| dengue fever with hepatitis e and hepatitis a infection. | infection with dengue viruses produces a spectrum of clinical illness ranging from a nonspecific viral syndrome to severe and fatal haemorrhagic disease. important risk factors include the strain and serotype of the infecting virus, as well as the age, immune status, and genetic predisposition of the patient. the teaching point in this case study was dengue fever which occurred concomitantly with hepatitis a and hepatitis e virus infection. | 2009 | 19288948 |
| chronic hepatitis after hepatitis e virus infection in a patient with non-hodgkin lymphoma taking rituximab. | | 2009 | 19293084 |
| acute viral hepatitis morbidity and mortality associated with hepatitis e virus infection: uzbekistan surveillance data. | in uzbekistan, routine serologic testing has not been available to differentiate etiologies of acute viral hepatitis (avh). to determine the age groups most affected by hepatitis e virus (hev) during documented avh epidemics, trends in avh-associated mortality rate (mr) per 100,000 over a 15-year period and reported incidence of avh over a 35-year period were examined. | 2009 | 19320984 |
| good performance of immunoglobulin m assays in diagnosing genotype 3 hepatitis e virus infections. | we have evaluated three anti-hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) immunoglobulin m (igm) assays, the eiagen hev igm assay (adaltis), the hev igm enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 3.0, and the assure hev igm rapid test (mp diagnostics), for the routine detection of acute genotype 3 hev. their sensitivities were fairly good (90%, 88%, and 82%), and their specificities were excellent (100%, 99.5%, and 100%). | 2009 | 19321696 |
| seroepidemiology and role of polymerase chain reaction to detect viremia in an epidemic of hepatitis e in western india. | in an outbreak of hepatitis e affecting 859 individuals, we evaluated the titres of serological markers (igm anti-hev and igg anti-hev) and hepatitis e virus (hev) rna by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. | 2008 | 19323088 |
| acute hendra virus infection: analysis of the pathogenesis and passive antibody protection in the hamster model. | hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are recently-emerged, closely related and highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses. we have analysed here the pathogenesis of the acute hev infection using the new animal model, golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus), which is highly susceptible to hev infection. hev-specific rna and viral antigens were found in multiple organs and virus was isolated from different tissues. dual pathogenic mechanism was observed: parenchymal infection in various organs, including ... | 2009 | 19328514 |
| outbreak of hepatitis e virus infection in darfur, sudan: effectiveness of real-time reverse transcription-pcr analysis of dried blood spots. | biological samples collected in refugee camps during an outbreak of hepatitis e were used to compare the accuracy of hepatitis e virus rna amplification by real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) for sera and dried blood spots (concordance of 90.6%). biological profiles (rt-pcr and serology) of asymptomatic individuals were also analyzed. | 2009 | 19339474 |
| orf3 protein of hepatitis e virus is essential for virion release from infected cells. | the function of the hepatitis e virus (hev) open reading frame 3 (orf3) protein remains unclear. to elucidate the role of the orf3 protein in the virus life cycle, an infectious cdna clone (pje03-1760f/wt) that can replicate efficiently in plc/prf/5 and a549 cells and release progeny into the culture medium was used to generate a derivative orf3-deficient (deltaorf3) mutant whose third in-frame aug codon of orf3 was mutated to gca. the deltaorf3 mutant in the culture medium of mutant rna-transfe ... | 2009 | 19339479 |
| reactivation of hepatitis e infection in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the major cause of several outbreaks of waterborne hepatitis in tropical and subtropical countries and of sporadic cases of viral hepatitis in endemic and industrialised countries. generally, hev causes an acute self-limiting hepatitis. the clinical course is characterised by transient viraemia and transaminasaemia followed by a full hepatic recovery. recent studies describe prolonged and chronic hev infections in some immunosuppressed patients after solid organ transp ... | 2009 | 19359434 |
| [contribution of palaeopathology to defining the pathocoenosis of infectious diseases (part two)]. | in the second part of their review the authors focus on palaeopathological studies, performed in mummified tissues, with reference to infectious diseases. the analysis of samples obtained from both natural and artificial mummies may provide, in some favourable events, a more complete knowledge of these findings in comparison to information obtained from only comprehensive examination of the skeleton. the acquired data enable us to understand not only the diseases which afflicted mankind, but als ... | 2009 | 19359827 |
| pigs orally inoculated with swine hepatitis e virus are able to infect contact sentinels. | the purpose of the present study was to explore the most likely natural route of infection of swine hepatitis e virus (hev) by oral inoculation of pigs and to investigate the potential infection by direct contact exposure. a preliminary experiment was performed to assess the infectiousness of the bile used as source of virus. once confirmed, 16 pigs were inoculated via oral drop with an hev positive bile suspension containing 2x10(5) genome equivalents per pig. nine animals were kept as contact ... | 2009 | 19361936 |
| hepatitis e virus: animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a small, non-enveloped, single-strand, positive-sense rna virus of approximately 7.2kb in size. hev is classified in the family hepeviridae consisting of four recognized major genotypes that infect humans and other animals. genotypes 1 and 2 hev are restricted to humans and often associated with large outbreaks and epidemics in developing countries with poor sanitation conditions, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 hev infect humans, pigs and other animal species and are respon ... | 2010 | 19361937 |
| the hepatitis e virus open reading frame 3 product interacts with microtubules and interferes with their dynamics. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of hepatitis e, a major form of viral hepatitis in developing countries. the open reading frame 3 (orf3) of hev encodes a phosphoprotein with a molecular mass of approximately 13 kda (hereinafter called vp13). vp13 is essential for establishing hev infections in animals, yet its exact functions are still obscure. our current study found evidence showing interaction between vp13 and microtubules. live-cell confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed bo ... | 2009 | 19369329 |
