| pseudomembranous colitis following clarithromycin therapy. | to describe the association of clarithromycin, used to treat helicobacter pylori infection and duodenal ulceration, with pseudomembranous colitis in two patients. | 1995 | 7743311 |
| clostridium difficile colitis: an increasing hospital-acquired illness. | colitis caused by clostridium difficile is receiving increased attention as a nosocomial hospital-acquired infection. | 1995 | 7747823 |
| the effect of du-6859a, a new potent fluoroquinolone, on fecal microflora in human volunteers. | following the oral administration of du-6859a to six healthy male volunteers at 100 mg per dose three times a day for seven consecutive days, the degree of disturbances of fecal microflora and fecal drug concentrations were examined. the total viable count decreased transiently during the administration due to changes in the number of members of the family bacteroidaceae, the most predominant organisms. the other obligate anaerobes and most aerobes including facultative anaerobes were suppressed ... | 1995 | 7752450 |
| in vivo and in vitro studies of clostridium difficile-induced disease in hamsters fed an atherogenic, high-fat diet. | after previous observation of increased susceptibility to clostridium difficile enterocolitis in hamsters fed an atherogenic, high-fat diet, a study was undertaken to examine experimental reproducibility of this disease. hamsters were fed either the high-fat diet or a control diet, then orally challenged with a toxigenic strain of c. difficile. hamsters fed the high-fat diet suffered 80% morbidity, which was statistically significant from the 11% morbidity of the control diet group (p < or = 0.0 ... | 1995 | 7752614 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea after doxycycline malaria prophylaxis. | | 1995 | 7752793 |
| severity and treatability of clostridium difficile infection in aids patients. | | 1995 | 7755799 |
| transfer of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mls) resistance in clostridium difficile is linked to a gene homologous with toxin a and is mediated by a conjugative transposon, tn5398. | an mls resistance gene designated ermbz, from a toxigenic clostridium difficile strain (630) could be transferred between c. difficile strains, and to and from bacillus subtilis. the intergeneric transfer occurred in the absence of any detectable plasmid dna and the element responsible for gene transfer entered the recipient's chromosome, behaviour which is characteristic of a conjugative transposon. the element was designated tn5398 and was found in six c. difficile strains. tn5398 could be tra ... | 1995 | 7759394 |
| cdad rates. | | 1995 | 7759818 |
| antibiotic-induced diarrhea. | diarrhea is a common complication of antibiotic therapy and can range from mild soiling of a cast to severe and life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. although clindamycin is the most notorious, almost all antibiotics, particularly penicillins and cephalosporins, may also be responsible (bartlett, 1992; kelly, pothoulakis, & lamont, 1994). because of the frequent use of these antibiotics in orthopaedic patients, antibiotic-associated enteric disease is a common problem in this population. ab ... | 1995 | 7761131 |
| [clostridium difficile infection. the nosocomial aspect]. | clostridium difficile infection is discussed relatively rarely as a nosocomial problem in norway. epidemiological studies have shown clostridium difficile diarrhoea to be frequently an antibiotica-associated nosocomial disease. we describe a material consisting of 22 patients with clostridium difficile infection from a county hospital in norway. the inclusion criteria were a clinical disease with diarrhoea and a positive test for clostridium difficile toxin a and/or b in the faeces. 11 patients ... | 1995 | 7770832 |
| clostridium difficile causing sepsis and an acute abdomen in critically ill patients. | | 1995 | 7774230 |
| the enterotoxin from clostridium difficile (toxa) monoglucosylates the rho proteins. | the enterotoxin from clostridium difficile (toxa) is one of the causative agents of the antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. in cultured monolayer cells toxa exhibits cytotoxic activity to induce disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton, which is accompanied by morphological changes. toxa-induced depolymerization of actin filaments is correlated with a decrease in the adp-ribosylation of the low molecular mass gtp-binding rho proteins (just, i., selzer, j., von eichel-streiber, c., and a ... | 1995 | 7775453 |
| teicoplanin or vancomycin in the treatment of gram-positive infections? | the glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin have similar mechanisms of action on bacterial cell wall synthesis. their spectra of activity are limited to gram-positive bacteria, with the degree of bactericidal activity depending on the species of micro-organism. staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermis, enterococci and clostridium difficile are generally sensitive, including methicillin-resistant strains of s. aureus and s. epidermidis. glycopeptide resistance has recently emer ... | 1995 | 7775615 |
| antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis without clostridium difficile toxin in children. | we describe nine children with antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis without clostridium difficile toxin. the onset was usually sudden, with severe hematochezia and abdominal cramps. the illness quickly resolved and required no specific treatment except discontinuation of the implicated antibiotic. early proctosigmoidoscopy was a useful diagnostic adjunct. it appears that antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis is a distinct entity rather than a variant of antibiotic-associated colitis in ... | 1995 | 7776076 |
