| cholera. | | 2011 | 21980704 |
| [determination of dna content in individual vibrjo cholerae cells by using flow cytofluorimetry method: comparative analysis of inhomogeneity in cells of strains with various biological properties]. | comparative analysis of dna content in individual cells of vibrio cholerae strains with various biological properties. | 2011 | 22145341 |
| intracranial v. cholerae sialidase protects against excitotoxic neurodegeneration. | converging evidence shows that gd3 ganglioside is a critical effector in a number of apoptotic pathways, and gm1 ganglioside has neuroprotective and noötropic properties. targeted deletion of gd3 synthase (gd3s) eliminates gd3 and increases gm1 levels. primary neurons from gd3s-/- mice are resistant to neurotoxicity induced by amyloid-β or hyperhomocysteinemia, and when gd3s is eliminated in the app/psen1 double-transgenic model of alzheimer's disease the plaque-associated oxidative stress and i ... | 2011 | 22195039 |
| outbreak of cholera in the republic of congo and the democratic republic of congo, and cholera worldwide. | cholera is an acute intestinal disease caused by infection of the vibrio cholerae bacterium. often manifested as a constant diarrhoeal disease, cholera is associated with significant mortality as well as economic loss due to the strain on health care. cholera often affects nations with lower economic status. the recent outbreak of cholera in the republic of congo and the democratic republic of congo has affected thousands of people. here we review the past cholera epidemiology, molecular mec ... | 2011 | 21997936 |
| [etiological surveillance and analysis of infectious diarrhea in beijing in year 2010]. | to explore the pathogenic form, epidemic features and serotype distribution of the pathogenic bacteria causing infectious diarrhea in beijing. | 2011 | 22177306 |
| developing novel antisecretory drugs to treat infectious diarrhea. | diarrhea, a disease of poverty and poor sanitation, kills an estimated two million children each year. oral rehydration therapy is a very simple and inexpensive treatment that has significantly reduced mortality from secretory diarrhea caused by rotavirus, cholera and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. the efficacy and adoption of oral rehydration therapy would be enhanced by a drug that reduces fluid loss associated with these diseases and alleviates disease symptoms. secretion and absorption by ... | 2011 | 21859305 |
| studies on the synthesis of lewis-y oligosaccharides. | lewis-y histo-blood group oligosaccharides are tumour-associated antigens prevalent in several different types of cancer, and they may also be secondary ligands for bacterial toxins from escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae. the key step in the synthesis of these sterically congested oligosaccharides involves difucosylation of partially protected lactosamine derivatives. existing methods require either prolonged reaction times or elaborate glycosyl donors to ensure high stereoselectivity. herein ... | 2011 | 21851931 |
| invasive vibrio cholerae non-o1 non-0139 infection in a thalassemic child. | invasive, extra-intestinal infection with vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 is rare especially among children. herein the authors report a 12-year-old girl with underlying beta-thalassemia status post-splenectomy presenting with v. cholerae non-o1, non-o139 gastroenteritis with concomitant septicemia. the pathogen was identified from stool and blood culture and the patient recovered uneventfully after antimicrobial and supportive therapy. a review and comparison of clinical manifestations and out ... | 2011 | 22043781 |
| molecular subtyping in cholera outbreak, laos, 2010. | a cholera outbreak in laos in july 2010 involved 237 cases, including 4 deaths. molecular subtyping indicated relatedness between the vibrio cholerae isolates in this and in a 2007 outbreak, uncovering a clonal group of v. cholerae circulating in the mekong basin. our finding suggests the subtyping methods will affect this relatedness. | 2011 | 22099098 |
| Characterization and regulation of the 2,3-butanediol pathway in Serratia marcescens. | Serratia marcescens has been proved to be a potential strain for industrial 2,3-butanediol production for its high yield, productivity, and other advantages. In this study, the genes slaA, slaB, slaC, and slaR were successfully cloned which were further confirmed to be encoding acetolactate decarboxylase, acetolactate synthase, 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase, and a LysR-like regulator, respectively. Unlike in Klebsiella sp. or Klebsiella pneumonie and Vibrio sp. or Vibrio cholerae, the gene slaC i ... | 2011 | 21983710 |
| determination of the crystal structure and active residues of fabv, the enoyl-acp reductase from xanthomonas oryzae. | enoyl-acp reductase (enr) catalyses the last reduction reaction in the fatty acid elongation cycle in bacteria and is a good antimicrobial target candidate. fabv is the most recently discovered class of enr, but we lack information about the atomic structure and the key residues involved in reductase activity except for the known conserved tyrosine and lysine residues in the y-x(8)-k active site motif. | 2011 | 22039545 |
| protection activity of a novel probiotic strain of bacillus subtilis against salmonella enteritidis infection. | the activity of 240 bacterial isolates screened from the gastrointestinal tracts of native chickens were evaluated for use as a potential probiotic in food animal production in order to protect against animal diseases and reduce pathogenic contamination of human food products. in observing the antagonistic activity of 117 bacilli isolates, 10 of these isolates exhibited higher growth inhibition of seven foodborne pathogens, including salmonella enteritidis, salmonella typhimurium, escherichia co ... | 2011 | 21907374 |
| the population and evolutionary dynamics of vibrio cholerae and its bacteriophage: conditions for maintaining phage-limited communities. | although bacteriophage have been reported to be the most abundant organisms on earth, little is known about their contribution to the ecology of natural communities of their host bacteria. most importantly, what role do these viral parasitoids play in regulating the densities of bacterial populations? to address this question, we use experimental communities of vibrio cholerae and its phage in continuous culture, and we use mathematical models to explore the population dynamic and evolutionary c ... | 2011 | 22089867 |
| genetic analysis of anti-amoebae and anti-bacterial activities of the type vi secretion system in vibrio cholerae. | a type vi secretion system (t6ss) was recently shown to be required for full virulence of vibrio cholerae o37 serogroup strain v52. in this study, we systematically mutagenized each individual gene in t6ss locus and characterized their functions based on expression and secretion of the hemolysin co-regulated protein (hcp), virulence towards amoebae of dictyostelium discoideum and killing of escherichia coli bacterial cells. we group the 17 proteins characterized in the t6ss locus into four categ ... | 2011 | 21909372 |
