| measuring the impact of hepatitis a virus in chinese cities: a life table approach. | the infection of hepatitis a virus is an important public health problem in china. in 1990, a survey on seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis a was conducted in eight large cities of population size between one to four million. the results were used to analyze the impact of hepatitis a. in our study, we used life table techniques to determine the impact that the hepatitis a virus (hav) has on these eight cities by computing the expected years of life with anti-hepatitis a virus. we compared the resul ... | 2003 | 15038682 |
| rescue of hepatitis a virus from cdna-transfected but not virion rna-transfected mouse ltk- cells. | hepatitis a virus (hav) has stringent replication requirements and a restricted host-range. mouse ltk- cells do not support growth of hav upon infection or transfection of virion rna. however, low levels of hav were rescued from ltk- cells transiently transfected with its infectious cdna. ltk- stable transfectants that expressed hav antigens and produced infectious hav were selected and termed ltk-pjh15 cells. after a few serial passages, hav became undetectable in the ltk-pjh15 cells. multiple ... | 2004 | 15045562 |
| a population-based seroprevalence study of hepatitis a virus using oral fluid in england and wales. | population-based seroprevalence studies provide important data on susceptible groups and the potential for future outbreaks. however, the invasive nature of serum collection has limited studies. this paper describes the first postal population-based survey using noninvasive oral fluid technology to collect antibody prevalence data in conjunction with extensive risk factor data to assess the distribution of immunity to common viral infections in england and wales. these results pertain to hepatit ... | 2004 | 15051588 |
| immunogenicity, reactogenicity and adherence with hepatitis a vaccination among drug users. | hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination is recommended in drug users (dus) because this population has a very high prevalence of hepatitis c virus, and additional infection with hav can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. the efficacy of hepatitis a vaccine (1440 elisa units), in terms of immunogenicity, reactogenicity and compliance among 44 heroin dus using a 0-6 month schedule was investigated. three subjects (6.8%) experienced adverse reactions. after the first dose of hepatitis a vaccine ... | 2004 | 15072811 |
| hepatitis a virus receptor blocks cell differentiation and is overexpressed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. | the molecular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis and progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccrcc) are not well understood. we aimed to identify new molecular markers to provide insight into these processes. | 2004 | 15086915 |
| the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus infection in children, in edirne, turkey. | turkey is a middle endemic area with respect to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. however, the frequency of this infection varies due to socio-economic differences in various regions. the aim of this study was to detect the most likely age of exposure to hav and factors affecting infection rates among children living in edirne. a sample of 645 children between the ages of 0-19 living in edirne were tested for total anti-hav levels using elisa method. a questionnaire on socio-economic status (se ... | 2004 | 15117122 |
| age-specific seroprevalence of hepatitis a infection among children visited in pediatric hospitals of tehran, iran. | hepatitis a is an enterically transmitted disease that still remains endemic in many developing countries. in some countries improvements in living conditions have recently led to changing in epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. in our country there are very few reports on prevalence of hav infection. | 2004 | 15117123 |
| hepatitis a virus and injecting drug misuse in aberdeen, scotland: a case-control study. | to describe an epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection among injecting drug users in aberdeen, scotland. a case-control study to determine whether transmission was facilitated by poor personal hygiene or through sharing injecting equipment. cases were more likely to report not washing their hands after using the toilet [odds ratio (or) = 12.9, 95% confidence interval (ci) = 1.58-105.89] or before preparing food (or = 4.0, 95% ci = 1.01-15.8), and less li ... | 2004 | 15117332 |
| interference of hepatitis a virus replication by small interfering rnas. | the rate of acute liver failure due to hepatitis a virus (hav) has not decreased, and therapy of severe infections is still of major interest. using a dna-based hav replicon cell culture system, we demonstrate that small interfering rnas (sirnas) targeted against viral sequences or a reporter gene contained in the viral genome specifically inhibit hav rna replication in huht7 cells. combinations of sirnas were more effective suppressors of hav rna replication. also, sirnas targeted against hav 2 ... | 2004 | 15120607 |
| pharmaco-economic evaluation of targeted hepatitis a vaccination for children of ethnic minorities in amsterdam (the netherlands). | estimate cost-effectiveness of vaccination against hepatitis a virus (hav) for children of ethnic minorities in amsterdam. | 2004 | 15121296 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a antibodies in schoolchildren in catalonia (spain) after the introduction of universal hepatitis a immunization. | the objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis a antibodies (anti-hav) in schoolchildren in catalonia and to compare it with the rates found in previous studies. sera from a representative sample of 1,342 children aged between 6 and 15 years, recruited in 2001, were tested for anti-hav. the results were related to sociodemographic variables and vaccination history. the overall prevalence of anti-hav was 51.4%. the prevalence was 5.5% in non-vaccinated children, simila ... | 2004 | 15122789 |
| modelling effect of physical and chemical parameters on heat inactivation kinetics of hepatitis a virus in a fruit model system. | while thermal destruction of pathogenic bacteria has been thoroughly studied in food industry, heat inactivation of viruses in food has been poorly investigated. experiments were carried out to characterize the effects of controlled physical and chemical characteristics of a food matrix upon heat resistance parameters (d and z values) of hepatitis a virus (hav), taken as model because of its reported heat resistance. sucrose content (28-52 degrees brix), calcium concentration (90-1700 mg kg(-1)) ... | 2004 | 15135584 |
