of five major cancers: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. | we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies to summarize evidence of the association between tea consumption and the risk of breast, colorectal, liver, prostate, and stomach cancer. | 2014 | 24636229 |
| biosynthesis of catechin components is differentially regulated in dark-treated tea (camellia sinensis l.). | tea (camellia sinensis l.) is a crop with both commercial and medicinal value with remarkably high polyphenol content in the form of catechins. to understand the molecular regulation of catechin biosynthesis in tea, we treated the tea plants with darkness. we used qrt-pcr to validate the expression of genes involved in catechin biosynthesis. it indicated that dark treatment displayed different effects on the genes participating in tea flavonoid (fl) pathway. the early genes of fl biosynthesis pa ... | 2014 | 24632491 |
| a natural solution for obesity: bioactives for the prevention and treatment of weight gain. a review. | obesity and obesity-related disorders are reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. in this review, we summarize the accumulating studies that have emerged in the last few decades demonstrating that bioactives from different natural sources could potentially have anti-obesity effects. | 2015 | 24621068 |
| green tea (camellia sinensis) alleviates arsenic-induced damages to dna and intestinal tissues in rat and in situ intestinal loop by reinforcing antioxidant system. | this study elucidates the protective role of green tea (camellia sinensis or cs) against arsenic-induced mutagenic dna-breakage/intestinal (small) damages in female rats. intestinal epithelial cells receive ingested arsenic initially. though, the possibility of damages in this tissue is immense and the therapeutic strategies against this damage are of great concern, reports on either issue are scanty. our earlier study on arsenic-exposed human unveils a link between carcinogenesis and mutagenic ... | 2015 | 24615952 |
| influence of cytokinins in combination with ga₃ on shoot multiplication and elongation of tea clone iran 100 (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze). | the use of in vitro culture has been accepted as an efficient technique for clonal propagation of many woody plants. in the present research, we report the results of a number of experiments aimed at optimizing micropropagation protocol for tea (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze) (clone iran 100) using nodal segments as the explant. the effect of different combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators (pgr) (bap, tdz, ga₃) on shoot multiplication and elongation was assessed. the infl ... | 2014 | 24605069 |
| determination of quality constituents in the young leaves of albino tea cultivars. | albino tea has received increased attention due to its brisk flavour. to identify changes in the key chemical constituents conveying important qualities to albino tea, the metabolite profiles of four albino cultivars and one green tea cultivar were analysed. compared to the green tea control, significantly decreased contents of chlorophyll (chl) (p<0.01), total carotenoids (p<0.05), caffeine (p<0.01), and total catechins (p<0.05) were found in albino tea leaves with a few exceptions, whereas inc ... | 2014 | 24594160 |
| catechin concentrates of garden tea leaves (camellia sinensis l.): extraction/isolation and evaluation of chemical composition. | solid-liquid (sle) and liquid-liquid (lle) extraction techniques were applied to extract catechins and caffeine from quick mechanically expelled tea leaf juice (qmetlj) and freeze-dried (fd)-qmetlj of camellia sinensis l. the concentrates obtained were analyzed for total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity (dpph(•) inhibition, frap and phosphomolybdenum assay). catechins were identified and quantified using hplc. | 2014 | 24585505 |
| effects of single dose and regular intake of green tea (camellia sinensis) on dna damage, dna repair, and heme oxygenase-1 expression in a randomized controlled human supplementation study. | regular intake of green tea (camellia sinensis) lowers dna damage in humans, but molecular mechanisms of genoprotection are not clear. protection could be via direct antioxidant effects of tea catechins, but, paradoxically, catechins have pro-oxidant activity in vitro, and it is hypothesized that mechanisms relate to redox-sensitive cytoprotective adaptations. we investigated this hypothesis, focusing particularly on effects on the dna repair enzyme human oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (hogg1), and he ... | 2014 | 24585444 |
