| inducer-specific enhanceosome formation controls tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression in t lymphocytes. | we present evidence that the inducer-specific regulation of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) gene in t cells involves the assembly of distinct higher-order transcription enhancer complexes (enhanceosomes), which is dependent upon inducer-specific helical phasing relationships between transcription factor binding sites. while atf-2, c-jun, and the coactivator proteins cbp/p300 play a central role in tnf-alpha gene activation stimulated by virus infection or intracellular calcium ... | 2002 | 11909956 |
| the madness of the elk. | | 2002 | 11930778 |
| transcription control by e1a and map kinase pathway via sur2 mediator subunit. | sur2 is a metazoan mediator subunit that interacts with the adenovirus e1a protein and functions in a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway required for vulva development in caenorhabditis elegans. we generated sur2-/- embryonic stem cells to analyze its function as a mammalian mediator component. our results show that sur2 forms a subcomplex of the mediator with two other subunits, trap/med100 and 95. knock-out of sur2 prevents activation by e1a-cr3 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase-r ... | 2002 | 11934987 |
| dopamine activates erks in alveolar epithelial cells via ras-pkc-dependent and grb2/sos-independent mechanisms. | recently it has been described that dopamine (da), via dopaminergic type 2 receptors (d(2)r), activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (mapk/erk) proteins in alveolar epithelial cells (aec), which results in the upregulation of na(+)-k(+)-atpase. in the present report, we used aec to investigate the signaling pathway that links da with erk activation. incubation of aec with da resulted in rapid and transient stimulation of erk activity, which was media ... | 2002 | 11943676 |
| radionuclides in soil and water near a low-level disposal site and potential ecological and human health impacts. | material disposal area g is the primary low-level radioactive waste disposal site at los alamos national laboratory, new mexico, and is adjacent to pueblo of san ildefonso lands. pueblo residents and los alamos scientists are concerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of area g radionuclides by mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus), then consumption of deer and elk meat by humans. tissue samples were collected from deer and elk accidentally killed ... | 2002 | 11944797 |
| inhibiting transcription factor/dna complexes using fluorescent microgonotropens (fmgts). | fluorescent microgonotropens (fmgts) are a/t selective, minor groove-binding bisbenzimidazole ligands. basic side chains extending from these agents electrostatically contact the major groove side of the phosphodiester backbone of dna, endowing them with high binding affinity. here, we evaluate the potential of these agents as inhibitors of transcription factor (tf) binding to dna and explore whether their ability to contact both grooves enhances their inhibitory activity. a series of fmgts (l2- ... | 2002 | 11955618 |
| a possible role for insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 autocrine/paracrine loops in controlling hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation. | hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is a common malignancy, but treatment outcomes have generally remained poor. specific factors important for the pathogenesis of hcc are incompletely understood. insulin-like growth factors (igfs) are potent autocrine and paracrine mitogens for liver cancer cell proliferation, and their bioactivity is reduced by igf-binding protein 3 (igfbp-3). in the present study, we report that igfbp-3 protein levels were either undetectable (28.5%) or low (71.5%) in human hcc sa ... | 2002 | 11959812 |
| fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease. | consumption of wild ruminant fat represented the primary lipid source for pre-agricultural humans. hence, the lipid composition of these animals' tissues may provide insight into dietary requirements that offer protection from chronic disease in modern humans. | 2002 | 11960292 |
| rac is activated by erythropoietin or interleukin-3 and is involved in activation of the erk signaling pathway. | previous studies have shown that hematopoietic cytokines, including erythropoietin (epo) and interleukin (il)-3, activate the ras gtpase and the downstream raf/erk/elk-1 signaling pathway. here we report that epo or il-3 rapidly and transiently activates rac, a rho family gtpase, in hematopoietic cell lines, 32d/epor-wt and ut-7. the cytokine-induced activation of rac was augmented in a 32d/epor-wt clone that inducibly overexpresses the adaptor protein crkl or the ras guanine nucleotide exchange ... | 2002 | 11965537 |
| role of regulatory elements and the mapk/erk or p38 mapk pathways for activation of human cytomegalovirus gene expression. | a series of recombinant viruses with either site-specific mutations or various deletions of the early ul4 promoter of human cytomegalovirus were used to determine the roles of regulatory elements and the effects of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways. viral gene expression was regulated by upstream cis-acting sites and by basic promoter elements that respond to the mapk signal transduction pathways. inhibitors of either the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-r ... | 2002 | 11967304 |
| epidermal growth factor-mediated activation of the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 requires nuclear calcium. | cytosolic and nuclear ca(2+) have been shown to differentially regulate transcription. however, the impact of spatially distinct ca(2+) signals on mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated gene expression remains unknown. here we investigated the role of nuclear and cytosolic ca(2+) signals in epidermal growth factor (egf)-induced transactivation of the ternary complex factor elk-1 using a gal4-elk-1 construct. egf increased ca(2+) in both the nucleus and cytosol of hepg2 or 293 cells. pretreatm ... | 2002 | 11971908 |
| grap negatively regulates t-cell receptor-elicited lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 induction. | grb-2-related adaptor protein (grap) is a grb2-like sh3-sh2-sh3 adaptor protein with expression restricted to lymphoid tissues. grap(-/-) lymphocytes isolated from targeted grap-deficient mice exhibited enhanced proliferation, interleukin-2 production, and c-fos induction in response to mitogenic t-cell receptor (tcr) stimulation, compared to wild-type cells. ectopic expression of grap led to a suppression of elk-1-directed transcription induced by the ras/erk pathway, without having effects on ... | 2002 | 11971956 |
| a deer (subfamily cervinae) genetic linkage map and the evolution of ruminant genomes. | comparative maps between ruminant species and humans are increasingly important tools for the discovery of genes underlying economically important traits. in this article we present a primary linkage map of the deer genome derived from an interspecies hybrid between red deer (cervus elaphus) and père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus). the map is approximately 2500 cm long and contains >600 markers including both evolutionary conserved type i markers and highly polymorphic type ii markers (micr ... | 2002 | 11973312 |