| development and characterization of a genotype 4 hepatitis e virus cell culture system using a he-jf5/15f strain recovered from a fulminant hepatitis patient. | we developed an efficient cell culture system for genotype 4 hepatitis e virus using the he-jf5/15f strain recovered from a fulminant hepatitis patient. the sixth-passage virus in the culture supernatant reached 1.5 x 10(8) copies/ml at 10 days postinoculation and possessed 10 nucleotide mutations with four amino acid changes. | 2009 | 19369433 |
| value of hepatitis e virus detection by cell culture compared with nested pcr and serological studies by igm and igg. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a well-known cause of sporadic acute hepatitis. the contribution of fecal shedding of the virus to its endemic nature is not frequently studied in underdeveloped countries. the aim of the present study was to detect hev viremia in serum and stool from patients with acute hepatitis by cell culture and by nested reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr. a further aim was to evaluate different methods used for hev detection, including culture by use of hpg11 cell line, pcr, immunog ... | 2009 | 19374667 |
| hepatitis e virus in patients with unexplained hepatitis in finland. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important cause of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis, especially in developing countries. recently, hev isolates have been identified in humans also in industrialized countries, where it has been considered nonendemic. | 2009 | 19376741 |
| varying abilities of recombinant polypeptides from different regions of hepatitis e virus orf2 and orf3 to detect anti-hev immunoglobulin m. | following infection with hepatitis e virus (hev), anti-hev immunoglobulin (ig) m is thought to develop before anti-hev igg and to be a better marker for differentiating between the acute and convalescent phases of infection. in order to select polypeptides for improved detection of anti-hev igm, six and three overlapping polypeptides from open reading frames (orfs) 2 and 3, respectively, of hev genotypes 1 and 4 were expressed as fusion proteins in escherichia coli. the reactivities of the polyp ... | 2009 | 19382255 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis e virus in hong kong. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the major causes of acute and self-limiting hepatitis in human. in hong kong, the number of notifications increased from 26 to 62 from year 2001 to 2007. this study describes the molecular epidemiology of hev in hong kong in order to determine the movement and distribution of hev. hev in 171 serum samples from hev igm positive cases from year 2001 to 2007 were amplified using rt-pcr and subjected to nucleotide sequencing. phylogenetic analysis showed 162 of 171 ... | 2009 | 19382265 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus immunoglobulin g and m antibodies in adults: a hospital-based study. | sporadic cases of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection occur throughout the year in pakistan. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hev immunoglobulin (ig) g and igm antibodies in 93 hepatitis b and c-negative patients as such patients are not routinely tested further despite having signs and symptoms of hepatitis. anti-hev igg and igm were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay technique. among them five patients (5.4%) were positive for hev igg and igm, with an avera ... | 2009 | 19384037 |
| update on viral hepatitis: 2008. | the present review is a concise review of recent developments in the field of viral hepatitis, based on publications between december 2007 and november 2008. | 2009 | 19387254 |
| full genomic sequence analysis of swine genotype 3 hepatitis e virus isolated from shanghai. | the full genomic nucleotide sequence of a previously identified genotype 3 hepatitis e virus (hev), strain saas-jdy5, was obtained using rt-pcr and rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). the genome consisted of 7225 nucleotides, excluding a poly-a tail at the 3' terminus, and contained three open reading frames (orfs), orf-1, orf-2 and orf-3, encoding 1702, 660 and 113 amino acids, respectively. phylogenetic analysis confirmed that saas-jdy5 belonged to genotype 3 hev and was most closely rela ... | 2009 | 19393700 |
| viral load, antibody titers and recombinant open reading frame 2 protein-induced th1/th2 cytokines and cellular immune responses in self-limiting and fulminant hepatitis e. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the predominant cause of water-borne epidemics, sporadic acute viral hepatitis (avh) in adults and fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) among pregnant women and other adults in india. this preliminary study was designed to examine the association of viral load and certain host immune responses with uneventful recovery or progression to fhf. | 2009 | 19401616 |
| virulent strain of hepatitis e virus genotype 3, japan. | hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3, which usually causes asymptomatic infection in japan, induced severe hepatitis in 8 patients. to better understand genetic features of hev associated with increased virulence, we determined the complete or near-complete nucleotide sequences of hev from these 8 patients and from 5 swine infected with genotype 3 strain swj19. phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates from the 8 patients and the 5 swine grouped separately from the other genotype 3 isolates t ... | 2009 | 19402955 |
| genotype distribution and sequence variation of hepatitis e virus, hong kong. | most acute cases of infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) in hong kong were autochthonous, sporadic, and occurred in older adults. all except 1 isolate belonged to genotype 4; most were phylogenetically related to swine isolates. the epidemiology is similar to that in industrialized countries, where zoonosis is the major source of hev infection in humans. | 2009 | 19402972 |
| reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of hepatitis e virus. | the one-step single-tube betaine-free reverse transcription (rt)-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay was developed for rapid diagnosis of hepatitis e virus. this assay amplified the target gene in less than 45 min (even as short as 20 min) under isothermal conditions at 63 degrees c, and the sensitivity of this assay was 100-fold greater than that of rt-pcr. this assay demonstrated a detection limit of 0.045 fg (nine copies/reaction). | 2009 | 19403760 |