| developing and testing measures predictive of hepatitis a vaccination in a sample of men who have sex with men. | studies continue to show that the majority of men who have sex with men (msm) in the us remain unvaccinated against the hepatitis a virus (hav). such limited vaccination coverage is a missed opportunity to prevent disease. this study was designed to develop reliable and valid theory-based quantitative measures to understand beliefs and attitudes regarding hav vaccination among msm. a convenience sample of 358 patrons of two gay bars in birmingham, alabama, completed a theory-based questionnaire. ... | 2004 | 15140847 |
| concerns about infectious hepatitis and delacorte's welfare island fountain. | in 1969, philanthropist george t. delacorte donated a spectacular water fountain to new york city on the southern tip of welfare island. architects designed the fountain's jet geyser to pump a plume of water from the east river more than 400 feet into the air. public health experts feared that the water from the heavily polluted east river could be a possible source for the spread of infectious hepatitis. water droplets could be airborne by the prevailing winds to land on the densely populated e ... | 2004 | 15141899 |
| allergy, asthma and markers of infections among albanian migrants to southern italy. | studies of immigrants represent an useful tool to determine the relative relevance of environmental vs genetic factors in causing the reported rapid increase of the prevalence of sensitization and allergic diseases. | 2004 | 15147448 |
| stable seroprevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in children during 1989-1999 in taipei, taiwan. | helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) is thought to be acquired in childhood. the present study aimed to examine the changing seroepidemiology of h. pylori in children in the same area of taipei city during 1989-1999, and to try to elucidate the possible transmission route of h. pylori in children by comparing hepatitis a virus (hav) seroprevalence in taipei during the same decade. | 2004 | 15151548 |
| hepatitis a virus: molecular detection and typing. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is the leading cause of viral hepatitis throughout the world. hav infection is mainly propagated via the fecal-oral route, and waterborne and foodborne outbreaks of the disease have been reported.hav, the prototype of the genus hepatovirus, belongs to the family picornaviridae. its 7.5-kb single-stranded rna genome bears different distinct regions: the 5' and 3' noncoding regions (ncr), the p1 region, which encodes the structural proteins vp1, vp2, vp3, and a pu ... | 2004 | 15156022 |
| molecular cloning, expression and purification of protein 2a of hepatitis a virus. | expression of the protein 2a of hepatitis a virus (hav), spanning amino acids 764 through 981 of the viral polyprotein results in a strong inhibition of cap-dependent translation (maltese et al., 2000). however, the molecular mechanism responsible has remained unclear, in part because the hav 2a protein was not available in amounts large enough to allow biological or structural studies. to address this issue, a cdna representation of the sequences encoding hav 2a was generated by pcr, using prim ... | 2004 | 15164619 |
| a comparison of rt-pcr-based assays for the detection of hav from shellfish. | the hepatitis a virus (hav) is the most common cause of viral infection linked to shellfish consumption. the lack of correlation between the fecal coliform indicators and the presence of enteric viruses in shellfish and their harvesting waters points to the need for molecular methods to detect viruses. we compared two rt-pcr based techniques currently available for the detection of the hepatitis a virus (hav) in shellfish. both approaches involve extraction of viral particles by glycine buffer a ... | 2004 | 15164621 |
| genetic analysis of hepatitis a virus isolates from brazil. | a limited number of hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates from south america have been characterised at the genomic level. igm anti-hav positive serum samples collected from patients with hepatitis a living in the five geographical regions of brazil (north, northeast, central, south, and southeast) were used to obtain hav isolates and determine their genetic relatedness. of the 232 case isolates, sequence data were obtained from the vp1/2a junction region of the hav genome. all isolates were classifi ... | 2004 | 15170631 |
| outbreak of infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) associated with a foodhandler and confirmed by sequence analysis reveals a new hav genotype ib variant. | an outbreak of infection with hepatitis a virus associated with a foodhandler and involving 26 subjects occurred in southern italy. sequence analysis of the vp3-vp1 and vp1-p2a junctions confirmed that the outbreak was due to a point source and allowed the identification of a new genotype ib variant. this report confirms the usefulness of sequence-based molecular fingerprinting during outbreaks. | 2004 | 15184483 |
| acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with hepatitis a virus infection. | we describe the case of a 30-month-old boy who developed acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adem) after hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and ultimately died. as far as we know, this is only the second case of hav-associated adem to be reported in the literature. the child was brought to hospital with fever, lethargy and weakness of 2 days duration. he had developed jaundice, abdominal pain and malaise 2 weeks beforehand and these problems had resolved within 2 days. neurological examination ... | 2004 | 15186542 |
| rapid antibody response after vaccination with a virosomal hepatitis a vaccine. | this study was designed to assess the early antibody kinetics after a priming dose, and the extent of the antibody increase after a booster dose of an inactivated virosomal hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine (epaxal). | 2004 | 15188074 |
| helicobacter pylori and risk of gastroenteritis. | helicobacter pylori infection is thought to modify susceptibility to gastroenteritis. | 2004 | 15216465 |
| [safety and immunogenicity of bilive combined hepatitis a and b vaccine]. | to study the safety and immunogenicity of the bilive combined hepatitis a and b vaccine produced by sinovac biotech co., ltd. | 2004 | 15231119 |
| hepatitis a in hispanic children who live along the united states-mexico border: the role of international travel and food-borne exposures. | hispanic children who live along the united states-mexico border historically have had among the highest hepatitis a rates in the united states, but risk factors have not been well characterized. the objective of this study was to examine risk factors associated with acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in hispanic children who live along the united states-mexico border in san diego county, california. | 2004 | 15231975 |