| chronic wasting disease in deer and elk in north america. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) has emerged as an important disease of wildlife in north america. the disease is a unique member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) or prion diseases, which naturally affect only a few species. of the tses, cwd is the only one found in free-ranging species. however, interest in cwd has recently grown, by association with the better-known tses such as variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease of humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. knowledge of t ... | 2002 | 11974617 |
| aspirin and ns-398 inhibit hepatocyte growth factor-induced invasiveness of human hepatoma cells. | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) inhibit cyclooxygenase (cox) activity and are considered to exert antitumor actions in a variety of cancer cells, although the effects are unlikely entirely due to cox inhibition. because clinical observations suggest that hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) can promote metastasis of hepatoma cells while stimulating tumor invasiveness, we investigated the effect of aspirin and ns-398, a selective cox-2 inhibitor, on hgf-mediated invasiveness of hepg2 huma ... | 2002 | 11981761 |
| rgs3 interacts with 14-3-3 via the n-terminal region distinct from the rgs (regulator of g-protein signalling) domain. | rgs3 belongs to a family of the regulators of g-protein signalling (rgs), which bind and inhibit the g alpha subunits of heterotrimeric g-proteins via a homologous rgs domain. increasing evidence suggests that rgs proteins can also interact with targets other than g-proteins. employing yeast two-hybrid screening of a cdna library, we identified an interaction between rgs3 and the phosphoserine-binding protein 14-3-3. this interaction was confirmed by in vitro binding and co-immunoprecipitation e ... | 2002 | 11985497 |
| netrin-1-mediated axon outgrowth requires deleted in colorectal cancer-dependent mapk activation. | neuronal growth cones are guided to their targets by attractive and repulsive guidance cues. in mammals, netrin-1 is a bifunctional cue, attracting some axons and repelling others. deleted in colorectal cancer (dcc) is a receptor for netrin-1 that mediates its chemoattractive effect on commissural axons, but the signalling mechanisms that transduce this effect are poorly understood. here we show that dcc activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signalling, by means of extracellular sign ... | 2002 | 11986622 |
| follicle-stimulating hormone activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in preneoplastic and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelial cells. | to investigate the role of fsh in ovarian cancer development, the present study examined the expression of fsh receptor (fsh-r) and the effect of fsh on proliferation of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelium (ose) cells. recently, immortalized ose (iose) cell lines, including iose-29 (preneoplastic) and iose-29ec (neoplastic), were used. our results indicated that fsh-r mrna was expressed and that fsh exerted a growth stimulatory effect in normal, preneoplastic, and ne ... | 2002 | 11994371 |
| evaluation of a forage allocation model for theodore roosevelt national park. | we developed a forage allocation model using a deterministic, linear optimization module in a commercially available spreadsheet package to help resource managers in theodore roosevelt national park (trnp), north dakota determine optimum numbers of four ungulate species, bison (bison bison), elk (cervus elaphus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and feral horses, in the park. trnp staff actively managed bison, elk, and feral horse numbers within bounds suggested by our model from 1983 to 1996. d ... | 2002 | 11995238 |
| role of shp-2 in fibroblast growth factor receptor-mediated suppression of myogenesis in c2c12 myoblasts. | ligand activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (fgfr) represses myogenesis and promotes activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erks). the precise mechanism through which the fgfr transmits both of these signals in myoblasts remains unclear. the sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase, shp-2, has been shown to participate in the regulation of fgfr signaling. however, no role for shp-2 in fgfr myogenic signaling is known. in this study, we show that st ... | 2002 | 11997521 |
| farmed deer: new domestic animals defined by controlled breeding. | the domestication of plants and animals is recognized as pivotal in mankind's social evolution. yet, surprisingly few species have actually been farmed, prompting speculation as to which attributes are needed for successful domestication. although red deer were the staple source of meat throughout europe in the mesolithic, they have not been widely domesticated, leading many ethologists to argue that they are behaviourally unsuitable. recently, the most widely accepted criterion of domestication ... | 2001 | 11999300 |
| elk velvet antler in rheumatoid arthritis: phase ii trial. | the purpose of this phase ii clinical trial was to examine safety of elk velvet antler taken concurrently with rheumatoid arthritis medications and to determine efficacy by dose to enable sample size estimation and dose standardization for a larger study. forty patients with stage ii rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 arms of 10 patients each. one group received placebo and the other 3 groups received 2, 4, or 6 capsules (215 mg) of elk velvet antler with appropriate placebos ... | 2002 | 12003439 |
| bcr mediated signal transduction in immature and mature b cells. | ligation of b cell receptors (bcr) on immature b cells may induce apoptosis, while in mature b cells it stimulates cell activation and growth. the signaling pathway regulating the differential functional response, death or survival of the b cell is not fully characterized. we have tested the intracellular signaling requirement of these processes using b cells isolated from the spleen of irradiated auto-reconstituted (transitional immature b cells) and untreated mice (mature b cells), respectivel ... | 2002 | 12008033 |
| the novel role of the c-terminal region of shp-2. involvement of gab1 and shp-2 phosphatase activity in elk-1 activation. | shp-2, a nontransmembrane-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase that contains two src homology 2 (sh2) domains, is thought to participate in growth factor signal transduction pathways via sh2 domain interactions. to determine the role of each region of shp-2 in platelet-derived growth factor signaling assayed by elk-1 activation, we generated six deletion mutants of shp-2. the large sh2 domain deletion shp-2 mutant composed of amino acids 198-593 (shp-2-(198-593)), but not the smaller shp-2-(399-593 ... | 2002 | 12011040 |
| induction of apoptosis in rat ventral prostate by finasteride is associated with alteration in map kinase pathways and bcl-2 related family of proteins. | finasteride is widely used in treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. treatment of rats with finasteride caused a significant decrease in ventral prostate weight and intraprostatic dihydrotestosterone levels while intraprostatic testosterone levels were increased. finasteride inhibited akt-1 and mapk expression while expression of pten was significantly increased only at 100 mg dose. basal phosphorylation of c-raf, mek1/2, mapk and the transcription factor elk-1 was significantly ... | 2002 | 12012013 |
| first report of elaphostrongylus cervi in spanish red deer cervus elaphus hispanicus. | elaphostrongylus cervi cameron, 1931 was identified in six cervus elaphus hispanicus sampled in cuenca, central spain. a total of 23 adult worms were found in the central nervous system with a mean of 3.8. although e. cervi is reported to be widespread in cervids, this is the first time it has been recorded in spanish red deer. | 2002 | 12018203 |