| dentin biomodification potential depends on polyphenol source. | although proanthocyanidins (pacs) modify dentin, the effectiveness of different pac sources and the correlation with their specific chemical composition are still unknown. this study describes the chemical profiling of natural pac-rich extracts from 7 plants using ultra high pressure/performance liquid chromatography (uhplc) to determine the overall composition of these extracts and, in parallel, comprehensively evaluate their effect on dentin properties. the total polyphenol content of the extr ... | 2014 | 24574140 |
| green tea (camellia sinensis) extract inhibits both the metastasis and osteolytic components of mammary cancer 4t1 lesions in mice. | green tea (camellia sinensis, cs), a kind of chinese tea commonly consumed as a healthy beverage, has been demonstrated to have various biological activities, including antioxidation, antiobesity and anticancer. our study aims to investigate the antitumor, antimetastasis and antiosteolytic effects of cs aqueous extract both in vitro and in vivo using metastasis-specific mouse mammary carcinoma 4t1 cells. our results showed that treatment of 4t1 cells with cs aqueous extract resulted in significa ... | 2014 | 24561153 |
| tea and coffee consumption and risk of esophageal cancer: the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. | epidemiological data regarding tea and coffee consumption and risk of esophageal cancer (ec) is still inconclusive. we examined the association of tea and coffee consumption with ec risk among 442,143 men and women without cancer at baseline from 9 countries of the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. tea and coffee intakes were recorded using country-specific validated dietary questionnaires. cox regression models were used to analyze the relationships between tea and c ... | 2014 | 24535727 |
| multiresidue method for the fast determination of pesticides in nutraceutical products (camellia sinensis) by gc coupled to triple quadrupole ms. | a method based on quechers (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) has been developed and validated for the determination and quantification of more than 140 pesticides in nutraceutical products obtained from green tea (camellia sinensis). extraction was performed with acidified acetonitrile (acetic acid 1%, v/v) and a clean-up step using primary secondary amine (50 mg), graphitized black carbon (100 mg) and magnesium sulfate (200 mg) was needed. pesticide determination was achieved ut ... | 2014 | 24532456 |
| tea, coffee, and milk consumption and colorectal cancer risk. | data regarding the effects of tea, coffee, and milk on the risk of colorectal cancer are inconsistent. we investigated associations of tea, coffee, and milk consumption with colorectal cancer risk and attempted to determine if these exposures were differentially associated with the risks of proximal colon, distal colon, and rectal cancers. | 2014 | 24531002 |
| tea consumption and prostate cancer: an updated meta-analysis. | tea is supposed to have chemopreventive effect against various cancers. however, the protective role of tea in prostate cancer is still controversial. the aim of this study is to elucidate the association between tea consumption and prostate cancer risk by meta-analysis. | 2014 | 24528523 |
| effects of hemp (cannabis sativa l.) seed oil press-cake and decaffeinated green tea leaves (camellia sinensis) on functional characteristics of gluten-free crackers. | a mixture, simplex centroid, 2 components experimental design was used to evaluate the addition of hemp seed oil press-cake and decaffeinated green tea leaves, as functional ingredients to assess nutritional characteristics and antioxidant properties of gluten-free crackers. all samples with added hemp flour had much better nutritional qualities than the brown rice flour crackers in terms of higher protein, crude fibers, minerals, and essential fatty acids content. likewise, all samples with add ... | 2014 | 24527987 |
| pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of tea polyphenols. | tea is an infusion of the leaves of the camellia sinensis plant and is the most widely consumed beverage in the world after water. the main chemical components in teas are phenolic compounds (tea polyphenols, mainly tea catechins). a large number of in vitro and in vivo scientific studies have supported that the tea polyphenols can provide a number of health benefits such as, reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease, diabetes and cancer. recently, tea polyphenols have proven highly attra ... | 2014 | 24527703 |
| interaction of some commercial teas with some carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes linked with type-2 diabetes: a dietary intervention in the prevention of type-2 diabetes. | this study is aimed at assessing the inhibitory effect of teas on key enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) linked with type-2 diabetes and their antioxidant properties. four samples of three brands were used; infusions of green tea (gt), 2 brands of black tea (bt), and a formulated herbal preparation for diabetes (adt) (white tea, radix puerariae, radix ophiopogonis, hawthorn berry, chinese yam, and fragrant solomon seal rhizome) were prepared and subsequently analyzed for their total phenol, a ... | 2014 | 24527218 |
