| leishmania tropica and leishmania infantum responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in greece: sixteen autochthonous cases. | | 1993 | 8337723 |
| antileishmanial activity of the ether phospholipid ilmofosine. | the ether phospholipid ilmofosine (bm 41.440) was active in vitro against amastigotes of leishmania donovani and an antimony-resistant line of l. infantum in mouse peritoneal macrophages with ed50 values of 3.7 microm and 3.5 microm respectively. ilmofosine was also active against l. donovani in balb/c mice following oral and subcutaneous dosing, with an ed50 value of 10.5 mg/kg x 5 by the oral route. | 1993 | 8337733 |
| cytochrome p450 in trypanosomatids. | post-mitochondrial supernatant extracts prepared from bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei, t. cruzi epimastigotes, leishmania donovani promastigotes and crithidia fasciculata have been found to catalyse cytochrome p450-dependent reactions. appreciable ethoxycoumarin deethylase and ethoxyresorufin deethylase activities were found in all of the above trypanosomatids, with t. cruzi epimastigotes having the highest activity (57.1 and 10.7 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively). in all four sp ... | 1993 | 8347125 |
| [cutaneous parasitism by leishmania (leishmania) chagasi during south american visceral leishmaniasis]. | eighteen patients from the northeastern brazilian state of ceara with proven kala-azar were studied for evidence of skin parasitism: two had ulcerative or papular skin lesions and 16 had clinically normal skin. punch biopsies (3 mm) of intact paraspinal subscapular skin were performed on all patients; in those with papular or ulcerative lesions biopsies also were taken from an active site. one of each of the subscapsular biopsies and half of each biopsy from an active lesion were studied; the ot ... | 1993 | 8353466 |
| rectal biopsy as a diagnostic procedure of chronic visceral leishmaniasis. | | 1993 | 8354491 |
| the structure of leishmania major amastigote lipophosphoglycan. | intracellular amastigotes of leishmania major produce 6 x 10(4) copies/cell of a lipophosphoglycan (lpg) that is structurally distinct from the lpg produced by the extracellular promastigote form of l. major, leishmania donovani, and leishmania mexicana (reviewed by mcconville, m. j. (1991) cell biol. int. rep. 15, 779-798). l. major amastigote lpg is composed of a lysoalkyl phosphatidylinositol lipid anchor that links via a diphosphorylated hexasaccharide core to a phosphoglycan (6-100 kda). th ... | 1993 | 8360147 |
| intraparotid leishmania donovani lymphadenitis: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration. | | 1993 | 8362595 |
| treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis in a t-cell-deficient host: response to amphotericin b and pentamidine. | in experimental visceral leishmaniasis, euthymic but not athymic (nude) balb/c mice respond to conventional treatment with pentavalent antimony, indicating that the in vivo efficacy of antimony is t cell dependent. this finding correlates with frequent antimony treatment failures for t-cell-deficient patients with visceral leishmaniasis. to determine whether the in vivo efficacies of alternative antileishmanial agents also require t cells, leishmania donovani-infected euthymic and nude balb/c mi ... | 1993 | 8363382 |
| leishmania donovani infections in phlebotomine sandflies from the kala-azar focus at aba roba in ethiopia: dna probe compared with conventional detection methods. | | 1993 | 8369567 |
| survivability and infectivity of viscerotropic leishmania tropica from operation desert storm participants in human blood products maintained under blood bank conditions. | to assess the potential for leishmaniasis being transmitted through blood transfusion, we studied the survival of leishmania in blood products under blood bank storage conditions. we report that l. tropica- or l. donovani-contaminated transfusable blood products are a risk to the blood supply for at least 25 days postdonation under blood bank general conditions. the blood components that have been implicated are whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelet concentrate, and frozen-deglycerolized ... | 1993 | 8372954 |
| isolation and characterization of a repetitive dna sequence from leishmania infantum: development of a visceral leishmaniasis polymerase chain reaction. | to construct a dna probe specific for protozoa that cause visceral leishmaniasis, we cloned pst i fragments of leishmania infantum genomic dna into a bluescript ii sk vector. a clone of 4.3 kb that contained a highly repetitive sequence was isolated and cut with three restriction enzymes: hae iii, rsa i, and sau 3a. after a new molecular cloning step, we isolated and sequenced a 140-basepair (bp) fragment. two oligonucleotides were synthesized to be used as primers for a polymerase chain reactio ... | 1993 | 8372958 |
| effects of sinefungin on growth and sterol composition of leishmania promastigotes. | the s-adenosylmethionine analogue sinefungin was tested in vitro against promastigotes of various strains of leishmania. the ic50 values for the leishmania mexicana, leishmania major, and leishmania donovani strains used were of the order of 10 ng/ml but the leishmania amazonensis strain tested was more resistant to the drug, the ic50 value being 6 micrograms/ml. sterol profiles, in which 24-alkyl (c28) sterols predominated, were relatively unaffected by sinefungin. incorporation of label derive ... | 1993 | 8375483 |
| mononuclear cell subpopulations and cytokine levels in human visceral leishmaniasis before and after chemotherapy. | serum cytokine levels and mononuclear cell subpopulations in the spleen and peripheral blood of patients with visceral leishmaniasis before and after antimony therapy were analyzed. the percentages of activated monocytes/macrophages, t cells, and possibly b cells; of gamma/delta t cell receptor (tcr)-bearing t cells; of cd4- cd8- alpha/beta tcr-bearing t cells; and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf alpha), interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), and interleukin-6 (il-6) were high in patient ... | 1993 | 8376845 |
| macrophage-directed delivery of doxorubicin conjugated to neoglycoprotein using leishmaniasis as the model disease. | the antileishmanial potency of doxorubicin conjugated to mannose-human serum albumin (man-hsa) was tested in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. conjugation of doxorubicin did not decrease the affinity of the neoglycoprotein for the macrophage mannose receptor. conjugated doxorubicin eliminated intracellular amastigotes of leishmania donovani in peritoneal macrophages almost 12.5 times more efficiently than did the free drug and greatly reduced and possibly eliminated splenic intracellular para ... | 1993 | 8376846 |