| changes in plasma progesterone during pregnancy in iberian red deer (cervus elpahus hispanicus). | | 2002 | 12019537 |
| comparison of muscle fatty acid profiles and cholesterol concentrations of bison, beef cattle, elk, and chicken. | the objective of this study was to compare fatty acid weight percentages and cholesterol concentrations of longissimus dorsi (ld), semitendinosus (st), and supraspinatus (ss) muscles (n = 10 for each) of range bison (31 mo of age), feedlot-finished bison (18 mo of age), range beef cows (4 to 7 yr of age), feedlot steers (18 mo of age), free-ranging cow elk (3 to 5 yr of age), and chicken breast. lipids were analyzed by capillary glc. total saturated fatty acids (sfa) were greater (p < 0.01) in r ... | 2002 | 12019607 |
| complexities in ets-domain transcription factor function and regulation: lessons from the tcf (ternary complex factor) subfamily. the colworth medal lecture. | the ets-domain transcription factor family can be divided into a series of subfamilies. elk-1 represents the founding member of the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily. by focusing on the tcf subfamily, we can demonstrate the complexities that exist in the function and regulation of ets-domain transcription factors. this article focuses on elk-1 in detail and summarizes the functions of other tcfs. the key themes covered include the domain structure of the tcfs, the mechanisms of complex form ... | 2002 | 12023815 |
| [effect of natural nootropic and adaptogen preparations on the cortex bioelectrical activity in rats]. | the influence of new nootrope and adaptogen preparations representing dry extracts from scutellaria baicalensis (georgi), bergenia crassifolia (fritsch), and velvet antlers of siberian deer (cervus elaphus sibiricus) on the bioelectric activity (cortex fourier spectral eeg power) under conflict situation and conditioned reflex development was studied in rats. in both tests, the drugs produced similar changes in the eeg activity: (i) increase in the partial contribution of delta-activity and gene ... | 2002 | 12025793 |
| prolonged nuclear retention of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 is required for hepatocyte growth factor-induced cell motility. | we examined the signaling pathway by which hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) induces cell motility, with special focus on the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) in the nucleus. we used madin-darby canine kidney cells overexpressing erk2 because of their prominent motility response to hgf. hgf stimulation of the cells induces not only a rapid, marked, and sustained activation and rapid nuclear accumulation of erk1/2, but also a prolonged nuclear retention of the activated erk1/2. in ... | 2002 | 12032150 |
| organ-specific alternative transcripts of knox family class 2 homeobox genes of rice. | we identified three genes (hos58, hos59 and hos66) of rice (oryza sativa), which encode predicted proteins with the knox family class 2 homeodomain. these proteins contain three conserved domains, the knox domain, elk domain and homeodomain, from an n-terminus to a c-terminus. in addition to similarity of predicted amino acid sequences, these genes showed a similar exon/intron structure. cdna cloning and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses of these genes indicated tissue-spe ... | 2002 | 12034492 |
| infection of red deer, cattle, and humans with mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae in western austria. | twelve cases of mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae infection have occurred in four humans, three cattle, and five red deer in western austria since 1994. dna-fingerprinting of the isolates suggested transmission in and between these species over several years. contact with cattle, but not with goats, was found to be associated with three of four human cases. | 2002 | 12037107 |
| analysis of mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte subset proliferation and nitric oxide production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of captive elk (cervus elaphus). | elk (cervus claphus) are reservoirs for brucella abortus, mycobacterium bovis, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, each a serious pathogen of domestic livestock. an understanding of the basic immune responsiveness of elk would aid efforts to develop methods to diagnose and prevent these diseases of elk. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) isolated from captive elk were examined for phenotype, lymphocyte subset proliferative capacity, and ability to produce nitric oxide (no) up ... | 2002 | 12038134 |
| antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections: how well do pediatric residents do? | antibiotics are often used inappropriately for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children, and the emergence of resistant bacteria is a growing public health concern. | 2002 | 12038897 |
| [cell signaling in the epileptic hippocampus]. | cell signaling commanding death or survival in human epileptic hippocampus is difficult to trace because of the long interval between the beginning of symptoms and the sampling of damaged cerebral tissue for neuropathological examination. intraperitoneal injection of the glutamate analogue kainic acid (ka) is a useful tool to analyze the effects of seizures and the excitotoxic damage in the rodent hippocampus. ka acts on nmda and ka receptors, whereas it has little impact on ampa receptors. neur ... | 2002 | 12040499 |
| estrogen regulation of c-fos gene expression through phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-dependent activation of serum response factor in mcf-7 breast cancer cells. | 17beta-estradiol (e2) induces proliferation and c-fos gene expression in mcf-7 cells and both responses are partially blocked by wortmannin and ly294002 which are inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (pi3-k). analysis of the c-fos gene promoter shows that the effects of wortmannin and ly294002 are associated with inhibition of e2-induced activation through the serum response factor (srf) motif within the proximal serum response element at -325 and -296. e2 activates constructs containing ... | 2002 | 12051724 |
| assessment of domestic goats as a patent host of elaphostrongylus cervi. | a study was undertaken to determine whether domestic goats can serve as patent hosts of elaphostrongylus cervi under natural or experimental conditions. three-hundred and two fecal samples from 124 domestic goats raised outdoors in new zealand, where e. cervi is enzootic, were tested for nematode larvae by the baermann method. all samples were negative for e. cervi dorsal-spined larvae. twenty juvenile male nubian and saanen goats obtained locally were assigned randomly to 5 dosage groups and we ... | 2002 | 12053987 |
| identical its-1 and its-2 sequences suggest spiculopteragia asymmetrica and spiculopteragia quadrispiculata (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) constitute morphologically distinct variants of a single species. | sequences of its-1 and its-2 rdna for adult males of spiculopteragia asymmetrica and spiculopteragia quadrispiculata in red deer (cervus elaphus) were determined. they were found to be identical, suggesting that s. asymmetrica and s. quadrispiculata represent a single species and do not refute the concept of dimorphic species in the spiculopteragia. | 2002 | 12054028 |
| vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation requires both p38 and bmk1 map kinases. | vascular smooth muscle cell (vsmc) proliferation is a key event in the progression of atherosclerosis. induction of both c-fos (through the transcription factor elk-1) and c-jun, both immediate early genes, is important for the stimulation of vsmc proliferation and migration. it was earlier found that p38 mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase upregulates c-jun gene transcription through phosphorylation of two myocyte enhancer factor 2 (mef2) family transcription factors, mef2a and mef2c, while ... | 2002 | 12054430 |
| the use of inducible engrailed fusion proteins to study the cellular functions of eukaryotic transcription factors. | transcription factors determine cell lineages, control cell fate, and regulate cellular responses to stimuli. many methods are currently used to study the function of transcription factors in a cellular context and several of these involve overexpressing a constitutively active form of the protein and studying its effects. here we outline an alternative approach involving the inducible expression of dominant-negative transcription factors in human cell lines. dominant-negative transcription fact ... | 2002 | 12054883 |
| a kinetic approach for the study of protein phosphatase-catalyzed regulation of protein kinase activity. | the activities of many protein kinases are regulated by phosphorylation. the phosphorylated protein kinases thus represent an important class of substrates for protein phosphatases. however, our ability to study the phosphatase-catalyzed substrate dephosphorylation has been limited in many cases by the difficulty in preparing sufficient amount of stoichiometrically phosphorylated kinases. we have applied the kinetic theory of substrate reaction during irreversible modification of enzyme activity ... | 2002 | 12056917 |
| camkii regulates amphetamine-induced erk1/2 phosphorylation in striatal neurons. | amphetamine activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (erk1/2) resulting in camp response element-binding protein (creb) and elk-1 phosphorylation in striatal neurons. in the present study we investigated whether calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ii (camkii) regulates amphetamine-induced erk1/2 pathways in striatal neurons using western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. acute administration of amphetamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) increased phosphorylated (p)camkii immunor ... | 2002 | 12060798 |
| the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 contains a novel class of repression domain. | the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 serves as an integration point for different mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathways. phosphorylation of elk-1 by map kinases triggers its activation. however, while the activation process is well understood, its downregulation-inactivation is less well characterized. the ets dna-binding domain plays a role in the downregulation of elk-dependent promoter activity following mitogenic activation by recruiting the msin3a-hdac complex. here we have i ... | 2002 | 12077333 |
| cell adhesion differentially regulates the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of active map kinases. | cells decide whether to undergo processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, based upon the cues they receive from both circulating factors and integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix. integrins control the activation of the early signaling pathways. for example, growth factor activation of the erk cascade is enhanced when cells are adherent. in addition, adhesion receptors oversee the cellular localization of critical signaling components. we have recently sho ... | 2002 | 12077368 |
| activation and induction of nur77/nurr1 in corticotrophs by crh/camp: involvement of calcium, protein kinase a, and mapk pathways. | nur factors are critical for proopiomelanocortin (pomc) induction by crh in corticotrophs, but the pathways linking crh to nur are unknown. in this study we show that in att-20 corticotrophs crh and camp induce nur77 and nurr1 expression and transcription at the nurre site by protein kinase a (pka) and calcium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. calcium pathways depend on calmodulin kinase ii (camkii) activity, and calcium-independent pathways are accounted for in part by mapk activation (rap ... | 2002 | 12089357 |
| lipoteichoic acid selectively induces the erk signaling pathway in the cornea. | to identify signal transduction pathways and gene expression induced by the bacterial cell wall component lipoteichoic acid (lta) in human corneal keratocytes. | 2002 | 12091427 |
| an aspartyl protease inhibitor orthologue expressed by parelaphostrongylus tenuis is immunogenic in an atypical host. | parelaphostrongylus tenuis is a neurotropic nematode common in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) of eastern north america. this parasite is the causative agent of a debilitating neurologic disease in atypical hosts, including domestic livestock. in order to identify proteins of potential significance in the host-parasite relationship, a cdna library was produced from adult p. tenuis mrna. screening the library with antisera from infected red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) and immunized a ... | 2002 | 12093670 |
| phenethyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptosis in p53-deficient pc-3 human prostate cancer cell line is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases. | previous studies have suggested that p53 is required for apoptosis induction by phenethyl isothiocyanate (peitc), which is a highly promising cancer chemopreventive agent. here, we report that p53 is not required for peitc-induced apoptosis in the pc-3 human prostate cancer cell line and that the peitc-induced apoptosis is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erk1/2). exposure of pc-3 cells to an apoptosis-inducing concentration of peitc (10 microm) resulted in a rapid and sustain ... | 2002 | 12097262 |
| flavonoid phytochemicals regulate activator protein-1 signal transduction pathways in endometrial and kidney stable cell lines. | phytochemicals bind to and regulate the human estrogen receptors (eralpha and erbeta), mimicking actions of the endogenous estrogen, 17beta-estradiol, and known antiestrogens such as ici 182,780. recently, however, some of these estrogenic phytochemicals have been shown to affect other signal transduction pathways, such as receptor tyrosine kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk). previously, we found that certain phytochemicals, such as flavone, apigenin, kaempferide and chalcone, ... | 2002 | 12097658 |
| identification of antigens with potential for immunodiagnosis of parelaphostrongylus tenuis and elaphostrongylus cervi infections in red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus). | red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) were infected experimentally with parelaphostrongylus tenuis in new brunswick, canada, and with elaphostrongylus cervi in new zealand. excretory-secretory (e-s) antigens from adult p. tenuis were evaluated for their serodiagnostic potential in identifying p. tenuis and heterologous e. cervi infections in a western blot. the antigen recognition profile of sera from animals infected with p. tenuis varied between individuals and with duration of infections, whereas ... | 2002 | 12099432 |
