| use of remote sensing to identify spatial risk factors for malaria in a region of declining transmission: a cross-sectional and longitudinal community survey. | the burden of malaria has decreased dramatically within the past several years in parts of sub-saharan africa. further malaria control will require targeted control strategies based on evidence of risk. the objective of this study was to identify environmental risk factors for malaria transmission using remote sensing technologies to guide malaria control interventions in a region of declining burden of malaria. | 2011 | 21663661 |
| the clinical burden of malaria in nairobi: a historical review and contemporary audit. | widespread urbanization over the next 20 years has the potential to drastically change the risk of malaria within africa. the burden of the disease, its management, risk factors and appropriateness of targeted intervention across varied urban environments in africa remain largely undefined. this paper presents a combined historical and contemporary review of the clinical burden of malaria within one of africa's largest urban settlements, nairobi, kenya. | 2011 | 21599931 |
| climatic variables and malaria transmission dynamics in jimma town, south west ethiopia. | in ethiopia, malaria is seasonal and unstable, causing frequent epidemics. it usually occurs at altitudes < 2,000 m above sea level. occasionally, transmission of malaria occurs in areas previously free of malaria, including areas > 2,000 m above sea level. for transmission of malaria parasite, climatic factors are important determinants as well as non-climatic factors that can negate climatic influences. indeed, there is a scarcity of information on the correlation between climatic variability ... | 2011 | 21366906 |
| characterization of mosquito breeding sites in and in the vicinity of tigray microdams. | malaria vector control in ethiopia has a history of more than 50 years, but malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in ethiopia. thus, targeting the control program on the larval stage is of paramount importance. this study aimed to characterize the aquatic habitats of vector mosquito larvae associated with micro-dams. | 0 | 22434986 |
| a review on balanites aegyptiaca del (desert date): phytochemical constituents, traditional uses, and pharmacological activity. | balanites aegyptiaca del. (zygophyllaceae), known as 'desert date,' is spiny shrub or tree up to l0 m tall, widely distributed in dry land areas of africa and south asia. it is traditionally used in treatment of various ailments i.e. jaundice, intestinal worm infection, wounds, malaria, syphilis, epilepsy, dysentery, constipation, diarrhea, hemorrhoid, stomach aches, asthma, and fever. it contains protein, lipid, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, and organic acid. present review summar ... | 0 | 22096319 |
| a method of active case detection to target reservoirs of asymptomatic malaria and gametocyte carriers in a rural area in southern province, zambia. | asymptomatic reservoirs of malaria parasites are common yet are difficult to detect, posing a problem for malaria control. if control programmes focus on mosquito control and treatment of symptomatic individuals only, malaria can quickly resurge if interventions are scaled back. foci of parasite populations must be identified and treated. therefore, an active case detection system that facilitates detection of asymptomatic parasitaemia and gametocyte carriers was developed and tested in the mach ... | 2010 | 20920328 |
| [effectiveness of three biological larvicides and of an insect growth regulator against anopheles arabiensis in senegal]. | urban malaria is a major public health problem in africa. in senegal, the environmental changes seem to favor the persistence of malaria transmission in dakar suburbs by creating, throughout the year, potential breeding sites of malaria vectors. in such a situation and in a context of a growing threat of insecticide resistance in anopheline vectors, the larval control making use of products from biological origin or growth regulators could represent an additional tool to the current strategies d ... | 2016 | 27942991 |
| evaluation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis as a control agent for adult anopheles gambiae. | unlike the application of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) for the control of larval mosquitoes, studies of its effects on adults, for its possible use in attractive toxic sugar baits, have resulted in conflicting results. five species have shown a decrease in adult survival due to bti ingestion, whereas adults of anopheles arabiensis have not. we sought to determine if ingestion of bti by adults of anopheles gambiae, a sibling species of an. arabiensis, increases their mortality. labora ... | 2015 | 26375907 |