| assessment of hav and hev seroprevalence in children living in post-earthquake camps from düzce, turkey. | the aim of the study was to investigate the prevalance of enterically transmitted hepatitis among children living in post-earthquake camps, and to assess the efficacy of the measurements during and after the disaster in düzce and golyaka. in the second half of 1999, north-western turkey, was struck by two massive earthquakes in less than 3 months. the first, on 17 august 1999, involving golyaka, was struck, measuring between 7.4 and 7.8 on the richter scale. irregularity about providing clean wa ... | 2004 | 15233319 |
| hepatitis a outbreaks--methods of intervention in south-east asian countries. | in many asian countries, improved hygiene standards and socio-economic conditions have led to a reduction in exposure to the hepatitis a virus (hav) in childhood. however, the persistence of circulating hav may lead to hepatitis a outbreaks, particularly in adolescents and adults. in other countries and specific areas, where socio-economic conditions have not improved as markedly, hav endemicity remains medium-to-high. a systematic approach to outbreak control is therefore urgently needed. | 2004 | 15234323 |
| combined immunomagnetic separation-molecular beacon-reverse transcription-pcr assay for detection of hepatitis a virus from environmental samples. | in this study, a molecular-beacon-based real-time reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assay was developed to detect the presence of hepatitis a virus (hav) in environmental samples. a 125-bp, highly conserved 5' noncoding region of hav was targeted. the sensitivity of the real-time rt-pcr assay was tested with 10-fold dilutions of viral rna, and a detection limit of 1 pfu was obtained. the specificity of the assay was demonstrated by testing with other environmental pathogens and indicator microorgan ... | 2004 | 15240322 |
| prevalence of previous hepatitis a virus infection in renal transplant patients with hepatitis c: evidence of persistent anti-hepatitis a virus immune response. | data concerning the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection among kidney transplant recipients are scarce. there is little information concerning natural immunity acquired after acute hav infection. in most renal transplant recipients, anti-hav antibodies are not detectable after vaccination; it is reasonable to suppose that immunosuppressive therapy interferes with the immunity. the objective of this study was to evaluate, in an endemic area, the prevalence of anti-hav immunoglobulin (i ... | 2004 | 15251370 |
| comparison of the efficacy of virus inactivation methods in allogeneic avital bone tissue transplants. | several procedures for inactivating viruses are used presently in the context of bone tissue transplants. common methods used are gamma irradiation (25 kgy), treatment with moist heat (82.5 degrees c/15 min., lobator-sd2-system) as well as chemical sterilisation using peracetic acid-ethanol treatment (pes, 2% peracetic acid, 96% ethanol, aqua [2:1:1], 200 mbar, agitation, 4 hours). based on national and international guidelines, we tested the antivirucidal effectiveness of these methods in human ... | 2001 | 15256903 |
| consumption of uncooked deer meat as a risk factor for hepatitis e virus infection: an age- and sex-matched case-control study. | it was reported previously food-borne transmission of hepatitis e virus (hev) to humans from deer meat. the present study attempted to clarify whether eating uncooked deer meat is a major epidemiological risk factor for hev infection in kasai, a city in western japan. in total, 45 volunteer subjects with experience of eating raw deer meat were enrolled. an equivalent number of people from the same area who had never eaten raw deer meat served as controls. the subjects and controls had comparable ... | 2004 | 15258970 |
| immunity and exposure to hepatitis a virus in pre-adolescent children from a multi-ethnic inner city area. | seroprevalence data among ethnic minority groups within england and wales are rare. an opportunistic approach was taken to test residual oral fluid, collected from pre-adolescent school children from an ethnically diverse region of northwest england, for anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) igg. individual data on ethnicity and country of birth were also available. of the 257 children who consented to participate, 62% were of south asian ethnic origin. the overall seroprevalence was 18.8%, higher than 1 ... | 2004 | 15259416 |
| in situ enzyme immunoassay for titration of a brazilian hepatitis a virus strain (haf-203). | hepatitis a virus (hav) replicates relatively slowly in cell culture without a cytopathic effect, a fact that limits the use of tissue culture assays. the radioimmunofocus assay is the standard method for hav titration, although it is labor intensive and requires the use of radioisotopes. a simple, rapid and objective infectivity assay based on an in situ enzyme immunoassay (eia) is described here for a brazilian cell culture-adapted hav strain (haf-203). the assay uses a peroxidase-labeled poly ... | 2004 | 15264009 |
| [exploring the possibility of a relationship between polymorphism in tim-1 and allergic asthma in children of the hans from hubei province of china]. | to investigate two polymorphism sites of exon 4 in t cells, immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein-1 (tim-1, also human hepatitis a virus cellular receptor-1) and to detect whether they are associated with allergic asthma in children of the hans in hubei province of china. | 2004 | 15300647 |
| comparison of different primer sets for the rt-pcr detection of hepatitis a virus and astrovirus in mussel tissues. | in the present study, the efficiency of several primer sets for the rt-pcr detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) and astrovirus from both crude viral extracts and experimentally infected shellfish tissues was evaluated. differences were observed depending on the primer set employed in the sensitivity of amplification of both viral types. for hav primers, hav240/hav68 yielded the higher sensitivity: showing a detection limit of 0.02-0.1 infectious particles/microl or mg of tissue (either crude ext ... | 2004 | 15318498 |
| inhibitors of 3c cysteine proteinases from picornaviridae. | the picornaviridae are among the smallest icosahedral positive-sense single stranded rna containing viruses known, and comprise one of the largest and most important families of human and animal pathogens. the hepatitis a virus (hav) and human rhinovirus (hrv) are important pathogens that belong to the picornavirus family. all picornaviruses have a 3c proteinase that processes an initially biosynthesized precursor protein and is crucial for viral maturation and replication. although it is a cyst ... | 2004 | 15320724 |