| lack of hepatitis e virus infection in hiv patients with advanced immunodeficiency or idiopathic liver enzyme elevations. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enterically transmissible rna agent that causes self-limited acute hepatitis. recent reports have highlighted that organ-transplant recipients may develop chronic hepatitis e and progress to cirrhosis. similar cases could occur in hiv patients. we have investigated 50 hiv-infected individuals with cd4 counts <200 cells/mm(3) and 43 with cryptogenic hepatitis. none of them showed hev viremia. thus, hev infection does not seem to be prevalent in the hiv population and ... | 2009 | 19413691 |
| analysis of the properties of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus and inhibition of hev infection by specific mab. | eleven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that were reactive against the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev), as seen in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were obtained. all of these mabs showed neutralizing activity (1:20,000 to 1:800,000) against the 67n strain of hev. they also showed hemagglutination inhibition activity (1:400 to 1:409,600). western blotting tests revealed that all of these 11 mabs were specific for the s protein of hev. all mabs with neutralizing activity showed t ... | 2009 | 19420847 |
| characterization of antigenic epitopes of the orf2 protein from hepatitis e virus genotype 4. | this study was aimed to characterize antigenic epitopes of a newly identified hepatitis e virus (hev) chinese strain of genotype 4. recombinant capsid protein p166chn (amino acids 464-629) and six murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the protein were prepared. the mabs were evaluated for their ability to neutralize a genotype 4 hev strain by an in vitro pcr-based hev neutralization assay. the antigenic epitopes on hev genotype 4 and other different genotypes of hev strains were analyzed b ... | 2009 | 19428747 |
| a neutralization test for specific detection of nipah virus antibodies using pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus expressing green fluorescent protein. | nipah virus (niv) is a new zoonotic paramyxovirus that emerged in 1998 and is now classified in the genus henipavirus along with the closely related hendra virus (hev). niv is highly pathogenic in several vertebrate species including humans, and the lack of available vaccines or specific treatment restricts it to biosafety level 4 (bsl4) containment. a serum neutralization test was developed for measuring niv neutralizing antibodies under bsl2 conditions using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis ... | 2009 | 19433112 |
| [sexually transmissible hepatitis viruses]. | the transmission of hepatitis viruses as a result of sexual activity is a common problem in medical practice. a system of stages is proposed to diagnose viral hepatitis. testing for anti-hbc, hbsag, anti-hav and anti-hcv is sufficient for initial screening. depending on the circumstances, this may be followed by further tests for hbv, hcv and hav. if initial screening provides no evidence, further tests for hev, epstein-barr virus, cytomegalovirus or other agents are conducted. | 2009 | 19436974 |
| [hev capsid protein interacts with cyp 2a6 and decreases its coumarin 7-hydroxylation activity]. | e2 is a recombinant hepatitis e virus capsid protein including its main antigenic determinants but lacking of the particle assembling domain. p239 was the c-terminal extending protein of e2 and could self-assemble to form virus like particles, which might serve as mimicry of virions both structurally and antigenically. we previously used yeast two-hybrid system to screen proteins interacting with e2 based on a human hepatocyte cdna library. one candidate was identified as the segment (aa388-437) ... | 2009 | 19437879 |
| [design and application of a set of universal pcr primers for genotyping of hepatitis e virus]. | to improve the reliability and credibility of genotyping hepatitis e virus (hev) and to explore the possibility of unifying standards of hev genotyping by designing hev universal primers for amplification of a long genomic fragment of different hev genotypes. a set of universal primers (hevuprimer) was designed based on conserved regions determined by alignment analysis of 82 hev strains with complete genome in genbank. hevuprimer was compared with a set of previously used primers (mxj primers) ... | 2009 | 19437880 |
| detection of hepatitis e virus in wild boars of rural and urban regions in germany and whole genome characterization of an endemic strain. | hepatitis e is an increasingly diagnosed human disease in central europe. besides domestic pigs, in which hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is highly prevalent, wild boars have been identified as a possible source of human infection. in order to assess the distribution of hev in the wild boar population of germany, we tested liver samples originating from different geographical regions for the presence of the hev genome and compared the detected sequences to animal and human hev strains. | 2009 | 19442307 |
| endemic hepatitis e in two nordic countries. | antibodies against hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) were found in 248 swedish and danish patients between 1993 and 2007. most patients were symptomatic and tested for anti-hev due to travel abroad. among patients with known country of infection, most were infected in asia, mainly on the indian subcontinent. however, 29 patients were infected in europe, nine of these had hev igm and/or hev rna in serum. in sera from 65 of 141 tested patients hev rna could be detected, and 63 strains could be typed by ... | 2009 | 19442399 |
| first detection of genotype 3 hepatitis e virus rna in river water in cambodia. | to identify and describe hepatitis e virus (hev) strains in aquatic environments in cambodia, we collected two river-water samples from upstream and downstream sites along the siem reap river and examined them for hev using a virus concentration method followed by taqman reverse transcription pcr and genetic analysis of the pcr product. genotype 3 hev strain was detected from the river-water sample collected from the river downstream, indicating that genotype 3 hev strains are circulating in thi ... | 2009 | 19446859 |
| specific association of human parechovirus type 3 with sepsis and fever in young infants, as identified by direct typing of cerebrospinal fluid samples. | human parechoviruses (hpevs), along with human enteroviruses (hevs), are associated with neonatal sepsis and meningitis. we determined the relative importance of these viruses and the specific hpev types involved in the development of central nervous system-associated disease. | 2009 | 19456229 |
| seroepidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis e virus in the northeast of china. | the aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of infection and genotype of hepatitis e virus (hev) in people and animals in the northeast of china (heilongjiang, jilin and liaoning provinces). this seroepidemiological study was conducted using enzyme immunoassays and human sera positive for hev antigen or anti-hev igm, and animal sera positive for hev antigen or with an s/co <or=10 for anti-hev were tested for hev rna using real-time rt-pcr and nested rt-pcr. in humans, the overall prevale ... | 2009 | 19460321 |
| phylogenetic designation of enterovirus 71 genotypes and subgenotypes using complete genome sequences. | human enterovirus 71 (ev-71) is genotyped for molecular epidemiological investigation mainly using the two structural genes, vp1 and vp4. based on these, ev-71 is divided into three genotypes, a, b and c, and within the genotypes b and c, there are further subgenotypes, b1-b5 and c1-c5. classification using these genes is useful but gives incomplete phylogenetic information. in the present study, the phylogenetic relationships amongst all the known ev-71 and human enterovirus a (hev-a) isolates ... | 2010 | 19465162 |
| molecular epidemiological study of hepatitis viruses in ismailia, egypt. | the hepatitis virus is hyperendemic in egypt, western asia and africa. in egypt, most studies have been carried out in the regions of the upper and lower nile delta, and so little is known about other parts of the country. our project aimed to clarify the carrier rate of various hepatitis viruses in the northeastern province of ismailia. a total of 214 patients with elevated liver enzymes were enrolled in this study. sera were collected in ismailia hospital. we conducted a serological and molecu ... | 2009 | 19468235 |
| porcine endogenous retrovirus and other viruses in xenotransplantation. | potential transmission of zoonotic porcine viruses is a major safety issue in xenotransplantation. this review will first summarize recent studies involving transmission and control of the major concern, porcine endogenous retrovirus (perv). second, the potential for zoonotic transfer and safety measures required against other viruses of concern will be discussed. | 2009 | 19469034 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in 2-25-year-olds in sari district, islamic republic of iran. | the seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus infection (hev) in children and young adults was determined in a community-based survey in an area of northern islamic republic of iran. serum samples were taken from 1080 randomly selected apparently healthy 2-25-year-olds from urban and rural regions of sari district. anti-hev igg antibodies were detected in 25 individuals (2.3%). seroprevalence increased significantly with age from 3/255 (1.2%) in children < 10 years to 8/110 (7.3%) in those aged 20-25 ... | 2009 | 19469436 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis e virus in the united states: results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988-1994. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is prevalent and causes disease worldwide, but its epidemiological profile is only partially understood. | 2009 | 19473098 |
| [autochthonous hepatitis e: a new entity]. | | 2009 | 19481395 |
| the hepatitis e virus orf3 protein stabilizes hif-1alpha and enhances hif-1-mediated transcriptional activity through p300/cbp. | the hepatitis e virus (hev) causes hepatitis e and is an important human pathogen. we have previously shown that the hev open reading frame 3 (orf3) protein promotes survival of the host cell. here we report finding increased expression of glycolytic pathway enzymes in orf3-expressing cells. promoter analysis of these genes revealed the ubiquitous presence of hypoxia inducible factor (hif) responsive element (hre). dominant-negative and sirna studies showed increased expression of glycolytic pat ... | 2009 | 19489936 |
| full-genome nucleotide sequence and analysis of a chinese swine hepatitis e virus isolate of genotype 4 identified in the guangxi zhuang autonomous region: evidence of zoonotic risk from swine to human in south china. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the leading causes of the enteric-transmitted acute hepatitis. many studies have found high identities between human and animal hev isolates using partial sequence comparison analysis. | 2009 | 19490423 |
| propagation of swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus and pseudorabies virus in dorsal root ganglia cells. | swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) causes encephalomyelitis or vomiting and wasting disease in suckling piglets. neurotoropism of the virus has been demonstrated in previous in vivo studies. in the present study, we investigated the infectivity and propagation of hev in comparison with those of pseudorabies virus (prv), another neurotropic virus, using dorsal root ganglia cells of newborn mice containing nerve cells and non-neuronal cells. hev infected nerve cells but did not i ... | 2009 | 19498285 |
| differential diagnosis of hepatitis e virus, cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus infection in patients with suspected hepatitis e. | the accuracy of the diagnosis of hepatitis e in the clinical setting relies mainly on the performance of assays for hepatitis e virus (hev)-specific igm (anti-hev igm) testing in serum. | 2009 | 19505848 |
| sero-epidemiology of sporadic acute hepatitis in bangladesh: high prevalences of infection with type-b, type-e and multiple types of hepatitis virus. | in a recent investigation of hepatitis in bangladesh, the sera from 74 adult patients (aged 15-67 years) who had been clinically diagnosed as cases of sporadic acute hepatitis were collected at various hospitals in and around dhaka. five cases were positive for igm antibody against the hepatitis a virus and 30 were positive both for the surface antigen of the hepatitis b virus (hbv) and for igm antibody against the hbv core (hbc). the six cases found positive for antibodies against the hepatitis ... | 2009 | 19508752 |
| experimental infection of balb/c nude mice with hepatitis e virus. | several animal species can reportedly act as reservoirs for hepatitis e virus (hev), a zoonotic pathogen. hev and antibody to the virus have been detected in a variety of animals including rodents. pig and rat models for hev have been established for hev, but a nude mouse has not yet been developed. | 2009 | 19523236 |
| [viral hepatitis e]. | | 2009 | 19541143 |
| [hepatitis viruses infection situation in mianyang of the sichuan province]. | to investigate the seroprevalence of hepatitis viruses in mianyang of the sichuan province. | 2008 | 19544642 |