| different types of cell death induced by enterotoxins. | the infection of bacterial organisms generally causes cell death to facilitate microbial invasion and immune escape, both of which are involved in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. in addition to the intercellular infectious processes, pathogen-produced/secreted enterotoxins (mostly exotoxins) are the major weapons that kill host cells and cause diseases by inducing different types of cell death, particularly apoptosis and necrosis. blocking these enterotoxins with synthetic drugs and vac ... | 2010 | 22069678 |
| The Vibrio cholerae mannitol transporter is regulated post-transcriptionally by the MtlS small RNA. | Vibrio cholerae continues to pose a health threat in many developing nations and regions of the world struck by natural disasters. It is a pathogen that rapidly adapts to aquatic environments and the human small intestine. Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) may contribute to this adaptability. Specifically, the mannitol operon sRNA (MtlS; previously IGR7) is transcribed antisense to the 5' untranslated region of the mtl operon, encoding the mannitol-specific phosphotransferase system. Mannitol is a ... | 2011 | 22101846 |
| the 2008 cholera epidemic in zimbabwe: experience of the icddr,b team in the field. | during august 2008-june 2009, an estimated 95,531 suspected cases of cholera and 4,282 deaths due to cholera were reported during the 2008 cholera outbreak in zimbabwe. despite the efforts by local and international organizations supported by the zimbabwean ministry of health and child welfare in the establishment of cholera treatment centres throughout the country, the case-fatality rate (cfr) was much higher than expected. over two-thirds of the deaths occurred in areas without access to treat ... | 2011 | 22106761 |
| integration of cyclic di-gmp and quorum sensing in the control of vpst and apha in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae transitions between aquatic environmental reservoirs and infection in the gastrointestinal tracts of human hosts. the second-messenger molecule cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) and quorum sensing (qs) are important signaling systems that enable v. cholerae to alternate between these distinct environments by controlling biofilm formation and virulence factor expression. here we identify a conserved regulatory mechanism in v. cholerae that integrates c-di-gmp and qs to control the expressi ... | 2011 | 21926235 |
| A cholera outbreak associated with drinking contaminated well water. | Cholera has been a significant public health challenge in many communities. An outbreak of acute diarrheal illness occurred among participants in a wedding ceremony in a village in Qazvin, Iran, in 2008. We conducted an epidemiological, environmental and microbiological investigation to determine the causative agent, source and extent of this outbreak. | 2011 | 21888459 |
| a communal bacterial adhesin anchors biofilm and bystander cells to surfaces. | while the exopolysaccharide component of the biofilm matrix has been intensively studied, much less is known about matrix-associated proteins. to better understand the role of these proteins, we undertook a proteomic analysis of the v. cholerae biofilm matrix. here we show that the two matrix-associated proteins, bap1 and rbma, perform distinct roles in the biofilm matrix. rbma strengthens intercellular attachments. in contrast, bap1 is concentrated on surfaces where it serves to anchor the biof ... | 2011 | 21901100 |
| The effects of amino acid supplementation on porin expression and ToxR levels in Vibrio cholerae. | Vibrio cholerae responds to environmental changes by altering the protein composition of its outer membrane. In rich medium, V. cholerae expresses almost exclusively the outer membrane porin OmpU, whereas in minimal medium, OmpT is the dominant porin. Supplementing a minimal medium with a mixture of asparagine, arginine, glutamic acid and serine (NRES) promotes OmpU production and OmpT repression similar to levels seen in rich media. Here we show that the altered Omp profile is not due to a grow ... | 2011 | 22144480 |
| Cholera--modern pandemic disease of ancient lineage. | Cholera has affected humans for at least a millennium and persists as a major cause of illness and death worldwide, with recent epidemics in Zimbabwe (2008-2009) and Haiti (2010). Clinically, evidence exists of increasing severity of disease linked with emergence of atypical Vibrio cholerae organisms that have incorporated genetic material from classical biotype strains into an El Tor biotype background. A key element in transmission may be a recently recognized hyperinfectious phase, which pers ... | 2011 | 22099113 |
| Fine-tuning control of phoBR expression in Vibrio cholerae by binding of phoB to multiple pho boxes. | The control of Vibrio cholerae phoBR expression by PhoB involves its binding to Pho boxes at -35 (box 1), -60 (box 2), and -80 (box 3) from the putative phoB translation start site. These loci were located in the sense (box 1) and antisense (boxes 2 and 3) strands of the phoBR regulatory region, and PhoB binds to these individual boxes with distinct affinities. Fusions of sequences containing different combinations of these boxes upstream of the lacZ reporter in a plasmid demonstrated that only ... | 2011 | 21984792 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic studies of vibe, a vibriobactin-specific 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-amp ligase from vibrio cholerae. | vibriobactin synthetases (vibabcdefh) catalyze the biosynthesis of vibriobactin in the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae. vibe, a vibriobactin-specific 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-amp ligase, plays a critical role in the transfer of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate to the aryl carrier protein domain of holo vibb. here, the cloning, protein expression and purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of vibe from v. cholerae are reported. the vibe crystal diffracted to 2.3 å res ... | 2011 | 22139167 |
| antibiotic susceptibility patterns of vibrio cholerae isolates. | cholera is one of the most common diarrhoeal diseases in nepal. etiological agent of cholera is vibrio cholerae which removes essential body fluids, salts and vital nutrients, which are necessary for life causing dehydration and malnutrition. emerging antimicrobial resistant is common. the aim of the present study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of cholera patients in nepal. | 2010 | 22049830 |
| High Frequency of a Novel Filamentous Phage, VCY, within an Environmental Vibrio cholerae Population. | Environmental Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from a coastal brackish pond (Oyster Pond, Woods Hole, MA) carried a novel filamentous phage, VCY, which can exist as a host genome integrative form (IF) and a plasmid-like replicative form (RF). Outside the cell, the phage displays a morphology typical of Inovirus, with filamentous particles ~1.8 µm in length and 7 nm in width. Four independent RF isolates had identical genomes, except for 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms clustered in two regions. ... | 2012 | 22020507 |