| caffeine in tea camellia sinensis--content, absorption, benefits and risks of consumption. | therapeutic properties of tea camellia sinensis are of particular interest since it has been consumed for ages and was always regarded as safe beverage. tea is most popular beverage in the world because of its attractive aroma, exceptional taste, health promoting and pharmaceutical potential. current results showed that antioxidative, antibacterial and other health effects are attributed to its caffeine content and caffeine - polyphenols interactions. an overview is given on caffeine content in ... | 2014 | 24522465 |
| quantification of antioxidants by using chlorpromazine hydrochloride: application of the method to food and medicinal plant samples. | chlorpromazine hydrochloride (cph) (3-(2-chloro-phenothiazine-10-yl)-propyl] dimethylamine hydrochloride) has been the subject of a large number of studies employing a broad spectrum of oxidants, and chosen to examine the course of electron transfer reactions. we report on a method to determine the antioxidant activity of some food and medicinal plants using the oxidation of cph by chromium(vi) to form a stable cph radical in the 1:1 orthophosphoric acid-ethyl alcohol (opa-etoh) medium. the pink ... | 2014 | 24521912 |
| assessment of exogenous pigmentation in colourless elastic ligatures. | the aim of this study was to evaluate colour alteration of transparent elastic ligatures submitted to exogenous pigmentation. | 2014 | 24521746 |
| trace level voltammetric determination of heavy metals and total mercury in tea matrices (camellia sinensis). | an analytical procedure regarding the voltammetric determination of mercury(ii), copper(ii), lead(ii), cadmium(ii) and zinc(ii) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (swasv) in matrices involved in food chain is proposed. in particular, tea leaves were analysed as real samples. the digestion of each matrix was carried out using a concentrated hcl-hno3-h2so4 acidic attack mixture; 0.01 mol l(-1) edta-na2 + 0.15 mol l(-1) nacl + 0.5 mol l(-1) hcl was employed as the supporting electrolyte. t ... | 2013 | 24513061 |
| in vitro antioxidant activity and potential inhibitory action against α-glucosidase of polysaccharides from fruit peel of tea (camellia sinensis l.). | the conditions for extracting polysaccharides from tea (camellia sinensis l.) fruit peel (tfpps) were studied. three parameters (temperature, time, and liquid/solid ratio) affecting the extraction of tfpp were optimized using response surface methodology (rsm). under the optimized conditions, the yield of tfpp was predicted to be 4.98%. the physicochemical properties, in vitro antioxidant activities, and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase of fractionated tfpps (tfpp-0, tfpp-20, tfpp-40, and tfp ... | 2014 | 24510710 |
| black tea polyphenols: a mechanistic treatise. | dietary interventions are among the emerging trends to curtail physiological malfunctioning like cancer, diabetes, cardiac complications, etc. the essence of phytonutrients has developed the concept of nutraceuticals at the junction of diet health linkages. in this context, theaflavin & thearubigins are the oxidized derivatives of black tea catechins during fermentation having nutraceutical potential owing to esterification of hydroxyl ring with digallate esters. theaflavin may influence activat ... | 2014 | 24499118 |
| miniaturized molecularly imprinted polymer extraction method for the gas chromatographic analysis of flavonoids. | in this study, the use of monolithic molecularly imprinted polymers in a micropipette tip format allowing the simple and fast extraction of flavonoids from standard solutions and a black tea sample is demonstrated. the imprinted polymer employed quercetin, methacrylic acid or 4-vinylpyridine, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as template, functional monomer, and cross-linker, respectively. surface morphologies of the quercetin-imprinted polymers and the corresponding nonimprinted polymers were ... | 2014 | 24482417 |
| nothing by mouth at midnight: saving or starving? a literature review. | historical use of fasting at midnight before anesthesia and surgery has been based on tradition instead of evidence. research has challenged this practice and determined consuming clear liquids (e.g., water, apple juice, black tea, black coffee) 2-3 hours before surgery does not increase gastric residual volume or risk for aspiration. liberal fasting guidelines have been published to support this research; however, there continues to be a disparity between practice and evidence. metabolic altera ... | 2014 | 24476828 |