| survival and persistence of norovirus, hepatitis a virus, and feline calicivirus in marinated mussels. | noroviruses (nv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are foodborne enteric viruses associated with outbreaks of disease following consumption of raw or lightly cooked bivalve shellfish. marinated mussels are a popular delicacy, but there is no published information on whether enteric viruses survive the marination process. the survival and persistence of hav, nv, and a surrogate calicivirus, feline calicivirus (fcv), in marinated mussels over time was determined. nv, hav, and fcv were inoculated into ma ... | 2004 | 15330543 |
| capsid region involved in hepatitis a virus binding to glycophorin a of the erythrocyte membrane. | hepatitis a virus (hav) has previously been reported to agglutinate human red blood cells at acidic phs. treatment of erythrocytes with different enzymes and chemical reagents indicated that hav attachment is mediated through an interaction with sialylglycoproteins. hav hemagglutination could be blocked by incubating the virus with glycophorin a, indicating that this sialylglycoprotein is the erythrocyte receptor. the number of receptors used was estimated to be around 500 per cell. at the same ... | 2004 | 15331714 |
| hepatitis a virus immunity and seroconversion among contacts of acute hepatitis a patients in amsterdam, 1996-2000: an evaluation of current prevention policy. | we evaluated the hepatitis a virus (hav) control policy (hygienic precautions and passive immunization with immune globulin) for "household contacts" (defined as all people who lived in the same house and who shared the same toilet with the patient, people who took care of an hav-infected child, and sexual partners of the patient) of acute hepatitis a patients between 1996 and 2000. | 2004 | 15333325 |
| a randomized, open-label study of the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of three lots of a combined typhoid fever/hepatitis a vaccine in healthy adults. | travelers are often advised to receive both the typhoid fever and hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccines, particularly when going to areas where the 2 diseases are endemic. thus, combined administration of these vaccines could make immunization more acceptable by reducing the number of injections needed. | 2004 | 15336473 |
| [baculovirus expression of two human recombinant neutralizing igg monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis a virus]. | to develop human recombinant neutralizing igg monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav) by baculovirus expression system. | 2004 | 15340519 |
| development of homologous viral internal controls for use in rt-pcr assays of waterborne enteric viruses. | enteric viruses often contaminate water sources causing frequent outbreaks of gastroenteritis. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays are commonly used for detection of human enteric viruses in environmental and drinking water samples. rt-pcr provides a means to rapidly detect low levels of these viruses, but it is sensitive to inhibitors that are present in water samples. inhibitors of rt-pcr are concentrated along with viruses during sample processing. while procedures ... | 2004 | 15350731 |
| thrombocytopenia in hepatitis a--an atypical presentation. | acute hepatitis due to hepatitis a virus (hav) is usually a benign self-limiting disease during childhood. autoimmune manifestations are rare with acute hav, especially in children. we report an 8-year-old boy with severe thrombocytopenia as an initial manifestation of acute hav infection. bone marrow examination suggested peripheral destruction of platelets. his clinical course was complicated by persistent severe thrombocytopenia and progressive cholestasis requiring prednisolone therapy. | 2004 | 15357567 |
| hepatitis a virus proteinase 3c binding to viral rna: correlation with substrate binding and enzyme dimerization. | proteinase 3c of hepatitis a virus (hav) plays a key role in the viral life cycle by generating mature viral proteins from the precursor polyprotein. in addition to its proteolytic activity, 3c binds to viral rna, and thus influences viral genome replication. in order to investigate the interplay between proteolytic activity and rna binding at the molecular level, we subjected hav 3c and three variants carrying mutations of the cysteine residues [c24s (cys-24-->ser), c172a and c24s/c172a] to pro ... | 2005 | 15361063 |
| photoinactivation of hepatitis a virus by synthetic porphyrins. | porphyrins are photosensitizers and may be applicable in situations where viral inactivation is required, as for in vitro inactivation of nonenveloped viruses in blood components or in other aqueous media. no study has examined the efficacy of porphyrin inactivation on human pathogens such as hepatitis a virus (hav) in plasma or other liquids. experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of synthetic porphyrins on hav in porphyrin-containing human plasma and phosphate-buffered saline expose ... | 2004 | 15362943 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus rna in saliva. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is shed in feces but also in saliva. hav rna was detected in saliva in five out of six acutely infected patients with hav viremia. serum and saliva sequences were identical. the simplicity of obtaining material allows the recommendation of the use of saliva for investigation of outbreaks. | 2004 | 15365037 |
| characterization of the complete genomic sequence of genotype ii hepatitis a virus (cf53/berne isolate). | the complete genomic sequence of hepatitis a virus (hav) cf53/berne strain was determined. pairwise comparison with other complete hav genomic sequences demonstrated that the cf53/berne isolate is most closely related to the single genotype vii strain, slf88. this close relationship was confirmed by phylogenetic analyses of different genomic regions, and was most pronounced within the capsid region. these data indicated that cf53/berne and slf88 isolates are related more closely to each other th ... | 2004 | 15448357 |
| immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in children with down syndrome. | hepatitis a vaccine has not been investigated in children with down syndrome. the aim of this study was to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in noninstitutionalized children with down syndrome and compare their responses to those of healthy control children. | 2004 | 15448421 |