| systematic review: the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased susceptibility to enteric infection. | background: the use of proton pump inhibitors (ppis) is increasing worldwide. suppression of gastric acid alters the susceptibility to enteric bacterial pathogens. aim this systematic review was undertaken to examine the relationship between ppi use and susceptibility to enteric infections by a specific pathogen based on published literature and to discuss the potential mechanisms of ppi enhanced pathogenesis of enteric infections. methods pubmed, ovid medline databases were searched. search t ... | 2011 | 21999643 |
| [comparative evaluation of protein hydrolysates in designing their based universal culture medium for the diagnosis of plague and cholera]. | various protein hydrolysates made in russia and foreign countries were comparatively evaluated to use them to design a universal agarized culture medium for the diagnosis of plague and cholera. pancreatic baker's yeast broth was found to be most effective among the test media. | 2011 | 21851013 |
| simple, direct conjugation of bacterial o-sp-core antigens to proteins: development of cholera conjugate vaccines. | bacterial o-sp-core antigens can be conjugated to proteins in the same, simple way as synthetic, linker-equipped carbohydrates by applying squaric acid chemistry. introduction of spacers (linkers) to either o-sp-core antigens or protein carriers, which is involved in commonly applied protocols, is not required. the newly developed method described here consists of preparation of a squaric acid monoester derivative of o-sp-core antigen, utilizing the amino group inherent in the core, and reaction ... | 2011 | 21899371 |
| [a case of liver abscess and bacteremia caused by vibrio cholerae non-o1]. | vibrio cholerae non-o1 have caused several well-studied food-borne outbreaks of gastroenteritis and also have been responsible for sporadic cases of otitis media, wound infection, and bacteremia. few cases of liver abscess caused by vibrio cholerae non-o1 have been reported. a 73-year-old man with underlying diabetes mellitus was admitted with nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia and febrile sensation. we identified vibrio cholerae non-o1 in his blood cultures and multiple hepatic microabscess on abdomin ... | 2011 | 22198234 |
| Molecular Techniques in Ecohealth Research Toolkit: Facilitating Estimation of Aggregate Gastroenteritis Burden in an Irrigated Periurban Landscape. | Assessment of microbial hazards associated with certain environmental matrices, livelihood strategies, and food handling practices are constrained by time-consuming conventional microbiological techniques that lead to health risk assessments of narrow geographic or time scope, often targeting very few pathogens. Health risk assessment based on one or few indicator organisms underestimates true disease burden due a number of coexisting causative pathogens. Here, we employed molecular techniques i ... | 2011 | 22146856 |
| non-canonical inflammasome activation targets caspase-11. | caspase-1 activation by inflammasome scaffolds comprised of intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptors (nlrs) and the adaptor asc is believed to be essential for production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (il)-1β and il-18 during the innate immune response. here we show, with c57bl/6 casp11 gene-targeted mice, that caspase-11 (also known as caspase-4) is critical for caspase-1 activation and il-1β production in macrophages infected with escherichia ... | 2011 | 22002608 |
| positive regulation of the vibrio cholerae porin ompt by iron and fur. | the transcription factor fur regulates the expression of a number of genes in vibrio cholerae in response to changes in the level of available iron. fur usually acts as a repressor, but here we show that fur positively regulates the expression of ompt, which encodes a major outer membrane porin. ompt levels increased when the bacteria were grown in medium containing relatively high levels of iron, and this effect required fur. the level of ompt mrna also is increased in the presence of iron and ... | 2011 | 21965571 |
| Phenotypic and genetic analyses of 111 clinical and environmental O1, O139, and non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae strains from different geographical areas. | SUMMARYA total of 111 clinical and environmental O1, O139 and non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae strains isolated between 1978 and 2008 from different geographical areas were typed using a combination of methods: antibiotic susceptibility, biochemical test, serogroup, serotype, biotype, sequences containing variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) and virulence genes ctxA and tcpA amplification. As a result of the performed typing work, the strains were organized into four clusters: cluster A1 includ ... | 2011 | 22074599 |
| Variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor from Zambia showed new genotypes of ctxB: a reply to Marin & Vicente. | | 2011 | 21939580 |
| small molecule probes of the receptor binding site in the vibrio cholerae cai-1 quorum sensing circuit. | based on modification of separate structural features of the vibrio cholerae quorum sensing signal, (s)-3-hydroxytridecan-4-one (cai-1), three focused compound libraries have been synthesized and evaluated for biological activity. modifications to the acyl tail and α-hydroxy ketone typically provided agonists with activities correlated to tail length and conservative changes to the hydroxy ketone. among the molecules identified within this collection of agonists is am-cai-1 (b11), which is among ... | 2011 | 22001326 |
| Use of a DNA microarray for detection and identification of bacterial pathogens associated with fishery products. | We established a microarray for the simultaneous detection and identification of diverse putative pathogens often associated with fishery products by targeting specific genes of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Yersinia enterocolitica and the 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris. The microarray contained 26 sp ... | 2011 | 21965411 |
| Multi-drug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 variant El Tor isolated in northern Vietnam between 2007 and 2010. | There has been a re-emergence of cholera outbreaks in northern Vietnam since 2007. To understand the molecular epidemiological relatedness and antibiotic susceptibility profile of responsible V. cholerae O1 outbreak strains, a representative collection of 100 V. cholerae O1 strains was characterized. V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from diarrheal patients in northern Vietnam between 2007 and 2010 were investigated for antibiotic susceptibility, and characterized by phenotypic and genotypic tests ... | 2011 | 22016560 |