| isolation of virulence genes directing surface glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol synthesis by functional complementation of leishmania. | trypanosomatid parasites of the genus leishmania cause a spectrum of widespread tropical diseases. in the vertebrate host they reside within the macrophage phagolysosome; however, the mechanisms employed in this remarkable survival strategy are not well understood. recent advances in the molecular genetics of these parasites prompted us to develop methods of functional genetic complementation in leishmania and apply them to the isolation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of the virulence det ... | 1993 | 8378337 |
| molecular characterization of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase from leishmania donovani. | the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (prs) enzyme from parasitic protozoa plays a critical role in the acquisition of exogenous purine bases by providing the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate substrate for phosphoribosylation. to characterize a prs enzyme from parasitic protozoa, the prs gene was isolated from a genomic library of leishmania donovani dna. a 1936-bp sali fragment was sequenced that encompassed an open reading frame of 1113 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 371 amino acids and ... | 1993 | 8390611 |
| immunochemotherapy for visceral leishmaniasis: a controlled pilot trial of antimony versus antimony plus interferon-gamma. | twenty-four kenyan patients with visceral leishmaniasis were treated for 30 days with either conventional therapy (daily pentavalent antimony, n = 14) or experimental immunochemotherapy (daily antimony plus interferon-gamma [ifn-gamma] every other day, n = 10). all 24 patients responded clinically to treatment, and microscopic splenic aspirate scores rapidly decreased in both groups. as judged by splenic aspirate culture results, ifn-gamma-treated patients responded more quickly (50% versus 22% ... | 1993 | 8390795 |
| distribution of macromolecular methylations in promastigotes of leishmania donovani and impact of sinefungin. | sinefungin, an antifungal and antiparasitic nucleoside antibiotic, is a very potent antileishmanial agent both in vitro and in vivo. this molecule, structurally related to s-adenosylmethionine, is a good competitive inhibitor of methyltransferases in vitro. the aim of this report is to analyze the impact of sinefungin on methylation pattern and the subcellular localisation of methyl groups and various methylases in promastigotes of leishmania donovani. we have shown the presence of various methy ... | 1993 | 8401471 |
| correlates of leishmania-specific immunity in the clinical spectrum of infection with leishmania chagasi. | patients from across the spectrum of clinical manifestations of leishmania chagasi infection were evaluated for in vitro correlates of immunity. peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assayed for parasite-specific lymphoproliferation, cytokine generation, and the capacity to activate autologous macrophages to kill intracellular amastigotes. patients with acute kala-azar were generally unreactive in each of these assays. children with subclinical infection demonstrated relatively low levels of p ... | 1993 | 8421174 |
| molecular characterization of a kinesin-related antigen of leishmania chagasi that detects specific antibody in african and american visceral leishmaniasis. | we report the cloning of a leishmania chagasi antigen gene and an evaluation of leishmaniasis patient antibody responses to the recombinant protein, rk39. rk39 contains a 39-amino acid repeat that is part of a 230-kda protein predominant in l. chagasi tissue amastigotes. sequence analyses showed this protein, lckin, to be related to the kinesin superfamily of motor proteins. southern blot analyses demonstrated lckin-related sequences in seven species of leishmania, with conservation of the repea ... | 1993 | 8421715 |
| identification of two distinct cysteine proteinase genes of leishmania pifanoi axenic amastigotes using the polymerase chain reaction. | a developmentally regulated cysteine proteinase associated with an unique lysosomal organelle, the megasome, has been described for the intracellular amastigotes of the leishmania mexicana complex; this proteinase appears to be important in the survival of the parasite. degenerate primers encoding the active sites residues have been used to amplify cysteine proteinase cdna sequences from axenically cultured amastigotes of leishmania pifanoi, a member of the l. mexicana complex. based on sequence ... | 1993 | 8426606 |
| studies on the control of visceral leishmaniasis: validation of the falcon assay screening test--enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (fast-elisa) for field diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. | the falcon assay screening test-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (fast-elisa), the latest version of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, uses antigen-coated beads. a 96-well plate can be run in 20 min without electricity or expensive equipment. we compared the fast-elisa, a standard elisa, and an indirect immunofluorescent assay (ifa) for evaluation of canine leishmaniasis under field conditions using samples from 161 dogs from our longitudinal study in the endemic area of jacobina, bahia, b ... | 1993 | 8427377 |
| leishmania donovani-reactive th1- and th2-like t-cell clones from individuals who have recovered from visceral leishmaniasis. | infections in humans by leishmania donovani parasites can result in a fatal disease, visceral leishmaniasis (vl), or in a self-limiting asymptomatic infection. in murine models of the infection employing leishmania major, the course of the disease can be directed into a vl-like syndrome by interleukin-4 (il-4)-producing th2 cells, or cure may result by th1 cells secreting gamma interferon (ifn-gamma). the present study examined the potential of human t cells to generate th1 or th2 responses to l ... | 1993 | 8432588 |
| immunobiological studies on experimental visceral leishmaniasis. iii. cytokine-mediated regulation of parasite replication. | the role of t-cell-derived cytokines in the regulation of leishmania donovani replication was studied in a murine model. it was observed that in h-2d mice at the early and later stages of the disease ifn-gamma-secreting t cells predominate, whereas in between the above stages il-4-secreting t cells predominate. possibly, il-4 abrogates the protective ability of ifn-gamma and thereby exponential parasite growth is ensured at the active stage of the disease. by contrast, h-2b mice were possibly in ... | 1993 | 8434228 |
| fine needle aspiration cytology of the spleen in visceral leishmaniasis. | we describe the fine needle aspiration cytologic study of 210 splenic aspirates from patients clinically diagnosed as having visceral leishmaniasis. of these, 147 aspirates were found to be positive for leishmania donovani bodies. we highlighted the cytomorphology of these positive smears. a majority of the cases showed an increase in the number and size of reticuloendothelial cells, with altered shapes, variations in the cytoplasm and decreased white pulp elements. in some of these cases (10%), ... | 1993 | 8434499 |