| effect of black tea consumption on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and ischaemia-reperfusion in humans. | tea consumption is associated with reduced cardiovascular risk. previous studies found that tea flavonoids work through direct effects on the vasculature, leading to dose-dependent improvements in endothelial function. cardioprotective effects of regular tea consumption may relate to the prevention of endothelial ischaemia-reperfusion (ir) injury. therefore, we examined the effect of black tea consumption on endothelial function and the ability of tea to prevent ir injury. in a randomized, cross ... | 2014 | 24476469 |
| modifying effect of n-acetyltransferase 2 genotype on the association between systemic lupus erythematosus and consumption of alcohol and caffeine-rich beverages. | n-acetyltransferase 2 (nat2) is involved in the metabolism of various environmental substances, both with and without carcinogenic potential. alcoholic and nonalcoholic caffeine-rich beverages may be associated with markers of inflammation. systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) is a chronic, multifaceted inflammatory disease. we investigated the effects of alcoholic and nonalcoholic caffeine-rich beverages on risk of sle and determined whether the effects were modified by nat2 status. | 2014 | 24470392 |
| black tea supplementation improves antioxidant status in rats subjected to oxidative stress. | the protective effect of black tea extract (bte) against hgcl2-induced oxidative damage in wistar rats was investigated. rats were injected with hgcl2 (5 mg/kg body weight in 0.9% nacl) to induce oxidative stress. the aqueous bte (2.5%) was prepared from ctc (curl, tear, crush) grade tea. bte was fed to control and hgcl2-treated rats by gavage at a dose of 1 ml/(100 g body weight d). biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as the erythrocyte plasma membrane redox system (pmrs) activity, lipid perox ... | 2014 | 24459768 |
| protective effect of theaflavin on erythrocytes subjected to in vitro oxidative stress. | antioxidant and free radical scavenging effect of black tea theaflavins has been shown in many epidemiological studies. in the present work we report the protective mechanism of tea theaflavins on biomarkers of oxidative stress, which are elevated during stress conditions. we hereby report the in vitro effect of theaflavins on erythrocyte malondialdehyde (mda), intracellular reduced glutathione (gsh), and plasma membrane redox system (pmrs) of rats. the effect of theaflavin on pmrs has also been ... | 2013 | 24455262 |
| effects of season and plantation on phenolic content of unfermented and fermented sri lankan tea. | the effects of season and plantation on the polyphenol content of camellia sinensis (tea) leaves were determined. aqueous and organic extracts of freeze-dried fresh (unfermented) and black (fully-fermented) tea leaves were prepared for a structured set of samples (fermented and unfermented teas from six high-, mid- and low-grown plantations; fermented and unfermented teas from two harvesting seasons from four highland plantations), collected from the main tea-growing regions in sri lanka. total ... | 2014 | 24444973 |
| quantitative analysis of catechin, flavonoid, and saponin constituents in "tea flower", the flower buds of camellia sinensis, from different regions in taiwan. | using the recently developed two analytical protocols, distributions were analyzed of five catechins (1-5), ten flavonoids (6-15), caffeine (16), and nine saponins (17-25) in 12 samples of flower buds of camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze, collected at different points in taiwan. characteristic tendencies with respect to the distribution of these constituents were observed according to the region of collection. among the catechins, (-)-epigallocatechin 3-o-gallate (5) was the major constituent in ... | 2013 | 24427940 |
| trace level voltammetric determination of heavy metals and total mercury in tea matrices (camellia sinensis). | an analytical procedure regarding the voltammetric determination of mercury(ii), copper(ii), lead(ii), cadmium(ii) and zinc(ii) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (swasv) in matrices involved in food chain is proposed. in particular, tea leaves were analyzed as real samples. the digestion of each matrix was carried out using a concentrated hcl-hno3-h2so4 acidic attack mixture; 0.01 mol l(-1) edta-na2+ 0.15 mol l(-1) nacl + 0.5 mol l(-1) hcl was employed as the supporting electrolyte. th ... | 2013 | 24416778 |
| a preliminary investigation of anticholinesterase activity of some iranian medicinal plants commonly used in traditional medicine. | the aim of this study was to evaluate acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of some commonly used herbal medicine in iran to introduce a new source for management of alzheimer's disease. a total of 18 aqueous-methanolic extract (1:1; v/v) from the following plants: brassica alba, brassica nigra, camellia sinensis, cinchona officinalis, citrus aurantifolia, citrus x aurantium, ferula assafoetida, humulus lupulus, juglans regia, juniperus sabina, myristica fragrans, pelargonium graveolens, pist ... | 2014 | 24401532 |
