| detection and characterization of hepatitis a virus in water samples in thailand. | outbreaks of hepatitis a in thailand have been reported continuely and associated with water supply. however, the genetic analysis of hepatitis a virus (hav) in water is limited. this study described the application of virus concentration method and reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (rt-nested pcr) to detect hav rna and analyse the genetic sequence of the virus in environmental water samples. | 2006 | 16696679 |
| silencing of hepatitis a virus infection by small interfering rnas. | infection by hepatitis a virus (hav) can cause acute hepatitis and, rarely, fulminant liver failure, in particular in patients chronically infected with hepatitis c virus. based on our previous observation that small interfering rnas (sirnas) can silence translation and replication of the firefly luciferase-encoding hav replicon, we now exploited this technology to demonstrate the effect of sirnas on viral infection in huh-7 cells. freshly and persistently infected cells were transfected with si ... | 2006 | 16699041 |
| seroprevalence for hepatitis e virus (hev) infection among volunteer blood donors of the regional blood bank of londrina, state of paraná , brazil. | a cross-sectional study was carried out among 996 volunteer blood donors enrolled from may 1999 to december 1999 to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection among volunteer blood donors of the regional blood bank of londrina, state of paraná, brazil, and to evaluate whether the rate of seroprevalence of igg anti-hev antibodies is associated with sociodemographic variables and with seropositivity for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. all participants answered the questio ... | 2006 | 16699630 |
| hepatitis a seroepidemiology in eastern turkey. | it has been reported that there are great deal of changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis a at the present. the epidemiologic studies regarding to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection are not sufficient both in the country and study region. | 2006 | 16708879 |
| mucosal immunization against hepatitis a: antibody responses are enhanced by co-administration of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides and a novel cationic lipid. | hepatitis a caused by hepatitis a virus (hav) transmitted by the fecal-oral route, results in considerable morbidity and economic loss. mucosal immunization can be more effective than conventional injection at inducing both local and systemic immunity to hav. here we show that co-administration of killed hav with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (odns) containing cpg sequences, and a novel polycationic sphingolipid (ccs)/cholesterol liposomal delivery system, markedly enhances the hav-specific an ... | 2006 | 16714070 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus genotype ib variants in clams from maputo bay, mozambique. | clams provide an important source of food and income for the population of maputo, mozambique, where conditions of poor water supply and inadequate sanitation favor endemic infection with hepatitis a virus (hav). to determine the role of bivalves in an endemic area, clams gathered from maputo bay were bought from market and examined for hav. four batches, total 150 clams, were sampled over the year. rna extracted from individual digestive glands was assayed by nested rt-pcr and sequencing of hav ... | 2006 | 16721847 |
| [epidemiology and clinical manifestations of viral hepatitis]. | viral hepatitis is an infectious disease affecting the liver. at this time, five different human hepatitis viruses are recognized and characterized in detail: hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), hepatitis d virus (hdv), and hepatitis e virus (hev). the hepatitis viruses differ widely in their modes of transmission and clinical features. whereas all of them can cause acute hepatitis, only hbv, hdv, and hcv cause chronic hepatitis. this article reviews the ep ... | 2006 | 16725087 |
| active immunisation during an outbreak of hepatitis a in a german day-care centre. | during an outbreak in a german day-care centre (dcc) caring for 100 children hav vaccination was recommended for children, employees and household members of cases. a retrospective cohort study was done to evaluate vaccine uptake and identify possible risk factors for disease. between 19 december 2004 and 30 january 2005 eight dcc children and seven household members fulfilled the case definition, i.e. had clinical hepatitis (14) or were diagnosed with asymptomatic hav infection (1). following t ... | 2006 | 16730103 |
| quantitation of hepatitis a virus and enterovirus levels in the lagoon canals and lido beach of venice, italy, using real-time rt-pcr. | in order to assess the microbial water quality of the lagoon canals of venice, italy and nearby beach on lido island, a study was conducted using real-time rt-pcr to enumerate levels of hepatitis a virus (hav) and enteroviruses in these marine waters over a 3-year period from 2003 to 2005. a total of 17 sites (9 lagoon canal and 8 beach sites) were assayed. for the canals of the venice lagoon, 78% were positive for both hav and enteroviruses, with levels ranging from 75 to 730 and 3 to 1,614 gen ... | 2006 | 16740290 |
| development, evaluation, and standardization of a real-time taqman reverse transcription-pcr assay for quantification of hepatitis a virus in clinical and shellfish samples. | a standardized real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assay has been developed for an accurate estimation of the number of genome copies of hepatitis a virus (hav) in clinical and shellfish samples. real-time procedures were based on the amplification of a fragment of the highly conserved 5' noncoding region and detection through an internal fluorescent probe, including taqman and beacon chemistries, in one- and two-step rt-pcr formats. the best performance in terms of sensitivity and repr ... | 2006 | 16751488 |
| epidemiology and outcome of severe hepatitis a infection in children in kuwait. | to describe the epidemiology, clinical features and outcome of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in children in kuwait. | 2006 | 16763392 |
| green onions: potential mechanism for hepatitis a contamination. | the largest documented foodborne hepatitis a outbreak in u.s. history occurred in november 2003. the source of that outbreak was green onions from a farm in mexico. two biomarkers were used to determine ways in which hepatitis a virus (hav) can contaminate onions. fluorescent microspheres (1.0 to 10 microm) and hav vaccine were placed on the soil and the surfaces of pot-grown onions and in the liquid medium of hydroponically cultivated onions. reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr) was used to ident ... | 2006 | 16786877 |