| pure protein from leishmania donovani protects mice against both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. | a protein purified from leishmania donovani promastigotes, dp72, was shown to partially protect balb/c mice against a challenge by this parasite. immunized mice infected i.v. with 10(7) l. donovani promastigotes showed a 0, 60, and 78% reduction in liver parasite burden compared with the control mice at each time point examined after challenge, 1, 20, and 108 days, respectively. western blotting demonstrated that the sera from the immune mice, which reacted specifically with dp72 in lysates of l ... | 1993 | 8450215 |
| [prevalence of anti-leishmania antibodies in parenteral drug addicts. yield value of 2 study techniques]. | the prevalence of antibodies anti-leishmania in intravenous drug addict (ivda) patients suspect of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and the diagnostic profitability of two tests for detecting anti-leishmania antibodies were studied. | 1993 | 8450694 |
| effector role of blood monocytes in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | in balb/c mice, liver granulomas provoked by visceral infection with intracellular leishmania donovani are rapidly populated by influxing blood monocytes. to determine the host defense effector role of these mononuclear phagocytes, we treated three populations of infected animals with 5c6, an anti-type 3 complement receptor monoclonal antibody (mab), which inhibits monocyte recruitment into inflamed tissues. in naive balb/c mice, injections of 5c6 impaired the initial acquisition of antileishman ... | 1993 | 8454335 |
| endemic visceral leishmaniasis in a dog from texas. | visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed by cytology and positive indirect immunofluorescent antibody titers to leishmania donovani in a 7-month-old female basenji dog from texas. clinical and laboratory findings included weight loss, hematochezia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and neutrophilic leukocytosis. evidence of response to treatment with diminazene aceturate and ketoconazole included improvement in the abnormal clinical, hematologic, and biochemical findings, decreased serum g ... | 1993 | 8455178 |
| comparative susceptibility of african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) to experimental infection with leishmania leishmania donovani and leishmania leishmania infantum. | the leishmaniases are global health problems that affect both humans and animals. the availability of nonhuman primate models is desirable for such important areas as testing candidate vaccines and newly developed chemo- and immunotherapeutic agents. visceral leishmaniasis was experimentally induced in african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) by intravenously inoculating 10(7) amastigotes/kg of body weight of either leishmania leishmania donovani of human origin (group 1) or l. l. infantum ... | 1993 | 8459677 |
| expression of lipophosphoglycan, high-molecular weight phosphoglycan and glycoprotein 63 in promastigotes and amastigotes of leishmania mexicana. | the abundant surface glycoconjugate of leishmania promastigotes, lipophosphoglycan (lpg), forms a blue-colored complex (lambda max = 649 nm) with the cationic dye stains-all, which can be quantitated densitometrically on polyacrylamide gels of cell lysates. promastigotes of leishmania mexicana, leishmania major and leishmania donovani yield values of 1-3 x 10(6) lpg molecules cell-1. in amastigotes the lpg content is down-regulated below the detection limit (< 10(3) molecules cell-1) in l. mexic ... | 1993 | 8459823 |
| diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in hiv-infected individuals using peripheral blood smears. | to compare the clinical and laboratory features of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in hiv-infected and non-infected subjects, and to determine the presence of leishmania amastigotes in circulating leukocytes using peripheral blood smears. | 1993 | 8466685 |
| cyclophosphamide blocks both antigen-specific and polyclonal immunoglobulin responses in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | cyclophosphamide (cy) has been shown to modulate antibody responses in a wide range of diseases both in humans and experimental animals. our results in syrian hamsters infected with leishmania donovani have shown that cy blocks specific and polyclonal antibody production both in vivo and in vitro. this effect was achieved by weekly 100 mg/kg doses and also by a 300 mg/kg single dose. although cy provokes a significant decrease in b-cell numbers in infected animals, this cannot explain the suppre ... | 1993 | 8468122 |
| ity influences the production of ifn-gamma by murine splenocytes stimulated in vitro with salmonella typhimurium. | the ity-lsh-bcg genetic locus in the mouse has been documented to confer innate resistance to at least three intracellular pathogens: salmonella typhimurium, leishmania donovani, and mycobacterium. expression of the resistance gene(s) results in a slower net growth of these pathogens in the reticuloendothelial system early postinfection. although it is clear that the resident macrophages in resistant mice are functionally superior with regard to antimicrobial activity, the exact mechanism(s) und ... | 1993 | 8473743 |
| amphotericin b in resistant kala-azar in bihar. | during the recent epidemic of kala-azar in bihar, we identified a group of patients who were unresponsive to the two commonly used drugs--sodium stibogluconate and pentamidine. we evaluated the use of amphotericin b in these patients because it has been shown to be active in experimental animals against amastigotes and promastigotes, it has been found to be useful in south american patients and is now recommended by the world health organization as a second line drug. | 1993 | 8477209 |
| cloning and characterization of differentially expressed genes from in vitro-grown 'amastigotes' of leishmania donovani. | leishmanial parasites routinely undergo cyclic differentiation from promastigotes to amastigotes during their life cycle. this process involves both morphological and macromolecular changes. to study such changes, we used a axenic culture system which permits the continuous generation and cycling of leishmania donovani from promastigotes to 'amastigotes' in vitro. cdna libraries were constructed from poly(a)+ rna isolated from both the pro- and amastigote forms. using differential cdna hybridiza ... | 1993 | 8479459 |
| leishmania donovani parasites in the nasal secretions, tonsillopharyngeal mucosa, and urine centrifugates of visceral leishmaniasis patients in kenya. | in the early 1930s, investigators of visceral leishmaniasis stated that leishman-donovan bodies are found in body fluids of kala-azar patients, for example, in urine, feces, semen, and nasal and pharyngeal secretions. based on this finding, we investigated the diagnostic potential of nasal secretions, tonsillopharyngeal mucosal swabs, and urine centrifugates inoculated into schneider's drosophila medium (containing antibiotics and antifungal agents) as well as with giemsa-stained smears. consequ ... | 1993 | 8480861 |