| characterization of sealpox virus, a separate member of the parapoxviruses. | a disease outbreak characterized by lesions of the skin and mucosa of the oral cavity was recognized in harbor seals ( phoca vitulina) from the german north sea. using electron microscopy typical parapoxvirus particles were observed. the presence of parapoxvirus was confirmed by pcr and nucleotide sequencing of part of the putative major envelope protein coding gene. comparative sequence analysis revealed that the virus from seal is significantly different from the established parapoxvirus speci ... | 2002 | 12111424 |
| transient and sustained erk phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in growth control. | growth stimulation and inhibition are both associated with tyrosine phosphorylation. we examined the effects of epidermal growth factor (egf), a growth stimulant, and compound 5 (cpd 5), a protein-tyrosine phosphatase (ptpase) inhibitor, which inhibits the growth of the same hep3b hepatoma cells. we found that both egf and cpd 5 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of egf receptor (egfr) and erk. however, the phosphorylation caused by egf was transient and that caused by cpd 5 was prolonged. further ... | 2002 | 12115721 |
| molecular phylogeography of the red deer (cervus elaphus) populations in xinjiang of china: comparison with other asian, european, and north american populations. | to illustrate phylogeography of red deer (cervus elaphus) populations of xinjiang, we determined their mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region sequences, and then investigated geographic variations and phylogenetic relationships between xinjiang populations and other populations from asia, europe, and north america. the c. elaphus mtdna control region shared different copy numbers of tandem repeats of 38 to 43-bp motifs which clearly distinguished the western lineage from the eastern lineage of ... | 2002 | 12130826 |
| pdgf and signal transduction in hepatic stellate cells. | platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) is one of the most potent mitogen for cultured hsc isolated from rat, mouse, or human liver. phosphotyrosines on the activated pdgf receptor operate as high affinity binding sites for several molecules involved in the downstream propagation of the signal, including the sequential activation of raf-1, mek and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (erk). nuclear translocation of erk is associated to the phosphorylation of several transcription factors, includi ... | 2002 | 12133817 |
| regulation of gli1 transcriptional activity in the nucleus by dyrk1. | to investigate the cellular role of dual specificity yak1-related kinase (dyrk) 1, a nuclear localized dual specificity protein kinase, we examined its effect on transcriptional regulation using reporter gene assays. we found that dyrk1 can substantially enhance gli1-dependent, but not lef-1-, c-jun-, or elk-dependent, gene transcription. in part, dyrk1 does this through retaining gli1 in the nucleus. however, we also demonstrate that dyrk1 can enhance the transcriptional activity of gli1-aha, a ... | 2002 | 12138125 |
| anorexia nervosa (restrictive subtype) is associated with a polymorphism in the novel norepinephrine transporter gene promoter polymorphic region. | long-term weight-restored patients with anorexia nervosa (an) have lower norepinephrine levels than controls. since this may reflect altered reuptake by the norepinephrine transporter (net), we hypothesised that the net gene was involved in the genetic component of an. pcr-amplification of an aagg repeat island (aagg1) in the net gene promoter region revealed a novel 343-bp sequence with five additional aagg repeat islands (aagg2-aagg6). we named the sequence from aagg1 to aagg6 inclusive, the n ... | 2002 | 12140790 |
| microsatellite variation in the reintroduced pennsylvania elk herd. | relocation programs have restored elk (cervus elaphus) to portions of its vast historical range. we examine the consequences of these relocation programs by assessing variation at 10 microsatellite loci in three elk herds, a source herd (yellowstone national park), a large herd reintroduced from yellowstone (custer state park) and a bottlenecked herd reintroduced from both yellowstone and custer (the pennsylvania herd). observed single locus heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.739. multi-loc ... | 2002 | 12144652 |
| ras/mapk pathway confers basement membrane dependence upon endoderm differentiation of embryonic carcinoma cells. | the formation of extraembryonic endoderm is one of the earliest steps in the differentiation of pluripotent cells of the inner cell mass during the early stages of embryonic development. the primitive endoderm cells and the derived parietal and visceral endoderm cells gain the capacity to produce collagen iv and laminin. the deposition of these components results in the formation of basement membrane and epithelium of the endoderm, with polarized cells covering the inner surface of the blastocoe ... | 2002 | 12145292 |
| transcription inhibitor actinomycin-d abolishes the cardioprotective effect of ischemic reconditioning. | our previous studies have suggested a role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) in cardioprotection in the porcine heart. to investigate, whether this could be due to modification of transcriptional events we studied the influence of actinomycin-d (act-d), a known rna-synthesis inhibitor on (i) ischemic preconditioning, (ii) (ip)-mediated cardioprotection, (iii) transcription factors levels and mapks activation. | 2002 | 12160958 |
| adaptive mechanisms induced by long-term estrogen deprivation in breast cancer cells. | clinical observations suggest that human breast tumors can adapt in response to endocrine therapy by developing hypersensitivity to estradiol. to understand the mechanisms responsible, we examined estrogenic stimulation of cell proliferation in a model system and provided evidence that long-term deprivation of estradiol causes adaptive hypersensitivity. the enhanced responses to estradiol do not involve mechanisms acting at the level of transcription of estrogen regulated genes. we found no evid ... | 2002 | 12160999 |
| differential activation of erk and jnk by arsenite in mouse muscle cells. | we studied the activation of mapks, such as erk and jnk, by arsenite in c2c12 mouse skeletal muscle cells as a function of proliferation and differentiation. data showed that both erk and jnk were activated by arsenite in proliferated and differentiated cells in a differential manner. the activation of the enzymes was not due to alteration in their concentration. the activities were independent of each other. erk activation was possibly partly through the activity of ras, raf and the mek cascade ... | 2002 | 12161171 |
| region-specific phosphorylation of atf-2, elk-1 and c-jun in rat hippocampus and cerebellum after electroconvulsive shock. | there have been reports of regional differences in the activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (mapks) and in the induction of immediate early genes after electroconvulsive shock (ecs) in the rat brain. this study was performed to determine whether ecs induce the region-specific phosphorylation of mapk-downstream transcription factors, atf-2, elk-1, c-jun, in rat hippocampus and cerebellum. following ecs, the phosphorylation of atf-2 was highly increased in the hippocampus but slightly i ... | 2002 | 12161250 |
| activation and translocation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase after stimulation of monocytes with contact sensitizers. | recently we described the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation by contact sensitizers as an early molecular event during the activation of antigen- presenting cells. in this study, the role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase for the activation of human monocytes after exposure to four structurally unrelated contact sensitizers was analyzed in comparison with the irritant benzalkonium chloride and an inductor of oxidative stress (h2o2) using immunofluorescence, western blotting, and enz ... | 2002 | 12164931 |