| distinct changing profiles of hepatitis a and e virus infection among patients with acute hepatitis, patients on maintenance hemodialysis and healthy individuals in japan. | to compare the epidemiologic profiles of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) infections in japan, the prevalence of clinical or subclinical hav and hev infections was investigated serologically and molecularly among 128 consecutive patients (age, mean +/- standard deviation, 37.5 +/- 14.7 years) who contracted acute hepatitis between 1989 and 2005 in a city hospital, and among 416 hemodialysis patients (60.1 +/- 12.6 years) and 266 medical staff members (34.6 +/- 11.4 years) at t ... | 2006 | 16789007 |
| case report: hepatitis a preceding guillain-barré syndrome. | a case of acute hepatitis a with guillain-barré syndrome subtype aman (acute motor axonal neuropathy) in a 17-year-old male is reported. serum and cerebrospinal fluid were positive for anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) igm, igg, and iga. the onset of the syndrome was evident in week 3 of illness. the remarkably high titers of serum anti-hav igg appeared unique to a hepatitis a patient with the syndrome. phylogenetic analysis of the hav genome detected in the serum and feces revealed genotype iiia, ci ... | 2006 | 16789022 |
| hepatitis a virus in urban sewage from two mediterranean countries. | molecular methods for the detection and typing of hepatitis a virus (hav) strains in sewage were applied to determine its distribution in cairo and barcelona. the study revealed the occurrence of different patterns of hepatitis a endemicity in each city. the circulating strains characterized, whether in cairo or barcelona, were genotype ib. the effects of a child vaccination programme and the increase in the immigrant population on the overall hepatitis a occurrence in barcelona were evaluated. ... | 2007 | 16817987 |
| epidemiological pattern and mortality rates for hepatitis a in brazil, 1980-2002--a review. | the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is high in developing countries, in which low standards of sanitation promote the transmission of the virus. in latin america, which is considered an area of high hav endemicity, most hav-positive individuals are infected in early childhood however recent studies have shown that prevalence rates are decreasing. herein, we review the data on hav prevalence and outbreaks available in scientific databases. we also use official government data in o ... | 2006 | 16830702 |
| removal of small nonenveloped viruses by antibody-enhanced nanofiltration during the manufacture of plasma derivatives. | filters with nominal pore sizes in the nanometer range are well-established tools for enhancing the virus safety margins of plasma-derived products, yet intrinsically less successful for smaller viruses such as hepatitis a virus (hav) and human parvovirus b19 (b19v). the formation of virus-antibody complexes increases the effective size of these smaller viruses and would thus improve their removal by nanofiltration. while the principle of virus removal by antibody-dependent nanofiltration has be ... | 2006 | 16836561 |
| primary hepatitis a vaccination failure is a rare although possible event: results of a retrospective study. | a case of hepatitis a occurred in a traveller in spite of a complete course of immunization with a combined hav and hbv vaccine [taliani g, sbaragli s, bartoloni a, santini mg, tozzi a, paradisi f. hepatitis a vaccine failure: how to treat the threat. vaccine 2003;21(31):4505-6]. a retrospective study was performed to evaluate whether the failure was primary or could be attributed to a specific lot of vaccine or to its inadequate handling and/or storage. two distinct populations of vaccinees wer ... | 2006 | 16839649 |
| estimated incidence of hepatitis a virus infection in catalonia. | hepatitis a normally is underreported by statutory disease reporting systems. the objective of this study is to estimate the incidence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection from prevalence surveys of infection carried out in representative samples of the population in 1989, 1996, and 2002 and the reported disease incidence during 1991 to 2003 in catalonia. | 2006 | 16843008 |
| evaluation of association between hepatitis a and helicobacter pylori infections and routes of transmission. | previous research about coexistence of helicobacter pylori (hp) and hepatitis a virus (hav) infections and the factors that increase their prevalence has suggested that the route of transmission of hp infection includes oral-oral and water-foods as well as the fecal-oral route. the aim of this study was to evaluate the routes of transmission of hp by comparing the seroprevalences of hp and hav in children. one hundred and two children aged 1-18 years living in rural and urban regions of izmir we ... | 2006 | 16848113 |
| marked decrease in the incidence and prevalence of hepatitis a in the basque country, spain, 1986-2004. | the aim of this study was to determine changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in the basque country, spain, and to evaluate their implications for vaccination strategies. a total of 1356 persons were enrolled in a study of the prevalence of anti-hav in 2004 and compared with two previous studies (1986-1987 and 1992). the selection method and the characteristics of the population were similar in the three studies. a marked decline in the seroprevalence in all age groups ... | 2007 | 16848926 |
| prevalence of hepatitis and hiv infections and vaccination rates in patients entering the heroin-assisted treatment in switzerland between 1994 and 2002. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) remains very prevalent in injection drug users (idus). in spite of recommended vaccinations against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv), many idus remain susceptible to hav and hbv. | 2006 | 16858622 |
| co-circulation of genotypes ia and ib of hepatitis a virus in northeast brazil. | the northeast region is the location of most cases of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) in brazil. in the present study, the genotypes of hav strains from pernambuco state, one of most populous states in the northeast region, were characterized. blood samples positive for anti-hav igm from 145 individuals (mean age = 29.1 years), collected during 2002 and 2003, were submitted to nested rt-pcr for amplification of the 5'non-translated region (5'ntr) and vp1/2a regions of the hav genome. the vp1/2a an ... | 2006 | 16862277 |
| immunity to hepatitis a and hepatitis b in indian and chinese immigrants seen in a travel clinic in massachusetts, united states. | immigrants to the united states from developing countries have a higher probability of previous infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) and/or hepatitis b virus in their countries of origin. prior knowledge of hepatitis a and b seroprevalence in this population may aid in determining the need for pretravel immunizations when these individuals travel to endemic regions. we conducted a retrospective analysis of hepatitis a and b serologies in a travel clinic population (from march 1999 through sept ... | 2006 | 16884403 |
