| [indications for influenza vaccination in children with lung disorders. dutch association for pediatric medicine]. | the dutch association for paediatric medicine has formulated guidelines regarding influenza vaccination of children with pulmonary disease. influenza virus is the most frequent cause of airway infections in humans over two years of age. it may lead to serious morbidity in children with pulmonary disease: exacerbations, (transient) disturbances in pulmonary function, and symptoms lasting weeks, but mortality is probably very low. the effects of influenza vaccination of children with pulmonary dis ... | 1997 | 9550781 |
| mechanism of protective immunity against influenza virus infection in mice without antibodies. | there is considerable interest in developing viral vaccines intended to induce t cell immunity, especially cytotoxic cd8+ t lymphocytes, when abs are not protective or are too narrow in viral strain specificity. we have studied protective immunity in doubly inactivated (di) mice devoid of abs and mature b cells. when infected with influenza b virus, these mice cleared the virus in a process dependent upon cd8+ t lymphocytes. cytotoxic activity was detected in lung lymphocytes of di mice after pr ... | 1998 | 9551987 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice of influenza b virus vaccines grown in mammalian cells or embryonated chicken eggs. | the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of formalin-inactivated influenza b/memphis/1/93 virus vaccines propagated exclusively in vero cells, mdck cells, or embryonated chicken eggs (hereafter referred to as eggs) were investigated. mammalian cell-grown viruses differ from the egg-grown variant at amino acid position 198 (pro/thr) in the hemagglutinin gene. the level of neuraminidase activity was highest in egg-grown virus, while mdck and vero cell-derived viruses possessed 70 and 90% less ac ... | 1998 | 9557744 |
| influenza vaccine efficacy in young, healthy adults. | findings concerning influenza vaccine efficacy in young, healthy adults are inconsistent. a high incidence of influenza in the winter of 1995 provided an opportunity to study the efficacy of influenza vaccine among young, healthy military personnel. influenza activity was confirmed by isolation of influenza a and b viruses from nasopharyngeal swab specimens from hospitalized soldiers. self-administered questionnaires concerning vaccination status and disease symptoms were used in two study group ... | 1998 | 9564475 |
| [site of care provision, etiology and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in palma de mallorca]. | it is not common that community-acquired pneumonias studies include patients non treated in hospital. the objectives were: to determine the cases managed in the ambulatory setting; to describe the clinical features; to identify the aetiological agents, and to describe the treatment, comparing inpatients with outpatients. | 1998 | 9567255 |
| nucleotides in the panhandle structure of the influenza b virus virion rna are involved in the specificity between influenza a and b viruses. | influenza a and b viruses share common sequences and potentially similar panhandle structures in the terminal noncoding regions of virion rna (vrna). interesting differences exist, however, in the number of conserved nucleotides at the 5' and 3' ends of the vrnas, in base pairs constituting the panhandle duplex, and the length of uridine stretch (u stretch) juxtaposed to the rna duplex. to analyse the contribution of these signals to the specificity between the two viruses, a transient ribonucle ... | 1998 | 9568960 |
| high influenza morbidity and mortality in unvaccinated elderly people in curaçao. | | 1998 | 9570667 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1997-98 season, and composition of the 1998-99 influenza vaccine. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), the who international network of collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes surveillance for influenza in the united states and worldwide during the 1997-98 influenza season and describes the composition of the 1998-99 influenza vaccine. | 1998 | 9572668 |
| the n-terminal extension of the influenza b virus nucleoprotein is not required for nuclear accumulation or the expression and replication of a model rna. | the nucleoprotein (np) of influenza b virus is 50 amino acids longer at the n-terminus than influenza a virus np and lacks homology to the a virus protein over the first 69 residues. we have deleted the n-terminal 51 and 69 residues of the influenza b/ann arbor/1/66 virus np and show that nuclear accumulation of the protein is unaffected. this indicates that the nuclear localization signal is not located at the extreme n terminus, as in influenza a virus np. to determine if the n-terminal mutant ... | 1998 | 9573310 |
| isolation of influenza c virus during an outbreak of influenza a and b viruses. | during the winter of 1996 to 1997 two cases of influenza c were confirmed, one by isolation and the second by serology (fourfold increase in hemagglutination inhibition antibodies). the cases of influenza c occurred during an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses. the positive isolation was from one of three throat washings sent to the laboratory, and the other case was from a group of 51 students participating in a study of influenza virus vaccination. it seems, therefore, that influenza ... | 1998 | 9574726 |
| [immune response to influenza vaccination among peritoneal dialysis patients]. | the influenza vaccination is considered useful in preventing influenza and its complications, but its efficacy is variable especially in uremia. the humoral efficacy in a group of 15 patients in peritoneal dialysis treatment has been evaluated. antibody responses were measured before vaccination and at time intervals of 1-4 months after vaccination. a good response to viruses a (a/h3n2/johannesburg 33/94, a/h1n1/singapore 6/86), respectively 80% and 66.7% and an attenuated response (20%) to viru ... | 1998 | 9578667 |