| glucosylation of rho proteins by clostridium difficile toxin b. | toxin a and b, the major virulence factors of clostridium difficile, are the causative agents of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. in cultured cell lines their potent cytotoxicity results from their ability to induce disaggregation of the microfilament cytoskeleton. toxin b acts on the low-molecular-mass gtpase rhoa, which is involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. we report here that toxin b catalyses the incorporation of up to one mole of glucose per mole of rhoa at ... | 1995 | 7777059 |
| diagnosis and management of clostridium difficile infection. | | 1995 | 7787544 |
| diarrhea in the intensive care patient. | approximately one third of patients admitted to the icu develop diarrhea during their hospitalization. diarrhea can lead to further complications, such as volume depletion and wound infection, and can significantly increase medical costs. the most common causative factors are medications, enteral feedings, and c. difficile infections. these may be implicated alone or in combination. further investigations of the pathophysiology of icu diarrhea as well as potential therapies are needed to clarify ... | 1995 | 7788541 |
| diagnosis of cryptantigen exposure and polyagglutinability: management of transfusion therapy in a patient with sepsis and colitis. | | 1995 | 7793597 |
| enhanced fermentation of mannitol and release of cytotoxin by clostridium difficile in alkaline culture media. | clostridium difficile atcc 43255 fermented less than 10% of the mannitol in a medium at ph 7; however, when the initial ph of the medium was adjusted to 8.5 or 9, about 80% of the mannitol was fermented. cell extracts of c. difficile phosphorylated mannitol with phosphoenolpyruvate, not atp, indicating a phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system transport phosphorylation of mannitol. the phosphorylation product was dehydrogenated by d-mannitol-1-phosphate:nad oxidoreductase. growth at an ini ... | 1995 | 7793964 |
| everninomicin, a new oligosaccharide antibiotic: its antimicrobial activity, post-antibiotic effect and synergistic bactericidal activity. | antimicrobial activity of everninomicin (sch) 27899) in comparison with two glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin) and six beta-lactam agents was evaluated against recent clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria. everninomicin showed the highest activity against the species tested and mics90% of everninomicin against streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium and clostridium difficile were 0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.39, 0.1 microgram/ml, respectively. ... | 1995 | 7796712 |
| hexamethonium and secretory diarrhea. | | 1995 | 7797038 |
| monotherapy for fever and neutropenia in cancer patients: a randomized comparison of ceftazidime versus imipenem. | to compare the efficacy of ceftazidime and imipenem monotherapy for fever and neutropenia, and to determine whether fewer antimicrobial modifications (additions or changes) are required by the broader-spectrum agent, imipenem. | 1995 | 7799016 |
| ciprofloxacin versus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of bacterial infections in bone marrow transplant recipients: a randomized, controlled trial. | to compare the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin (cip) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tms) for the prevention of bacterial infections in patients who received bone marrow transplantation (bmt) for the treatment of solid and hematopoietic neoplasms. | 1995 | 7799026 |
| in vitro activity of dmg-mino and dmg-dm dot, two new glycylcyclines, against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of dmg-mino and dmg-dm dot against 350 anaerobic bacterial strains including anaerobic cocci, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis, other bacteroides species and fusobacteria was determined by the agar dilution method. their activity was compared with that of minocycline, doxycycline, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole. dmg-mino and dmg-dm dot and imipenem were the most active agents test ... | 1993 | 7802861 |
| periprosthetic clostridium difficile hip abscess imaged with in-111 wbcs. | during a prolonged hospital stay, left hip pain developed in a woman with sickle cell disease and bilateral hip prostheses. in-111 labeled wbc scintigraphy supplemented by tc-99m sc bone marrow imaging demonstrated abnormal wbc accumulation surrounding the left greater trochanter. results of surgical exploration showed an abscess involving the pseudocapsule, trochanteric bursa, and periprosthetic cement column. cultures grew clostridium difficile, an unusual pathogen in this site. | 1994 | 7805316 |
| evaluation of an oligonucleotide probe and an immunological test for direct detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in stool samples. | a 33 basepair oligonucleotide probe, designed from the sequence of the clostridium difficile toxin b gene, was evaluated for its ability to detect toxigenic clostridium difficile directly in stool samples, without culture or dna isolation. two different labelling techniques were investigated: radiolabelling and digoxigenin-labelling. one hundred ninety-six stools were tested, with a good correlation (96%) obtained between the oligonucleotide probe and the gold standard, the cytotoxicity tissue c ... | 1994 | 7805686 |
| application of typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to the study of clostridium difficile in a neonatal intensive care unit. | pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) analysis of restriction pattern polymorphism was applied to type clostridium difficile isolated from neonates hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit, and the results were compared with those of immunoblot analysis. c. difficile was isolated from fecal specimens of 41 (61%) of 67 neonates during a 5-month investigation. all of these neonates were asymptomatic. fifty-five c. difficile isolates from 32 patients were analyzed by pfge after digestion wi ... | 1994 | 7814526 |