| apoptosis induced by a cytopathic hepatitis a virus is dependent on caspase activation following ribosomal rna degradation but occurs in the absence of 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase. | we have presented previously evidence that the cytopathogenic 18f strain of hepatitis a virus (hav) induced degradation of ribosomal rna (rrna) in infected cells [arch. virol. 148 (2003) 1275-1300]. in contrast, the non-cytopathogenic parent virus hm175 clone 1 had no effect on rrna integrity. we present here data showing that rrna degradation is followed by apoptosis accompanied by characteristic dna laddering in the cytoplasm of 18f infected cells. the dna laddering coincided with the detectio ... | 2004 | 15451183 |
| [specific and non-specific host defense system against hepatitis a virus (hav) and mechanism of hav infection]. | | 2004 | 15453362 |
| the seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus in amman, jordan. | hepatitis a virus (hav) has emerged as an important public health problem in many countries of the middle east region and jordan is no exception. from january 1991 to december 2001, a total of 1015 patients were diagnosed at al-battikhi medical laboratories. samples were collected at seventeen private laboratories distributed throughout areas of the governorate of amman (capital of jordan). a significant variation (p=0.03) was obtained between number of hav cases and year. seasonal variation in ... | 2004 | 15460523 |
| vulnerability of drinking-water wells in la crosse, wisconsin, to enteric-virus contamination from surface water contributions. | human enteric viruses can contaminate municipal drinking-water wells, but few studies have examined the routes by which viruses enter these wells. in the present study, the objective was to monitor the municipal wells of la crosse, wisconsin, for enteric viruses and determine whether the amount of mississippi river water infiltrating the wells was related to the frequency of virus detection. from march 2001 to february 2002, one river water site and four wells predicted by hydrogeological modeli ... | 2004 | 15466536 |
| [spread of viruses through the food chain]. | food associated viruses are responsible for a high number of infectious diseases in man, mainly gastroenteritis and hepatitis. the three most important viral agents are noroviruses (nv) (formerly known as norwalk-like viruses), rotavirus (rv) and hepatitis a-virus (hav). the numbers of infections in man were in 2002 according to the robert koch-institut for nv and rv 50,000, respectively, and for hav 1,500, slightly decreasing in 2003. the rate of foodborne infections caused by viruses can only ... | 2004 | 15469057 |
| hepatitis a virus attachment to agri-food surfaces using immunological, virological and thermodynamic assays. | this study was designed to investigate the ability of hepatitis a virus (hav) to attach to various food contact surfaces. | 2004 | 15479407 |
| detection of infectious hepatitis a virus by integrated cell culture/strand-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. | a novel integrated cell culture/strand-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was established for detection of infectious hepatitis a virus (hav). | 2004 | 15479428 |
| [seroepidemiologic study of hepatitis a in the community of madrid during the year 2002]. | the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a representative population sample to determine who can benefit from vaccination strategies and to investigate the age limit at which previous hav antibody screening is not required. | 2004 | 15482685 |
| molecular and serologic tracing of a transfusion-transmitted hepatitis a virus. | the transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) via blood transfusion has not been evidenced by molecular tracing so far. | 2004 | 15504159 |
| diagnostic relevance of immunoglobulin g avidity for hepatitis a virus. | diagnosis of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is based on the detection of hav immunoglobulin m (igm). however, igm could be detected due to nonspecific polyclonal activation of the immune system. an avidity test for anti-hav igg was developed to distinguish acute infection, where low-avidity antibodies are detected, from immune reactivation. the assay was tested on 104 samples, including 11 sera from patients with past infection, 15 sera from patients with acute infection and 4 collected ... | 2004 | 15528704 |
| [immunological safety and sensitizing effect of an mb-7-based vaccine against hepatitis a]. | the influence of a vaccine based on the mb-7 strain of hepatitis a virus (vp-mb-7) designed at the "vector" center of virology and biotechnology was studied. vp-mb-7 was found to provoke no allergic response and to have an activating effect on the specific and non-specific responses of cell and humoral immunity similar to those evoked by hepatitis a vaccine "hep-a-in vac". | 2004 | 15529858 |
| [safety research of a vaccine preparation in hepatitis a derived from the mb-7 rapidly growing strain]. | a study was undertaken to prove that a vaccine drug based on the fast-growing mb-7 (mb-7 vd) of hepatitis a virus (hav) is safe. it was established that mb-7 vd, when once injected to white outbred mice and when 4 times injected to hartley guineas pigs, did not cause any hematological and biochemical changes in the peripheral blood or in the condition of the central nervous system of experimental animals, which shows that mb-7 vd is free of any toxic properties. | 2004 | 15529865 |
| immunogenicity of booster vaccination with a virosomal hepatitis a vaccine after primary immunization with an aluminum-adsorbed hepatitis a vaccine. | increasing numbers of individuals are traveling to areas of high hepatitis a endemicity and require immunization against the hepatitis a virus (hav). the option of using a virosomal, aluminum-free, hav vaccine (epaxal) for booster immunization following primary vaccination with an aluminum-adsorbed vaccine has been assessed. | 2004 | 15541221 |
| phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis a virus in thailand. | human hepatitis a virus (hav) is a major causative agent of acute hepatitis, and the isolates are categorised into four genotypes: i (gi), ii (gii), iii (giii), and vii (gvii). although viral hepatitis has been detected under a nationwide surveillance system in thailand, the genetic variation of hav has not yet been determined. in the present study, serum specimens were collected from acute hepatitis patients in thailand from 1998-2002. the igm-class antibody to hav was detected in 156 out of 39 ... | 2005 | 15543573 |
| autoimmune hepatitis--sequel of a relapsing hepatitis a in a 75-year-old woman. | acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is a global cause of acute hepatitis. however, chronic hav infection is unlikely. nevertheless, there is some evidence that acute infection with hav may trigger chronic active hepatitis which fulfils the criteria of autoimmune hepatitis (aih). whether aih following hav infection is virus specific remains unclear. despite evidence that inherited factors may play a role in the development of autoimmunity after viral infection, the pathomechanism remains uncl ... | 2004 | 15557764 |