| selection of alternative genetic sources of large-seed size in virginia-type peanut: evaluation of sensory, composition, and agronomic characteristics. | jenkins jumbo, the ancestral source of large-seed size in the virginia market type (arachis hypogaea l.), has been shown to have a deleterious effect on flavor of peanut. the pervasiveness of jenkins jumbo in the ancestry of large-seeded germplasm contributes to the generally less intense roasted peanut flavor of u.s. cultivars of the virginia market type. as a remedy to this problem, alternative sources of large-seed size were sought. nine large-seeded selections, with nc 7 and florunner as che ... | 2002 | 12166976 |
| mitochondrial 12s rdna sequence relationships suggest that the enigmatic bovid "linh duong" pseudonovibos spiralis is closely related to buffalo. | the phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of the recently described southeast asian endemic bovid pseudonovibos spiralis were deduced from nearly complete 12s mitochondrial rdna sequences of this species and bubalus bubalis alongside 26 sequences of bovidae from genbank using cervus elaphus (cervidae) as outgroup. maximum-likelihood analyses performed by puzzle and fastdnaml nested p. spiralis at the base of the subtribe buffalo bovini, suggesting the close relationship of this enigmatic sp ... | 2002 | 12182406 |
| age- and density-dependent reproductive effort in male red deer. | reproductive effort in female ungulates originates from gestation and lactation and has been studied extensively; however, no comparable studies of reproductive effort in males (due to fighting for access to mates) have, to our knowledge, previously been reported. here, we report on weight loss of male red deer during the annual mating season--a direct measure of male reproductive effort (or somatic reproductive costs). the 'terminal investment' hypothesis predicts that reproductive effort shoul ... | 2002 | 12184820 |
| estimating the prevalence of inbreeding from incomplete pedigrees. | a previous review of inbreeding in natural populations suggested that close inbreeding (inbreeding coefficient f = 0.25) is generally rare in wild birds and mammals. however, the review did not assess rates of moderate inbreeding (f = 0.125), which may make a rather larger contribution to overall inbreeding in a population. furthermore, previous studies may have underestimated the prevalence of inbreeding in wild populations with incomplete pedigrees. by categorizing inbreeding events by the rel ... | 2002 | 12184822 |
| the functional properties of the human ether-à-go-go-like (helk2) k+ channel. | the voltage-dependent k+ channels belonging to the ether-à-go-go family (eag, erg, elk) are widely expressed in the mammalian cns. their neuronal function, however, is poorly understood. among the elk clones, elk2 is the most abundantly expressed in the brain. we have characterized the human elk2 channel (helk2) expressed in mammalian cell lines. moreover, we have detected helk2 mrna and elk2-like currents in freshly dissociated human astrocytoma cells. helk2 was inhibited by cs+ in a voltage-de ... | 2002 | 12193184 |
| c-cbl is a negative regulator of gh-stimulated stat5-mediated transcription. | we have previously demonstrated that cellular stimulation with gh results in the formation of a multiprotein signaling complex. one component of this multiprotein signaling complex is the adapter molecule c-cbl. here we have examined the role of c-cbl in the mechanism of gh signal transduction. forced expression of c-cbl in nih3t3 cells did not alter gh-stimulated janus kinase 2 tyrosine phosphorylation nor gh-stimulated p44/42 mapk activation and consequent elk-1- mediated transcription. c-cbl ... | 2002 | 12193575 |
| evidence of functional modulation of the mekk/jnk/cjun signaling cascade by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (lrp). | lipoprotein receptors, such as lrp, have been shown to assemble multiprotein complexes containing intracellular signaling molecules; however, in vivo, their signaling function is poorly understood. using a novel lrp receptor fusion construct, a type i transmembrane protein chimera, termed sigg-lrp (bearing the intracellular cooh-terminal tail of human lrp as recombinant fusion to a transmembrane region plus the extracellular igg-f(c) domain), we here investigated lrp signal transduction specific ... | 2002 | 12193592 |
| bystander effects: intercellular transmission of radiation damage signals. | biological effects were examined in confluent cultures of fibroblasts and epithelial cells exposed to very low mean doses of alpha radiation, doses by which only 1-2% of the cells were actually traversed by an alpha particle. enhanced frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges and hprt mutations occurred in the non-irradiated, 'bystander' cells associated with a similar increase in the frequency of micronuclei, indicating the induction of dna damage in these cells. in order to gain information co ... | 2002 | 12194273 |
| histological thin-sections: a method for the microscopic study of teeth in spanish red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus). | a method to obtain thin histological sections (4-5 microm thick) from teeth, using a conventional microtome, is described for incisors, molars and canines from spanish red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus). decalcifying solutions of formic acid and nitric acid at different concentrations were ineffective. this was not the case for a solution of 14% hypochloric acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone (tbd-1(r) of shandon). however, the time needed to complete decalcification was longer than the time estimat ... | 2002 | 12196264 |
| an ecosystem approach to population management of ungulates. | harvest objectives for wild ungulates have traditionally been based on population models that do not consider ecosystem effects of ungulate herbivory, nor interactions between native and domestic ungulate species. there is a need for ecosystem models to allow wildlife managers to evaluate potential ecosystem effects of management scenarios. the utility of the savanna simulation model for estimating elk population objectives within an ecosystem context was demonstrated for north park, colorado, u ... | 2002 | 12197079 |
| malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in barbary red deer (cervus elaphus barbarus) naturally infected with a virus resembling alcelaphine herpesvirus 2. | eight barbary red deer (cervus elaphus barbarus) developed clinical signs suggestive of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) over a 28-day period. these animals were housed outdoors with four other species of ruminants. affected red deer had lethargy, ocular signs, and nasal discharge and were euthanatized within 48 h. lesions included ulcers of the muzzle, lips, and oral cavity associated with infiltrates of neutrophils and lymphocytes. serologically, six of seven red deer tested during the outbreak ... | 2002 | 12202582 |
| dietary salt intake activates map kinases in the rat kidney. | this study explored the hypothesis that dietary salt promoted changes in renal expression of tgf-beta1 and nos3 by modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways. sprague-dawley rats were maintained for four days on formulated diets that contained 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, or 8.0% nacl. an increase in salt intake to greater than or equal to 3.0% nacl increased kinase activities of p38 mapk and p42/44 mapk, but not p46/54 jnk/sapk, in the cortex and outer and inner medulla. associated with ... | 2002 | 12206991 |