| evaluation of methods used to concentrate and detect hepatitis a virus in water samples. | two adsorption-elution concentration methods, both involving negatively charged membranes, were evaluated in order to monitor hepatitis a virus (hav) contamination in tap, river, mineral and coastal water samples: elution with urea-arginine phosphate buffer/reconcentration with magnesium chloride (method 1); and sodium hydroxide elution/reconcentration with a commercial concentrator (method 2). nested (qualitative) reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) and real-time (quantitative) rt-pcr were used ... | 2006 | 16887200 |
| the peptidases from fungi and viruses. | fungi and viruses encode a variety of peptidases having a plethora of functions. many fungal peptidases are extracellular and are likely used to degrade proteins in their environment. viral peptidases are processing enzymes, intimately involved in the virus infectious cycle. the viral rna genome is translated by the host-cell machinery into a large polyprotein that is cleaved by the viral peptidases into mature capsid proteins, non-structural proteins and enzymes. i review the structure and cata ... | 2006 | 16895471 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus in brazilian amazon. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is highly endemic in the amazon. however, few data are available regarding hav genotypes circulating in this region of the world. the aim of the present study was to characterize genetically hav isolates circulating in the brazilian part of the amazon. | 2006 | 16911689 |
| virological investigation of a hepatitis e epidemic in north india. | hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is of major public health concern in the developing countries, including the indian subcontinent, due to epidemics of large proportions, increased morbidity and high mortality, especially in pregnant women. this study shows the findings of two different epidemics that occurred due to hev. | 2006 | 16924358 |
| does co-infection with multiple viruses adversely influence the course and outcome of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in children? | this study looked at the frequency of co-infection with multiple hepatotropic viruses and the effect of such infection on the course and outcome of acute sporadic viral hepatitis (avh) and fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) in children. | 2006 | 16928213 |
| association between hepatitis a virus and helicobacter pylori in a developing country: the saga continues. | the epidemiologic association between helicobacter pylori and hepatitis a virus (hav) has been evaluated by various different groups with conflicting conclusions. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of hav and h. pylori infection among adolescents attending high schools in lebanon, and to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with their prevalence, individually and concurrently. | 2006 | 16928226 |
| virological course of hepatitis a virus as determined by real time rt-pcr: correlation with biochemical, immunological and genotypic profiles. | to undertake analysis of hepatitis a viral load, alanine aminotransferase (alt), and viral genotypes with duration of viremia, and to correlate these parameters with cd4(+)/ cd8(+) lymphocyte populations that control cell-mediated immunity. | 2006 | 16937439 |
| early infection and asymptomatic spread of hepatitis a virus in a public child care center in rio de janeiro, brazil: should attending children under two years of age be vaccinated? | a cross-sectional study was conducted in order to identify hepatitis a virus (hav) serological markers in 418 individuals (mean age, 16.4 years; range, 1 month-80 years) at a public child care center in rio de janeiro, brazil, as well as to analyze risk factors and determine circulating genotypes. serum samples were tested using an enzyme immunoassay. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used to detect and characterize hav rna, and sequencing was performed. anti-hav antib ... | 2006 | 16951811 |
| [descriptive study of hepatitis outbreaks occurring in catalonia (1999-2003)]. | the currently low endemic level of hepatitis a in spain favors manifestation of the disease as outbreaks among specific risk groups. the aim of this study is to analyze the hepatitis a outbreaks investigated in catalonia (spain) during the period of 1999 to 2003. | 2006 | 16956531 |
| detection of human enteric viruses in shellfish collected in tunisia. | the aim of this study was to detect the main pathogenic human rna enteric viruses able to persist in the environment such as astrovirus, enterovirus, norovirus and hepatitis a virus (hav) in shellfish collected from two locations in northern tunisia. | 2006 | 16965370 |
| [seroprevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b virus in nonvaccinated adult population over 40 years of age]. | to determine prevalence rates of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) in the general adult male and female population over 40 years of age with no history of viral hepatitis a (vha) and viral hepatitis b (vhb) who have never been vaccinated against hepatitis and to assess the cost-effectiveness of the pre-vaccination serological screening. | 2006 | 16970073 |
| quantitative detection of hepatitis a virus and enteroviruses near the united states-mexico border and correlation with levels of fecal indicator bacteria. | for decades, untreated sewage flowing northward from tijuana, mexico, via the tijuana river has adversely affected the water quality of the recreational beaches of san diego, california. we used quantitative reverse transcription-pcr to measure the levels of hepatitis a virus (hav) and enteroviruses in coastal waters near the united states-mexico border and compared these levels to those of the conventional fecal indicators, escherichia coli and enterococci. over a 2-year period from 2003 to 200 ... | 2006 | 16980430 |
| universal mass vaccination against hepatitis a. | when first introduced in 1992 the hepatitis a vaccine was recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure. this policy was not expected to have a significant impact on disease incidence at population level in view of the epidemiology of the hepatitis a virus (hav). more recently two countries, israel and bahrain, and regions or subpopulations in others (australia, china, byelorussia, italy, spain, us) have embarked upon more ambitious vaccination programmes that aim to immunize whole birth ... | 2006 | 16989266 |
| effect of heat treatment on hepatitis a virus and norovirus in new zealand greenshell mussels (perna canaliculus) by quantitative real-time reverse transcription pcr and cell culture. | quantitative real-time reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) and cell culture (50% tissue culture infectious dose [tcid50]) were used to determine the effect of heat treatments on norovirus and hepatitis a virus (hav) in the new zealand greenshell mussel (perna canaliculus). since it is common practice to cook mussels until the shells open, internal temperatures and opening times of mussels on boiling and steaming were determined at regular time intervals. fifty mussels in batches of six were expo ... | 2006 | 16995527 |