| effects of plant extracts on the reversal of glucose-induced impairment of stress-resistance in caenorhabditis elegans. | enhanced blood glucose levels are a hallmark of diabetes and are associated with diabetic complications and a reduction of lifespan. in order to search for plant extracts that display preventive activities in such a scenario, we tested 16 extracts used in human nutrition for their survival enhancing activities in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans. nematodes were exposed for 48 h to 10 mm glucose in the absence or presence of 0.1% extract. thereafter, survival was measured at 37 °c. extracts ma ... | 2014 | 24390728 |
| association of tea consumption and the risk of oral cancer: a meta-analysis. | epidemiological studies evaluating the association of tea consumption and the risk of oral cancer risk have produced inconsistent results. thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the relationship between tea consumption and oral cancer risk. | 2014 | 24389399 |
| [new directions of research related to chronic wound healing]. | optimal nutrition, immunological state and psychological condition play an important role in the process of chronic wound healing. infections caused by pathogens resistant to commonly used antibiotics additionally complicate and disturb regeneration of wounds. as part of the treatment, modern wound dressings are used, for example designed on the basis of alginates, dextranomers, hydrogels, hydrofiber, polyurethanes foams, hydrocolloids and liquids for wound debridement such us 0.9% nacl, the pwe ... | 2013 | 24377187 |
| extraction of al, cu, fe, mn, ni and zn--polyphenol complexes from black tea infusions by amberlite resins. | metals can be present in tea infusion as ions or as complexes with endogenous bioligands naturally occurring in tea, especially with polyphenols. their chemical form, i.e. free or metal complexes, can affect their actual bioavailability, gastrointestinal absorption and possible toxicity. | 2014 | 24374716 |
| white tea as a promising antioxidant medium additive for sperm storage at room temperature: a comparative study with green tea. | storage of sperm under refrigeration reduces its viability, due to oxidative unbalance. unfermented teas present high levels of catechin derivatives, known to reduce oxidative stress. this study investigated the effect of white tea (wtea) on epididymal spermatozoa survival at room temperature (rt), using green tea (gtea) for comparative purposes. the chemical profiles of wtea and gtea aqueous extracts were evaluated by (1)h nmr. (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate was the most abundant catechin, bein ... | 2014 | 24372402 |
| exogenous abscisic acid significantly affects proteome in tea plant (camellia sinensis) exposed to drought stress. | tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze] is an important economic crop, and drought is the most important abiotic stress affecting yield and quality. abscisic acid (aba) is an important phytohormone responsible for activating drought resistance. increased understanding of aba effects on tea plant under drought stress is essential to develop drought-tolerant tea genotypes, along with crop management practices that can mitigate drought stress. the objective of the present investigation is evaluation ... | 2014 | 27076915 |
| green tea extract induces the resistance of caenorhabditis elegans against oxidative stress. | epidemiological studies on the effects of green tea consumption (camellia sinensis) have demonstrated a reduction for the risk of age-related diseases. the investigation of the in vivo and in vitro antioxidant properties of an aqueous extract of green tea (gte) was the aim of the current study. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph(•)) and superoxide anion radical (o₂(•-)) assays were used to estimate the gte antioxidant activity. to investigate the protective effects of gte against oxidative stre ... | 2014 | 26784668 |
| maillard reaction of pidan white as inhibited by chinese black tea extract (camellia sinensis) in the pickling solution. | changes in maillard reaction of pidan white were monitored with a294, fluorescence intensity, and browning intensity during pickling in the absence and presence of chinese black tea extract (camellia sinensis) at levels of 2% and 5% together with 0.2% zncl2 or 0.2% cacl2 up to 3 wk, followed by ageing for another 3 wk. browning intensity and a294 of pidan white increased with increasing pickling/ageing, while fluorescence intensity decreased during ageing (p<0.05), irrespective of treatments. at ... | 2014 | 26761277 |