| the efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenzavirus vaccine in children. | influenzavirus vaccine is used infrequently in healthy children, even though the rates of influenza in this group are high. we conducted a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent influenzavirus vaccine in children 15 to 71 months old. | 1998 | 9580647 |
| influenza immunization for children. | | 1998 | 9580655 |
| zanamivir. | zanamivir is the first of a new class of selective influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors. it inhibits both influenza a and influenza b virus replication in vitro. in the ferret model of influenza, zanamivir reduced viral replication and diminished pyrexia associated with the infection. repeated passage of influenza virus in the presence of zanamivir could produce resistance in vitro. however, there have been no changes in sensitivity to zanamivir in any influenza virus isolates from patients ... | 1998 | 9585868 |
| inhibition of influenza virus infections in mice by gs4104, an orally effective influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor. | the carbocyclic transition state sialic acid analog gs4071 ([3r,4r,5s]-4-acetamido-5-amino-3-[1-ethylpropoxy]-1-cyclohexane-1 -carboxylic acid), a potent influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor, was highly inhibitory to influenza a/nws/33 (h1n1), a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2) and b/hong kong/5/72 viruses in madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. the 50% effective concentrations in these experiments ranged from 1.8 to 59.5 microm, with no cytotoxicity evident at 1000 microm, u ... | 1998 | 9588843 |
| prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). centers for disease control and prevention. | these recommendations update information concerning the vaccine and antiviral agents available for controlling influenza during the 1998-99 influenza season (superseding mmwr 1997;46[no. rr-9:1-25]). the principal changes include a) information about the influenza virus strains included in the trivalent vaccine for 1998-99, b) more detailed information about influenza-associated rates of hospitalization, and c) updated information on the possible relationship between guillain-barre syndrome and ... | 1998 | 9590726 |
| safety and immunogenicity of low and high doses of trivalent live cold-adapted influenza vaccine administered intranasally as drops or spray to healthy children. | the safety and immunogenicity of various doses of trivalent cold-adapted influenza vaccine (caiv-t) administered intranasally by drops or spray to children aged 18-71 months was examined. caiv-t containing a/johannesburg/33/94 (h3n2), b/panama/45/90, and a/texas/36/91 (h1n1) was safe and well-tolerated. at the highest caiv-t dose, 90%, 50%, and 16% of initially seronegative subjects seroconverted to the h3n2, b, and h1n1 antigens, respectively. the lower immunologic response to the h1n1 vaccine ... | 1998 | 9593032 |
| a child with chest pain. | | 1998 | 9597299 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 1997-98 season, and composition of the 1998-99 influenza vaccine. | | 1998 | 9605883 |
| detection of genes of rna viruses from freshly biopsied gastric mucosa by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. | the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was performed to detect genes of rna viruses in the freshly biopsied gastric mucosa of seven patients with low gastric acidity. although nucleoprotein genes of sendai virus and hemmaglutinin genes of influenza virus a were not detected, nucleoprotein genes of influenza virus b were detected in samples from three of the seven patients. the first patient had had antrectomy and vagotomy for gastric ulcer, the second patient was receiving ... | 1998 | 9605941 |
| [acute viral myositis. is etiologic confirmation necessary?]. | | 1998 | 9608108 |
| respiratory virus surveillance. fluwatch project. | | 1998 | 9611412 |
| respiratory virus surveillance. fluwatch project. | | 1998 | 9613031 |
| [clinical studies on 35 patients with infection-related acute encephalopathy]. | the findings on magnetic resonance imaging (mri) or computed tomographic scan in 35 children with acute encephalopathy (ae) induced by infections were categorized into five groups: (1) normal findings (11 cases), (2) normal findings in the acute phase followed by mild brain atrophy (1 case), (3) severe brain edema which developed within 48 hours after the onset of ae (7 cases), (4) diffuse cortical necrosis which appeared around 4 days after the onset of ae (9 cases), and (5) symmetric thalamic ... | 1998 | 9613158 |
| identification of new influenza b virus variants by multiplex reverse transcription-pcr and the heteroduplex mobility assay. | a quick genetic approach for the screening of influenza virus variants was developed in this laboratory (s. zou, j. clin. microbiol. 35:2623-2627, 1997). it uses multiplex reverse transcription and multiplex pcr to amplify and differentiate the variable region of the hemagglutinin genes of different types and subtypes of influenza viruses. variants within the same type or subtype are then identified by the heteroduplex mobility shift assay of the amplicons. the method was used to screen influenz ... | 1998 | 9620374 |
| national influenza surveillance 1997. | in 1997 information from several sources was combined to detect trends in influenza activity in australia. data was included from laboratories, general practitioners and a national employer. laboratory surveillance documented two consecutive outbreaks, influenza b in july followed by influenza a (h3n2) in august. some of the influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated, represented by the a/sydney/5/97 strain, showed significant antigenic drift from the a/wuhan/359/95 vaccine strain. influenza activity w ... | 1998 | 9621494 |
| [use of caco-2 cells for isolation of influenza virus]. | in this study we assessed the usefulness of caco-2 cells, derived from a human colon carcinoma, to isolate an influenza virus. throat washings collected from 30 patients with influenza-like illnesses in miyazaki prefecture in 1997 were inoculated in mdck and caco-2 cells, 17 influenza virus strains were isolated in mdck cells, and 20 in caco-2 cells. of all the viruses isolated, only one strain was identified as influenza virus type b; other strains were identified as type a (h3n2). furthermore, ... | 1998 | 9621562 |