| optimization of photobioreactor growth conditions for a cyanobacterium expressing mosquitocidal bacillus thuringiensis cry proteins. | an anabaena strain (pcc 7120#11) that was genetically engineered to express bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis cry genes has shown good larvicidal activity against anopheles arabiensis, a major vector of malaria in africa. response surface methodology was used to evaluate the relationship between key growth factors and the volumetric productivity of pcc 7120#11 in an indoor, flat-plate photobioreactor. the interaction of input co₂ concentration and airflow rate had a statistically signifi ... | 2013 | 23732832 |
| effect of beauveria bassiana infection on detoxification enzyme transcription in pyrethroid resistant anopheles arabiensis: a preliminary study. | fungal biopesticides are of great interest to vector control scientists as they provide a novel and environmentally friendly alternative to insecticide use. the aim of this study was to determine whether genes associated with pyrethroid resistance in anopheles arabiensis from sudan and south africa are further induced following exposure to the entomopathogenic fungus, beauveria bassiana (strain gha). | 2014 | 24561325 |
| new antiprotozoal agents: synthesis and biological evaluation of different 4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanone derivatives. | in an endeavor to develop efficacious antiprotozoal agents 4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanone derivatives (5-14) were synthesized, characterized and biologically evaluated for antiprotozoal activity. the compounds were screened in vitro against the hm1: imss strain of entamoeba histolytica and nf54 chloroquine-sensitive strain of plasmodium falciparum. among the synthesized compounds six exhibited promising antiamoebic activity with ic50 values (0.14-1.26μm) lower ... | 2017 | 28027871 |
| [updated inventory of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) of the island of la réunion, indian ocean]. | a literature analysis coupled with new entomological surveys conducted between 2009 and 2012 led to changes in the list of mosquito species present on the island of la réunion. using morphological criteria, orthopodomyia arboricollis is replaced by or. reunionensis. on the basis of morphometrical and genetic criteria, culex univittatus is replaced by cx. neavei. cx. poicilipes, which was already reported missing 40 years ago, has not been found again. anopheles arabiensis is confirmed as the onl ... | 2013 | 23681758 |
| preliminary survey on anopheles species distribution in botswana shows the presence of anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus complexes. | botswana is one of the four front line malaria elimination countries in southern africa, with malaria control activities that include routine vector control. past and recent studies have shown that anopheles arabiensis is the only known vector of plasmodium parasites in the country. this report presents a preliminary evaluation on anopheles species composition in seven districts of botswana with some inferences on their vectorial role. | 2017 | 28270213 |
| malaria impact of large dams at different eco-epidemiological settings in ethiopia. | dams are important to ensure food security and promote economic development in sub-saharan africa. however, a poor understanding of the negative public health consequences from issues such as malaria could affect their intended advantages. this study aims to compare the malaria situation across elevation and proximity to dams. such information may contribute to better understand how dams affect malaria in different eco-epidemiological settings. | 2017 | 28250711 |
| estimation of malaria transmission intensity in sennar state, central sudan. | understanding the behaviour of malaria vectors is crucial for planning mosquito control programmes. the aim of this study was to estimate the malaria transmission intensity in 2 different ecological zones in a highly endemic malaria area of sennar state in central sudan over the main transmission period. species confirmation by pcr indicated that anopheles arabiensis was the only malaria vector in the study area, with high anthropophilic behaviour (84.9% human-feeding). elisa studies showed plas ... | 2012 | 23057388 |
| how does an ethiopian dam increase malaria? entomological determinants around the koka reservoir. | to identify entomological determinants of increased malaria transmission in the vicinity of the koka reservoir in central ethiopia. | 2012 | 22909096 |
| mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in mauritania: a review of their biodiversity, distribution and medical importance. | although mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) are important disease vectors, information on their biodiversity in mauritania is scarce and very dispersed in the literature. data from the scientific literature gathered in the country from 1948 to 2016 were collected and analyzed. overall 51 culicid species comprising 17 anopheles spp., 14 aedes spp., 18 culex spp. and two mansonia spp. have been described in mauritania among which anopheles arabiensis, aedes vexans, culex poicilipes and culex antennat ... | 2017 | 28103955 |