| high and persistent excretion of hepatitis a virus in immunocompetent patients. | the duration and level of virus excretion in blood and faeces of patients with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection were studied in relation to levels of alanine aminotransferase (alt), disease severity and hav genotype. clinical data, blood and faeces were collected from 27 patients with acute hepatitis a (median age: 33 years) for a maximum of 26 weeks. single blood donations from 55 other patients with acute hav (median age: 32 years) were also used. virus loads were quantified by competitive ne ... | 2006 | 16998883 |
| co-circulation of genotype ia and new variant ib hepatitis a virus in outbreaks of acute hepatitis in hungary--2003/2004. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is one of the most important causes of acute infectious hepatitis worldwide. in hungary, the reported number of hav infections has been decreasing in the last four decades, nevertheless, still, each year 500-800 new cases and multiple outbreaks occur, particularly in the northeast region of hungary. in hungary, serology is used routinely to establish the diagnosis of hav infection without genetic analysis of hav strains for molecular epidemiology. in this study, serum sam ... | 2006 | 16998889 |
| hepatitis a in tunisia: phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis a virus from 2001 to 2004. | tunisia is a highly endemic area for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. in the present study, the phylogenetic characterization of the vp1 gene (882 nucleotides) and of the vp1/2a junction (336 nucleotides) of tunisian strains were examined. one hundred strains isolated from patient with anti-hav igm from 2001 to 2004 were amplified by rt-pcr, sequenced at the vp1 and at the vp1/2a junction and aligned with the published sequences to establish phylogenetic analysis. all tunisian strains belong t ... | 2006 | 17005259 |
| prevalence of anti-hepatitis b and anti-hepatitis a antibodies among school aged children in western saudi arabia. | to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) among children in jeddah, kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) and to evaluate the need of anti-hav mass vaccination. | 2006 | 17013474 |
| immunogenicity of a chimeric hepatitis a virus (hav) carrying the hiv gp41 epitope 2f5. | its stable particle structure combined with its high immunogenicity makes the hepatitis a virus (hav) a perfect carrier to expose foreign epitopes to the host immune system. in an earlier report [beneduce, f., kusov, y., klinger, m., gauss-müller, v., morace, g., 2002. chimeric hepatitis a virus particles presenting a foreign epitope (hiv gp41) at their surface. antiviral res. 55, 369-377] chimeric virus-like particles (hav-gp41) were described that carried at their surface the dominant gp41 epi ... | 2007 | 17014915 |
| hepatitis a virus infection suppresses hepatitis c virus replication and may lead to clearance of hcv. | the significance of hepatitis a virus (hav) super-infection in patients with chronic hepatitis c had been a matter of debate. while some studies suggested an incidence of fulminant hepatitis a of up to 35%, this could not be confirmed by others. | 2006 | 17034895 |
| epidemiological surveillance of human enteric viruses by monitoring of different environmental matrices. | in the aim of studying possible relations between viruses detected in clinical specimens and the ones found in different environmental matrices, in the period may 2004 to april 2005, the collection of faecal samples from gastroenteritis cases and the monthly monitoring of raw and treated wastewater, river water, seawater and mussels were carried out. the viruses considered for environmental monitoring were adenovirus, rotavirus, enterovirus, norovirus, hepatitis a virus (hav) and torque teno vir ... | 2006 | 17037159 |
| multiple evanescent white dot syndrome following simultaneous hepatitis-a and yellow fever vaccination. | to report a case of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (mewds) following simultaneous hepatitis-a virus (hav) and yellow fever (yf) vaccination. | 2006 | 17056464 |
| a low rate of hepatitis b virus vaccine breakthrough infections in mongolia. | a nation-wide hepatitis b virus (hbv) immunization program of all newborn babies was launched in mongolia in 1991. however, the continuation of clinical icteric viral hepatitis infections in children led to the investigation to determine whether hbv breakthrough infections were occurring and if any were due to hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) mutants. hepatitis a virus (hav) infections accounted for most of these cases with 3% of the jaundiced children shown to have acute hepatitis b. hepatit ... | 2006 | 17063521 |
| study on inactivation kinetics of hepatitis a virus and enteroviruses with peracetic acid and chlorine. new icc/pcr method to assess disinfection effectiveness. | the virucidal activity of chlorine-compounds was studied using hepatitis a virus (hav) and poliovirus 2 and comparing the disinfectant efficiency of peracetic acid. hav presented a higher resistance to hclo than poliovirus did. with clo2 the inactivation times of hav were markedly shorter. a comparison between these data and those resulting from the kinetics with peracetic acid (pa) showed that pa is less effective than chlorine. as a preliminary to future research, the pcr-test integrated with ... | 2006 | 17066904 |
| inactivation of hepatitis a virus by high-pressure processing: the role of temperature and pressure oscillation. | inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) in dulbecco's modified eagle medium with 10% fetal bovine serum was studied at pressures of 300, 350, and 400 mpa and initial sample temperatures of -10, 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 degrees c. sample temperature during pressure application strongly influenced the efficiency of hav inactivation. elevated temperature (> 30 degrees c) enhanced pressure inactivation of hav, while lower temperatures resulted in less inactivation. for example, 1-min treatments ... | 2006 | 17066927 |
| viral safety of c1-inhibitor nf. | we studied the efficacy of virus reduction by three process steps (polyethylene glycol 4000 (peg) precipitation, pasteurization, and 15nm virus filtration) in the manufacturing of c1-inhibitor nf. the potential prion removing capacity in this process was estimated based on data from the literature. virus studies were performed using hepatitis a virus (hav) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) as relevant viruses and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), canine parvovirus (cpv) and pseudorabies v ... | 2007 | 17071103 |
| [the evaluation of contamination of water objects with hepatitis a virus (hav) and the impact of hav on morbidity trends in large seaports of the ukraine]. | the authors studied changes in the contamination of urban water objects with hepatitis a virus (hav) (over 11 years) and analyzed its association with hav infection morbidity in odessa residents. the study showed that hav antigen was isolated in 5.5% of all cases. the seawater was maximally contaminated (6.93%), the water of the dniestr river and that of the distribution network were less contaminated--3.9 and 4.9%, respectively. the maximum quantity of hav-containing drinking water samples were ... | 2006 | 17078288 |