| who announces flu vaccine formula for 1998-1999. | | 1998 | 9633856 |
| rapid simultaneous diagnosis of infections with respiratory syncytial viruses a and b, influenza viruses a and b, and human parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 by multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-enzyme hybridization assay (hexaplex). | a multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-enzyme hybridization assay (hexaplex; prodesse, milwaukee) was developed and used to rapidly detect and quantitate rna of respiratory syncytial viruses a and b, influenza viruses a and b, and human parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 in nasal wash specimens in a single test. primers and probes originated from highly conserved regions of each viral genome. six and a half primer pairs were mixed for the simultaneous detecti ... | 1998 | 9636869 |
| in vivo antiinfluenza virus activity of kampo medicine sho-seiryu-to through mucosal immune system. | the kampo (japanese herbal) medicine, sho-seiryu-to, which has traditionally been used for the treatment of colds and bronchial asthma, showed potent antiinfluenza a and b virus activity through augmentation of production of antiviral iga antibody in the nasal and bronchoalveolar cavities of mice when administrated orally before viral infection. sho-seiryu-to also showed antiinfluenza virus activity against a virus h1n1 subtype infected in aged mice (approximately 6 months old) with an increase ... | 1998 | 9646280 |
| structure-activity relationship studies of novel carbocyclic influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. | a series of influenza neuraminidase inhibitors with the cyclohexene scaffold containing lipophilic side chains have been synthesized and evaluated for influenza a and b neuraminidase inhibitory activity. the size and geometry of side chains have been modified systematically in order to investigate structure-activity relationships of this class of compounds. the x-ray crystal structures of several analogues complexed with neuraminidase revealed that the lipophilic side chains bound to the hydroph ... | 1998 | 9651151 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a new influenza vaccine grown in mammalian cell culture. | in a phase i safety and immunogenicity study, 112 healthy adult volunteers were randomly allocated to receive a new bivalent (a/texas/36/91[h1n1-like], b/harbin/7/94) split virion influenza vaccine propagated in madin-darby canine kidney cell culture or an identical vaccine manufactured using currently licensed egg propagated virus technology. soreness at the injection site was common but generally mild (75% of the cell culture-derived vaccine group and 62.5% of the egg-derived vaccine group; p ... | 1998 | 9682398 |
| analysis of viral and cellular parameters which affect the fusion process of influenza viruses. | in the present investigation we studied the fusogenic process developed by influenza a, b and c viruses on cell surfaces and different factors associated with virus and cell membrane structures. the biological activity of purified virus strains was evaluated in hemagglutination, sialidase and fusion assays. hemolysis by influenza a, b and c viruses ranging from 77.4 to 97.2%, from 20.0 to 65.0% from 0.2 to 93.7% and from 9.0 to 76.1% was observed when human, chicken, rabbit and monkey erythrocyt ... | 1997 | 9686159 |
| [features of the patho-morphology of arteriopathies associated with viral and infra-microbial infections]. | presence of mycoplasma chlamydia, rickettsia burnetii, influenza type b, herpes and adenoviruses was detected by immunofluorescence in artery fragments collected from patients with arteriopathy. pathohistological examination of the samples revealed inflammatory--lympho-histiocytic infiltration--and mostly dystrophic alterations. arteriopathies were localised mostly at the pelvic limb level, especially on femoral artery. their incidence was statistically significant. | 1993 | 9702250 |
| epidemiological, viral and serological studies concerning the evolution of some acute respiratory diseases between november 1992 and march 1993 in nine districts of the south-east area of romania. | viral and serological studies led to the conclusion that parainfluenza type 3 and influenza type a(h3n2) viruses were the most implicated in the etiology of acute respiratory diseases (ard), viral pneumonia and clinical influenza in nine districts of the south-east area of romania during the november 1992-march 1993 period. epidemiological survey pointed on the 0-1 year group of age as the most affected by the above mentioned respiratory diseases. | 1993 | 9702251 |
| characterization of truncated human mannan-binding protein (mbp) expressed in escherichia coli. | mannan-binding protein (mbp) is a calcium-dependent mammalian serum lectin important in first-line host defense. mbp belongs to the collectin family, which is characterized by an nh2-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a collagen-like domain, a neck domain, and a carbohydrate recognition domain (crd). we have expressed a recombinant human mbp, consisting of the short collagen region (two repeats of gly-xaa-yaa amino acid sequences), the neck domain, and the crd, in escherichia coli. the truncated mbp ... | 1998 | 9720214 |
| binding of influenza and paramyxoviruses to group b streptococcus with the terminal sialyl-galactose linkage. | using the virus-binding assay and scanning electron microscopy (sem), influenza a and b type viruses and two paramyxoviruses, parainfluenza (sendai) and mumps viruses, were found to bind to group b streptococcus (gbs), type ia and ii, with the terminal sialyl-galactose linkage, although some viruses detached during the sample processing for sem, and mumps virus did not bind to gbsia. binding of viruses eluted from gbs at 37 degrees c depended on combination of virus and gbs. the biological signi ... | 1998 | 9723158 |
| detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma. | infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae has been shown to exacerbate asthma in humans. however, the role of m. pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of chronic asthma has not been defined. eighteen asthmatics with chronic, stable asthma and 11 nonasthmatic control subjects underwent evaluation of the upper and lower airways and serologic analysis to determine the presence of m. pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, and seven respiratory viruses through culture, enzyme-linked immunoassay (eia) and polymerase c ... | 1998 | 9731038 |
| multiplex pcr for typing and subtyping influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses. | a multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr method that has been developed is capable of detecting and subtyping influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses as well as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) types a and b in respiratory clinical samples taken as part of a national community-based surveillance program of influenza-like illness in england and wales. the detection of each different pathogen depended on distinguishing five amplification products of different sizes on agarose gels following r ... | 1998 | 9738055 |
| evolutionary characteristics of influenza b virus since its first isolation in 1940: dynamic circulation of deletion and insertion mechanism. | new antigenic variants of b/yamagata/16/88-like lineage which appeared in the season of 1997 as a minor strain tended to predominate in the following season. also, we could observe for the first time, three peaks of activity caused by h3n2 virus and two variants of b influenza virus. antigenic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that b/victoria/2/87-like variants appeared again in japan in 1997 after a nine-year absence. influenza b viruses evolved into three major lineages, including the earlies ... | 1998 | 9739335 |
| pcr on cerebrospinal fluid to show influenza-associated acute encephalopathy or encephalitis. | except for reye's syndrome, influenza-associated acute encephalopathy or encephalitis is not universally recognised. we did a multicentre study of laboratory and clinical data for patients with influenza-associated acute encephalopathy or encephalitis. | 1998 | 9742980 |
| seasonal trends of viral respiratory tract infections in the tropics. | to evaluate the seasonal trends of viral respiratory tract infections in a tropical environment, a retrospective survey of laboratory virus isolation, serology and immunofluorescence microscopy in two large general hospitals in singapore between september 1990 and september 1994 was carried out. respiratory tract viral outbreaks, particularly among infants who required hospitalization, were found to be associated mainly with respiratory syncytial (rsv) infections (72%), influenza (11%) and parai ... | 1998 | 9747763 |
| surveillance of influenza in wales: interpreting sentinel general practice rates using contemporaneous laboratory data. opportunities and limitations. | to evaluate the opportunities and limitations of using laboratory data to enhance sentinel general practice surveillance of influenza. | 1998 | 9764268 |
| programme for the surveillance of influenza in portugal: results of the period 1990-1996. | to describe the situation of the influenza in portugal through the estimates of the incidence rates and the identification of the viral strains implicated on it during the period 1990-1996. | 1998 | 9764270 |
| evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay and two cell lines in the detection of influenza b virus in nasopharyngeal samples. | | 1998 | 9764563 |
| [serologic study for determining the circulation of respiratory viruses in havana city]. | during 1991, 2,400 serum samples from subjects under 15 years, and 2,400 serum samples from subjects with the same age or over 15 years were assessed against antigens of 7 respiratory viruses by the complement fixation test or by the haemagglutination inhibition technique. the results from these investigations allowed to determine the little circulation of the respiratory syncytial virus which may result in an increase of a susceptible population and the occurrence of outbreaks. the endemic stat ... | 1992 | 9768216 |
| asthma and natural colds. inflammatory indices in induced sputum: a feasibility study. | we examined the feasibility of using induced sputum to evaluate the airway inflammatory response to natural acute respiratory virus infections. we recruited eight asthmatics and nine healthy subjects on day 4 of a cold. viral infection was confirmed in six of the asthmatics (influenza a or b) and six of the healthy subjects (influenza a, rhinovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus). in the subjects with confirmed virus infection, five of the asthmatics had an objective e ... | 1998 | 9769279 |
| isolation of type b influenza virus from the blood of children. | | 1998 | 9770177 |
| isolation and identification of influenza viruses from clinical materials in 1977-1993 at veterans general hospital-taipei. | from 1977 to 1993, 15,189 throat swab samples were received for isolation and identification of influenza virus in the clinical virology laboratory, veterans general hospital-taipei. most of the samples came from the pediatric department. there were 634 identified strains of the influenza virus; the successful isolation rate was 4.17% in average/year. among these isolates, 56.3% (357/634) were influenza b; 12.1% (77/634) were influenza a/h1n1 and 28.1% (178/634) were influenza a/h3n2. about 3.5% ... | 1995 | 9774990 |
| cytokine production after influenza vaccination in a healthy elderly population. | influenza vaccination is less efficacious in the elderly than in the young. to characterize this age-related decrease in immune response to influenza vaccination, antibody and cell-mediated responses to influenza vaccine were assessed before immunization and 4 weeks after vaccination of a population of 270 healthy elderly individuals (mean age: 80.2 years) living in eight local continuing care retirement communities (ccrcs) and 30 young individuals (mean age: 27.8 years). the antibody titres pro ... | 1998 | 9778748 |