| varietal identification of tea (camellia sinensis) using nanofluidic array of single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) markers. | apart from water, tea is the world's most widely consumed beverage. tea is produced in more than 50 countries with an annual production of approximately 4.7 million tons. the market segment for specialty tea has been expanding rapidly owing to increased demand, resulting in higher revenues and profits for tea growers and the industry. accurate varietal identification is critically important to ensure traceability and authentication of premium tea products, which in turn contribute to on-farm con ... | 2014 | 26504544 |
| coffee and beverages are the major contributors to polyphenol consumption from food and beverages in japanese middle-aged women. | food and beverages rich in polyphenols have been shown to reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. the present study estimated polyphenol levels and consumption from food and beverages in japanese women. randomly recruited housewives living in the area around tokyo (n 109; aged 21-56 years; group 1) recorded all beverages and foods they ingested for 7 d, and the total polyphenol (tp) consumption was estimated based on the tp content of each item measured with a modified folin-ciocalteu meth ... | 2014 | 26101616 |
| effect of white tea (camellia sinensis (l.)) extract in the glycolytic profile of sertoli cell. | many health benefits have been attributed to tea (camellia sinensis (l.)), and tea infusions are used as dietary agent and included in food supplements. herein, we report the effect of a white tea (wtea) extract in sertoli cell (sc) metabolism. the sc is responsible for the nutritional support of the developing germ cells. | 2014 | 24363139 |
| evaluation of the protective effect of ilex paraguariensis and camellia sinensis extracts on the prevention of oxidative damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. | we evaluated the effects green and mate teas on oxidative and dna damages in rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation. were utilized 70 adult male wistar rats that received daily oral or topic green or mate tea treatment during exposed to radiation by seven days. after, animals were killed by decapitation. thiobarbituric acid-reactive species levels, protein oxidative damage were evaluated in skin and dna damage in blood. our results show that the rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation presented dna ... | 2014 | 24361697 |
| a comparative study of the antioxidant scavenging activity of green tea, black tea and coffee extracts: a kinetic approach. | the antioxidant activities of three beverages, coffee, black tea and green tea, along with their major components, were investigated in terms of their reaction with the stable radical 2,2'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (dpph). we used a kinetic approach in parallel with quantification methods based on a fixed end-point to determine the scavenging efficiency of compounds abundant in these beverages during their reaction with dpph using a stopped-flow spectrophotometer-based method. ascorbic acid, (+) ... | 2014 | 24360473 |
| development of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for analysis of polyphenolic compounds in liquid samples of grape juice, green tea and coffee. | a simple and fast method for the analysis of a wide range of polyphenolic compounds in juice, tea, and coffee samples was developed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms). the method was based on a simple sample preparation "dilute and shoot" approach, and lc-ms/ms quantification using genistein-d4 as an internal standard. the performance of six different syringeless filter devices was tested for sample preparation. the method was evaluated for recoveries of polyphenols ... | 2014 | 24360423 |
| camellia sinensis (tea): implications and role in preventing dental decay. | tea is one of the most commonly consumed beverages with bioactive compounds like polyphenols-flavonoids-catechins, which are thought to be responsible for the health benefits that have traditionally been attributed to the tea. these compounds have multi-dimensional effects such as antibacterial action, inhibitory action on the bacterial and salivary amylase and inhibition of acid production. this article outlines the possible role of these compounds coupled with the presence of high fluoride con ... | 2013 | 24347923 |
| coffee, tea, and cocoa and risk of stroke. | current evidence from experimental studies in animals and humans along with findings from prospective studies indicates beneficial effects of green and black tea as well as chocolate on cardiovascular health, and that tea and chocolate consumption may reduce the risk of stroke. the strongest evidence exists for beneficial effects of tea and cocoa on endothelial function, total and ldl cholesterol (tea only), and insulin sensitivity (cocoa only). the majority of prospective studies have reported ... | 2014 | 24326448 |