| intestinal microflora in colicky and noncolicky infants: bacterial cultures and gas-liquid chromatography. | to find out whether intestinal microflora in colicky infants is different from that in noncolicky controls, stool samples were collected from colicky infants during colic (n = 55) and at the age of 3 months (n = 46) and compared with samples from age-matched controls (n = 49 and n = 45, respectively). the samples were cultured on several selective and unselective aerobic and anaerobic culture agars, and gas-liquid chromatography of bacterial cellular fatty acids was used to produce fatty-acid pr ... | 1994 | 7815263 |
| saccharomyces boulardii enhances rat intestinal enzyme expression by endoluminal release of polyamines. | saccharomyces boulardii is a yeast widely used in humans for the prevention and treatment of infectious enteritis and clostridium difficile-associated enterocolopathies. after oral administration to human volunteers or growing rats, s. boulardii enhances markedly the expression of intestinal enzymes as well as the production of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor by mechanisms that remain unknown. we have analyzed the role of the yeast polyamines as potential mediators in the intestinal trophi ... | 1994 | 7816529 |
| laboratory detection of clostridium difficile. a comparison of media and incubation systems. | parallel testing for culture recovery of clostridium difficile was performed using three selective media in each of four anaerobic incubation environmental systems. testing was completed on 67 stool samples from 60 hospitalized patients in whom c difficile-associated diarrhea was suspected. three different media were evaluated: ccfa (modified cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar), ccfa-pras (ccfa, prereduced-anaerobically-sterilized) and cmba (modified cycloserine-mannitol-blood agar). the incuba ... | 1995 | 7817945 |
| diarrhea with enteral feeding: prospective reappraisal of putative causes. | our objective was to test, in tube-fed patients whether treatment with antibiotics, the presence of hypoalbuminemia, or the use of hypertonic tube feeding is associated with a higher incidence of diarrhea; how often tube feeding actually causes diarrhea; and whether administration of a lactobacillus preparation reduces the incidence of diarrhea. our study design included a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of patients on tube feeding for at least 5 days. stool weights and clinic ... | 1994 | 7819650 |
| [susceptibility of strict anaerobic bacteria to antibiotics in france: a multicenter study]. | during 1992, the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility of 462 anaerobic bacteria was performed in 7 hospitals, by the reference agar dilution method. among the 222 bacteroides fragilis group strains, only one bacteroides fragilis strain was resistant to imipenem and all bêtalactams, even combined with bêtalactamase-inhibitors while metronidazole resistance could not be detected. one major outer membrane protein (probably a porin) was lacking in some of the six amoxicillin-clavulanic acid resistant ... | 1994 | 7824321 |
| clinical significance of clostridium difficile and its toxins in faeces of immunocompromised children. | in this study, clinical and laboratory findings were tested for correlation with the presence of clostridium difficile. the toxigenicity of the isolated strains and the toxins were determined in faecal samples of immunocompromised children admitted to a single room for protective isolation. using the toxin assay as the gold standard, the culture sensitivity of toxigenic c difficile was 94.1%, the specificity 93.8%, the positive predictive value 62.8%, and the negative predictive value 99.3%. cor ... | 1994 | 7828982 |
| [antibiotic-associated colitis--clostridium difficile colitis]. | | 1994 | 7837446 |
| toxin-related diarrheas. | | 1994 | 7838605 |
| effect of fiber source on short-chain fatty acid production and on the growth and toxin production by clostridium difficile. | fermentable fiber promotes the growth of resident gut microbes, which modify the environment of the gastrointestinal tract and thus prevent colonization by clostridium difficile. | 1994 | 7839098 |
| quality improvement for routine screening and diagnosis of diarrheal illness identified from adverse drug reaction reporting. | | 1994 | 7841579 |
| effectiveness of liquid soap vs. chlorhexidine gluconate for the removal of clostridium difficile from bare hands and gloved hands. | to compare liquid soap versus 4% chlorhexidine gluconate in 4% alcohol for the decontamination of bare or gloved hands inoculated with an epidemic strain of clostridium difficile. | 1994 | 7852725 |
| typing of clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction with an arbitrary primer. | we assessed the use of the polymerase chain reactions (pcr) with an arbitrary primer (ap-pcr) to investigate a major hospital outbreak of diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile. a single pattern consisting of three bands of 240, 580 and 1100 bp was obtained from all isolates studied. ap-pcr is a simple, rapid technique which should find increased application in the rapid investigation of suspected outbreaks of many different bacterial species, particularly new pathogens or those for which no acc ... | 1994 | 7852736 |
| increased length of hospital stay due to clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea. | | 1995 | 7853976 |
| reactivity of the cd d-1 latex test with clostridium difficile and other bacteria. | the reactivity of a commercial latex test with thirty-three species of bacteria was tested. toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of clostridium difficile gave a positive result in the cd d-1 latex test. cross-reactions were also given by c. putrificum, c. sporogenes and proteolytic c. botulinum. | 1994 | 7855649 |