| proposal of thorsellia kenyensis sp. nov. and thorsellia kandunguensis sp. nov., isolated from larvae of anopheles arabiensis, as members of the family thorselliaceae fam. nov. | two gram-negative, rod-shaped strains, t2.1(t) and w5.1.1(t), isolated from larvae of the mosquito anopheles arabiensis, were investigated using a polyphasic approach. on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequence similarity studies, strains t2.1(t) and w5.1.1(t) were shown to belong to the genus thorsellia, both showing 97.8 % similarity to the type strain of thorsellia anophelis, with 98.1 % similarity to each other. chemotaxonomic data supported the allocation of the strains to the genus thorsellia: ... | 2015 | 25385997 |
| the antimosquito properties of extracts from flowering plants in south africa. | extracts of selected flowering plants, which are considered eco-friendly, are used for the treatment of numerous ailments and vector control worldwide. this has resulted in approximately 25 per cent of currently used drugs being derived from herbal sources. the aqueous and methanolic extracts of twelve plant species, psidium guajava (pink fruit), psidium guajava (white fruit), psidium cattleianum var. cattleianum, psidium guineense and psidium x durbanensis, achyranthes aspera, alternanthera ses ... | 2013 | 24522123 |
| ecology and habitat characterization of mosquitoes in saudi arabia. | the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) contains many of the world's mosquito vectors of parasitic and arboviral diseases. however, few studies addressed their geographic distribution and larval habitat characteristics. we carried out a 14-months mosquito survey in three ksa regions: makkah and al-baha (western) and jezan (south-western). larvae were collected by dipping from various water habitats and adults by cdc light and bg sentinel traps. climatic conditions and physicochemical characteristics o ... | 2013 | 24189671 |
| mass production cage for aedes albopictus (diptera:culicidae). | mass production is an important co mponent of any pest or vector control program that requires the release of large number of insects. as part of efforts to develop an area-wide program involving the sterile insect technique (sit) for the control of mosquitoes, the insect pest control laboratory of the food and agriculture organization-international atomic energy agency (fao-iaea joint division) has developed a mass production cage (aedes mpc) for brood stock colonies in a mass production system ... | 2014 | 24605465 |
| [sterile insect technique: targeted control without insecticide]. | sterile insect technique (sit) is a method of disease vector control technique that consists of releasing overwhelming numbers of sterile males. this method provides an environmentally friendly alternative to insecticides. another advantage of sit in comparison with other methods is to provide a targeted species-specific approach. in reunion island, sit has been proposed as a basis for developing a viable method of vector control against aedes albopictus and anopheles arabiensis. the technique h ... | 2012 | 22693930 |
| a new larval tray and rack system for improved mosquito mass rearing. | the requirement for efficient mosquito mass rearing technology has been one of the major obstacles preventing the large scale application of the sterile insect technique against mosquitoes. at the food and agriculture organization/international atomic energy agency (fao/ iaea) insect pest control laboratories we developed a larval rearing unit based on the use of a stainless steel rack that operates 50 thermoformed abs plastic trays and is expected to be able to successfully rear 140,000-175,000 ... | 2012 | 22679867 |
| a low technology emanator treated with the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin confers long term protection against outdoor biting vectors of lymphatic filariasis, arboviruses and malaria. | the vapor phase of the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin incapacitates mosquitoes and prevents them from feeding. although existing emanator products for delivering volatile pyrethroids protect against outdoor mosquito bites, they are too short-lived to be practical or affordable for routine use in low-income settings. new transfluthrin emanators, comprised simply of treated hessian fabric strips, have recently proven highly protective against outdoor-biting vectors of lymphatic filariasis, arbo ... | 2017 | 28388682 |