| canadian male farm residents, pesticide safety handling practices, exposure to animals and non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl). | a majority of published studies indicate that farmers have an elevated risk of developing non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) compared to other workers. | 2002 | 12210683 |
| activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) by aromatic hydrocarbons: role in the regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) function. | the aromatic hydrocarbon (ah) receptor (ahr) is the only known cellular receptor of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) and of many other widespread environmental contaminants that cause diverse toxic effects in animals and humans. most, if not all, the biological effects of tcdd are mediated by the activation of ahr, which is a ligand-activated transcription factor required for ligand-induced expression of several detoxification genes, including those encoding for cytochrome p450 enzymes ... | 2002 | 12213569 |
| rheb is in a high activation state and inhibits b-raf kinase in mammalian cells. | rheb (ras homolog enriched in brain) is a member of the ras family of proteins, and is in the immediate ras/rap/ral subfamily. we found in three different mammalian cell lines that rheb was highly activated, to levels much higher than for ras or rap 1, and that rheb's activation state was unaffected by changes in growth conditions. rheb's high activation was not secondary to unique glycine to arginine, or glycine to serine substitutions at positions 14 and 15, corresponding to ras residues 12 an ... | 2002 | 12214276 |
| identification of a jak2-independent pathway regulating growth hormone (gh)-stimulated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. gh activation of ral and phospholipase d is src-dependent. | we have demonstrated here that growth hormone (gh) stimulates the formation of the active gtp-bound form of both rala and ralb in nih-3t3 cells. full activation of rala and ralb by gh required the combined activity of c-src and jak2, both kinases activated by gh independent of the other. activation of rala and ralb by growth hormone did not require the activity of jak2 per se. ras was also activated by gh and was required for the gh-stimulated formation of gtp-bound rala and ralb. activation of ... | 2002 | 12218045 |
| effects of gnrh agonist (leuprolide) on reproduction and behaviour in female wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni). | fertility control offers a potential alternative to traditional methods for regulating the growth of overabundant wild ungulate populations. however, current technology is limited due to practical treatment application, undesirable side-effects and economic considerations. a promising non-steroidal, non-immunological approach to contraception involves the use of a potent gnrh agonist. two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a gnrh agonist (leuprolide) for controlling fert ... | 2002 | 12220155 |
| use of porcine zona pellucida (pzp) vaccine as a contraceptive agent in free-ranging tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes). | the potential for the application of porcine zona pellucida (pzp) immunocontraception in wildlife population management has been tested over a 15 year period and promises to provide a useful wildlife management tool. these studies have provided evidence indicating that the use of pzp immunocontraception in wildlife: (i) is effective at both the physiological and population level (liu et al., 1989; kirkpatrick et al., 1996; turner et al., this supplement); (ii) is deliverable by remote means (kir ... | 2002 | 12220156 |
| regulation of transcription factor phosphorylation by metabotropic glutamate receptor-associated signaling pathways in rat striatal neurons. | the group i metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) are positively coupled to phospholipase c. through phospholipase c, group i mglur activation increases intracellular concentrations of diacylglycerol which is known as a strong activator of protein kinase c (pkc). this study investigated the putative role of pkc in the regulation of transcription factor phosphorylation induced by group i mglur activation in the rat striatum in vivo. we found that the group i agonist 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine ... | 2002 | 12220559 |
| involvement of elk-1 in l6e9 skeletal muscle differentiation. | in l6e9 skeletal muscle cells ternary complex factor (tcf) elk-1 expression increased with the onset of skeletal muscle differentiation, whereas its activation decreased as a function of differentiation. its expression was predominantly restricted to cytoplasm and activated ones were predominantly restricted to the nucleus of the differentiated cells. inhibition of erk-1/-2 activities by pd098059 resulted into significant reduction in elk-1 expression and phosphorylation during differentiation. ... | 2002 | 12220646 |
| distinct signaling pathways are activated in response to mechanical stress applied axially and transversely to skeletal muscle fibers. | in the diaphragm muscle we tested the hypothesis that map kinase signaling pathways are activated by mechanical stress and such signaling pathways are dependent on the direction in which mechanical stress is applied. although equal magnitudes of mechanical stress were applied axially and transversely a greater level of activation of erk1/2, p38, raf-1, p90 rsk, elk-1, and the dna binding activity of ap-1 transcription factor was produced when the muscle was stretched transversely than when stret ... | 2002 | 12221078 |
| sampling technique to discriminate the different tissue layers of growing antler tips for gene discovery. | the utilization of a deer antler model to study gene expression in tissues undergoing rapid growth has been hampered by an inability to sample the different tissue types. we report here a standardized procedure to identify different tissue types in growing antler tips and demonstrate that it can help in the classification of expressed sequence tags (ests). the procedure was developed using observable morphological markers within the unstained tissue at collection, and was validated by histologic ... | 2002 | 12221718 |
| p42/p44 mapks are intracellular targets of the cdk inhibitor purvalanol. | chemical inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) have a great therapeutic potential against various proliferative and neurodegenerative disorders. intensive screening of a combinatorial chemistry library of 2,6,9-trisubstituted purines has led to the identification of purvalanol, one of the most potent and selective cdk inhibitors to date. in preliminary studies, this compound demonstrates definite anti-mitotic properties, consistent with its nanomolar range efficiency towards purified cdk ... | 2002 | 12226745 |
| menin uncouples elk-1, jund and c-jun phosphorylation from map kinase activation. | menin, a nuclear protein encoded by the tumor suppressor gene men1, interacts with the ap-1 transcription factor jund and inhibits its transcriptional activity. in addition, overexpression of menin counteracts ras-induced tumorigenesis. we show that menin inhibits erk-dependent phosphorylation and activation of both jund and the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1. we also show that menin represses the inducible activity of the c-fos promoter. furthermore, menin expression inhibits jun n-termi ... | 2002 | 12226747 |