| tracking the evolution of the bacterial choline-binding domain: molecular characterization of the clostridium acetobutylicum ncib 8052 cspa gene. | the major secreted protein of clostridium acetobutylicum ncib 8052, a choline-containing strain, is cspa (clostridial secreted protein). it appears to be a 115,000-m(r) glycoprotein that specifically recognizes the choline residues of the cell wall. polyclonal antibodies raised against cspa detected the presence of the protein in the cell envelope and in the culture medium. the soluble cspa protein has been purified, and an oligonucleotide probe, prepared from the determined n-terminal sequence, ... | 1995 | 7860591 |
| role of toxins a and b in the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile disease. | | 1994 | 7861949 |
| reactive arthritis following clostridium difficile colitis. | | 1995 | 7863666 |
| comparison of techlab clostridium difficile tox-a enzyme immunoassay and bartels prima system toxin-a eia. | we evaluated the bartles clostridium difficile toxin a test and the techlab tox-a test to detect c. difficile toxin a in stool. the results were compared with c. difficile cytotoxicity assays. of the 463 specimens tested 82 (17.7%) tested positive by cytotoxicity assay. the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the techlab eia were 86.6%, 93.7%, 74.7%, and 97.0%, respectively. for the bartels prima eia, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predic ... | 1994 | 7867292 |
| in-vitro activity of clinafloxacin (ci-960) and pd 131628-2 against anaerobic bacteria. | the antimicrobial activities of two new quinolones, ci-960 and pd 131628-2 were determined against 339 strains of anaerobic bacteria and compared to cefoxitin, imipenem and metronidazole. the nccls-approved wadsworth agar dilution technique with brucella-lysed blood agar was used throughout the study. breakpoints of the new quinolones are 2 mg/l, and breakpoints for cefoxitin, imipenem and metronidazole are 32, 8 and 16 mg/l, respectively. ci-960 displayed excellent activity, inhibiting all stra ... | 1994 | 7868409 |
| prevention of beta-lactam-associated diarrhea by saccharomyces boulardii compared with placebo. | to determine the safety and efficacy of a new preventive agent for antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) in patients receiving at least one beta-lactam antibiotic. | 1995 | 7872284 |
| activity of wy-49605 compared with those of amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, cefaclor, cefpodoxime, cefuroxime, clindamycin, and metronidazole against 384 anaerobic bacteria. | the national committee for clinical laboratory standards agar dilution method was used to compare the in vitro activity of wy-49605 (also called sun/sy 5555 and alp-201), a new broad-spectrum oral penem, to those of amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, cefaclor, cefpodoxime, cefuroxime, clindamycin, and metronidazole against 384 clinically isolated anaerobes. these anaerobic organisms included 90 strains from the bacteroides fragilis group, 87 prevotella and porphyromon ... | 1994 | 7872754 |
| clostridium difficile in antibiotic associated pediatric diarrhea. | a case control study was carried out at the medical wards of dr. b.c. roy memorial hospital for children, calcutta, between january and september 1989. one hundred eleven hospitalized children up to the age of 5 years, receiving antibiotics for different medical problems, developed antibiotic associated diarrhea. isolation of clostridium difficile as sole pathogen was very low (3.6%) from these patients. fecal samples of 111 case matched control children were also screened for c.difficile. only ... | 1994 | 7875833 |
| [effect of biapenem (l-627) on fecal flora in gnotobiotic mice and children]. | biapenem (l-627), a novel injectable carbapenem antibiotic, was studied with regard to its effect on mice inoculated with four types of bacteria and on the intestinal flora of pediatric patients. l-627 was given i.m., 40 mg/kg once daily for 5 consecutive days, to mice inoculated enterically with four types of bacteria (escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, bacteroides fragilis, and bifidobacterium breve). except for a mild decrease in e. coli, there were no major fluctuations in viable bacte ... | 1994 | 7877249 |
| the low molecular mass gtp-binding protein rho is affected by toxin a from clostridium difficile. | enterotoxin a is one of the major virulence factors of clostridium difficile, and the causative agent of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. in cell culture (nih-3t3, rat basophilic leukemia cells) toxin a inhibits clostridium botulinum adp-ribosyltransferase c3 (c3)-catalyzed adp-ribosylation of the low molecular mass gtp-binding rho proteins. rho participates in the regulation of the microfilament cytoskeleton. decrease in adp-ribosylation of rho occurs in a time- and concentration ... | 1995 | 7883950 |
| pseudomembranous colitis associated with hirschsprung's disease. | | 1994 | 7888555 |
| clostridium difficile colitis: correlation of ct findings with severity of clinical disease. | clinical records and abdominal ct scans from 64 patients with documented clostridium difficile disease were reviewed to determine if any correlation existed between ct findings of colitis and severity of clinical disease. clostridium difficile disease was documented with stool toxin titre levels and ct scans were performed within 3 days of stool sample. clinical disease severity was estimated by tabulating the degree of fever, wbc count, frequency and duration of diarrhoea. thirty-nine of 64 pat ... | 1995 | 7889703 |
| involvement of ras-related rho proteins in the mechanisms of action of clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b. | toxins a and b of clostridium difficile are responsible for pseudomembranous colitis, a disease that afflicts a substantial number of hospitalized patients treated with antibiotics. a major effect of these proteins is the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. recently, i. just, g. fritz, k. aktories, m. giry, m. r. popoff, p. boquet, s. hegenbarth, and c. von eichel-streiber (j. biol. chem. 269:10706-10712, 1994) implicated rho proteins as cellular targets of c. difficile toxin b, since pretreat ... | 1995 | 7890404 |
| [clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in patients with hiv infection]. | | 1995 | 7891475 |