| genetic variability of hepatitis a virus isolates in rio de janeiro: implications for the vaccination of school children. | the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is shifting from high to intermediate endemicity in brazil, resulting in increased numbers of susceptible individuals and a greater potential for the emergence of outbreaks. universal vaccination against hav has been recommended for children, but updated sero-epidemiological data are necessary to analyze the level of natural immunity and to identify candidates for preventive measures. in addition, more molecular studies are necessary to chara ... | 2004 | 15558184 |
| hepatitis a seroprevalence and risk factors among day-care educators. | day-care centres play a role in the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav). up-to-date documentation on its seroprevalence and potential risk factors among day-care educators, who may be at risk for significant hav morbidity, is nevertheless lacking. the availability of a hepatitis a vaccine provides an additional opportunity for prevention in this population. to determine the seroprevalence of previous hav infection among day-care educators and to identify potential risk factors, we undertook ... | 2004 | 15559862 |
| influence of tnf gene polymorphism in patients with acute and fulminant hepatitis. | tumor necrosis factor (tnf) is involved in liver damage, especially in fulminant hepatitis (fh). our previous data showed that the serum level of tnf-alpha was markedly increased in fh. to investigate the mechanism of the overproduction of tnf in fh patients, polymorphism of the tnf gene was studied. | 2004 | 15565405 |
| clinical features and molecular characterization of hepatitis a virus outbreak in a child care center in thailand. | as a result of declining hepatitis a endemicity in thailand, an increasing number of children and adolescents have become susceptible to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. | 2005 | 15572002 |
| immunogenicity, reactogenicity and adherence to a combined hepatitis a and b vaccine in illicit drug users. | the use of illegal drugs is associated with an increase in infective risk for the hepatitis viruses, against which the vaccination of drug users (dus) is recommended unanimously. the aim of the study was to determine tolerability, adherence and immune response of a combined vaccine providing dual protection against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). | 2004 | 15585047 |
| clinical epidemiology of fulminant hepatitis in japan before the substantial introduction of liver transplantation: an analysis of 1309 cases in a 15-year national survey. | background:: the low incidence of fulminant hepatitis (fh) makes it difficult to accurately assess its viral etiology and clinical characteristics. additionally, the therapeutic options for fh have markedly changed over the years because of the substantial introduction of living-donor liver transplantation. aim:: to analyze and summarize a large-scale national survey on fh in the pretransplantation era in japan. method:: an analysis of answers to an annual questionnaire sent to 313 centers for l ... | 2004 | 15588781 |
| feasibility of vaccination in preventing secondary cases of hepatitis a virus infection. | although the secondary transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is preventable through vaccination, it is not known whether the vaccination of household contacts is feasible. to this end, we conducted a prospective cohort study among the household contacts, 40 years of age or less, of all persons infected with primary hav infection (index cases) and admitted to eight hospitals in southern italy within 7 days of onset. household contacts were vaccinated, and serum samples were taken at v ... | 2005 | 15603892 |
| concentration and detection of hepatitis a virus and rotavirus in spring water samples by reverse transcription-pcr. | every year, enteric viruses such as hepatitis a virus (hav), rotaviruses, and noroviruses are responsible for viral gastro-enteritis and hepatitis reported worldwide. these viruses are mostly transmitted via the faecal-oral route, from direct contact between people, or by ingestion of contaminated food and water. since only a few viral particles may cause disease, detection of low concentration of these viruses in food matrices is usually complex. the development of methods to concentrate viruse ... | 2005 | 15620398 |
| declining hepatitis a seroprevalence: a global review and analysis. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is spread by faecal-oral contact or ingestion of contaminated food or water. lifelong immunity is conferred by infection or vaccination, so anti-hav seroprevalence studies can be used to indicate which populations are susceptible to infection. seroprevalence rates are highly correlated with socioeconomic status and access to clean water and sanitation. increasing household income, education, water quality and quantity, sanitation, and hygiene leads to decreases in hav pre ... | 2004 | 15635957 |
| high-pressure inactivation of hepatitis a virus within oysters. | previous results demonstrated that hepatitis a virus (hav) could be inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) (d. h. kingsley, d. hoover, e. papafragkou, and g. p. richards, j. food prot. 65:1605-1609, 2002); however, direct evaluation of hav inactivation within contaminated oysters was not performed. in this study, we report confirmation that hav within contaminated shellfish is inactivated by hhp. shellfish were initially contaminated with hav by using a flowthrough system. pfu reductions ... | 2005 | 15640207 |
| a novel rt-multiplex pcr for enteroviruses, hepatitis a and e viruses and influenza a virus among infants and children with diarrhea in vietnam. | a novel reverse transcription-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (rt-multiplex pcr) assay that can detect enteroviruses, hepatitis a and e viruses and influenza a virus from various hosts (avian species, human, swine and horse) was developed. the identification of that group of viruses was performed with the mixture of four pairs of published specific primers (f1 and r1, p3 and p4, 2s and 2as, mmu42 and mmu43) for amplifying viral genomes and specifically generated four different amplicon sizes ... | 2005 | 15645373 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a in noord-brabant, the netherlands. | previous studies on the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) in amsterdam, the netherlands, show that subgenotype 1a is mainly seen among homosexual men practising anonymous oral-anal sex in saunas and darkrooms, while subgenotype 1b is usually detected among children originating from morocco, and subgenotype 3a is mostly found among travellers to pakistan. | 2005 | 15653415 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis a in patients with chronic liver disease. | hepatitis a virus (hav) rarely causes fulminant hepatic failure in the general population. yet it is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic liver disease (cld), in whom routine hav vaccination is recommended. however, studies of hav seroprevalence and exposure predictors in populations with cld are scarce. we have studied a cohort of 473 patients with various causes of cld between july 2000 and june 2002. patients were stratified on the basis of age, gender, ethn ... | 2005 | 15655056 |