| extraction of polyphenols from black tea--conventional and ultrasound assisted extraction. | products from plant raw materials gain increasing importance in food-, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. by way of contrast, due to lack of detailed physico-chemical fundamentals, existing production processes are economically not optimal designed. this leads to a need for deeper understanding of the processes and furthermore a systematic process and equipment design for the potentially applicable extraction techniques. using the example of polyphenol extraction from black tea (kenya), the ... | 2014 | 24315029 |
| dietary patterns associated with magnetic resonance imaging-determined liver fat content in a general population study. | the association between diet and fatty liver disease (fld) has predominantly been analyzed for single nutrients or foods, and findings have been inconsistent. | 2014 | 24305680 |
| l-theanine (suntheanin): effects of l-theanine, an amino acid derived from camellia sinensis (green tea), on stress response parameters. | | 2013 | 24304633 |
| floral transcriptome sequencing for ssr marker development and linkage map construction in the tea plant (camellia sinensis). | despite the worldwide consumption and high economic importance of tea, the plant (camellia sinensis) is not well studied in molecular biology. under the few circumstances in which the plant is studied, c. sinensis flowers, which are important for reproduction and cross-breeding, receive less emphasis than investigation of its leaves or roots. using high-throughput illumina rna sequencing, we analyzed a c. sinensis floral transcriptome, and 26.9 million clean reads were assembled into 75,531 unig ... | 2013 | 24303059 |
| epigallocatechin-3-gallate-capped ag nanoparticles: preparation and characterization. | we used an aqueous leaf extract of camellia sinensis to synthesize ag nanoparticles (agnps). a layer of ca. 6 nm around a group of the agnps in which the inner layer is bound to the agnps surface via the hydroxyl groups of catechin has been observed. tem analysis of agnps showed the formation of truncated triangular nanoplates and/or nanodisks and spherical with some irregular-shaped polydispersed nanoparticles in absence and presence of shape-directing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. the polyph ... | 2014 | 24297160 |
| balancing virtual land imports by a shift in the diet. using a land balance approach to assess the sustainability of food consumption. germany as an example. | nutrition is considered as one of the main drivers of global environmental change. dietary patterns in particular, embedded in the international trade of foods and other biomass based commodities, determine the dimension of beneficial or harmful environmental impacts of the agri-food sector - both domestically and abroad. in this study we analysed different dietary scenarios from a virtual land flow perspective, based on representative consumption data for germany in the years 2006 and 1985-89. ... | 2014 | 24269506 |
| characterisation of odorant compounds and their biochemical formation in green tea with a low temperature storage process. | we produced low temperature (15 °c) processed green tea (ltpgt) with higher aroma contents than normal green tea (sencha). normal temperature processed green tea (ntpgt), involved storing at 25 °c, and sencha had no storing process. sensory evaluation showed ltpgt had higher levels of floral and sweet odorants than ntpgt and sencha. aroma extract dilution analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry indicated ltpgt had 12 aroma compounds with high factor dilution values (fd). a ... | 2014 | 24262573 |
| identification of native catechin fatty acid esters in green tea (camellia sinensis). | catechins are potent antioxidants and make up the primary class of polyphenols present in tea (camellia sinensis). they are especially abundant in the less-fermented green teas that have been employed in various foods to enhance shelf life stability (senanayake, n. j. funct. foods 2013, in press. gramza, a.; korczak, j. trends food sci. 2005, 16, 351-358). the antioxidative activity of native (polar) catechins has proven to be useful in foods of relatively high polarity, while mixed results have ... | 2013 | 24251649 |
| green tea (camellia sinensis) supplementation to diabetic rats improves serum and hepatic oxidative stress markers. | diabetes is one of the most common metabolic disorders and is interrelated to oxidative stress-induced diseases. according to the role of dietary antioxidants in control and prevention of diabetes, this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of green tea extract on serum glucose levels and serum and hepatic total antioxidant capacity (tac) and lipid (mda) in diabetic rats. experimental diabetes in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). alcoholic extract of gr ... | 2013 | 24250578 |