| alteration of leishmania donovani infection levels by selective impairment of macrophage signal transduction. | leishmania donovani is an obligate intracellular protozoan which residues and multiples in macrophages. the molecular basis for this host-parasite interaction is poorly understood. targeting a signal transduction pathway in the macrophage would allow this parasite to manipulate cellular gene expression, and this may aid in ensuring its survival. we demonstrate that in macrophages infected with l. donovani for 18 h, c-fos gene expression mediated through protein kinase a was unaffected under cond ... | 1993 | 8482844 |
| effect of new diamidines against leishmania donovani infection. | the impact of interamidine distance on antileishmanial activity of new aryldiamidines have been evaluated against amastigotes of l. donovani in hamster. of the 20 compounds tested, only four (2,8-diamidino-9,10-dihydrodibenzoxepin; 2,7-diamidinoxanthone; 2,7-diamidinothioxanthone and 2,7-diamidinoxanthene) showed significant inhibition (more than 80%) of multiplication of amastigotes in spleen. the interamidine distance in the structure appears to have bearing on antileishmanial activity. the ob ... | 1993 | 8500833 |
| lipophosphoglycan antigen shedding by leishmania donovani. | the biochemical characterizations of lipophosphoglycans from various leishmania species reported by other workers may or may not contain several types of lipophosphoglycan molecules. this is the first report in which a specific lipophosphoglycan has been defined by both its antigenic and electrophoretic properties. furthermore, a purification procedure for this specific lipophosphoglycan is described and some biochemical characterizations are presented. phospholipase c and the so-called phosphat ... | 1993 | 8508171 |
| herbicides to curb human parasitic infections: in vitro and in vivo effects of trifluralin on the trypanosomatid protozoans. | leishmaniasis is a major tropical disease for which current chemotherapies, pentavalent antimonials, are inadequate and cause severe side effects. it has been reported that trifluralin, a microtubule-disrupting herbicide, is inhibitory to leishmania amazonensis. in this study, the in vitro effect of trifluralin on different species of trypanosomatid protozoans was determined. in addition to l. amazonensis, trifluralin is effective against leishmania major and leishmania tropica, which cause cuta ... | 1993 | 8516314 |
| serological diagnosis of leishmaniasis: on detecting infection as well as disease. | serological tests are very frequently used in epidemiological surveys of leishmaniasis and other parasitoses. their sensitivity and specificity are generally defined with respect to parasitism and disease, rather than infection. the reason is that known positives are those individuals most likely to yield parasites, or who have distinctive clinical signs, and concomitantly high antibody titres. this paper investigates the performance of one serological method, the indirect fluorescent antibody t ... | 1993 | 8519330 |
| clinicopathological study of clinically undiagnosed cases of kala-azar with special reference to grading of parasites. | clinicopathological study of 34 clinically undiagnosed cases of kala-azar has been undertaken with a view to establish the diagnosis and correlate the quantitative grading of leishmania donovani in bone marrow/splenic aspirates with clinical features and duration of disease. the ages of the patients were between 5 and 45 years. the duration of illnesses ranged from 2-24 months with 47% having 2 months' duration. splenomegaly was less than 7 cm in 70.5% cases. anaemia, leucopenia and mild thrombo ... | 1995 | 8522820 |
| increased expression of ld1 genes transcribed by rna polymerase i in leishmania donovani as a result of duplication into the rrna gene locus. | eukaryotic protein-coding genes are generally transcribed by rna polymerase ii (pol ii), which has a lower transcription rate than that of pol i. we report here the duplication of two ld1 genes into the rrna locus and their resultant transcription by pol i. the multigenic ld1 locus is present in a 2.2-mb chromosome in all stocks of leishmania spp. and is also present in multicopy 200- to 450-kb linear chromosomes or multicopy circular dnas in over 15% of stocks examined. genomic rearrangement in ... | 1995 | 8524251 |
| concomitant natural infection with l. donovani and l. major: a case report from iraq. | this is a case report of kala-azar with cutaneous leishmaniasis. upon admission, the patient had fever, hepatosplenomegaly and an ulcer on her cheek. the patient responded to pentostam. isoenzyme studies of parasite isolates from the bone marrow and from the cutaneous lesion revealed that these were l. donovani and l. major, respectively. this is the first report in iraq of a proven concomitant infection with two species of leishmania parasites. | 1995 | 8525713 |
| recent kala-azar cases in india: isozyme profiles of leishmania parasites. | in this study, three who recommended reference strains of leishmania donovani (dd8), l. tropica (k27) and l. major (5 askh) were compared by isozyme analysis of 9 soluble enzymes using cellulose acetate electrophoresis (cae). the isozyme profile of the three species showed distinct electrophoretic mobilities of the enzymes studied. this technique was applied to study the enzyme patterns of 8 clinical isolates of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and two post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) colle ... | 1995 | 8543361 |
| diagnostic and prognostic value of k39 recombinant antigen in indian leishmaniasis. | the recombinant product (rk39) of the 39 amino acid repeats encoded by a kinesin-like gene of visceral leishmania spp. was further evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for its diagnostic potential in indian kala-azar (vl) and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl). anti-rk39 antibodies were highly positive in 20 symptomatic cases, including 6 resistant to single or double chemotherapy, but became negligible or absent in 9 recently cured patients. endpoint titration of sampl ... | 1995 | 8544037 |
| is phlebotomus (larroussius) orientalis a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in south-west ethiopia? | | 1995 | 8546034 |
| inhibition of hiv-1-induced syncytia formation and infectivity by lipophosphoglycan from leishmania. | in hiv-1 infection, the appearance of syncytia-inducing (si) isolates is associated with a more rapid decline of cd4+ cells and progression to aids. agents that inhibit either virus infection or syncytia formation have the potential to be therapeutically useful. lipophosphoglycan (lpg), the major glycoconjugate of leishmania, was recently shown to be a potent nonspecific inhibitor of viral membrane fusion. in this study, lpg demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of hiv-1-induced syncytia form ... | 1995 | 8548328 |
| immunotherapy with il-2-stimulated splenocytes reduces in vitro the level of leishmania donovani infection in peritoneal macrophages. | a study was done in vitro to determine if il-2-stimulated lymphocytes (lak cells) would activate infected macrophages to reduce their burden of leishmania donovani. macrophage-depleted splenocytes from normal or infected c57bl/6 (h-2b; lshs) mice, stimulated in vitro by the il-2-containing supernatant of the mla 144 cell line or by ril-2, significantly reduced the number of syngeneic resting peritoneal macrophages infected by l. donovani; lak cells from infected animals were significantly more e ... | 1995 | 8550297 |