| c-fos expression in ouabain-treated vascular smooth muscle cells from rat aorta: evidence for an intracellular-sodium-mediated, calcium-independent mechanism. | in this study, we examined the effect of na(+)-k(+) pump inhibition on the expression of early response genes in vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmc) as possible intermediates of the massive rna synthesis and protection against apoptosis seen in ouabain-treated vsmc in our previous experiments. incubation of vsmc with ouabain resulted in rapid induction of c-fos protein expression with an approximately sixfold elevation after 2 h of incubation. c-jun expression was increased by approximately four ... | 2002 | 12231642 |
| developmental expression of serum response factor in the rat central nervous system. | serum response factor (srf), a transcription factor known to be essential for early embryonic development as well as post-natal regulation of both cellular proliferation and myogenic differentiation, is expressed broadly in neurons within the adult mammalian central nervous system (cns). the function of srf within the developing cns is not well established, but it is likely to play an important role in neuraxial development and neuronal function, since many of its known target genes (e.g., c-fos ... | 2002 | 12234660 |
| serum antibody prevalence of malignant catarrhal fever viruses in seven wildlife species from alaska. | blood samples were collected from seven species of free-ranging ungulates in alaska. sera were tested for evidence of exposure to malignant catarrhal fever viruses (mcfv) by means of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. antibody prevalences were as follows: muskox (ovibos moschatus) 100 positive samples of 104 tested (96%); dall sheep (ovis dalli) 212 of 222 (95%); elk (cervus elaphus) 14 of 51 (27%); bison (bison bison) 34 of 197 (17%); caribou (rangifer tarandus) nine of 232 (4%); ... | 2002 | 12238366 |
| safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine in non-target ungulates and coyotes. | brucellosis is endemic in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone area (gya; usa). it is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be developed and disseminated in the gya to reduce disease transmission. should this occur, non-target species other than elk and bison may come in contact with the vaccine resulting in morbidity or mortality. to assess biosafety, bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis; n = 10), pronghorn (antilocapra americana; n = 9), mule ... | 2002 | 12238372 |
| effects of diet and body condition on fecal progestagen excretion in elk. | recent research demonstrated the utility of fecal progestagens (p4) for detecting pregnancy in elk (cervus elaphus) during mid- to late gestation. several factors, however, may influence fecal p4 excretion and limit its use in free-ranging animals. we investigated the effects of nutrition and body condition (percent ingesta-free body fat) on fecal p4 concentrations and incidence of abortion. during mid-gestation (late december 1997 through early march 1998), 40 gravid cow elk varying in body con ... | 2002 | 12238373 |
| hematologic values for tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes). | hematologic values for 99 tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) from california (usa) are presented. these were obtained from individuals from three captures at tomales point (point reyes national seashore, california) from 1997-98. differences between capture groups were assessed. greatest differences were detected between yearling bulls and cows in december 1998 which may be a reflection of age and reproductive status. | 2002 | 12238377 |
| gastrin stimulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells through multiple signaling pathways. evidence for involvement of erk5 kinase and transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. | gastrin is a hormone produced by g-cells in the normal gastric antrum. however, colorectal carcinoma cells may aberrantly produce gastrin and exhibit increased expression of cholecystokinin b (cck-b)/gastrin receptors. gastrin is trophic for the normal gastric oxyntic mucosa and exerts a growth-promoting action on gastrointestinal malignancy. thus, gastrin may act as an autocrine/paracrine or endocrine factor in the initiation and progression of colorectal carcinoma. the molecular mechanisms inv ... | 2002 | 12239223 |
| interaction of serum response factor (srf) with the elk-1 b box inhibits rhoa-actin signaling to srf and potentiates transcriptional activation by elk-1. | serum response factor (srf) is a transcription factor which regulates many immediate-early genes. rho gtpases regulate srf activity through changes in actin dynamics, but some srf target genes, such as c-fos, are insensitive to this pathway. at the c-fos promoter, srf recruits members of the ternary complex factor (tcf) family of ets domain proteins through interactions with the tcf b-box region. analysis of c-fos promoter mutations demonstrates that the tcf and atf/ap1 sites adjoining the srf b ... | 2002 | 12242287 |
| otzi's last meals: dna analysis of the intestinal content of the neolithic glacier mummy from the alps. | samples of the intestinal content were collected from the ileum and colon of the neolithic glacier mummy popularly known as the tyrolean iceman, or otzi. dna was extracted from the samples and pcr amplified, using a variety of primer pairs designed to bind to different genes (mammal mitochondrial 12s ribosomal rna gene, plant/fungal nuclear 18s ribosomal rna gene, plant chloroplast ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit gene). this made it possible to distinguish between animal and plan ... | 2002 | 12244211 |
| [vector systems and rhythms in movements and orientation of elk (alces alces l.) and other wild animals (mammalia)]. | the orientation of elk and other mammals studied in fields with visual and instrumental tracing has obviously hierarchical organization. animals usually choose general direction headed for distant markers and then select short-distance landmarks. movements of animals to distant and close landmarks is characterized by almost constant or regularly changing angles between main direction and movement vector. fragments of trajectories represent left-side or right-side spirals with decreasing or incre ... | 2002 | 12298181 |
| antler size in red deer: heritability and selection but no evolution. | we present estimates of the selection on and the heritability of a male secondary sexual weapon in a wild population: antler size in red deer. male red deer with large antlers had increased lifetime breeding success, both before and after correcting for body size, generating a standardized selection gradient of 0.44 (+/- 0.18 se). despite substantial age- and environment-related variation, antler size was also heritable (heritability of antler mass = 0.33 +/- 0.12). however the observed selectio ... | 2002 | 12353761 |
| 5-ht1a receptor-mediated regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in rat brain. | mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), a family of signal transduction mediators important in a host of cellular activities, include the extracellular signal-regulated kinases erk1 and erk2. we determined whether 5-ht(1a) receptors activate erk1/2 in rat brain in vivo, as they do in recombinant cell lines. in contrast to the effect in cells, the 5-ht(1a) receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-n,n-diproylaminotetralin (8-oh-dpat) dose- and time-dependently decreased basal levels of phosphorylated erk1/2 ... | 2002 | 12354565 |