| use of gene amplification to detect clostridium difficile in clinical specimens. | the combined use of an enrichment broth and gene amplification following simple dna extraction to detect toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile in feces was investigated by examining feces from 329 cases of suspected c. difficile infection. dna was extracted by heating the washed centrifuged deposit from the broth in a microwave oven. for comparison, specimens were tested concurrently using standard methods for culture and cytotoxin testing. amplified fragments were identified by molecular w ... | 1994 | 7892052 |
| evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay kit for the detection of clostridium difficile enterotoxin. | the premier clostridium difficile toxin a enzyme immunoassay (eia) kit was evaluated for the detection of c. difficile enterotoxin in fecal samples. a total of 314 samples was tested by culture, cytotoxin detection and eia kit. compared to a combined culture/cytotoxin result the premier eia kit had a sensitivity of 88.3%, a specificity of 100%, a predictive value positive of 100% and a predictive value negative of 87.4%. test results were available within 3 hrs providing a rapid and reliable mea ... | 1994 | 7892053 |
| asymptomatic intestinal colonization by clostridium difficile in preterm neonates. | | 1994 | 7892095 |
| the effect of clostridium difficile toxin on colonocyte prostanoid activity. | antibiotic-associated colitis is caused by clostridium difficile toxin. however, the pathophysiology of this entity is poorly understood. the aim of this study was to determine the effects of c. difficile toxin on colonocyte cyclooxygenase and phospholipase a2 (pla2) activity. a transformed colonocyte cell line (caco-2) was grown to confluency on 6 well plates. the cells were stimulated with graded concentrations of c. difficile toxin. in separate experiments, the cells were pretreated for one h ... | 1994 | 7892508 |
| intravenous teicoplanin does not prevent clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. | a 59-year-old man with the diagnosis of endocarditis of the mitral valve due to streptococcus mitis was treated with penicillin g, gentamicin, and later with clindamycin as inpatient for 3 weeks. thereafter outpatient therapy with parenteral teicoplanin 3 x per week was initiated. after 17 days of teicoplanin treatment he developed severe diarrhea, and stool samples were positive for clostridium difficile toxin. in addition to the ongoing parenteral therapy with teicoplanin, oral teicoplanin was ... | 1994 | 7894224 |
| [digestive involvements in human immunodeficiency virus infection]. | dysphagia or odynophagia occurs in an estimated 21% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. a causal agent can be identified in 60-90% of the cases and generally can be successfully eradicated. oesophageal candidosis, the predominant disorder, usually responds to nitrate derivatives and amphotericine b after a 10 to 15 day cure. ulcerations of the oesophagus is the second major cause of dysphagia in these patients and result from cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex infections or ... | 1995 | 7899394 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b activates calcium influx required for actin disassembly during cytotoxicity. | the principal cellular response to clostridium difficile toxin b, a protein toxin associated with antibiotic-associated colitis, is the disassembly of actin microfilaments. although receptor-activated signal transduction mechanisms have been proposed to mediate these effects, the intracellular events that precede actin breakdown are unknown. in nih-3t3 fibroblasts, toxin b induced an elevation of intracellular calcium possessing either a slow (minutes) or fast (seconds) rise time, followed by a ... | 1995 | 7900810 |
| infection due to clostridium difficile among elderly residents of a long-term-care facility. | in a study of the epidemiology of infection due to clostridium difficile at long-term-care facilities, we conducted point-prevalence surveys and obtained stool samples from residents receiving antibiotics and from those developing diarrhea during 1 year at a 350-bed nursing home and an adjoining 280-bed chronic-care hospital. c. difficile and/or its cytotoxin was detected in 236 specimens from 94 residents. only 16 (17%) of these 94 individuals had diarrhea at the time c. difficile was detected. ... | 1993 | 7903557 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile diarrhoea with brewer's yeast. | | 1994 | 7904014 |
| diarrhoea associated with clostridium difficile in aids patients receiving rifabutin. | | 1994 | 7905569 |
| neutrophil recruitment in clostridium difficile toxin a enteritis in the rabbit. | neutrophil infiltration is a prominent feature of clostridium difficile-associated enteritis and colitis. the aim of this study was to examine the importance of neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil-mediated tissue damage in c. difficile toxin a-induced enteritis. competitive binding experiments using purified 3h-toxin a demonstrated the presence of a single class of medium affinity receptors on rabbit neutrophils (kd 7 x 10(-8) m). pertussis toxin and the nonhydrolyzable gtp analog gtpgamma s b ... | 1994 | 7907603 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhoea and rifabutin. | | 1994 | 7908385 |
| effects of purified clostridium difficile toxin a in the small intestine of the rat in vivo. | the action of highly purified clostridium difficile toxin a was studied in the jejunum of rats in vivo. c. difficile toxin a reversed dose-dependently net fluid absorption into net fluid secretion, accompanied by an increase in prostaglandin e2 but not 5-hydroxytryptamine output into the gut lumen. accordingly, indomethacin but not the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists ketanserin plus tropisetron were able to inhibit toxin a-induced fluid secretion. atropine and hexamethonium were without ... | 1993 | 7909488 |
| investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea among aids patients by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) assay. | clostridium difficile is now well-established as the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea or colitis. nosocomial acquisition of c. difficile has been described among various immunocompromised patient populations. from january to december 1992, 19 cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea occurred among aids patients in the same ward of a hospital. they all harboured c. difficile in their stools. all the strains were retrospectively typed by the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) met ... | 1994 | 7911484 |
| proposed unified nomenclature for clostridium difficile typing. | | 1994 | 7911908 |
| neuronal involvement in the intestinal effects of clostridium difficile toxin a and vibrio cholerae enterotoxin in rat ileum. | activation of intestinal mast cells and neurons is involved in intestinal inflammation and diarrhea. this study compared the effects of neuronal inhibitors and inhibition of intestinal sensory afferent nerves on the intestinal actions of clostridium difficile toxin a, an inflammatory enterotoxin, and cholera toxin, a noninflammatory enterotoxin. | 1994 | 7915699 |
| management and control of a large outbreak of diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile. | in the six-month period 1 november 1991 to 1 may 1992 175 patients developed diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile in three hospitals in manchester, uk. most patients (90%) were over 60 years old and had been admitted to acute geriatric or medical wards with other illnesses. infection is thought to have contributed to 17 deaths. twenty-two patients relapsed clinically after antibiotic treatment. the outbreak began in one ward and affected 15 patients and two nurses. during the following months ... | 1994 | 7916358 |
| immunoglobulin g directed against toxins a and b of clostridium difficile in the general population and patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | serum immunoglobulin g (igg) class antibodies directed against toxins a and b of clostridium difficile were studied using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a serum-neutralizing assay based on the mrc-5 tissue cytotoxicity assay. of 185 individuals, 46 sera (24%) in the general population demonstrated igg antibody, 36 (19.4%) against toxin a and 15 (8.1%) against toxin b. antibody titer in the general population did not correlate with serum-neutralizing activity. antibody prevalence fell w ... | 1994 | 7924215 |
| development and clinical evaluation of an amplified flow cytometric fluoroimmunoassay for clostridium difficile toxin a. | a rapid (2 h) amplified flow cytometric fluoroimmunoassay (afcf) for clostridium difficile toxin a was developed and compared with the cytotoxin assay (cta) and culture of the organism from stool specimens from patients with suspected c. difficile-associated gastrointestinal disease (cad). for this assay polyclonal antitoxin a was attached to 10-microns diameter and monoclonal antitoxin a was attached to fluorescent 0.1 micron-diameter polystyrene microspheres. the microspheres and sample were r ... | 1994 | 7924698 |
| etiology and outcome of diarrhea after marrow transplantation: a prospective study. | acute diarrhea after marrow transplant is usually ascribed to acute graft-vs.-host disease (gvhd) or infection, with a reported 40%-50% incidence of infection. the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of acute diarrhea after transplantation, its causes, and its outcome. | 1994 | 7926504 |
| cloning of a genetic determinant from clostridium difficile involved in adherence to tissue culture cells and mucus. | our laboratory has previously shown that clostridium difficile adherence to caco-2 cells is greatly enhanced after heat shock at 60 degrees c and that it is mediated by a proteinaceous surface component. the experiments described here show that c. difficile could adhere to several types of tissue culture cells (vero, hela, and kb) after heat shock. the type of culture medium (liquid or solid, with or without blood) had little effect on adhesion. to clone the adhesin gene, polyclonal antibodies a ... | 1994 | 7927694 |
| rapid detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in fecal samples by magnetic immuno pcr assay. | rapid detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in fecal samples was accomplished with the magnetic immuno pcr assay (mipa). elaborate dna extraction techniques were unnecessary. first, we generated a mouse monoclonal antibody (mab) reactive with only c. difficile, clostridium sordellii, and clostridium bifermentans. then, magnetic beads were coated with the mab, incubated with fecal samples to allow binding with c. difficile, extracted from the stool with a magnet, and processed in the pcr w ... | 1994 | 7929748 |
| [a role of platelet activating factor in experimental hemorrhagic enteritis induced by clostridium difficile toxin]. | clostridium difficile is thought to be an important causative agent of antibiotics associated colitis. however its mechanisms are not fully understood. the present study was designed to elucidate the effect of paf and free radicals on experimental hemorrhagic enteritis induced by clostridium difficile toxin. paf concentration in the portal blood and accumulated fluid, disturbance of the vascular endothelial cells in the ligated jejunal loops and chemiluminescence activity of wbc in the control g ... | 1994 | 7933638 |