| evaluation of live, cold-adapted influenza a and b virus vaccines in elderly and high-risk subjects. | we have evaluated the use of live cold-adapted influenza a and b virus vaccines in the elderly. cold-adapted influenza a and b virus vaccines are safe and modestly immunogenic in individuals over 65 years of age. however, our studies and those of other groups have shown that immune response to cold-adapted vaccines in this age group are modest. administration of combined cold-adapted influenza a and inactivated influenza vaccine has resulted in slightly higher frequencies of local and systemic h ... | 1998 | 9778752 |
| efficacy of zanamivir for chemoprophylaxis of nursing home influenza outbreaks. | despite vaccination, influenza remains a common of morbidity in nursing homes. chemoprophylaxis of residents with currently available antivirals is not always effective and new agents effective against both influenza a and b are needed. in a randomized, unblinded pilot study, we compared 14 day chemoprophylaxis with zanamivir, an antiviral which inhibits influenza neuraminidase, to standard of care during sequential influenza a and influenza b outbreaks in a 735 bed nursing home. influenza a out ... | 1998 | 9778755 |
| update: influenza activity--worldwide, april-september 1998. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), the who international network of approximately 110 collaborating laboratories in 83 countries, and u.s. state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. during october 1997-april 1998. influenza activity was moderate to severe in the northern hemisphere. influenza a(h3n2) viruses were predominant, but influenza a(h1 ... | 1998 | 9780238 |
| evidence for zanamivir resistance in an immunocompromised child infected with influenza b virus. | zanamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor, has shown promise as a drug to control influenza. during prolonged treatment with zanamivir, a mutant virus was isolated from an immunocompromised child infected with influenza b virus. a hemagglutinin mutation (198 thr-->ile) reduced the virus affinity for receptors found on susceptible human cells. a mutation in the neuraminidase active site (152 arg-->lys) led to a 1000-fold reduction in the enzyme sensitivity to zanamivir. when tested in ferrets, the mut ... | 1998 | 9780244 |
| the spectrum of antecedent infections in guillain-barré syndrome: a case-control study. | to determine which antecedent infections are specifically associated with the guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). | 1998 | 9781538 |
| [the choice of the optimal schedules in the vaccination procedure against influenza in elderly subjects]. | to improve the vaccinal prophylaxis of influenza, the comparative study of live trivalent influenza allantoic vaccine, dried, for adults, produced by the irkutsk enterprise for immunological preparations (russia), and inactivated trivalent influenza split vaccine, obtained from wyeth-ayerst company (usa), as well as schedules of their combined use for the vaccination of elderly persons, was carried out. the examination of 600 subjects revealed that the vaccines were well tolerated; the combined ... | 1998 | 9783399 |
| recommendation for the composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in 1999. | | 1998 | 9787645 |
| the plea against annual influenza vaccination? 'the hoskins' paradox' revisited. | three papers by hoskins and collaborators published in the lancet in the 70s, have been challenging the common policy to annually vaccinate people at risk with inactivated influenza virus vaccine. from an analysis of a vaccination campaign in adolescent pupils of a boarding school and four influenza outbreaks in the period 1970-76, hoskins et al. concluded that annually repeated vaccinations would not confer protection against epidemic influenza in the long-term ('hoskins' paradox'). a review of ... | 1998 | 9796045 |
| respiratory viral infections in the elderly in a nursing home. | the purpose of this study was to investigate what viruses infiltrate into our nursing home, assess the related clinical symptoms in elderly subjects, and compare the incidence of infections with those in the general community. between july 1994 and june 1995, 40 elderly persons dwelling in the nursing home were evaluated by clinical observation, serologic analysis, and viral culture of samples to determine the presence of viruses. enteroviruses and herpes simplex i virus could be isolated from a ... | 1998 | 9796185 |
| effects of antipyretics on mortality due to influenza b virus in a mouse model of reye's syndrome. | to determine the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (asa) and acetaminophen on mortality due to influenza b infection in neonatal and weanling mice, as well as any synergistic, antagonistic or indifferent effects of the combined antipyretic and virus on mortality in mice pretreated with low doses of an industrial surfactant, toximul mp8, which has been shown to reproduce many of the features of reye's syndrome. in vitro studies were done to determine whether asa or acetaminophen altered the normal, ... | 1998 | 9800068 |
| antipyretics and reye's syndrome. | | 1998 | 9800070 |
| assessment of markers of the cell-mediated immune response after influenza virus infection in frail older adults. | the purpose of this study was to determine whether measures of the cell-mediated immune response to influenza virus could be used as markers of influenza virus infection. we studied 23 subjects who developed upper respiratory, lower respiratory, or systemic symptoms during a small outbreak of influenza in a nursing home population. influenza virus culture from nasopharyngeal swabs yielded influenza virus isolates from 7 of the 23 subjects. only three of the subjects had a fourfold rise in antibo ... | 1998 | 9801346 |