| development of a sensitive rrna-targeted reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction for detection of vibrio cholerae/mimicus, v. parahaemolyticus/alginolyticus and campylobacter jejuni/coli. | a sensitive rrna-targeted reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) method was developed for detection of vibrio cholerae/mimicus, v. parahaemolyticus/alginolyticus and campylobacter jejuni/coli by using specific primers. counts of the enteric pathogens spiked in human stools were quantified at the lower detection limit of 10(3) cells /g of stools by rt-qpcr, in marked contrast with conventional quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) at the detection limit of ... | 2011 | 22146006 |
| Characterization of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae from Haiti, 2010-2011. | In October 2010, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention received reports of cases of severe watery diarrhea in Haiti. The cause was confirmed to be toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor. We characterized 122 isolates from Haiti and compared them with isolates from other countries. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion and broth microdilution. Analyses included identification of rstR and VC2346 genes, sequencing of ctxAB and tc ... | 2011 | 22099116 |
| the membrane proteins, siaq and siam, form an essential stoichiometric complex in the sialic acid trap transporter siapqm (vc1777-1779) from vibrio cholerae. | tripartite atp-independent periplasmic (trap) transporters are widespread in bacteria but poorly characterised. they contain three subunits, a small membrane protein, a large membrane protein and a substrate binding protein (sbp). while the function of the sbp is well-established, the membrane components have only been studied in detail for the sialic acid trap transporter siapqm from haemophilus influenzae, where the membrane proteins are genetically fused. herein we report the first in vitro ... | 2011 | 22167185 |
| interaction of the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (h-ns) and the general stress response regulator rpos at vibrio cholerae promoters that regulate motility and hemagglutinin (ha)/protease expression. | the bacterium vibrio cholerae colonizes the human small intestine and secretes cholera toxin (ct) to cause the rice-watery diarrhea characteristic of this illness. the ability of this pathogen to colonize the small bowel, express ct, and return to the aquatic environment is controlled by a complex network of regulatory proteins. two global regulators that participate in this process are the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (h-ns) and the general stress response regulator rpos. in this s ... | 2011 | 22194453 |
| Whole genome sequencing of environmental Vibrio cholerae O1 from 10 nanograms of DNA using short reads. | Multiple Displacement Amplification (MDA) of DNA using f29 (phi29) DNA polymerase amplifies DNA several billion-fold, which has proved to be potentially very useful for evaluating genome information in a culture-independent manner. Whole genome sequencing using DNA from a single prokaryotic genome copy amplified by MDA has not yet been achieved due to the formation of chimeras and skewed amplification of genomic regions during the MDA step, which then precludes genome assembly. We have hereby ad ... | 2011 | 21871929 |
| Identification of virulence factors in Vibrio cholerae isolated from Iraq during the 2007-2009 outbreak. | Thousands of people were infected with Vibrio cholerae during the outbreak in Iraq in 2007-2009. Vibrio cholerae was shown to be variable in its content of virulence determinants and in its antibiotic sensitivity. This study was designed to isolate and characterize clinical and environmental V. cholerae isolates and to determine antibiotic sensitivity, enzyme and toxin production, and the presence of virulence genes. Eighty clinical and five environmental bacterial isolates were collected an ... | 2011 | 22133188 |
| Structural and functional studies on the interaction of GspC and GspD in the type II secretion system. | Type II secretion systems (T2SSs) are critical for secretion of many proteins from Gram-negative bacteria. In the T2SS, the outer membrane secretin GspD forms a multimeric pore for translocation of secreted proteins. GspD and the inner membrane protein GspC interact with each other via periplasmic domains. Three different crystal structures of the homology region domain of GspC (GspC(HR)) in complex with either two or three domains of the N-terminal region of GspD from enterotoxigenic Escherichi ... | 2011 | 21931548 |
| Exploration of in vitro time point quantitative evaluation of newly synthesized benzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives as potential antibacterial agents. | Present communication deals with the in vitro time point quantitative antibacterial evaluation of newly synthesized 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles (3a-p) and 2-substituted benzothiazoles (5a-h) against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli. These compounds were synthesized under mild reaction conditions using Al(2)O(3)-Fe(2)O(3) nanocrystals as heterogeneous catalyst. Bio-evaluation s ... | 2011 | 22047695 |
| clonal origins of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains, papua new guinea, 2009-2011. | we used multilocus sequence typing and variable number tandem repeat analysis to determine the clonal origins of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains from an outbreak of cholera that began in 2009 in papua new guinea. the epidemic is ongoing, and transmission risk is elevated within the pacific region. | 2011 | 22099099 |
| spatially selective colonization of the arthropod intestine through activation of vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. | vibrio cholerae is an estuarine bacterium and the human pathogen responsible for the diarrheal disease cholera. in the environment, arthropods are proposed to be carriers and reservoirs of v. cholerae. however, the molecular basis of the association between v. cholerae and viable arthropods has not been elucidated previously. here, we show that the v. cholerae vibrio polysaccharide (vps)-dependent biofilm is highly activated upon entry into the arthropod intestine and is specifically required fo ... | 2011 | 22106284 |
| examining the role of rv2895c (viub) in iron acquisition in mycobacterium tuberculosis. | iron acquisition is essential for mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) virulence. understanding the molecular mechanisms used by mtb to scavenge iron during infection might reveal new targets for antimicrobial development. rv2895c, a homolog of viub from vibrio cholerae has been postulated to be involved in iron-siderophore uptake and utilization in mtb. this study examines the requirement of rv2895c for adaptation of mtb to iron limitation. we show that rv2895c is dispensable for normal replication ... | 2011 | 22015175 |
| Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor biotype variant clinical isolates from Bangladesh and Haiti, including a molecular genetic analysis of virulence genes. | Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, is divided into two biotypes: classical and El Tor. Both biotypes produce the major virulence factors toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) and cholera toxin (CT). Although possessing genotypic and phenotypic differences, El Tor biotype strains displaying classical biotype traits have been reported and subsequently were dubbed El Tor variants. Of particular interest are reports of El Tor variants that produce various lev ... | 2011 | 21880975 |
| death of the tonb shuttle hypothesis. | a complex of exbb, exbd, and tonb couples cytoplasmic membrane (cm) proton motive force (pmf) to the active transport of large, scarce, or important nutrients across the outer membrane (om). tonb interacts with om transporters to enable ligand transport. several mechanical models and a shuttle model explain how tonb might work. in the mechanical models, tonb remains attached to the cm during energy transduction, while in the shuttle model the tonb n terminus leaves the cm to deliver conformation ... | 2011 | 22016747 |
| In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of Asparagopsis taxiformis from the Straits of Messina against pathogens relevant in aquaculture. | Ethanol extracts of Asparagopsis taxiformis collected from the Straits of Messina (Italy) were screened for antibacterial activity against pathogenic shellfish and fish bacteria previously isolated from local marine and brackish environments. Genetic labelling by DNA barcoding allowed us to identify the algal population as a biogeographical strain conspecific to A. taxiformis. The extract obtained in May showed the broadest antibacterial activity against all tested pathogenic bacteria, especiall ... | 2012 | 22078751 |
| bacterial aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases and antimicrobial resistance in dhaka, bangladesh, 2005-2008. | summaryinfectious diarrhoea caused by bacterial pathogens contributes to the high level of mortality in developing countries like bangladesh. following standard bacteriological procedures, a total of 14 428 bacterial pathogens were isolated from 56 132 stool samples and rectal swabs collected from diarrhoeal patients between 2005 and 2008. the rate of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility data were retrospectively analysed for these isolates and among them vibrio spp. (42·9%) were the most ... | 2011 | 22040529 |
| Extracellular nucleases and extracellular DNA play important roles in Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. | Biofilms are a preferred mode of survival for many microorganisms including Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe secretory diarrhoeal disease cholera. The ability of the facultative human pathogen V. cholerae to form biofilms is a key factor for persistence in aquatic ecosystems and biofilms act as a source for new outbreaks. Thus, a better understanding of biofilm formation and transmission of V. cholerae is an important target to control the disease. So far the Vibrio exopolysacc ... | 2011 | 22032623 |
| Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in water and seafood, Haiti. | During the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti, water and seafood samples were collected to detect Vibrio cholerae. The outbreak strain of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa was isolated from freshwater and seafood samples. The cholera toxin gene was detected in harbor water samples. | 2011 | 22099121 |
| cholera: lessons from haiti and beyond. | cholera is an acute, severe diarrheal disease caused by vibrio cholerae that affects millions of people each year. without prompt rehydration, death can occur within hours of the onset of symptoms. in october 2010, cholera emerged in haiti, and the resulting large epidemic continues today. as of august 29, 2011, more than 439,000 cases have been reported in haiti, with over 6,200 deaths. this review covers important features of epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of cholera, wit ... | 2011 | 22179934 |
| expression of the cholera toxin b subunit (ct-b) in maize seeds and a combined mucosal treatment against cholera and traveler's diarrhea. | the non-toxic b subunit (ct-b) of cholera toxin from vibrio cholerae is a strong immunogen and amplifies the immune reaction to conjugated antigens. in this work, a synthetic gene encoding for ct-b was expressed under control of a γ-zein promoter in maize seeds. levels of ct-b in maize plants were determined via ganglioside dependent elisa. the highest expression level recorded in t(1) generation seeds was 0.0014% of total aqueous soluble protein (tasp). expression level of the same event in the ... | 2011 | 21938449 |
| Whole genome PCR scanning reveals the syntenic genome structure of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains in the O1/O139 population. | Vibrio cholerae is commonly found in estuarine water systems. Toxigenic O1 and O139 V. cholerae strains have caused cholera epidemics and pandemics, whereas the nontoxigenic strains within these serogroups only occasionally lead to disease. To understand the differences in the genome and clonality between the toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139, we employed a whole genome PCR scanning (WGPScanning) method, an rrn operon-mediated fragment rearrangement analysi ... | 2011 | 21904621 |
| termination of vibrio cholerae virulence gene expression is mediated by proteolysis of the major virulence activator, toxt. | vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrhoeal illness. v. cholerae produces two major virulence factors: the cholera toxin, which directly causes diarrhoea, and the toxin-coregulated pilus, which is required for intestinal colonization. production of these virulence factors is dependent on the major virulence regulator, toxt. under virulence-inducing growth conditions, transcription factors toxr and tcpp initially activate transcription of toxt. however, once toxt has be ... | 2011 | 21883522 |
| [detection of "hybrid" vibrio cholerae eltor strains during epidemic complications in syberia and far east]. | biotyping of vibrio cholerae eltor isolated during epidemic complications of cholera in syberia and far east by phenotypic and genotypic properties complex. | 2011 | 22145342 |
| Serum sialic acid levels in Vibrio cholera serotype Hikojima infected Nigerian patients. | Vibro cholera neuraminidase is known to cleave sialic acid in the gut to expose receptors for cholera enterotoxin. This study determined if cholera neuraminidase crosses significantly into the circulation of patients with cholera to cause cleavage of sialic acid on circulating blood cells. | 2011 | 21922855 |
| defying stereotypes: the elusive search for a universal model of lysr-type regulation. | lysr-type transcriptional regulators (lttrs) compose the largest family of homologous regulators in bacteria. considering their prevalence, it is not surprising that lttrs control diverse metabolic functions. arguably, the most unexpected aspect of lttrs is the paucity of available structural information. solubility issues are notoriously problematic, and structural studies have only recently begun to flourish. in this issue of molecular microbiology, taylor et al. (2012) present the structure o ... | 2012 | 22235937 |