| procedure for rapid concentration and detection of enteric viruses from berries and vegetables. | several hepatitis a virus (hav) and norovirus (nv) outbreaks due to consumption of berries and vegetables have been reported during recent years. to facilitate the detection of enteric viruses that may be present on different fresh and frozen products, we developed a rapid and sensitive detection method for hav, nv, and rotavirus (rv). initial experiments focused on optimizing the composition of the elution buffer, improving the viral concentration method, and evaluating the performance of vario ... | 2007 | 17085706 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus in metropolitan areas in japan. | transmission routes of hepatitis a virus (hav) in japan have changed. the present study investigated changes of transmission routes in relation to genetic drift. | 2006 | 17096067 |
| antibody persistence and immune memory elicited by combined hepatitis a and b vaccination in older adults. | response to hepatitis a and b vaccines has been reported to decline with age. this open, prospective, single-site study examined the long-term response to the combined hepatitis a/b vaccine twinrix in 98 primary responders aged 45-67 years. levels of antibody against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b surface antigen (hbs) were tested 30 months after initial vaccination. at this stage, all participants remained seropositive for anti-hav and 70% for anti-hbs. a booster vaccination was offere ... | 2007 | 17097774 |
| hepatitis a vaccines and the elderly. | hepatitis a virus (hav) exposure in unprotected adults may cause severe and serious symptoms, with risk of both morbidity and mortality increasing with age. as seroprevalence of hav is low in industrialised countries, and an increasing number of people, with an increasing median age, travel from areas of low hav endemicity to high endemicity, pre-travel vaccination is warranted. vaccination of the elderly against hav, however, may be associated with reduced seroprotection, since the immune respo ... | 2006 | 17098625 |
| rate, intensity, and duration of local reactions to a virosome-adjuvanted vs. an aluminium-adsorbed hepatitis a vaccine in uk travellers. | travellers increasingly require hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine for overseas travel to highly endemic areas. while the inactivated hav vaccines currently in use are all highly immunogenic, studies have shown the aluminium-free, virosome-adjuvanted vaccine epaxal to possess a superior local tolerability profile. the objective of this study was to analyse the pattern of local reactions caused by the aluminium-free epaxal compared with an aluminium-adjuvanted hav vaccine. | 2006 | 17098626 |
| identification of hepatitis a virus mimotopes by phage display, antigenicity and immunogenicity. | a phage-displayed peptide approach was used to identify ligands mimicking antigenic determinants of hepatitis a virus (hav) for the first time. bacteriophages displaying hav mimotopes were isolated from a phage-display peptide library by affinity selection on serum antibodies from hepatitis a patients. selected phage-peptides were screened for reactivity with sera from hav infected patients and healthy controls. four cloned peptides with different sequences were identified as mimotopes of hav; t ... | 2007 | 17129616 |
| fulminant hepatitis a virus infection in the united states: incidence, prognosis, and outcomes. | acute liver failure (alf) due to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is an uncommon but potentially lethal illness. the aim of this study was to identify readily available laboratory and clinical features associated with a poor prognosis among alf patients with hav infection. the presenting features of 29 adults with anti-hav igm positive alf enrolled in the alfsg_between 1998 and 2005 were reviewed. the hav patients listed for transplantation by unos were also reviewed. acute hav accounted for 3. ... | 2006 | 17133489 |
| analysis of the full-length genome of a subgenotype iiib hepatitis a virus isolate: primers for broadly reactive pcr and genotypic analysis. | among six known subgenotypes (ia, ib, iia, iib, iiia, and iiib) of human hepatitis a virus (hav), the complete genomic sequence has not been determined for iiib. in this study, the full-length genomic sequence of a iiib hav isolate (ha-jng06-90f) recovered from a japanese patient who contracted sporadic hepatitis a in 1990, was determined. the ha-jng06-90f genome, which comprised 7462 nt excluding the poly(a) tail, was related most closely to nor-21 of subgenotype iiia with an identity of 89.1%, ... | 2007 | 17133545 |
| comparison of hepatitis a and e virus infections among healthy children in mongolia: evidence for infection with a subgenotype ia hav in children. | to compare the epidemiologic profiles of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) infections in children in mongolia, the prevalence of hav and hev infections was investigated serologically and molecularly among 717 apparently healthy individuals of 0-20 years of age (mean +/- standard deviation, 8.6 +/- 4.9 years) using serum samples obtained between october 2005 and january 2006. total antibody against hav (anti-hav [total]) was detected in 494 (68.9%) of the 717 subjects, while igg ... | 2007 | 17133554 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of some pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. | pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and tetrazolopyrimidine derivatives 2a, b-5a, b were prepared. also, acyclic and cyclic c-nucleosides 7a, b-12a, b were prepared by treating compound 6 with some aldoses. all prepared products were tested for antiviral activity against hepatitis-a virus (hav, mbb-cell culture adapted strain) and herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1). plaque reduction infectivity assay was used to determine virus count reduction as a result of treatment with tested compounds. compound 2a sh ... | 2006 | 17149793 |
| synthesis and antiviral evaluation of some sugar arylglycinoylhydrazones and their oxadiazoline derivatives. | sugar n-arylaminoacetylhydrazones 2-5 were prepared by the reaction of n-arylaminoacetylhydrazides 1 with equivalent amounts of the corresponding monosaccharides. per-o-acetyl derivatives 6-9 of sugar hydrazones 2-5 were prepared by using acetic anhydride in pyridine at room temperature, while on boiling with acetic anhydride, cyclization had taken place to give the oxadiazolines 10-12. the prepared compounds were tested for antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) and hepa ... | 2006 | 17149795 |