| cytomegalovirus infection rate among heart transplant patients in relation to anti-thymocyte immunoglobulin induction therapy. copenhagen heart transplant group. | during a 2-year period, 49 patients underwent heart transplantation at rigshospitalet, copenhagen. nine (18%) were females and the mean age for all patients was 44 years (range 14-56 years). immunosuppressive therapy included cyclosporin, azathioprine and steroids in all patients. 43 patients received in addition short-term (approx. 4 days) induction treatment with antithymocyte immunoglobulin (atg). 17 patients received atg fresenius, 2.5 mg/kg/day or atgam, 12.5 mg/kg/day, whereas the remainin ... | 1994 | 7939422 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and colitis with an oral preparation of teicoplanin; a dose finding study. the swedish cdad study group. | 92 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea were randomized to receive oral teicoplanin 100 mg twice daily for 7 days (bid group); or 50 mg 4 times daily for 3 days, followed by 100 mg twice daily for 4 days (qid group) in a randomized, double-blind, multicentre study. clostridium difficile was demonstrated by culture and/or cytotoxin test in 49 (53%) patients, of whom 47 (23 male, 24 females, mean age 65 years; 23 in the bid group, 24 in the qid group) were evaluable for clinical efficacy. ... | 1994 | 7939431 |
| [etiology, diagnosis and course of infectious diarrhea in the liestal canton hospital (5-year retrospective study)]. | between 1987 and 1991 219 patients (1.3% of all hospitalized patients) with acute infectious diarrhea were investigated retrospectively. 52% of the patients were hospitalized and 48% were outpatients. in 55% the inducing diarrhea microorganism could be identified. the most frequently detected pathogens were endemic salmonella sp. and campylobacter jejuni (65%). imported diarrheas (shigella sp. and parasites) were rare, as only 15% of the patients had a history of travel. all clostridium difficil ... | 1994 | 7939515 |
| surgical patients with pseudomembranous colitis: factors affecting prognosis. | although several studies have identified the factors that contribute to the development of antibiotic-associated colitis (aac), little data are available in regard to those factors that may affect the prognosis of patients with the disease. therefore we conducted a retrospective analysis of 201 surgical patients with aac to identify risk factors predictive of increased morbidity or mortality. | 1994 | 7940177 |
| update on clostridium difficile-induced colitis, part 1. | recent findings on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of clostridium difficile-induced colitis (cdic) are discussed. cdic is a gastrointestinal disorder that results from colonization by and overgrowth of c. difficile. among patients in the community who are treated with an oral antimicrobial, only 1 to 3 individuals per 100,000 develop cdic, compared with as many as 1 per 100 hospitalized patients treated with an antimicrobial. the requirements for ... | 1994 | 7942905 |
| update on clostridium difficile-induced colitis, part 2. | clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen able to survive unfavorable environments by sporulation; when conditions advantageous for rapid growth appear, the vegetative form is regenerated. lack of conscientious hand washing and failure of health care providers to use disposable gloves facilitate transmission within institutions. exposure to certain antimicrobials expedites c. difficile overgrowth within the colon by altering the composition of the normal gut microflora. antineoplastic agent ... | 1994 | 7942924 |
| case report: transverse colon volvulus in a patient with clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | sixty-eight cases of transverse colon volvulus have been reported in the literature. the authors report the first case of transverse colon volvulus in association with clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis, with a review of the available literature. it is possible that the acute inflammation of the colonic mucosa, which occurred from the pseudomembranous colitis in this patient, contributed to the development of volvulus. further studies are needed to explore the role of mucosal inflamm ... | 1994 | 7942985 |
| fecal shedding of clostridium difficile in dogs: a period prevalence survey in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. | the goal of this study was to determine the fecal prevalence of clostridium difficile in dogs who were patients at a veterinary medical teaching hospital. stool specimens collected from 152 dogs (in- and outpatients) were analyzed for the presence of c. difficile. an additional 42 stool specimens were collected and examined from dogs recently housed at local animal shelters. following culture on selective medium, c. difficile was identified by a latex agglutination test, and the presence of the ... | 1994 | 7948204 |
| comparison of ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic dna for typing clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive sporulating anaerobic bacillus which causes pseudomembranous colitis. nosocomial acquisition of this bacteria has proved frequent, and epidemiological markers are needed to recognize and control common-source outbreaks. we therefore compared the results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) after restriction with smai or nrui, random-amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) using 3 10-mer oligonucleotides, and ribotyping to differentiate between 30 unrelated ... | 1994 | 7958778 |
| the role and timing of surgery in the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis. a case complicated by toxic megacolon. | the authors describe a particularly serious case of pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile that was complicated by toxic megacolon. it was resolved by surgical intervention, and the reasons why subtotal colectomy is preferable to simple ileostomy are discussed. | 1994 | 7959580 |
| the relationship between an increase in beta-lactamase activity after oral administration of three new cephalosporins and protection against intestinal ecological disturbances. | forty-four healthy volunteers were given either amoxycillin (ten subjects), cefpodoxime proxetil (ten subjects), ceftibuten (14 subjects) or cefuroxime axetil (ten subjects) orally for 7-10 days, in order to study the ecological effects on the intestinal microflora. in all three groups receiving oral cephalosporins there was a significant increase in beta-lactamase activity during administration (p < 0.05). there was also an inverse correlation between enzyme activity in faeces during administra ... | 1994 | 7961199 |