| [antibody detection and sequencing analysis of hepatitis e virus in human population, swine and chicken in sichuan region in china]. | to investigate the seroprevalence of hev infection and genotype. | 2008 | 19544648 |
| virological evaluation of domestic water purification devices commonly used in india emphasizes inadequate quality and need for virological standards. | to evaluate the performance of domestic water purification units with respect to contaminating enteric viruses. | 2009 | 19549000 |
| a novel genotype of hepatitis e virus prevalent among farmed rabbits in china. | in total, 335 serum samples were collected from rabbits from two farms in gansu province, china, and tested for anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) antibody using eia and for hev rna using nested rt- pcr with orf2 primers. the overall prevalence of anti-hev antibody and hev rna was 57.0% (191/335) and 7.5% (25/335), respectively. the positivity rate of hev rna in the anti-hev antibody negative group (7.6% (11/144)) did not differ significantly from that in the positive group (7.3% (14/191)). the concor ... | 2009 | 19551838 |
| indigenous hepatitis e virus infection of a plasma donor in germany. | although europe is supposed to be non-endemic for hepatitis e virus (hev), locally acquired human cases are registered, and a relatively high prevalence for anti-hev was found in blood donors in some european countries. transfusion-transmitted infections by contaminated blood products were reported in japan and sporadically in europe. | 2009 | 19555366 |
| development of a neutralization assay for nipah virus using pseudotype particles. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses capable of causing severe disease in humans and animals. these viruses require biosafety level 4 (bsl-4) containment. like other paramyxoviruses, the plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt) can be used to detect antibodies to the surface glycoproteins, fusion (f) and attachment (g), and prnt titers give an indication of protective immunity. unfortunately, for niv and hev, the prnt must be performed in bsl-4 containment and ... | 2009 | 19559943 |
| [progress on studies of genotype and prevalence of hepatitis e virus infection in animals]. | | 2009 | 19565886 |
| comparative pathogenesis in specific-pathogen-free chickens of two strains of avian hepatitis e virus recovered from a chicken with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome and from a clinically healthy chicken. | avian hepatitis e virus (avian hev) is the primary causative agent of hepatitis-splenomegaly (hs) syndrome in chickens. recently, a genetically unique strain of avian hev, designated avian hev-va, was recovered from healthy chickens in virginia. the objective of this study was to experimentally compare the pathogenicity of the prototype strain recovered from a chicken with hs syndrome and the avian hev-va strain in specific-pathogen-free chickens. an infectious stock of the avian hev-va strain w ... | 2009 | 19570623 |
| effective inhibition of hepatitis e virus replication in a549 cells and piglets by rna interference (rnai) targeting rna-dependent rna polymerase. | rna interference (rnai) is a natural mechanism for suppressing or silencing expression of aberrant or foreign genes. it is a powerful antiviral strategy that has been widely employed to protect hosts from viral infection. hepatitis e (he) is an acute fulminant hepatitis in adults that has particularly high mortality in pregnant women. at this point in time, there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment that is effective against the infectious agent, hev. the nonstructural polyprotein region possess ... | 2009 | 19576249 |
| investigation of viral hepatitis e outbreak in a town in haryana. | an outbreak of 160 cases of viral hepatitis which occurred in shahbad, haryana, was investigated to ascertain the agent, cause of the outbreak and to initiate remedial measures. out of the 30 samples tested, 26 (86.7%) were positive for igm antibody against hev, establishing hepatitis e virus responsible for the outbreak. significant association of higher attack rates (4%) in ward 14 (or = 17.9; 95% ci = 12.7-25.2) of the town along with leakage in water distribution system running co-existent w ... | 2008 | 19579716 |
| hepatitis e virus genotype 3 and sporadically also genotype 1 circulate in the population of catalonia, spain. | autochthonous hepatitis e virus (hev) strains have been described infecting populations of industrialized countries, previously considered as non-endemic areas. the hev strains circulating in one of those areas in south-western europe (barcelona, spain) have been studied by analysing amplicons obtained from hev genomes identified in wastewater, biosolids and sludge. six sewage and two biosolid hev positive samples from urban wastewater treatment plants and two positive hev sludge samples with an ... | 2009 | 19590134 |
| analysis of the helicase gene of korean swine hepatitis e virus isolates and trends in viral infection. | hepatitis e virus (hev) has been considered to be a zoonotic agent and an important public concern worldwide. in this study, a nested rt-pcr was developed to detect the helicase gene of swine hev (shev) from sera of pigs. using this rt-pcr, 16 out of 821 korean isolates of shev were identified, with 1.9% prevalence. an age-specific prevalence was demonstrated with the highest prevalence in growing pigs (5.4%). phylogenetic analysis of shev korean isolates identified genotype 3, with 89.4-99.9% n ... | 2009 | 19590811 |
| high hev presence in four different wild boar populations in east and west germany. | swine hepatitis e virus (hev) can be transmitted from pigs to humans causing hepatitis. a high prevalence of hev in wild boar populations is reported for several european countries, but actual data for germany are missing. during the hunting season from october to december 2007 liver, bile and blood samples were collected from wild boars in four different german regions. the samples were tested for hev rna by quantitative pcr (qpcr) and anti-hev igg antibodies by two different elisas and a line ... | 2009 | 19595519 |
| hepatitis e virus infection is highly prevalent among pregnant women in accra, ghana. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is highly endemic in several african countries with high mortality rate among pregnant women. the prevalence of antibodies to hev in ghana is not known. therefore we evaluated the prevalence of anti-hev igg and anti-hev igm among pregnant women seen between the months of january and may, 2008 at the obstetrics and gynaecology department, korle-bu teaching hospital, accra, ghana. | 2009 | 19619291 |
| genotype 3 hepatitis e virus existed among swine groups in 4 geographically far regions in china. | | 2010 | 19619963 |