| degradation of the encephalomyocarditis virus and hepatitis a virus 3c proteases by the ubiquitin/26s proteasome system in vivo. | we have isolated stably transfected mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines that inducibly express either the mature encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) or hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c protease and have used these cells to demonstrate that both proteins are subject to degradation in vivo by the ubiquitin/26s proteasome system. the detection of 3c protease expression in these cells requires inducing conditions and the presence of one of several proteasome inhibitors. both 3c proteases are incorporated ... | 2007 | 17150238 |
| a review of interventions triggered by hepatitis a infected food-handlers in canada. | in countries with low hepatitis a (ha) endemicity, infected food handlers are the source of most reported foodborne outbreaks. in canada, accessible data repositories of infected food handler incidents are not available. we undertook a systematic review of such incidents to evaluate the extent of viral transmission through food contamination and the scope of post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) interventions. | 2006 | 17156461 |
| the first experimental study on a candidate combined vaccine against hepatitis a and hepatitis e. | to test the possibility of developing a combined vaccine against hepatitis a and e, groups of mice were immunized with different formulations containing different dosages of a commercially inactivated hepatitis a vaccine and a candidate recombinant hepatitis e vaccine. monovalent vaccine components were used as controls. the experimental results showed that the combined vaccine could induce neutralizing antibodies against both hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) effectively in mi ... | 2007 | 17156900 |
| comparative evaluation of new taqman real-time assays for the detection of hepatitis a virus. | three novel real-time taqman rt-pcr assays targeting the 5'-utr, the viral protease and the viral polymerase regions of the hepatitis a virus (hav) were developed, evaluated and compared against a new published 5'-utr taqman assay (jn) and a widely used conventional rt-pcr assay (havc). all conventional rt-pcr (hav, sh-prot and sh-poly systems) and taqman (sh-prot, sh-poly, jn and sh-5u systems) assays evaluated were consistent for the detection of the three different hav strains (hm-175, has-15 ... | 2007 | 17157393 |
| genetic variability of hepatitis a virus strain haf-203 isolated in brazil and expression of the vp1 gene in escherichia coli. | the hepatitis a virus (hav) haf-203 strain was isolated from an acute case of hav infection. the primary isolation of haf-203 in brazil and its adaptation to the frhk-4 cell lineage allowed the production of large amounts of viral particles enabling molecular characterization of the first hav isolate in brazil. the aim of our study was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the haf-203 strain genome, compare it to other hav genomes and highlight its genetic variability. the complete nucleotide ... | 2006 | 17160284 |
| the prevalence of atopy in children with antibodies against hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b virus. | to investigate the relationship between atopy and hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) infections, we studied 42 children who had had hav infection (group i), 28 children who had had hbv infection (group ii), and 31 children who were seronegative for both hav and hbv infection (control group). serological tests for hav and hbv infections (anti-hav igg, hbsag, anti-hbc igg) and allergic skin tests and specific ige investigations for the detection of atopy were carried out. in this ... | 2006 | 17172060 |
| a 1-year study of the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus in tunisia. | this 1-year (september 2000 to august 2001) prospective study investigated the presence of hepatitis a virus (hav) in the population of monastir, tunisia (86 serum samples), in the influents and effluents of two wastewater treatment plants, and in shellfish harvested in the coastal areas of monastir, bizerte and sfax (january 2001 to may 2001). the virus was detected by rt-pcr using primers targeted at the vp3-vp1 region. an epidemic of hav infection was observed during the winter months, with a ... | 2007 | 17184284 |
| elimination of hepatitis a infection outbreaks in day care and school settings in southern israel after introduction of the national universal toddler hepatitis a immunization program. | in 1999, israel became the first country to begin universal toddler immunization against hepatitis a infection with a 2-dose schedule at 18 and 24 months. the effect of the israeli program on outbreaks of hepatitis a in day care and school settings was studied. | 2007 | 17195703 |
| multiple viral hepatitis in injection drug users and associated risk factors. | while infections due to hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) have been well-studied in injection drug users (idus), hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and coinfection with multiple hepatitis viruses have received less attention. | 2007 | 17201886 |
| large-scale serologic testing program to assess the immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (vaqta) in prefilled syringes following product recall in germany. | a voluntary recall of vaqta in prefilled syringes was implemented in europe in late 2001 after the manufacturer noted a slight decrease in the antigen content of a small percentage of the syringes manufactured over a particular time frame. in germany, a large-scale serologic testing program was implemented. the assay results were conveyed to the subject's physician, and free vaccine was provided for anyone requesting revaccination. an analysis was performed on a subset of 58,546 vaccine recipien ... | 2006 | 17204866 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a associated with treated waste water used for irrigation. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is endemic in developing countries and remains a public health problem elsewhere. this study was conducted to investigate an outbreak of hav infection, which occurred during a period of almost 5 months (january-may 1996) in the national guard iskan (housing authority) in jeddah, saudi arabia. ninety four cases were found to be positive for igm antibody to hav. a case control study was done to identify possible risk factors. for every case, 3 controls have been s ... | 1999 | 17219868 |
| screening for hepatitis a virus antibodies among a disadvantaged group of preschool children in alexandria. | hepatitis a virus (hav) immunity in a group of socially and economically deficient preschool children in alexandria has been investigated. a total of 228 randomly selected children were enrolled. saliva was collected from every child using a cotton wool swab. anti-hav was investigated in the collected saliva by a competitive elisa technique utilizing a commercially available kit. the results revealed that among the investigated children 60 (26.3%) were anti-hav positive. the mean age of anti-hav ... | 2000 | 17219887 |