| probing the action of clostridium difficile toxin b in xenopus laevis oocytes. | clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme caused comparable morphological alteration of cho cells, which was accompanied by disaggregation of the microfilamental cytoskeleton. the cytotoxic effect of toxin b was correlated with a decrease in c3-catalyzed adp-ribosylation of the low-molecular-mass gtp-binding protein rho, which is involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. we used xenopus laevis oocytes as a model to study the toxin effect on rho in more deta ... | 1994 | 7962205 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a-induced microvascular dysfunction. role of histamine. | clostridium difficile toxin a (tx-a) mediates secretion and inflammation in experimental enterocolitis. intravital video microscopy was used to define the mechanisms that underlie the inflammatory reactions elicited by direct exposure of the microvasculature to tx-a. leukocyte adherence and emigration, leukocyte-platelet aggregation, and extravasation of fitc-albumin were monitored in rat mesenteric venules exposed to tx-a. significant increases in leukocyte adherence and emigration (lae) and al ... | 1994 | 7962537 |
| evaluation of three commercial enzyme immunoassay kits for detecting faecal clostridium difficile toxins. | the detection of faecal cytotoxicity using tissue culture was compared with three commercial clostridium difficile enzyme immunoassay (eia) kits; premier c difficile toxin a (meridian diagnostic, inc.); cd-tox c difficile toxin a (porton cambridge); and cytoclone a+b eia (cambridge biotech corporation). of 160 faecal samples examined by all four methods, 52 (32.5%) were cytotoxic, 44 (27.5%) were positive by premier, 48 (30%) by cd-tox eia, and 50 (31.3%) with cytoclone. when compared with detec ... | 1994 | 7962611 |
| comparison of the toxa test with cytotoxicity assay and culture for the detection of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea disease. | stool samples (355 from 350 patients) were examined in a new commercial assay, the toxa test, for the rapid diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. the results were compared with direct assay of cytotoxin in mccoy cell tissue culture, and detection of toxigenic c. difficile by culture and cytotoxin testing of isolates. discordant results were resolved by consultation of clinical records. test sensitivities were 84.6% for the toxa test, 78.5% for the direct cytotoxicity assay and ... | 1994 | 7966202 |
| toxin production by clostridium difficile in a defined medium with limited amino acids. | basal defined medium (bdm) containing vitamins, minerals and seven amino acids--(/l) tryptophan 0.1 g, methionine 0.2 g, valine 0.3 g, isoleucine 0.3 g, proline 0.3 g, leucine 0.4 g and cysteine 0.5 g--which appeared to be essential for good growth of clostridium difficile was prepared. addition of glycine 0.2 g/l and threonine 0.4 g/l to bdm produced better growth of strain vpi 10463, and this defined medium was designated minimum amino acid-defined medium (madm). production of toxins a and b b ... | 1994 | 7966203 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a therapy for hct 116 human colon cancer in nude mice. | clostridium difficile toxin a was evaluated for an antitumor effect in vivo on hct 116 human colon carcinoma cells growing subcutaneously in nude mice. a mean reduction in tumor volume of at least 65%, by measurement in three dimensions, was observed in mice who received two 9- to 13-day courses of daily intraperitoneal injections of toxin a as compared to mice receiving diluent alone. reversible adverse effects of toxin a were noted in some animals, consisting primarily of liver toxicity and sk ... | 1994 | 7967609 |
| mutagenesis of the clostridium difficile toxin b gene and effect on cytotoxic activity. | toxins a and b of clostridium difficile are large cytotoxic proteins that share several unusual structural features, including four conserved cysteines, a potential nucleotide binding site, a hydrophobic region, and a series of contiguous repeating units at the carboxyl terminus. in the following study, we developed a series of toxin b mutants with altered properties in each of these features and examined the effect of the mutation on cytotoxic activity. altering conserved cysteines to serine re ... | 1994 | 7968458 |
| clostridium difficile colitis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. | | 1994 | 7969226 |
| cytomegalovirus infection causing pseudomembranous colitis. | a liver transplant patient with previous episodes of diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile subsequently developed pseudomembranous colitis due to cytomegalovirus. the patient responded to ganciclovir. cytomegalovirus infection should be considered in the differential of pseudomembranous colitis in immunocompromised patients, particularly when c. difficile toxin assays or cultures are negative. | 1994 | 7977254 |
| hospital carpeting and epidemiology of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the usual and most important cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous enterocolitis. the source of nosocomial acquisition of the organism in nonepidemic settings has not been determined. | 1994 | 7985820 |
| comparison of restriction endonuclease analysis, ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for molecular differentiation of clostridium difficile strains. | a combined clinical and molecular epidemiologic analysis of 46 strains of clostridium difficile, including 16 nosocomial isolates from one ward (outbreak ward) plus 17 other nosocomial isolates and 13 community-acquired isolates, was performed. hindiii digests of total cellular dna were analyzed by restriction enzyme analysis (rea) and ribotyping; smai digests were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). isolates were assigned to typing groups on the basis of the profiles detected; ... | 1994 | 7989550 |