| individuals with le(a+b-) blood group have increased susceptibility to symptomatic vibrio cholerae o1 infection. | human genetic factors such as blood group antigens may affect the severity of infectious diseases. presence of specific abo and lewis blood group antigens has been shown previously to be associated with the risk of different enteric infections. the aim of this study was to determine the relationship of the lewis blood group antigens with susceptibility to cholera, as well as severity of disease and immune responses to infection. | 2011 | 22216364 |
| chitin colonization, chitin degradation and chitin-induced natural competence of vibrio cholerae are subject to catabolite repression. | although vibrio cholerae is a human pathogen its primary habitat are aquatic environments. in this environment, v. cholerae takes advantage of the abundance of zooplankton, whose chitinous exoskeletons provide a nutritious surface. chitin also induces the developmental programme of natural competence in several species of the genus vibrio. because the chitin surface can serve as the sole carbon source for v. cholerae, the link between carbon catabolite repression and chitin-induced natural compe ... | 2012 | 22222000 |
| nhap1 is a k+(na+)/h+ antiporter required for growth and internal ph homeostasis of vibrio cholerae at low extracellular ph. | vibrio cholerae has adapted to a wide range of salinity, ph and osmotic conditions, enabling it to survive passage through the host and persist in the environment. among the many proteins responsible for bacterial survival under these diverse conditions, we have identified vc-nhap1 as a k(+)(na(+))/h(+) antiporter essential for v. cholerae growth at low environmental ph. deletion of the v. cholerae nhap1 gene caused growth inhibition when external potassium was either limited (100 mm and below ... | 2012 | 22241048 |
| csra modulates luxr transcript levels in vibrio fischeri. | the quorum-sensing and csra regulons of vibrios control overlapping cellular functions during growth. hence, the potential exists for regulatory network interactions between the pathways that enable them to be coordinately controlled. in vibrio cholerae, csra indirectly modulates the activity of luxo in the quorum-sensing signaling pathway. in this study, it was demonstrated that in vibrio fischeri, csra causes an increase in the transcript levels of a downstream quorum-sensing regulatory gene, ... | 2012 | 22250984 |
| the vibrio cholerae colonization factor gbpa possesses a modular structure that governs binding to different host surfaces. | vibrio cholerae is a bacterial pathogen that colonizes the chitinous exoskeleton of zooplankton as well as the human gastrointestinal tract. colonization of these different niches involves an n-acetylglucosamine binding protein (gbpa) that has been reported to mediate bacterial attachment to both marine chitin and mammalian intestinal mucin through an unknown molecular mechanism. we report structural studies that reveal that gbpa possesses an unusual, elongated, four-domain structure, with domai ... | 2012 | 22253590 |
| culture-independent real-time pcr reveals extensive polymicrobial infections in hospitalized diarrhoea cases in kolkata, india. | clin microbiol infect abstract: culture-independent identification of diarrhoeal aetiological agents was performed using dna harvested from diarrhoeal stool specimens with sybr-green-based real-time pcr targeting vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, campylobacter spp., shigella spp. and three different pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli. conventional culture-dependent methods detected bacterial enteropathogens in 68 of 122 diarrhoeal stool specimens. of 68 specimens, 59 (86.8%) h ... | 2011 | 22268636 |
| quorum-sensing non-coding small rnas use unique pairing regions to differentially control mrna targets. | quorum sensing is a mechanism of cell-cell communication that bacteria use to control collective behaviours including bioluminescence, biofilm formation and virulence factor production. in the vibrio harveyi and vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing circuits, multiple non-coding small regulatory rnas called the quorum-regulated small rnas (qrr srnas) function to establish the global quorum-sensing gene expression pattern by modulating translation of multiple mrnas encoding quorum-sensing regulatory fac ... | 2012 | 22229925 |
| a 29-mer site regulates transcription of the initiator gene as well as function of the replication origin of vibrio cholerae chromosome ii. | the region responsible for replication of vibrio cholerae chromosome ii (chrii) resembles those of plasmids that have repeated initiator binding sites (iterons) and an autorepressed initiator gene. chrii has additional features: its iterons require full methylation for initiator (rctb) binding, which makes them inactive for a part of the cell cycle when they are hemi-methylated. rctb also binds to a second kind of site, called 39-mers, in a methylation independent manner. this binding is inhibit ... | 2012 | 22248922 |
| genome engineering in vibrio cholerae: a feasible approach to address biological issues. | although bacteria with multipartite genomes are prevalent, our knowledge of the mechanisms maintaining their genome is very limited, and much remains to be learned about the structural and functional interrelationships of multiple chromosomes. owing to its bi-chromosomal genome architecture and its importance in public health, vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has become a preferred model to study bacteria with multipartite genomes. however, most in vivo studies in v. cholerae hav ... | 2012 | 22253612 |
| fluorometric estimation of surface associated microbial abundance. | surface associated microbes have historically been difficult to accurately and effectively enumerate. in the current study, we propose a rapid and simple method for estimating abundance of surface associated microbial cells by fluorescence of sybrgreen stained bacteria and in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence of benthic diatoms in 24 and 48-well microtiter plates. the effectiveness of this high-throughput technique is demonstrated by assessing sensitivity of a clinical strain of vibrio cholerae, a ... | 2011 | 22230233 |
| [analysis of monitoring results for vibrio cholerae in wuzhou city from 2009 to 2010]. | | 2011 | 22991708 |
| specific identification of pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica by monoclonal antibodies generated against recombinant attachment invasion locus (rail) protein. | classical pathogenic strains of yersinia enterocolitica produce a 17 kda outer membrane protein, ail (attachment-invasion locus), which mediates bacterial attachment to some cultures epithelial cell lines and invasion of others. in the present study, hybridomas were developed for the production of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against ail protein of y. enterocolitica. a set of five stabilized hybridoma cell lines were generated, of which, two mabs, yea 302 and yea 303, exhibited specific reaction ... | 2011 | 22806848 |