| partial sequence at 2bc region of hav isolated from stool of acute sporadic hav patients. | more than 20 hepatitis a virus (hav) strains that can be distinguished from each other are known till now. in the present study, a cytopathic strain of hav (ha-10) was isolated in egypt from stool of acute sporadic cases. the isolated strain showed cpe in early stages of adaptation in cell culture. accordingly, the first step in the work was to confirm the presence of hav, the second step was to prove that no enteric virus is associated with the isolate and finally to try to know the reason for ... | 2002 | 17219892 |
| [duration of viremia and fecal shedding of the virus in hepatitis a infected children]. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is endemic in argentina. molecular tools have allowed hav rna detection to be extent to sera and feces from patients with different clinical backgrounds. we compare the sensitivity of the rt-pcr protocol we follow using primers targeting different genomic regions and vp3 c terminal was the most sensitive. sequential sera and fecal samples were obtained from 20 children with acute self limited hepatitis a. hav rna was detectable in 18/20 children if sera and stoo ... | 2006 | 17225445 |
| a dynamic model for assessing universal hepatitis a vaccination in canada. | vaccination against hepatitis a virus (hav) in canada is currently targeted toward high-risk groups. however, universal vaccination has been adopted in several other countries with a similar disease burden. here we develop an age-structured compartmental model of hav transmission and vaccination in canada to assess potential universal vaccination strategies. the model predicts that universal vaccination at age 1 (respectively 4, 9, 15), with phasing out of targeted vaccination, would reduce repo ... | 2007 | 17229493 |
| declining trend in the seroprevalence of infection with hepatitis a virus in thailand. | since the mid 1970s, infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) in thailand has shifted from hyper-endemic to mesoendemic. in 2004, to explore this trend in prevalence further, 3997 subjects from four geographically distinct provinces of thailand were tested, in a commercial elisa, for antibodies to hav. the results indicate that the seroprevalence of hav continues to fall, almost certainly because the profound socio-economic development that has occurred over the last few decades in thailand has br ... | 2007 | 17244410 |
| disease-modifying effects of postexposure hepatitis a active immunization. | several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of hepatitis a virus (hav) active vaccine in the prevention of secondary hav infection when administered shortly after exposure. | 2006 | 17256681 |
| prevalence and factors associated with self-reported vaccination rates among us adults at high risk of vaccine-preventable hepatitis. | despite a routine vaccination for preventing hav and hbv in young age groups during the past decade, adults at high risk of hepatitis are not reached effectively by vaccination programs. this study sought to estimate the prevalence of adults at higher risk of vaccine-preventable hepatitis (hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv)) in the us and their vaccination rates. also, the association between vaccination rates and selected demographic, socio-economic characteristics and comorbid ... | 2006 | 17257463 |
| immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in infants and young children. | infants with passively transferred maternal antibody, born to mothers immune to hepatitis a virus (hav), have a blunted response to hepatitis a (ha) vaccine. we compared ha vaccine immunogenicity among infants born to immune and susceptible mothers, vaccinated on different schedules. | 2007 | 17259872 |
| molecular confirmation of oysters as the vector for hepatitis a in a 2005 multistate outbreak. | numerous hepatitis a outbreaks were linked to the consumption of raw molluscan shellfish in the united states between 1960 and 1989. however, there had been no major molluscan shellfish-associated hepatitis a outbreaks reported in the united states for more than a decade (1989 to 2004). beginning in late august 2005, at least 10 clusters of hepatitis a illnesses, totaling 39 persons, occurred in four states among restaurant patrons who ate oysters. epidemiologic data indicated that oysters were ... | 2007 | 17265873 |
| convenience is the key to hepatitis a and b vaccination uptake among young adult injection drug users. | despite cdc recommendations to vaccinate injection drug users (idus) against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) infections, coverage remains low. vaccination programs convenient to idus have not been widely implemented or evaluated. we assessed whether convenience and monetary incentives influenced uptake of free vaccine by 18-30-year-old idus in five u.s. cities. | 2007 | 17276018 |
| participant-collected, mail-delivered oral fluid specimens can replace traditional serosurveys: a demonstration-of-feasibility survey of hepatitis a virus-specific antibodies in adults. | although population-based serosurveys offer an optimal measure of cumulative infection rates, they are seldom performed due to high cost and complex logistics. use of participant self-collected oral fluid as a diagnostic specimen and mail for specimen delivery has the potential of generating reliable, population-representative data at limited cost. | 2007 | 17278676 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a virus infection in afro-brazilian isolated communities in central brazil. | to investigate hepatitis a virus (hav) infection rates among isolated african-descendant communities in central brazil, 947 subjects were interviewed about demographic characteristics in all 12 isolated afro-descendant communities existing in the state of mato grosso do sul, central brazil, between march 2002 and november 2003. blood samples were collected and sera were tested for hav antibodies (total and igm anti-hav) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the overall prevalence of hav infectio ... | 2007 | 17294012 |
| cocirculation of and coinfections with hepatitis a virus subgenotypes iiia and ib in patients from pune, western india. | aim: during the 1990s, a changing pattern of epidemiology of hepatitis a was reported in different populations of india. the present study was undertaken to investigate the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) strains over a period of 10 years. methods: stool/serum samples were collected from hepatitis a patients clinically presenting acute viral hepatitis and hepatic encephalopathy. reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was performed to detect hav-rna. hav genome ... | 2007 | 17300702 |
| predictors of immunity after hepatitis a vaccination in hiv-infected persons. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection remains a health risk for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons. while the inactivated hav vaccine affords protection to immunocompetent persons >95% of the time, rates of developing protective antibody (anti-hav) in hiv+ persons are considerably lower. although low cd4+ t-cell counts have previously been reported to be correlated with this poor response, the effect of hiv viraemia on hav vaccine response has not previously been reported. the medic ... | 2007 | 17305885 |