| comparison of bacteriophage and enteric virus removal in pilot scale activated sludge plants. | the aim of this experimental study was to determine comparatively the removal of two types of bacteriophages, a somatic coliphage and an f-specific rna phage and of three types of enteric viruses, hepatitis a virus (hav), poliovirus and rotavirus during sewage treatment by activated sludge using laboratory pilot plants. | 2005 | 15659206 |
| changes in seroprevalence of hepatitis a in children and adolescents in manisa, turkey. | hepatitis a virus (hav), being an enteric transmitting virus wide world, occurs mostly in children of developing countries. however, the virus has recently been seen in adolescents and young adults worldwide. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of the hav infection in children and adolescents in manisa, turkey, and to verify whether the increased incidence of hav infection in other parts of the world and turkey generally is also true for the area of manisa. | 2004 | 15660865 |
| environmental risk factors for hepatitis a infection in the zenica-doboj canton, bosnia and herzegovina. | in the zenica-doboj canton, 1106 hepatitis a virus (hav) infections were reported during 2000 (an incidence rate of 252/100 000 population), with 996 (90.1%) cases occurring in nine community-wide outbreaks. analysis of water supplies showed that 398 (19.1%) samples contained coliforms, including 202 (50.8%) that were contaminated with thermotolerant escherichia coli. sewage sanitation systems were absent or substandard in 53 910 (81.8%) rural households. the group most affected during outbreaks ... | 2005 | 15679489 |
| growth of hepatitis a virus in a mouse liver cell line. | hepatitis a virus (hav) has been adapted to grow efficiently in primate and some nonprimate cell lines but not in cells of murine origin. to understand the inability of the virus to grow in mouse cells, we studied the replication of hav in immortalized and nontransformed mmh-d3 mouse liver cells, which require growth factors and collagen to maintain their phenotype. hav grew in mmh-d3 cells transfected with virion rna but not in those infected with viral particles, indicating a cell entry block ... | 2005 | 15709014 |
| hepatitis a molecular epidemiology in the united states, 1996-1997: sources of infection and implications of vaccination policy. | the genetic relatedness of hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates was determined to identify possible infection sources for case patients in the sentinel counties study of acute viral hepatitis. | 2005 | 15717272 |
| a method for quantitative determination of deuterium content in biological material. | a method was developed for quantitative determination of deuterium incorporated into live organisms or biological macromolecules. the deuterated biological material was mixed with a bovine serum albumin (bsa) supporter to make a homogeneous sample for which the deltad value (vs. vsmow) was analyzed using a dual-inlet gas isotope mass spectrometer. the method is described in detail, and the equation for calculation of deuterium content is presented, i.e., cbiod=1/500 x k x rvsmow x cbsah x 10(6) ... | 2005 | 15723442 |
| interchangeability and tolerability of a virosomal and an aluminum-adsorbed hepatitis a vaccine. | the interchangeability of virosomal (epaxal) and aluminum-adsorbed (havrix 1440) hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccines was studied in 111 healthy adults who were vaccinated in a randomized, single-blind, crossover clinical trial. anti-hav antibody titers were measured at days 0 (first dose), 14, and 28, and months 3, 6, 12 (second dose), 13, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72. most subjects (>95%) had sero-converted 14 days after the first dose of either vaccine. the second dose with either vaccine induced a high ... | 2005 | 15752828 |
| hepatitis a vaccines: the growing case for universal immunisation of children. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection results in a debilitating, multi-week illness in older children and adults that can be avoided with pre-exposure immunisation. inactivated hav vaccines are safe, highly effective and induce long-lasting protection. immunisation has typically been recommended only for groups at highest risk of infection or complications, with variable success. this paper reviews the outcomes of several new programmes of universal hav immunisation of children and/or adolescents. t ... | 2005 | 15757414 |
| spontaneous renal laceration as the presenting feature of polyarteritis nodosa in a patient with familial mediterranean fever after hepatitis a infection. | we report a life-threatening spontaneous renal laceration with no history of bleeding diathesis or any trauma in a patient with fmf after acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. right nephrectomy was inevitable and histological investigation of the removed right kidney revealed a polyarterits nodosa (pan). this case underlines the possibility that simultaneous pan and immunsupressive treatment besides colchicine should be considered for patients with fmf. also, patients with fmf who are not imm ... | 2005 | 15765217 |
| prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus in residents of a district in havana, cuba. | a seroepidemiological study of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection was conducted in a district of havana, where hepatitis a virus (hav) is considered endemic. the levels of anti-hev antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on the recombinant protein gst-orf2.1. anti-hev antibodies were detected in 11 of 209 (5.3%) of serum samples, compared to 71.3% for anti-hav antibodies. no risk factors reported previously for hev infection showed a significant association wi ... | 2005 | 15779049 |
| [prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis a infection in an hiv-infected french population]. | there are common risk factors between hepatitis a virus (hav) and human immuno deficiency virus (hiv) infections. | 2005 | 15780896 |