| [the characterization of influenza viruses by the immunoperoxidase method using monoclonal antibodies. its setup and validation]. | the immunoperoxidase method for the rapid classification of influenza viruses in type and subtype was applied and validated for the first time in cuba. the method is based on a rapid culture in mdck-l cells and on the use of monoclonal antibodies for the classification in type and subtype. a pool of antibodies against influenza a and another against influenza b and ha1-71 and ha2-76 monoclonal antibodies are used for the subtyping in h1 and h3. the validation was carried out by applying this met ... | 1996 | 9805039 |
| new approaches to influenza chemotherapy. neuraminidase inhibitors. | epidemic influenza continues to be associated with significant morbidity in the general population, and mortality in the elderly and other high risk patients. although the case fatality rate averages less than 0.01%, tens of thousands of deaths occur each year. control through immunisation programmes has not been possible due to incomplete protective efficacy and antigenic variations that occur frequently. currently available anti-influenza medications (amantadine and rimantadine) have had limit ... | 1998 | 9806102 |
| use of recombinant nucleoproteins in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of virus-specific immunoglobulin a (iga) and igg antibodies in influenza virus a- or b-infected patients. | the nucleoprotein genes of influenza virus a/netherlands/018/94 (h3n2) and influenza virus b/harbin/7/94 were cloned into the bacterial expression vector pmalc to yield highly purified recombinant influenza virus a and b nucleoproteins. with these recombinant influenza nucleoproteins, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) were developed for the detection of influenza virus a- and b-specific immunoglobulin a (iga) and igg serum antibodies. serum samples were collected at consecutive time po ... | 1998 | 9817867 |
| mink lung epithelial cells: unique cell line that supports influenza a and b virus replication. | we have demonstrated for the first time that a mink lung epithelial cell line (mv1lu) supports the replication of influenza a and b viruses, including the recently isolated h5n1 avian and human hong kong strains, to titers comparable to those in mdck cells. these results suggest that mv1lu cells might serve as an alternative system for the isolation and cultivation of influenza a and b viruses and may be useful for vaccine development. | 1998 | 9817906 |
| simultaneous multiple viral infections in childhood acute lower respiratory tract infections in southern taiwan. | thirty paediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alri) caused by simultaneous multiple viral infections (smv) in a 3-year interval were reviewed. twenty patients were infected with two viruses simultaneously; nine patients with three viruses; and one patient with four viruses. the frequency of individual viruses were: adenovirus, 18 (60 per cent); respiratory syncytial virus, 7 (23 per cent); influenza virus type a, 6 (20 per cent); influenza virus type b, 15 (50 per cen ... | 1998 | 9819497 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of antigen-specific cd4 cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | the effect of macrophage (m)-tropic and t cell line (t)-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection on antigen-specific cd4 cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) has been studied using a cd4 ctl line specific for a peptide from influenza b virus hemagglutinin. in the absence of antigen presentation, the production of cc chemokines was low. both the m-tropic hiv-1 strain (hiv-1ad) and the t-tropic hiv-1 strain (hiv-1lai) established productive infections in the cd4 ctls, decreasing anti ... | 1998 | 9824317 |
| influenza in canada--1997-1998 season. | | 1998 | 9828504 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--worldwide, april-september 1998. | | 1998 | 9831981 |
| [fast detection and characterization of influenza a and b viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions by the immunoperoxidase method]. | one hundred and fourty eight samples from patients with a symptomatology compatible with the influenza virus were studied aimed at identifying in a fast way these viruses. a rapid mdck-l cell culture was developed on 96 well plates, where nasopharingeal exudates or gargarisms were inoculated and incubated all night long at 37 degrees c. the medium was removed and cells were washed with pbs and fixed with methanol. viral antigens were detected through the immunoperoxidase staining by using two mo ... | 1998 | 9842266 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 1998-99 season. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), its collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes influenza activity from october 4 through november 7, 1998; during this period, overall influenza activity in the united states was low. however, outbreaks of influenza a occurred in new york during october-no ... | 1998 | 9843358 |
| rapid identification of nine microorganisms causing acute respiratory tract infections by single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-pcr: feasibility study. | acute respiratory tract infections (aris) are leading causes of morbidity and, in developing countries, mortality in children. a multiplex reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assay was developed to allow in one test the detection of nine different microorganisms (enterovirus, influenza a and b viruses, respiratory syncytial virus [rsv], parainfluenzaviruses type 1 and type 3, adenovirus, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and chlamydia pneumoniae) that do not usually colonize the respiratory tracts of humans ... | 1999 | 9854054 |
| influenza surveillance in england and wales: october 1997 to june 1998. | influenza caused low levels of mortality and morbidity in england and wales in the 1997/98 season. influenza viruses of the h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes were isolated in small numbers from community and hospital patients in november and december. their numbers subsequently increased to peak in february, h1n1 a week or two before h3n2. most of the h1n1 isolates were similar to the a/bayern/7/95-like virus, included in the vaccine recommended for 1997-98, whereas most h3n2 isolates were a/sydney/5/97-li ... | 1998 | 9854882 |