| hepatitis a virus in environmental water samples from the amazon basin. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a significant waterborne human pathogen. of the global supply of potable water, brazil retains 13%, of which 75% resides in the amazon basin. although hepatitis a morbidity has declined progressively in brazil as a whole, it remains high in the amazon region. we used nested and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) to detect and quantify the viral load in water samples from the amazon basin. most samples tested positive (92%), with viral lo ... | 2007 | 17306323 |
| twinrix vaccination schedules among injecting drug users. | twinrix is the only licensed vaccine that provides dual protection against infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). the standard vaccination schedule for twinrix is 0, 1 and 6 months. however, many high-risk populations, such as injecting drug users (idus), do not complete the vaccination series and, thus, do not acquire sufficient immunity against hav and hbv. twinrix can be administered using an accelerated vaccination schedule of 0, 7 and 21 days, with a booster rec ... | 2007 | 17309329 |
| shifting seroepidemiology of hepatitis a in japan, 1973-2003. | hepatitis a infection is caused by hepatitis a virus (hav) contracted through fecal-oral transmission. life-long immunity is conferred after infection. improved sanitary conditions have generally resulted in a significant decline in the incidence of hepatitis a. however, a low incidence of infection results in increased hav susceptibility. the present study investigates the prevalence of anti-hav antibody and clarifies the current hav status and hav susceptibility in japan at 2003. | 2007 | 17310086 |
| interchangeability of a hepatitis a vaccine second dose: avaxim 80 following a first dose of vaqta 25 or havrix 720 in children in turkey. | this randomised, observer-blind clinical trial conducted in turkey evaluated the immunogenicity, safety and interchangeability of three paediatric inactivated hepatitis a vaccines in 424 seronegative children between 1 and 15 years of age. | 2007 | 17318620 |
| genetic variability and molecular evolution of hepatitis a virus. | hepatitis a virus (hav), the causative agent of type a viral hepatitis, was first identified about three decades ago. recent findings have shown that hav possess several characteristics that make it unique among the family picornaviridae, particularly in terms of its mechanisms of polyprotein processing and virion morphogenesis. hav circulates in vivo as distributions of closely genetically related variants referred to as quasispecies. hav exploits all known mechanisms of genetic variation to en ... | 2007 | 17328982 |
| protecting contacts of hepatitis a: what's the difference between vaccine and human normal immunoglobulin? | the efficacy of vaccine when time since exposure is prolonged (more than 1 week from onset of illness in the index case) is unknown, but is likely to be significantly lower than human normal immunoglobulin (hnig). we estimated the number of additional secondary cases that may occur through giving vaccine instead of hnig to contacts of cases of hepatitis a who are identified more than 1 week after onset in the index case. this was calculated for different levels of vaccine efficacy, assuming hnig ... | 2008 | 17352837 |
| surveillance for acute viral hepatitis--united states, 2005. | in the united states, acute viral hepatitis most frequently is caused by infection with hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), or hepatitis c virus (hcv). these unrelated viruses are transmitted through different routes and have different epidemiologic profiles. safe and effective vaccines have been available for hepatitis b since 1981 and, for hepatitis a, since 1995. | 2007 | 17363893 |
| hepatitis a antibody prevalence among people with an intellectual disability in ireland. | this manuscript aims to determine the prevalence of antibody to and risk factors for hepatitis a virus (hav) in individuals attending three intellectual disability services through a cross-sectional survey held in dublin, ireland. participants were 636 individuals aged four to 78 years attending three intellectual disability services. the main outcome measure was the measurement of anti-hav (igg antibody) in oral fluid swabs using an antibody capture enzyme immunoassay (eia) technique. risk fact ... | 2007 | 17370978 |
| full-length sequences of subgenotype iiia and iiib hepatitis a virus isolates: characterization of genotype iii hav genomes. | to elucidate the extent of genomic heterogeneity of human hepatitis a virus (hav) strains and to characterize genotype iii hav strains over the entire genome, the full-length sequence of three subgenotype iiia isolates (ha-jng04-90f, ha-jng08-92f, and haj95-8f) and one iiib isolate (haj85-1f) was determined. the ha-jng04-90f, ha-jng08-92f, and haj95-8f genomes which comprised 7463 or 7464 nt excluding the poly(a) tail, were closest to a reported nearly entire sequence of a iiia isolate (nor-21) ... | 2007 | 17376556 |
| [changes in the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus antibody in korea]. | | 2007 | 17380068 |
| [the age-specific seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus antibody in korea]. | the epidemiology of hepatitis a is associated with socioeconomic and hygiene status. recently, the prevalence of hepatitis a in young adults has been steadily increasing in korea. this study is to investigate the age-specific seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus in korea. | 2007 | 17380072 |
| different transmission patterns of hepatitis a virus for two main risk groups as evidenced by molecular cluster analysis. | men who have sex with men and traveling children are the most important risk groups for transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) in amsterdam, the netherlands. between these two risk groups, different hav genotypes are found. in this study the patterns of introduction and transmission of hav were investigated in the two groups. hav sequences from amsterdam patients were divided according to risk: (i) travelers and their contacts, (ii) homosexual men and their contacts. the sequences in each risk ... | 2007 | 17385681 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus in a group of portuguese citizens living in lisbon area. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is the most important cause of acute infectious hepatitis worldwide. in portugal, due to improvements in sanitation epidemic outbreaks of hav infection have become less frequent. this report is the first, to our knowledge that characterized hav in portugal. for the detection and molecular characterization of hav cases in a group of portuguese individuals in the lisbon area, 31 serum samples were tested: 8 from symptomatic children from an acute hepatitis a outbreak in a r ... | 2007 | 17387747 |