| biological and immunological characteristics of hepatitis e virus-like particles based on the crystal structure. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a causative agent of acute hepatitis. the crystal structure of hev-like particles (hev-lp) consisting of capsid protein was determined at 3.5-a resolution. the capsid protein exhibited a quite different folding at the protruding and middle domains from the members of the families of caliciviridae and tombusviridae, while the shell domain shared the common folding. tyr-288 at the 5-fold axis plays key roles in the assembly of hev-lp, and aromatic amino acid residues are ... | 2009 | 19620712 |
| [hepatitis e virus epidemiology in adult population in edirne province, turkey]. | hepatitis e virus (hev) clinical presentations range from asymptomatic infection to fulminant hepatitis which is frequently seen in pregnant women. epidemics due to hev mostly originate from contaminated water and the virus is transmitted by fecal oral way. its frequency is closely related to the socioeconomical status of the community. the aim of this first community-based study performed in edirne province (located at trace region of turkey) was to determine the seroprevalence of hev and the r ... | 2009 | 19621610 |
| [hepatitis e virus seropositivity in hemodialysis patients in hatay province, turkey]. | hepatitis e virus (hev) which is mainly transmitted through faecal-oral route, can also be transmitted via parenteral and vertical route. recent studies suggest zoonotic nature of the virus. the last studies done in turkey indicate increasing frequency of hev infection. this study was conducted to determine the rate of anti-hev seropositivity among patients with terminal stage renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. a total of 92 patients (54 male, 38 female; age range: 22-71 years, mean age: 55 ... | 2009 | 19621616 |
| structure of the hepatitis e virus-like particle suggests mechanisms for virus assembly and receptor binding. | hepatitis e virus (hev), a small, non-enveloped rna virus in the family hepeviridae, is associated with endemic and epidemic acute viral hepatitis in developing countries. our 3.5-a structure of a hev-like particle (vlp) shows that each capsid protein contains 3 linear domains that form distinct structural elements: s, the continuous capsid; p1, 3-fold protrusions; and p2, 2-fold spikes. the s domain adopts a jelly-roll fold commonly observed in small rna viruses. the p1 and p2 domains both adop ... | 2009 | 19622744 |
| experimental infection of mongolian gerbils by a genotype 4 strain of swine hepatitis e virus. | an ideal animal model for hepatitis e virus (hev) research is still unavailable. to assess the possibility of using mongolian gerbils as animal model, 28 gerbils were randomly assigned into two groups, 14 for each group. gerbils in group 1 were inoculated with a genotype 4 hev recovered from swine via the intraperitoneal route. group 2 was used as a negative control and inoculated with normal suspension of swine liver. sera and feces samples were collected once a week for 7 weeks. two gerbils fr ... | 2009 | 19623666 |
| hepatitis a and e virus infections among children in mongolia. | to compare the epidemiologic profiles of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) infections in children in mongolia, the prevalence of hav and hev infections was studied serologically and molecularly among 520 apparently healthy children 7-12 years of age (mean +/- standard deviation, 8.5 +/- 0.8 years) using serum samples obtained in 2004. total antibody against hav (anti-hav) was detected in 438 children (84.2%), whereas igg antibody against hev (anti-hev igg) was detected in only ... | 2009 | 19635878 |
| nucleotide substitutions of hepatitis e virus genomes associated with fulminant hepatitis and disease severity. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the causative agents of acute or fulminant hepatitis. viral factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of fulminant hepatitis e. we aimed to investigate the nucleotide substitutions of the hev genome affecting the severity of hepatitis e. the comparison of 28 reported full-length nucleotide sequences of genotype 4 hev showed that the substitution of c at nucleotide 5907 (c5907) was most closely associated with fulminant hepatitis (fulminant hepatitis, 100%; acu ... | 2009 | 19638731 |
| a catalytically and genetically optimized beta-lactamase-matrix based assay for sensitive, specific, and higher throughput analysis of native henipavirus entry characteristics. | nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are the only paramyxoviruses requiring biosafety level 4 (bsl-4) containment. thus, study of henipavirus entry at less than bsl-4 conditions necessitates the use of cell-cell fusion or pseudotyped reporter virus assays. yet, these surrogate assays may not fully emulate the biological properties unique to the virus being studied. thus, we developed a henipaviral entry assay based on a beta-lactamase-nipah matrix (betala-m) fusion protein. we first codon-op ... | 2009 | 19646266 |
| genotypic characterization of symptomatic hepatitis e virus (hev) infections in egypt. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a common cause of acute viral hepatitis (avh) in many developing countries. in egypt, hev seroprevalence is among the highest in the world; however, only a very limited number of egyptian hev sequences are currently available. | 2009 | 19651539 |
| concurrent autochthonous acute hepatitis e and hepatitis b reverse seroconversion in an hiv-1-infected patient: one virus may hide another. | | 2010 | 19656710 |
| serological immunoassay for detection of hepatitis e virus on the basis of genotype 3 open reading frame 2 recombinant proteins produced in trichoplusia ni larvae. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of acute hepatitis in humans, and strains of genotypes 1 and 2 are endemic in many regions with suboptimal sanitary conditions. in many industrialized countries, hev strains of genotype 3 are highly endemic in swine, and an increased number of autochthonous infections with hev genotype 3 strains have been reported lately. serological studies of hev infection are often conducted with commercial assays based on peptides and recombinant proteins of hev genot ... | 2009 | 19656986 |
| lack of evidence of avian adenovirus infection among turkey workers. | zoonotic infections constitute a major public health concern. outbreaks of the sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and avian influenza viruses are but recent examples. although there are many animal-specific adenoviruses and occasionally they have been noted to infect man, rarely have they been studied as potential zoonotic pathogens. in this study, the authors hypothesized that the hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), an avian adenovirus that causes illness among turkeys, might infect humans ... | 2009 | 19657879 |