| endogenous protease-dependent replication of human influenza viruses in two mdck cell lines. | multi-cycle replication and plaque formation of influenza a and b viruses and cleavage activation of their hemagglutinin (ha) by an endogenous protease(s) were examined in two mdck cell lines, mdck(-) and mdck(+). no exogenous trypsin was required for multi-cycle replication and plaque formation of all the influenza a viruses tested in the mdck(+) cell, while those of the viruses in the mdck(-) cell were completely trypsin-dependent. in both cell lines, on the other hand, influenza b viruses gre ... | 1998 | 9856079 |
| randomised trial of efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir in treatment of influenza a and b virus infections. the mist (management of influenza in the southern hemisphere trialists) study group. | influenza affects many people worldwide each year and has many troublesome symptoms. we investigated the efficacy and safety of the inhaled antiviral agent zanamivir as a treatment for influenza a and b infection. | 1998 | 9863784 |
| restored humoral immune response to influenza vaccination in hiv-infected adults treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. | highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) effectively suppresses replication of hiv and is accompanied by an increase in cd4+ t lymphocytes. whether the increase in cd4+ t lymphocytes in the blood is a reflection of a reconstitution of the immune functions is unknown. we investigated the recovery of the humoral immune response during haart after immunization with t-cell-dependent influenza vaccine. | 1998 | 9863863 |
| [the influenza season 1997/'98 and the vaccine composition for 1998/'99]. | the 1997/'98 influenza season in the netherlands was marked by influenza a/h3n2 activity which never reached a true epidemic level. there was no real peak activity either but a prolonged period of increased activity of approximately eight weeks with a maximum in week 13, when sentinel physicians reported 16.6 cases of influenza-like illness per 10,000 inhabitants. it was not until week 18 of 1998 that the influenza activity declined to baseline levels. during the season, almost exclusively influ ... | 1998 | 9864542 |
| etiology of respiratory tract infection in adults in a general practice setting. | a prospective study was conducted over a 3-month winter period in three general practice clinics in an urban population in southern israel to identify the etiological agents of respiratory tract infections (rti) in adults. rti was defined as an acute febrile illness with cough, coryza, sore throat or hoarseness. serum samples were taken from all patients in both the acute and convalescent phases of their illness. tests were conducted for detection of 17 microorganisms known to cause rti, includi ... | 1998 | 9865980 |
| [study of the viral etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in a neonatal unit]. | to study the possible viral etiology in 139 infants with lower respiratory tract infection who required hospitalization in the infant unit of our hospital, from october 1994 to june 1995. | 1998 | 9918990 |
| respiratory viruses in children attending a major referral centre in saudi arabia. | viral respiratory infections are common causes of illness in infants and children. examination of clinical specimens submitted for diagnosis during a 3-year period (august 1993-july 1996) at king faisal specialist hospital and research center (kfsh & rc) in riyadh revealed a wide spectrum of diseases associated with the isolation of five respiratory viruses. severity of disease ranged from mild upper respiratory illness to threatening lower respiratory illnesses including bronchiolitis and pneum ... | 1998 | 9924568 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 1998-99 season. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), its collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes influenza surveillance in the united states from october 4, 1998, to january 9, 1999, which indicates that overall influenza activity was low. | 1999 | 9933124 |
| chronic stress in elderly carers of dementia patients and antibody response to influenza vaccination. | there are many reports of psychological morbidity in spousal carers of patients with dementia. the consequences of this increased stress on the immune system are unclear. we investigated whether antibody responses to influenza vaccination differed between carers and a control group, and the relation of the antibody response to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis. | 1999 | 10030328 |
| viral ion channels: molecular modeling and simulation. | in a number of membrane-bound viruses, ion channels are formed by integral membrane proteins. these channel proteins include m2 from influenza a, nb from influenza b, and, possibly, vpu from hiv-1. m2 is important in facilitating uncoating of the influenza a viral genome and is the target of amantadine, an anti-influenza drug. the biological roles of nb and vpu are less certain. in all cases, the protein contains a single transmembrane alpha-helix close to its n-terminus. channels can be formed ... | 1998 | 10048299 |
| relationship between the response to influenza vaccination and the nutritional status in institutionalized elderly subjects. | influenza is a major health problem among elderly people in industrialized countries. nursing homes may be a particularly good setting for outbreaks of influenza. thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate some aspects of the nutritional status of institutionalized elderly subjects in relation to their response to influenza vaccination. certain aspects of the cellular immune response were also investigated. | 1999 | 10051856 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states, 1998-99 season. | | 1999 | 10052428 |