| multiple host defense defects in failure of c57bl/6 ep/ep (pale ear) mice to resolve visceral leishmania donovani infection. | euthymic c57bl/l ep/ep (pale ear [pe]) mice halt the visceral replication of intracellular leishmania donovani but fail to properly resolve infection. a previous study identified an isolated defect in tissue granuloma formation in these mice; cd4+ and cd8+ cell number, gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) production, and macrophage antimicrobial activity in vitro were all intact. new in vivo results reported here suggest a considerably more complex immune defect, with evidence indicating (i) enhanced co ... | 1996 | 8557335 |
| visceral leishmaniasis: use of the polymerase chain reaction in an epidemiological study in baringo district, kenya. | the polymerase chain reaction was applied to capillary blood spots dried on filter paper from 20 parasitologically proved cases of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), 21 subclinical cases, and 11 healthy controls in a longitudinal study of anthroponotic vl in baringo district, kenya. leishmania deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) was detected 10.5 months before diagnosis and up to 3 years after diagnosis and apparently successful treatment. subclinical cases can have detectable circulating parasite dna in thei ... | 1995 | 8560520 |
| l-alanine: 4,5-dioxovalerate transaminase in leishmania donovani that differs from mammalian enzyme. | leishmania protozoans are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a major parasitic disease in humans. the parasites manifest a nutritional requirement for heme compounds since they are deficient in heme biosynthesis. in this study we have demonstrated for the first time the presence of the enzyme l-alanine: 4,5-dioxovalerate transaminase in leishmania donovani. this enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ala), the first committed step in heme synthesis. thus the defect in heme ... | 1995 | 8564368 |
| [imported visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar) in a german infant]. | we here report the case of a 1 4/12 year old girl with visceral leishmaniasis. returning from a trip to mallorca she presented with pancytopenia, splenomegaly and fever and was admitted to hospital with suspected malignancy. diagnosis was established microscopically from bone marrow smear and confirmed by pcr-assisted amplification of leishmania-specific dna from peripheral blood. treatment was conducted with stibogluconate for 25 days. defervescence and improvement of clinical symptoms was seen ... | 1995 | 8569138 |
| cloning and expression of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from leishmania donovani. | the gene encoding the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt) enzyme from leishmania donovani has been cloned and sequenced. the hgprt open reading frame encoded a polypeptide of 211 amino acids that exhibited 3 regions of significant homology with other eukaryotic hgprts and a c-terminal tripeptide compatible with a glycosomal targeting signal. northern blot analysis of l. donovani rna revealed two hgprt transcripts, a 1.9-kb mrna and a 1.7-kb transcript. the expression of the 1. ... | 1995 | 8577321 |
| in vivo and in vitro cytokine profiles and mononuclear cell subsets in sicilian patients with active visceral leishmaniasis. | sera from sicilian patients with confirmed visceral leishmaniasis (leishmania donovani infantum) were analysed at the moment of the diagnosis, during the course of the disease and after clinical recovery, for the concentration of il-10, ifn-gamma, il-4 and il-2. the results show high concentrations of il-10 and ifn-gamma in the sera at the beginning of infection that return to the normal range following successful chemotherapy. by contrast, pbmc stimulated in vitro with ag and mitogen produced l ... | 1995 | 8580385 |
| visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis comparative ultrastructure of host-parasite interactions. | the comparative ultrastructure of host-parasite interactions is described for the first time in patients with visceral (vl) and cutaneous (cl) leishmaniasis. in patients with vl, the parasite invades the bone marrow (bm) macrophages (mcs) and neutrophils, while in patients with cl, the parasite invades the dermal fibroblasts in addition to mcs. the skin mcs seem to have more lethal effects on the parasite than the bm mcs; this is possibly due to the presence of numerous melanosomes with acid pho ... | 1995 | 8586879 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in somalia. circulating antibodies as measured by dat, immunofluorescence and elisa. | sera from patients with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) (n = 26), healthy residents of mogadishu (n = 157), inhabitants of a village in an endemic area (n = 276) and healthy swedes (n = 60) were examined using the direct agglutination test (dat), immunofluorescence (if) and elisa for antibodies against leishmania donovani. the study was carried out in order to provide baseline data for antibody responses in visceral leishmaniasis as existing in somalia and to explore which one of these methods would ... | 1995 | 8592766 |
| partial purification and characterization of a soluble protein phosphatase from leishmania donovani promastigotes. | a soluble protein phosphatase from the promastigote form of the parasitic protozoan leishmania donovani was partially purified using sephadex g-100, deae-cellulose and again sephadex g-100 columns. the partially purified enzyme showed a native molecular weight of about 42,000 in both sephadex g-100 and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. the sedimentation constant, stokes radius and frictional ratio were found to be 3.43s, 2.8 nm and 1.20 respectively. the enzyme preferentially utilized pho ... | 1995 | 8594423 |
| detection of leishmania in the blood of early kala-azar patients with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction. | samples from 39 patients with symptoms suggestive of early visceral leishmaniasis were independently assayed by microscopy of tissue smears, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of blood deoxyribonucleic acid. of these patients, 19 were confirmed as positive or negative by all 3 tests; 11 patients (28%) negative by smear were positive by elisa and pcr; and 7 (18%) were positive by pcr alone. these results demonstrate the high sensitivity of the non-invasi ... | 1995 | 8594675 |
| sudanese mucosal leishmaniasis: epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, immune responses and treatment. | the epidemiology, clinical features, pathology, immune responses, diagnosis and treatment of 14 patients with mucosal leishmaniasis in the sudan are described. the condition occurred mainly in adult males, particularly in certain closely related tribes from the western sudan. it affected the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and/or the oral mucosa and sometimes followed treated kala azar. the parasites were sometimes confined to the mucosa, sometimes spread to the lymph nodes, and rarely inf ... | 1995 | 8594683 |