| dimerization of hepatitis e virus capsid protein e2s domain is essential for virus-host interaction. | hepatitis e virus (hev), a non-enveloped, positive-stranded rna virus, is transmitted in a faecal-oral manner, and causes acute liver diseases in humans. the hev capsid is made up of capsomeres consisting of homodimers of a single structural capsid protein forming the virus shell. these dimers are believed to protrude from the viral surface and to interact with host cells to initiate infection. to date, no structural information is available for any of the hev proteins. here, we report for the f ... | 2009 | 19662165 |
| hepatitis e vaccine. | hepatitis e is an emerging disease in resource-poor regions of the world. it is estimated that about 2 billion people live in areas endemic for this disease. the inability to reproducibly culture hepatitis e virus makes it impossible to develop traditional live or inactivated vaccines. however, significant progress has been made in developing and testing recombinant subunit vaccines based on the viral capsid protein. this review summarizes these efforts. | 2008 | 19669259 |
| [hepatitis e transmission in denmark]. | a case of acute hepatitis due to hepatitis e virus genotype 3 was diagnosed by serology and genomic sequencing. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a strain identical to one isolated from a swedish pig, which supports the hypothesis that swine serves as reservoirs for hev infection. the patient did not have any recent travel history, had experienced no contact with animals and the origin of the infection remained unknown. we emphasize that health personnel should be aware of acute hepatitis e eve ... | 2009 | 19671402 |
| zoonotic risk of hepatitis e virus (hev): a study of hev infection in animals and humans in suburbs of beijing. | aim: to investigate hepatitis e virus (hev) infection among different animals and workers in pig farms and slaughterhouses, and analyze the genotype of hev isolated in this study. methods: serum samples were collected from adult swine, cows, sheep, younger swine (< 3 months), and workers in pig farms and slaughterhouses (professional group). fecal samples were collected from younger swine in the south suburbs of beijing. anti-hev antibody was evaluated by direct sandwich enzyme immunoassay. hev ... | 2009 | 19674158 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis e: current status. | hepatitis e, caused by infection with hepatitis e virus (hev), is a common cause of acute hepatitis in areas with poor sanitation. the virus has four genotypes with one serotype: genotypes 1 and 2 exclusively infect humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 also infect other animals, particularly pigs. in endemic areas, both large outbreaks of acute hepatitis as well as sporadic cases occur frequently. these cases are usually due to genotype 1 or 2 hev and are predominantly caused by fecal-oral transmis ... | 2009 | 19686410 |
| wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans. | wild boars (sus scrofa) are indigenous in many countries in the world. these free-living swine are known reservoirs for a number of viruses, bacteria and parasites that are transmissible to domestic animals and humans. changes of human habitation to suburban areas, increased use of lands for agricultural purposes, increased hunting activities and consumption of wild boar meat have increased the chances of exposure of wild boars to domestic animals and humans. wild boars can act as reservoirs for ... | 2009 | 19687039 |
| imported and autochthonous hepatitis e virus strains in spain. | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes hepatitis e, an acute liver disease displaying diverse epidemiological patterns that correlate with the genetic diversity of the virus. only a few strains have been characterized to date from cases of hepatitis e in spain. using three sets of new, hev-specific primers, viral genome fragments were amplified from serum samples from 13 patients with acute hepatitis in different regions of spain. direct sequencing of these fragments and analysis of sequences lead to id ... | 2009 | 19697406 |
| acute hepatitis e virus infection in taiwan 2002-2006 revisited: pcr shows frequent co-infection with multiple hepatitis viruses. | sporadic cases of acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infection with production of anti-hev igm have been reported occasionally in taiwan despite no reported outbreaks in the past. this study was undertaken to determine whether serological markers correlated with virus detection. from 2002 to 2006, 72 reported cases of acute hepatitis e seropositive for anti-hev igm in taiwan were enrolled for investigation. acute phase serum samples were collected for detection of hev rna, hbv dna, hcv rna, and gbv-c ... | 2009 | 19697413 |
| frequent transmission of hepatitis e virus among piglets in farms in southern france. | the present study aimed to assess whether hepatitis e virus (hev) is present in domestic pigs in southern france, and to determine the relationship between hev sequences detected from pigs and from humans. two hundred fifteen sera, 207 stools, and 107 bile samples were collected from 3- or 6-month-old pigs from different regions of southern france. pig igg anti-hev antibodies testing was performed using a commercial elisa kit with minor modifications. pig hev rna was tested by real-time pcr and ... | 2009 | 19697419 |
| the prevalence of anti-hepatitis e in occupational risk groups. | the seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) igg was investigated by using elisa commercial anti hev test kit in 408 healthy adults who lived in central part of thailand, 168 of which were swine workers, 102 were poultry farmers and 138 were government officers. the overall rate of seroprevalence of igg anti-hev was 23.3 % (range 16.7-27.9%). the prevalence of anti-hev antibodies in government officers was 16.7 % and in subjects from swine workers and poultry farmers who worked in farms fo ... | 2009 | 19705545 |
| non-polio enteroviruses in acute flaccid paralysis children of india: vital assessment before polio eradication. | this study is an overview of non-polio enterovirus (npev) circulating in north india studied from the perspective of poliomyelitis eradication. wild polio cases declined because of intensive oral polio vaccine immunization. as we approach global eradication of poliovirus (pv), npev causing acute flaccid paralysis (afp) are equal cause of concern. | 2009 | 19712176 |