| the synthesis and antiviral activity of 4-fluoro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1h-pyrazole-3-carboxamide. | a novel fluoropyrazole ribonucleoside has been shown to have significant anti-influenza activity in vitro. the compound is compared and contrasted with the structurally-related compound ribavirin in attempts to identify factors having significant bearing on the mode of action of both compounds. | 1999 | 10067273 |
| effectiveness of influenza vaccine in health care professionals: a randomized trial. | data are limited and conflicting regarding the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in health care professionals. | 1999 | 10078487 |
| recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 1999-2000 season. | | 1999 | 10079754 |
| synthesis of tetrasubstituted bicyclo[3.2.1]octenes as potential inhibitors of influenza virus sialidase. | several racemic bicyclo[3.2.1]octene derivatives have been synthesised and evaluated as inhibitors of influenza virus sialidases. the 5-acetamido-bicyclo[3.2.1]octenol 4 showed modest activity against influenza a and b virus sialidases. | 1999 | 10098673 |
| synthesis of a tetrasubstituted bicyclo [2.2.2] octane as a potential inhibitor of influenza virus sialidase. | a novel synthesis of the bicyclo [2.2.2] octane ring system has been achieved utilising a tandem henry cyclisation as the key stage. this chemistry has been employed in the synthesis of a potential inhibitor of influenza virus sialidase. | 1999 | 10098674 |
| the impact of three influenza epidemics on primary care in england and wales. | the numbers of persons with influenza presenting to general practitioners in england and wales during the epidemics of late 1989, late 1993, and early 1995 are estimated to be approximately 760,00, 480,000 and 192,000, respectively. the expected numbers used to derive these estimates were obtained by averaging incidence by week over the 9 winters of 1986/87 to 1994/95, excluding those weeks in which influenza was prevalent. these 3 epidemics varied in magnitude and in the relative impact on pers ... | 1996 | 10160485 |
| an economic model for a novel viral influenza diagnostic. | the authors present a model that tests the economic value of a new diagnostic test that can identify type a and b influenza. compared with traditional treatment without trying to objectively differentiate viral from bacterial infection, substantial cost savings may be achieved if diagnostic testing is appropriately utilized in a comprehensive influenza management program. | 1998 | 10181542 |
| antiviral activities of biflavonoids. | biflavonoids such as amentoflavone (1), agathisflavone (2), robustaflavone (3), hinokiflavone (4), volkensiflavone (5), rhusflavanone (7), succedaneflavanone (9), all isolated from rhus succedanea and garcinia multiflora, as well as their methyl ethers and acetates, volkensiflavone hexamethyl ether (6), rhusflavanone hexaacetate (8), and succedaneflavanone hexaacetate (10) were evaluated for their antiviral activities. the inhibitory activities against a number of viruses including respiratory v ... | 1999 | 10193201 |
| comparative analysis of evolutionary mechanisms of the hemagglutinin and three internal protein genes of influenza b virus: multiple cocirculating lineages and frequent reassortment of the np, m, and ns genes. | phylogenetic profiles of the genes coding for the hemagglutinin (ha) protein, nucleoprotein (np), matrix (m) protein, and nonstructural (ns) proteins of influenza b viruses isolated from 1940 to 1998 were analyzed in a parallel manner in order to understand the evolutionary mechanisms of these viruses. unlike human influenza a (h3n2) viruses, the evolutionary pathways of all four genes of recent influenza b viruses revealed similar patterns of genetic divergence into two major lineages. although ... | 1999 | 10196339 |
| [influenza virus pneumonia]. | | 1999 | 10201143 |
| pcr detection of viral nucleic acid in fatal asthma: is the lower respiratory tract a reservoir for common viruses? | there is indirect evidence implicating viral respiratory tract infections in the pathogenesis of fatal asthma. however, it is unknown whether viruses are present within the lower respiratory tract in fatal asthma. | 1999 | 10202219 |
| influenza virus serology--a comparative study. | virus isolation or influenza virus antigen detection are the most rapid tests for diagnosis in the acute stage of influenza virus infection. as serology is easier to carry out, the synthesis of serum igm, iga and igg was studied in two well-defined patient groups, infected with influenza b virus (cohort 1, n = 37) and influenza a virus (cohort 2, n = 40), diagnosed by antigen detection and/or virus isolation within 36 h after onset of symptoms. igm was found in 13 influenza b patients (35%), iga ... | 1999 | 10204706 |
| tracheal aspirate as a substrate for polymerase chain reaction detection of viral genome in childhood pneumonia and myocarditis. | infectious respiratory disorders are important causes of childhood morbidity and mortality. viral causes are common and may lead to rapid deterioration, requiring mechanical ventilation; myocardial dysfunction may accompany respiratory decompensation. the etiologic viral diagnosis may be difficult with classic methods. the purpose of this study was to evaluate polymerase chain reaction (pcr) as a diagnostic method for identification of causative agents. | 1999 | 10209006 |
| calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin d3) coadministered with influenza vaccine does not enhance humoral immunity in human volunteers. | calcitriol, also known as 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin d3, is a steroid hormone that has been shown to have effects on cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation. coadministration of calcitriol with trivalent influenza vaccine in mice enhanced both mucosal and systemic antibody responses. we studied the effects of calcitriol coadministered with a commercially available influenza vaccine in 175 human volunteers in this double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. subjects that received calcit ... | 1999 | 10217585 |