| acute phase protein concentrations predict parasite clearance rate during therapy for visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) remains a major health problem in kenya and other parts of africa, central america and asia. currently, splenic aspirate smear and culture are the standard methods of monitoring therapy and relapse. acute phase reactant markers, c-reactive protein (crp), serum amyloid a protein (saa) and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (agp) were evaluated as less invasive techniques for monitoring therapy in 59 patients with vl before, during and after therapy. crp, saa and agp were elevat ... | 1995 | 8594695 |
| lack of serological specificity of recombinant heat shock protein of leishmania donovani. | in order to identify a specific recombinant antigen of leishmania donovani with potential use for diagnosis, a cdna library was constructed in lambda zap ii expression vector. on screening the cdna library using pooled sera from indian patients with kala azar, 20 antibody reactive clones were identified. these were subcloned into pbluescript phagemid by an in vivo excision procedure. the molecular weights of the expressed recombinant proteins varied from 15 to 70 kda and the cdna insert sizes va ... | 1995 | 8595923 |
| [parasitic diseases of the liver]. | the liver seems to be very attractive for many parasites which may either inhabit the organ or pass through during their normal development or may be carried to the liver leading to destruction there. malaria parasites have a short developmental stage in the hepatocytes, but they do not damage the organ. for the leishmanias (leishmania donovani complex) are the kupffer cells are the target cells causing visceral leishmaniasis or kala azar. nematodes of the ascarid group have a special affinity f ... | 1995 | 8600687 |
| a 7-month-old girl with fever and bleeding. | | 1996 | 8602061 |
| models of relapse of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | to establish models for studying recurrence of visceral leishmaniasis, a growing problem in t cell-deficient patients, two approaches were investigated: treatment of euthymic balb/c mice with quiescent leishmania donovani infection with t cell-depleting or anti-cytokine antibodies and serial observation of acutely infected nude balb/c mice after an initial antileishmanial response induced by amphotericin b treatment. in chronically infected euthymic mice, maintenance of acquired immunity and pre ... | 1996 | 8603949 |
| microbicidal mechanisms of liver macrophages in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | to study the differential microbicidal potentials of liver macrophages, the oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways in kupffer cells and immigrant macrophages of leishmania donovani-infected balb/c mice were investigated. hydrogen peroxide assay was performed using horse radish peroxidase-dependent oxidation of phenol red to quantitate the reactive oxygen species produced. to examine the oxygen-independent pathway, the enzymes n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (nag) and beta-glucuronidase ( ... | 1996 | 8611190 |
| pentamidine uptake in leishmania donovani and leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and axenic amastigotes. | a transport system for pentamidine in leishmania donovani and leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and axenic amastigotes has been identified and characterized. pentamidine is not metabolized by these parasites. its uptake process is saturable, carrier-mediated and energy-dependent. this drug does not inhibit purine or pyrimidine uptake, whereas it inhibits uptake of several amino acids non-competitively and that of putrescine and spermidine competitively. the results suggest that pentamidine sh ... | 1996 | 8615840 |
| the genomic organization of the hsp83 gene locus is conserved in three leishmania species. | | 1996 | 8617351 |
| evaluation of antibody responses in indian kala-azar by immunoblot. | when infected with leishmania species, patients develop specific antibodies that constitute the basis of serodiagnosis. using western blot analysis we studied the specificity of anti-leishmania donovani antibodies in patients with visceral leishmaniasis, healthy subjects living in an endemic and non-endemic areas, and patients of other infectious diseases like malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis and tropical splenomegaly. sera from patients with kala-azar recognised numerous antigens that had a molec ... | 1995 | 8624503 |
| immunobiology of visceral leishmaniasis. | | 1996 | 8625552 |
| animal reservoirs of leishmaniasis in marigat, baringo district, kenya. | a total of 1128 rodents belonging to seven genera were examined for leishmanial parasites over a period of sixteen months. parasites were isolated from 36 (12.5%) tatera robusta, 3 (0.5%) arvicanthis niloticus, and 2 (0.8%) mastomys natalensis. all isolates were characterised by isoenzyme analysis using nine enzymes. the enzymes examined were: malate dehydrogenase (mdh), phosphoglucomutase (pgm), glucose phosphate isomerase (gpi), isocitrate dehydrogenase (icd), nucleoside hydrolase (nh), glucos ... | 1996 | 8625862 |
| rk39: a cloned antigen of leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis. | the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), a serious and often fatal parasitic disease caused by members of the leishmania donovani complex, remains problematic. current methods rely on clinical criteria, parasite identification in aspirate material, and serology. the latter methods use crude antigen preparations lacking in specificity. a previously described cloned antigen, rk39, of leishmania specific for all members of the l. donovani complex (l. chagasi, l. donovani, l. infantum) was very ... | 1996 | 8627048 |
| leishmania promastigotes selectively inhibit interleukin 12 induction in bone marrow-derived macrophages from susceptible and resistant mice. | leishmania major promastigotes were found to avoid activation of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (bmm0) in vitro for production of cytokines that are typically induced during infection with other intracellular pathogens. coexposure of bmm0 to the parasite and other microbial stimuli resulted in complete inhibition of interleukin (il) 12 (p40) mrna induction and il-12 release. in contrast, mrna and protein levels for il-1(alpha), il-1(beta), tumor necrosis factor (tnf) alpha, and inducible ... | 1996 | 8627163 |
| il-2-stimulated splenocytes reduce infections by leishmania donovani in vivo. | the traditional treatment of infections produced by the obligate intramacrophage protozoan leishmania donovani involves the use of antimonial drugs. because these drugs may have toxic side effects (and are sometimes ineffective), the potential efficacy of alternative therapy with lymphokine-stimulated leucocytes was assessed. macrophage-depleted c57bl/6 splenocytes from mice inoculated 2 wk earlier with l. donovani were stimulated in vitro with the interleukin-2-containing supernatant of mla 144 ... | 1996 | 8627506 |