| electrochemical genosensor for specific detection of the food-borne pathogen, vibrio cholerae. | a disposable horseradish peroxidase (hrp)-based electrochemical genosensor was developed for chronoamperometric detection of single-stranded asymmetric lolb gene pcr amplicon (118 bp in length) of the food-borne pathogen, vibrio cholerae. a two-step sandwich-type hybridization strategy using two specific probes was employed for specific detection of the target single-stranded dna (ssdna). the analytical performances of the detection platform have been evaluated using a synthetic ssdna (st3) whic ... | 2011 | 22805952 |
| antimicrobial activity of rice bran extracts for diarrheal disease. | rice bran showed antioxidative, antimutagenic, carcinogenic and antibacterial activities in previous reports. the rice bran has been recently used as a natural source of health food for several diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. severe diarrheal disease due to food-borne contamination of bacteria resulted from the bacteria have become resistant to many antibiotics. hence, early treatment of diarrhea using natural food containing antibacterial activity to prevent progression o ... | 2011 | 22619917 |
| phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of two bangladeshi medicinal plants. | the objectives of the present study were to investigate phytochemical screening and to assay cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts of leaves of two medicinal plants, aglaonema hookerianum schott (family: araceae) and lannea grandis engl. (family: anacardiaceae) available in bangladesh. the brine shrimp lethality bioassay showed that the ethanolic extracts of aglaonema hookerianum and lannea grandis possessed cytotoxic activities with lc50 5.25 (microg ml(-1)) and 5.75 ( ... | 2011 | 22518935 |
| occurrence of vibrio cholerae in municipal and natural waters and incidence of cholera in azerbaijan. | cholera, a waterborne disease caused by vibrio cholerae, is an autochthonous member of the aquatic environment and predominantly reported from developing countries. technical reports and proceedings were reviewed to determine the relationship between occurrence of v. cholerae in natural waters, including sources of municipal water, and cases of cholera in azerbaijan. water samples collected from different environmental sources from 1970 to 1998 were tested for v. cholerae and 0.73% (864/117,893) ... | 2011 | 22451165 |
| optimal protein extraction methods from diverse sample types for protein profiling by using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2de). | there is a great diversity of protein samples types and origins, therefore the optimal procedure for each sample type must be determined empirically. in order to obtain a reproducible and complete sample presentation which view as many proteins as possible on the desired 2de gel, it is critical to perform additional sample preparation steps to improve the quality of the final results, yet without selectively losing the proteins. to address this, we developed a general method that is suitable for ... | 2011 | 22433892 |
| structural variation of the superintegron in the toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor. | to understand the genetic structures and variations of the superintegron (si) in vibrio cholerae isolated in the seventh cholera pandemic. | 2011 | 22365393 |
| resistotypes of vibrio cholerae 01 ogawa biotype el tor in kathmandu, nepal. | cholera continued to be a major diarrheal illness in nepal and antibiotic resistance has appeared as a serious problem in cholera management. the study aimed at analyzing the distribution pattern of the resistotypes (r-types) of vibrio cholerae in the kathmandu valley, nepal. during june 2008 to january 2009, 210 diarrheal specimens received at national public health laboratory from suspected cholera patients were subjected to standard bacteriological investigation including biotyping and seroty ... | 2011 | 22364087 |
| [in vitro induction of transmissive resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin chloramphenicol in vibrio cholera non-o1/non-o139 serogroups isolated within 1990-2005]. | inducible character of resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin was investigated in 20 strains of vibrio cholera non-o1/non-o139 serogroups isolated from inhabitants of uzbekistan in 1990 (10 strains, ctx+) and in 2001 (5 strains, ctx-) and from inhabitants of kalmykiya within 2003-2005 (5 strains, ctx-). eight of the 20 isolates showed not only capacity for induction of the antibiotic resistance, but also its possible self transfer to escherichia coli and reverse crosses in el ... | 2011 | 22359864 |
| [surveillance program on and the distribution related to the virulence-associated genes of vibrio cholerae in estuary of pearl river]. | to understand the distribution, molecular characteristics and virulence genes of the o1 and o139 vibrio cholerae isolates from the pearl river estuary water. | 2011 | 22336609 |
| the role of aquatic reservoir fluctuations in long-term cholera patterns. | we propose and analyze an important extension of standard cholera epidemiological models, explicitly accounting for fluctuations of water availability to the human community under study. the seasonality of water input in the reservoir drives the variation of concentration of vibrio cholerae. two compartments are added to the susceptible-infected-bacteria model. first, the recovered individuals, which, over many seasons, lose their immunity to the disease and replenish the susceptible group. seco ... | 2011 | 22325012 |
| [molecular characteristics and antibiotic resistances of vibrio cholerae o1 isolates in hangzhou in 2009]. | to study the molecular characteristics and antibiotic resistances of vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) o1 isolates in hangzhou in 2009. | 2011 | 22321588 |
| role of shrimp chitin in the ecology of toxigenic vibrio cholerae and cholera transmission. | seasonal plankton blooms correlate with occurrence of cholera in bangladesh, although the mechanism of how dormant vibrio cholerae, enduring interepidemic period in biofilms and plankton, initiates seasonal cholera is not fully understood. in this study, laboratory microcosms prepared with estuarine mathbaria water (mw) samples supported active growth of toxigenic v. cholerae o1 up to 7 weeks as opposed to 6 months when microcosms were supplemented with dehydrated shrimp chitin chips (cc) as the ... | 2011 | 22319512 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic studies of a new class of enoyl-(acyl-carrier protein) reductase, fabv, from vibrio fischeri. | enoyl-(acyl-carrier protein) reductase (enr) catalyzes the last step of the fatty-acid elongation cycle of the bacterial fatty-acid biosynthesis (fas ii) pathway. recently, a new class of enr has been identified from vibrio cholerae and was named fabv. in order to understand the molecular mechanism of the new class of enr at the structural level, fabv from v. fischeri was overexpressed, purified and crystallized. diffraction data were collected to 2.7 å resolution from a native crystal. the crys ... | 2011 | 22232178 |
| epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of acute diarrheal disease: a shoe leather epidemiology. | health care problems faced by migrant construction workers are always neglected. fifteen patients were admitted with the complaints of loose motion and pain in the abdomen from a labor settlement at a construction site near our city. three stool samples revealed darting motility. | 2011 | 22224000 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor strains isolated in 1992 from varanasi, india harboured el tor ctxφ and classical ctxb on the chromosome-i and classical ctxφ and classical ctxb on the chromosome-ii. | in this study, we report the presence of the el tor ctxφ and classical ctxφ in vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated from varanasi, india. polymerase chain reaction, dna sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism revealed that, although ctx-positive strains isolated after 1990 contain ctxφ harbouring el tor type of rstr and classical ctxb, strains isolated before 1990 contain el tor type of rstr and el tor ctxb. two v. cholerae o1 strains (vc104 and vc106) represent an altered/hybrid ... | 2011 | 23761370 |
| re-identification of aeromonas isolates from chironomid egg masses as the potential pathogenic bacteria aeromonas aquariorum. | egg masses of the non-biting midge chironomous sp. have recently been found to serve as a reservoir for vibrio cholerae and aeromonas species. these insects are widely distributed in freshwater and evidence suggests that they may disseminate pathogenic bacteria species into drinking water systems. in the current study the taxonomy of 26 aeromonas isolates, previously recovered from chironomid egg masses, was re-evaluated. it was found that 23 isolates, which had previously been identified as aer ... | 2011 | 23761256 |
| clonal transmission, dual peak, and off-season cholera in bangladesh. | vibrio cholerae is an estuarine bacterium associated with a single peak of cholera (march-may) in coastal villages of bangladesh. for an unknown reason, however, cholera occurs in a unique dual peak (march-may and september-november) pattern in the city of dhaka that is bordered by a heavily polluted freshwater river system and flood embankment. in august 2007, extreme flooding was accompanied by an unusually severe diarrhea outbreak in dhaka that resulted in a record high illness. this study wa ... | 2011 | 22957115 |
| role of gbpa protein, an important virulence-related colonization factor, for vibrio cholerae's survival in the aquatic environment. | vibrio cholerae n-acetyl glucosamine-binding protein a (gbpa) is a chitin binding protein and a virulence factor involved in the colonization of human intestine. we investigated the distribution and genetic variations of gbpa in 488 v. cholerae strains of environmental and clinical origin, belonging to different serogroups and biotypes. we found that the gene is consistently present and highly conserved including an environmental v. cholerae-related strain of ancestral origin. the gene was also ... | 2012 | 23760830 |
| detection of vibrio cholerae in environmental waters including drinking water reservoirs of azerbaijan. | cholera, a globally prevalent gastrointestinal disease, remains a persistent problem in many countries including the former soviet republics of the caucasus region where sporadic outbreaks occurred recently. historically, this region has experienced cholera during every pandemic since 1816; however, no known comprehensive evaluation of the presence of vibrio cholerae in surface waters using molecular methods has been done. here we present the first report of the presence of v. cholerae in surfac ... | 2012 | 23757128 |
| outbreak of cholera in the east akim municipality of ghana following unhygienic practices by small-scale gold miners, november 2010. | in october 2010 an outbreak of cholera began among a group of small-scale gold miners in the east-akim municipality (eam), eastern region. we investigated to verify the diagnosis, identify risk factors and recommend control measures. | 2012 | 23661823 |
| cholera outbreak in districts around lake chilwa, malawi: lessons learned. | cholera is endemic in malawi with seasonal outbreaks during the wet season. people living around lake chilwa rely on the lake for their water supply. from may 2009 to may 2010, a cholera outbreak occurred in fishing communities around lake chilwa. this paper describes the outbreak response and lessons learned for prevention and management of future outbreaks. | 2012 | 23638267 |
| in vitro anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial activity of junceella juncea for its biomedical application. | to investigate the anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial activity of junceella juncea (j. juncea) against biofilm forming pathogenic strains. | 2012 | 23593571 |
| outbreak of cholera in tilathi vdc saptari nepal. | background on 2011, cluster of cholera cases was reported in the tilathi vdc of saptari, nepal. objective the outbreak was investigated to identify the etiological agent and possible source of infection and guiding the prevention and control measures. methods demographic and clinical details were collected from the suspected case-patients, and the outbreak was described by time, place, and person. focus group discussion and key informant interview were conducted to assess the practice of sanitat ... | 2012 | 23575050 |
| studies on bioprospecting potential of a gastropod mollusc cantharus tranquebaricus (gmelin, 1791). | to study the biological activities of the tissue extract of cantharus tranquebaricus (c. tranquebaricus). | 2012 | 23569843 |
| biological activity of recombinant accessory cholerae enterotoxin (ace) on rabbit ileal loops and antibacterial assay. | vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) causes a potentially lethal disease named cholera. the cholera enterotoxin (ct) is a major virulence factor of v. cholerae. in addition to ct, v. cholerae produces other putative toxins, such as the zonula occludens toxin (zot) and accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace). the ace gene is the third gene of the v. cholerae virulence cassette. the ace toxin alters ion transport, causes fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops, and is a cause of mild diarrhea. the a ... | 2012 | 23507621 |
| simultaneous detection of integrase and antibiotic resistance genes within sxt constin in vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains isolated from iran using multiplex-pcr. | amongst the various antibiotic resistant elements in vibrio. cholerae, sxt constin (sxt-c) is important. we were going to design a quick method for determination of antibiotic resistance gene pattern in sxt-c. | 2012 | 23493053 |