| a hepatitis e outbreak caused by a temporary interruption in a municipal water treatment system, baripada, orissa, india, 2004. | in january 2004, we investigated a cluster of acute hepatitis in baripada, orissa, india. between january and march 2004, 538 cases (definition: fever with loss of appetite and jaundice) were reported (attack rate: 263 per 100 000, 5 deaths, case fatality rate: 0.93%). forty-seven of 48 sera were positive for igm antibodies to hepatitis e virus. cases peaked in february 2004 and decreased rapidly, suggesting a common source outbreak. five neighbourhoods supplied by a common water supply were mos ... | 2010 | 19716576 |
| virulence factor activity relationships for hepatitis e and cryptosporidium. | the hepatitis e virus and cryptosporidium are waterborne pathogens, each consisting of distinct taxa, genotypes and isolates that infect humans, nonhuman animal species or both. some are associated with disease, others are not. factors contributing to disease are extremely complicated, possibly involving differences in one or more traits associated with an organism's taxon, genotype or isolate and its infectious dose, and age or condition, as well as the host's physiology and immune status. pote ... | 2009 | 19717931 |
| persistent carriage of hepatitis e virus in patients with hiv infection. | | 2009 | 19726781 |
| role of n-acetylcysteine in adults with non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in a center without the facility of liver transplantation. | purpose: we aimed to study the role of n-acetylcysteine (nac) in non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure (nai-alf). methods: a total of 47 adult patients were prospectively enrolled with nai-alf (group 1 or nac group) and oral nac was given. the primary outcome was reduction in mortality with the use of nac in nai-alf. the secondary outcomes were to evaluate safety of nac and to assess factors predicting mortality. we compared these results with records of nai-alf patients admitted in our ... | 2009 | 19727985 |
| seroprevalence of igg antibodies to hepatitis e in urban and rural southern india. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important cause of sporadic and epidemic hepatitis e infection in northern india. sera, collected from different age groups in rural (n=1144) and urban (n=1135) areas using a probability proportional to size survey, were tested using an elisa for igg antibodies. antibodies increased with age in both populations, but the urban population had higher exposure in all age groups (mann-whitney u test, p<0.001 for all age groups except children <5 years). these results ind ... | 2010 | 19729178 |
| human bocavirus and rhino-enteroviruses in childhood otitis media with effusion. | viral respiratory infections play an important role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (ome) in children. the most common human rhinoviruses (hrvs) have been detected in middle ear effusions (mee), but there is only limited data available about the closely related human enteroviruses (hevs). the newly discovered human bocavirus (hbov) has not, however, been identified in mee of ome children. | 2009 | 19736042 |
| development of candidate combination vaccine for hepatitis e and hepatitis b: a liposome encapsulation approach. | to reduce extra injections, cost and ensure better coverage, use of combination vaccines is preferable. an attempt was made to evaluate the encapsulation of hepatitis e virus neutralizing epitope (ne) region and hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbsag) in liposomes as dnas, proteins and dna+protein. mice groups were immunized with different liposome-encapsulated formulations and monitored for anti-hev and anti-hbs titres, igg subtypes, antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine leve ... | 2009 | 19747579 |
| detection of hepatitis e virus in wild boar (sus scrofa) livers. | the routes of transmission of hepatitis e virus (hev) in industrialised countries are largely unknown, but several studies suggest that hev can be a porcine zoonosis. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of hev in the wild boar (sus scrofa) and to determine the genetic relationships between hev sequences recovered from wild boars and from domestic pigs and humans. hev rna was detected by real time reverse transcriptase pcr in 7/285 (2.5%) liver samples from wild boars hun ... | 2010 | 19747861 |
| [how to investigate and diagnose autochthonous hepatitis e?]. | in developed countries, hev infection was still recently considered as rare, and as an imported disease from endemic areas by travellers. hepatitis e virus is now recognized mainly as an autochthonous disease in these countries. although the source and the route of contamination remain uncertain, several cases of food-borne (zoonotic transmission) and blood-borne transmission have been recently reported. the mortality rates in industrialized countries seems to be higher than in endemic areas, si ... | 2009 | 19762188 |
| immunogenicity and efficacy of a bacterially expressed hev orf3 peptide, assessed by experimental infection of primates. | a 12.4-kda peptide, corresponding to the entire orf3 protein of hepatitis e virus (hev), derived from human hev genotype 4 and expressed in escherichia coli as a fusion protein with a 17.5-kda fragment of interleukin (il)-1beta at the n-terminus, was recognized by hev-reactive sera. eight monkeys were immunized with the purified peptide, and seven were used as non-immunized controls. all 15 monkeys were challenged with hev genotype 1 or 4. all control animals developed infection and hepatitis, a ... | 2009 | 19763777 |
| hepatitis e virus seroepidemiology and its change during 1 year in primary school students in ankara, turkey. | the hepatitis e virus (hev) is widespread throughout the world. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the time-related change of antibody levels against hepatitis e in primary school children. in this cross sectional study, the samples of 515 students were examined at two times. the mean age of the students was 7(6-13) years. the seroprevalences of anti-hev were 1.7% and 2.1% at the first and second visits respectively. there was no statistically significant differences between anti-hev sero ... | 2010 | 19778297 |
| acute hepatitis e infection associated with a false-positive serology against epstein-barr virus. | hepatitis e virus is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis. the diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis e is based essentially on antibodies and hepatitis e virus rna. we describe herein a case of acute hepatitis e associated with a false-positive serology for epstein-barr virus (ebv). this case report suggests that anti-viral capsid antigen igm must be interpreted with caution in acute e hepatitis. when positive, ebv rna polymerase chain reaction can be useful as a false positivity of anti-viral ca ... | 2009 | 19779353 |