| dna polymerases from a parasitic protozoa leishmania donovani ur6: evidence of presence of a novel kind of dna polymerase. | dna polymerases of leishmania donovani have been isolated and purified. the cell extract has been chromatographed on a phosphocellulose column that separated into three peaks. the activity peak 1 was further purified to homogeneity. the dna polymerase is a 64 kda polypeptide, resistant to n-ethylmaleimide and aphidicolin. it requires mncl2 and a high concentration of kcl (0.5 m) for maximal activity. it has both 3' to 5' and 5' to 3' exonuclease activities that reside in the same polypeptide. | 1996 | 8630018 |
| structural organization, sequence, and expression of the chicken nramp1 gene encoding the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1. | one of the most common causes of food poisoning in humans is salmonellosis, which is frequently caused by ingestion with salmonella-contaminated poultry products. several lines of evidence suggest that genetic factors control resistance and susceptibility of chickens to infection with salmonellae. in the mouse, innate resistance to infection with intracellular pathogens such as salmonella typhimurium, several species of mycobacteria, and leishmania donovani is controlled by the mouse chromosome ... | 1996 | 8634139 |
| reactivity of various leishmanial antigens in a direct agglutination test and their value in differentiating post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis from leprosy and other skin conditions. | a direct agglutination test (dat) for the detection of post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) was evaluated in conditions that simulate the disease clinically or immunologically. a reference strain of leishmania donovani (lem 1399), and antigen preparations from leishmania isolates from bangladeshi patients with post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis or visceral leishmaniasis were used. a titre of at least 51,200 was obtained in tests of patients with pkdl with all three antigens, whereas a max ... | 1996 | 8642576 |
| c-reactive protein binds to a novel ligand on leishmania donovani and increases uptake into human macrophages. | c-reactive protein (crp) is a major acute phase protein of man, with serum concentrations increasing dramatically following stimulation of hepatocytes by inflammatory cytokines. however, the role of crp in inflammation and resistance to infection is still poorly understood. here, the specificity of crp binding to the surface of leishmania donovani, an obligate intracellular parasite of mononuclear phagocytes, is described. crp is shown to bind to promastigotes at the infectious metacyclic stage ... | 1996 | 8648114 |
| leishmaniasis in aids patients: results of leukocytoconcentration, a fast biological method of diagnosis. | leukocytoconcentration is an easy, fast and inexpensive technique for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis from peripheral blood. the technique involves concentration of blood parasites on a small surface of a microscope slide while the red blood cells are removed by lysis. the results, compared with those of other methods (examination of cultures of blood samples and bone marrow smears), were very good and accurate. all but one of our cases of leishmaniasis were patients with hiv co-infection. leukoc ... | 1996 | 8653821 |
| a simple method for maintaining, detecting and recovering virulent leishmania donovani in hamsters. | the ability of hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) to retain amastigotes of leishmania donovani at cutaneous sites was examined. following intradermal inoculation of l. donovani stationary phase culture promastigotes in fore and hind footpads, nasal area and belly skin, cultures of aspirates taken fortnightly from these sites showed that amastigotes can survive in the skin for up to 10 months without visceralizing. hairless cutaneous sites were better at retaining l. donovani amastigotes than the ha ... | 1996 | 8659325 |
| kinetics and stoichiometry of a proton/myo-inositol cotransporter. | voltage clamp recording was used to measure steady-state and presteady-state currents mediated by a myo-inositol transporter cloned from leishmania donovani and expressed in xenopus oocytes. application of myo-inositol resulted in inward currents, which did not require external sodium and which were increased by increasing the extracellular proton concentration and by membrane hyperpolarization. alkalinization of the extracellular space occurred concomitantly with myo-inositol influx. correlatio ... | 1996 | 8663013 |
| the developmental expression of leishmania donovani a2 amastigote-specific genes is post-transcriptionally mediated and involves elements located in the 3'-untranslated region. | leishmania donovani is a protozoan parasite that exists as a free-living promastigote in the sandfly insect vector and as an amastigote inside the mammalian host macrophage phagolysosome compartment. the l. donovani a2 genes have been described previously as developmentally expressed in amastigotes but can be induced experimentally in promastigotes by a combination of ph and temperature shifts, conditions that mimic the phagolysosomal compartment of the macrophage cell. considering the importanc ... | 1996 | 8663340 |
| (s)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(s)-hpmpa]: a purine analogue with trypanocidal activity in vitro and in vivo. | the unique features of purine salvage systems of pathogenic haemoflagellates render them selectively susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of purine analogues. a series of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates were evaluated for activity against pathogenic haemoflagellates in vitro. one of the phosphonylmethoxyalkylpurines, namely (s)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(s)-hpmpa], was active in vitro against bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, t. b. gambiense, multidrug-re ... | 1996 | 8665394 |
| visceral leishmaniasis and renal tuberculosis in a patient on maintenance haemodialysis. | | 1996 | 8671866 |
| disposition of antimony after the administration of n-methylglucamine antimoniate to dogs. | a study was carried out in dogs to define the pharmacokinetic profile of antimony and to define a better therapeutic protocol for the treatment of canine leishmaniasis. six healthy beagle dogs received 100 mg/kg of n-methylglucamine antimoniate containing 27.2 per cent of antimony intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously. after intravenous administration the plasma concentration of antimony decreased rapidly and after 240 minutes it was lower than the ed50 values suggested for leishmani ... | 1996 | 8677619 |