| [epidemiologic aspects of viral hepatitis a and vaccination]. | epidemiological problems connected with hepatitis a in twentieth century and in the first years of twenty-first were mentioned with special attention of self-limiting of cases in the periods of very high, high, medium, low and very low endemicity. decreasing of percentage of immunised persons was observed especially among children and young persons. it may be a cause in future of increasing of numbers of cases of hepatitis a even epidemics. therefore vaccination against hepatitis a some people i ... | 2004 | 15807158 |
| suppression of hepatitis a virus genome translation and replication by sirnas targeting the internal ribosomal entry site. | small interfering rnas (sirnas) targeting the coding region of hepatitis a virus (hav) were shown to specifically inhibit viral genome replication. compared to the coding region, the hav internal ribosomal entry site (ires) in the 5' non-coding region is highly sequence-conserved and folds into stable secondary structures. here, we report efficient and sustained rna interference mediated by both rnase iii-prepared sirna (esirna) and vector-derived short hairpin rnas (shrnas) that are targeted to ... | 2005 | 15823573 |
| the effects of socioeconomic development on worldwide hepatitis a virus seroprevalence patterns. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection confers long-term immunity, so mathematical analysis of age-specific seroprevalence in populations can reveal changes in the infection rate over time. hav transmission is related to access to clean drinking water, personal hygiene and public sanitation. | 2005 | 15831565 |
| replication and in vivo repair of the hepatitis a virus genome lacking the poly(a) tail. | the precise role of the poly(a) tail at the 3' end of the picornavirus rna genome and the cellular factors that control its homeostasis are unknown. to assess the importance of the poly(a) tail for virus replication, the genome of the slowly replicating hepatitis a virus (hav) with and without a poly(a) tail was studied after transfection into cells maintained under various conditions. a tailless hav genome had a shorter half-life than a poly(a)-containing genome and was unable to replicate in q ... | 2005 | 15831948 |
| rapid investigation of hepatitis a virus outbreak by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. | investigation of hepatitis a virus (hav) outbreaks often implies nucleotide sequence analysis. as an alternative method for the identification of related strains, single strand conformation polymorphism method (sscp) was compared to sequence analysis. twenty-three strains from sporadic and outbreak cases were studied retrospectively. sscp, sequence identity and phylogenetic analyses were conducted on a 267 bp fragment of the vp1-2a variable region. the results of sscp pattern comparison and sequ ... | 2005 | 15834883 |
| zinc-sensitive genes as potential new target genes of the metal transcription factor-1 (mtf-1). | zinc is an essential trace element that serves as a structural constituent of a large number of transcription factors, which explains its pivotal role in the control of gene expression. previous studies investigating the effect of zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation on gene expression in the human adenocarcinoma cell line ht-29 led to the identification of a considerable number of genes responding to alterations in cellular zinc status with changes in steady state mrna levels. for 9 of 20 g ... | 2005 | 15864330 |
| association of helicobacter pylori infection and giardiasis: results from a study of surrogate markers for fecal exposure among children. | to investigate whether helicobacter pylori (h pylori) infection is associated with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, presence of enteroparasites, and other surrogates of fecal exposure. | 2005 | 15884117 |
| positive test results for acute hepatitis a virus infection among persons with no recent history of acute hepatitis--united states, 2002-2004. | hepatitis a is a nationally reportable condition, and the surveillance case definition includes both clinical criteria and serologic confirmation. state health departments and cdc have investigated persons with positive serologic tests for acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection (i.e., igm anti-hav) whose illness was not consistent with the clinical criteria of the hepatitis a case definition. test results indicating acute hav infection among persons who do not have clinical or epidemiologic fea ... | 2005 | 15889006 |
| evidence for natural selection in the havcr1 gene: high degree of amino-acid variability in the mucin domain of human havcr1 protein. | the family of genes encoding t-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing proteins (tim), which are cell-surface molecules expressed in cd4(+) t helper cells, has important roles in the immune system. here, we report three unusual patterns of genetic variation in the human hepatitis a virus cellular receptor 1 gene (havcr1) that are similar to patterns observed in major histocompatibility complex loci. first, levels of polymorphism in exon 4 of havcr1 were exceptionally high in humans (nucl ... | 2005 | 15889130 |
| cost-analysis of different management policies for patients with mild hepatitis a virus infection in kazakhstan. | for patients with mild hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, this study compared estimates of total costs associated with managing cases under a policy of mandatory hospitalization in the republic of kazakhstan and estimates of total costs associated with managing cases in outpatient settings. costs were estimated both from the perspective of the ministry of health and from a broader societal perspective. | 2005 | 15890070 |
| application of microbial risk assessment to the development of standards for enteric pathogens in water used to irrigate fresh produce. | microbial contamination of the surfaces of cantaloupe, iceberg lettuce, and bell peppers via contact with irrigation water was investigated to aid in the development of irrigation water quality standards for enteric bacteria and viruses. furrow and subsurface drip irrigation methods were evaluated with the use of nonpathogenic surrogates, coliphage prd1, and escherichia coli atcc 25922. the concentrations of hepatitis a virus (hav) and salmonella in irrigation water necessary to achieve a 1:10,0 ... | 2005 | 15895721 |
| detection and quantification of hepatitis a virus in seawater via real-time rt-pcr. | a real-time rt-pcr method utilizing sybr green chemistry was developed to detect and enumerate hepatitis a virus (hav) in ocean water. ocean water samples were taken at the tijuana river mouth (tijuana, mexico) and imperial beach pier (1.4 km north of the tijuana river mouth in san diego, california) following four separate rain events. a total of eight samples were collected, one from each location, each consisting of 4 l of ocean water. using conventional rt-pcr and primers based on the conser ... | 2005 | 15896854 |