| comparative study of infectivity caused by promastigotes of leishmania infantum mon-1, l. infantum mon-24 and l. donovani mon-18. | the mechanisms which permit leishmania to survive inside macrophages are not totally understood although it is known that prolonged culture in vitro results in loss of virulence. one of the cell surface molecules often implicated in virulence mechanisms is the glycoprotein of 63 kda (gp63). in this work we studied changes in infectivity of l. infantum promastigotes maintained in vitro by subcultures, correlated with the proteolytic activity of gp63. it was observed that l. infantum mon-1 promast ... | 1996 | 8682411 |
| protozoan infections in the male genital tract. | we reviewed the literature on protozoan infections in the male genital tract, with special reference to histopathological findings and their repercussions on different andrological functions. | 1996 | 8683676 |
| two conformationally vicinal thiols at the active site of leishmania donovani adenosine kinase. | inactivation of adenosine kinase (adk) from leishmania donovani correlates with the modification of two conformationally vicinal cysteine residues. in contrast, adk from hamster liver, despite being sensitive to monothiol-blocking reagents, was insensitive to dithiol modifiers. inactivation kinetics and substrate-protection studies along with double-modification experiments successively with n-ethylmaleimide in the presence of ado and sodium m-arsenite-2,3-dimercaptopropanol or diazenedicarboxyl ... | 1996 | 8687385 |
| standardization of leishmania dovovani parasite inoculum dose and route of challenge for use in infectivity studies: is it necessary? | | 1995 | 8689982 |
| serological diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by a dot-enzyme immunoassay for the detection of a leishmania donovani-related circulating antigen. | field medicine in tropical areas needs laboratory assays which are inexpensive and easy to perform. to meet this need a semi-quantitative dot-enzyme immunoassay (eia) was developed for the detection of an l. donovani-related circulating antigen and tested for clinical relevance in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). the dot-eia probes serum spotted on nitrocellulose for the presence of the antigen using a monoclonal antibody raised against l. donovani promastigotes, a peroxidase-conjug ... | 1996 | 8690934 |
| kinetics of entry of virulent and avirulent strains of leishmania donovani into macrophages: a possible role of virulence molecules (gp63 and lpg). | specific receptors may be involved in the process of attachment of leishmania donovani promastigotes to macrophage surfaces and their subsequent internalization. two virulent strains of indian l. donovani (ag83 and ge-i) were found to enter into macrophages much faster than the avirulent ones (ur6). these virulent promastigotes express surface glycoprotein (gp63) and lipophosphoglycan (lpg) to a greater extent than avirulent strains. we examined their interaction with macrophages as a function o ... | 1996 | 8691373 |
| biosynthesis of lipophosphoglycan from leishmania major: solubilization and characterization of a (beta 1-3)-galactosyltransferase. | lipophosphoglycan (lpg), is the major cell surface molecule of promastigotes of all leishmania species. it is comprised of three domains: a conserved glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor linked to a repeating phosphorylated disaccharide (p2; po4-6gal beta 1-4man alpha 1-) backbone and capped with a neutral oligosaccharide. in leishmania major the backbone is substituted at the c(o)3 of the galp residue with side chains containing galp, glcp and arap residues whereas in leishmania donovani the bac ... | 1996 | 8694771 |
| deficiency in beta1,3-galactosyltransferase of a leishmania major lipophosphoglycan mutant adversely influences the leishmania-sand fly interaction. | to study the function of side chain oligosaccharides of the cell-surface lipophosphoglycan (lpg), mutagenized leishmania major defective in side chain biosynthesis were negatively selected by agglutination with the monoclonal antibody wic79.3, which recognizes the galactose-containing side chains of l. major lpg. one such mutant, called spock, lacked the ability to bind significantly to midguts of the natural l. major vector, phlebotomus papatasi, and to maintain infection in the sand fly after ... | 1996 | 8702802 |
| visceral leishmaniasis emerging as an important opportunistic infection in hiv-infected persons living in areas nonendemic for leishmania donovani. | visceral leishmaniasis is an important infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus and living in areas endemic for leishmania sp. leishmaniasis, however, is rarely suspected in patients residing in nonendemic countries. | 1996 | 8712898 |
| the fml (fucose mannose ligand) of leishmania donovani. a new tool in diagnosis, prognosis, transfusional control and vaccination against human kala-azar. | the fucose-mannose ligand (fml) of leishmania donovani is a complex glycoproteic fraction. its potential use as a tool for diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis was tested with human sera from natal, rio grande do norte, brazil. the fml-elisa test, showed 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity, identifying patients with overt kala-azar (p < 0.001, when compared to normal sera), and subjects with subclinical infection. more than 20% apparently healthy subjects with positive reaction to fml deve ... | 1996 | 8713607 |
| oxygen-dependent leishmanicidal activity of stimulated macrophages. | peritoneal macrophages pretreated with different stimulants were analysed and compared with their respective controls for their ability to kill intracellular pathogenic l. donovani, (mhom/in/1983/ag83) an isolate from indian subcontinent. stimulation of macrophages by zymosan showed a higher microbicidal activity as compared to that by pma. a correlation between microbicidal activity of the macrophages and the parameters related to respiratory burst activity such as liberation of o2-, production ... | 1996 | 8717413 |
| cloning and expression of the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase gene from leishmania donovani. | | 1995 | 8719249 |
| characterization of the respiratory chain of leishmania donovani promastigotes. | inhibition analysis of respiration of leishmania donovani promastigotes in resting, starved and permeabilized cells in the presence of classical electron transfer complex inhibitors such as rotenone, thenoyltrifluoroacetone and antimycin demonstrated the absence of complex i component of the respiratory chain in this organism. cyanide failed to completely block the oxygen uptake (residual 25-30%) even at high concentrations. the alternative oxidase inhibitor for trypanosoma brucei, salicylhydrox ... | 1995 | 8720174 |
| leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan (lpg) inhibits respiratory burst and chemotaxis of dog phagocytes. | lipophosphoglycan (lpg) is the major glycoconjugate of leishmania promastigote surface membrane. previous studies on human and murine models have demonstrated that this molecule is involved in the attachment and survival of leishmania in the host cells. dog is the main reservoir of leishmania strains responsible for human leishmaniasis in italy. since no studies have been performed on the lpg-canine phagocyte interactions, we investigated the lpg effects on dog phagocyte functions by evaluating: ... | 1996 | 8722306 |