| effect of ionising (gamma) radiation on female anopheles arabiensis. | in a mosquito sterile insect technique programme the ideal scenario is to release male mosquitoes only. however, because there are currently no sex separation strategies which guarantee total female elimination, this study investigated the effect of irradiation on physiological and reproductive fitness of females of an anopheles arabiensis genetic sexing strain. | 2017 | 28371834 |
| reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration for recovery and reuse of larval rearing water in anopheles arabiensis mass production: effect of water quality on larval development and fitness of emerging adults. | countries around the world are showing increased interest in applying the sterile insect technique against mosquito disease vectors. many countries in which mosquitoes are endemic, and so where vector control using the sterile insect technique may be considered, are located in arid zones where water provision can be costly or unreliable. water reuse provides an alternate form of water supply. in order to reduce the cost of mass rearing of anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes, the possibility of recyc ... | 2017 | 28257813 |
| bites before and after bedtime can carry a high risk of human malaria infection. | understanding biting distribution of potentially infectious (parous) mosquitoes at various hours of the night would be useful in establishing the likely impact of bed nets on malaria transmission. bed nets are highly effective at preventing biting by older malaria vectors, which occurs when most people are in bed. however, this behaviour is likely to vary across ecological settings and among mosquito populations. | 2017 | 28241888 |
| geographical distributions of african malaria vector sibling species and evidence for insecticide resistance. | many of the mosquito species responsible for malaria transmission belong to a sibling complex; a taxonomic group of morphologically identical, closely related species. sibling species often differ in several important factors that have the potential to impact malaria control, including their geographical distribution, resistance to insecticides, biting and resting locations, and host preference. the aim of this study was to define the geographical distributions of dominant malaria vector sibling ... | 2017 | 28219387 |
| the effect of elevated temperatures on the life history and insecticide resistance phenotype of the major malaria vector anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae). | temperature plays a crucial role in the life history of insects. recent climate change research has highlighted the importance of elevated temperature on malaria vector distribution. this study aims to examine the role of elevated temperatures on epidemiologically important life-history traits in the major malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis. specifically, the differential effects of temperature on insecticide-resistant and susceptible strains were examined. | 2017 | 28193292 |
| characterisation of larval habitats, species composition and factors associated with the seasonal abundance of mosquito fauna in gezira, sudan. | larval source management (lsm), which requires an understanding of the ecology and composition of the local mosquito fauna, is an important parameter in successful vector control programmes. the present study was conducted to understand the distribution of larval habitats, species composition and factors associated with the seasonal abundance of mosquito larvae in gezira irrigation scheme in gezira state, central sudan. | 2017 | 28173839 |
| the role of grass volatiles on oviposition site selection by anopheles arabiensis and anopheles coluzzii. | the reproductive success and population dynamics, of anopheles malaria mosquitoes is strongly influenced by the oviposition site selection of gravid females. mosquitoes select oviposition sites at different spatial scales, starting with selecting a habitat in which to search. this study utilizes the association of larval abundance in the field with natural breeding habitats, dominated by various types of wild grasses, as a proxy for oviposition site selection by gravid mosquitoes. moreover, the ... | 2017 | 28173804 |
| pyrethroids and ddt tolerance of anopheles gambiae s.l. from sengerema district, an area of intensive pesticide usage in north-western tanzania. | to assess the susceptibility status of malaria vectors to pyrethroids and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt), characterise the mechanisms underlying resistance and evaluate the role of agro-chemical use in resistance selection among malaria vectors in sengerema agro-ecosystem zone, tanzania. | 2017 | 28168834 |
| synthesis and characterization of a novel series of 1,4-dihydropyridine analogues for larvicidal activity against anopheles arabiensis. | the new-fangled bis(4-substituted benzyl) 4-(4-substitued phenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivatives were synthesized by the union of substituted aryl aldehyde, tert-butyl acetoacetate, ammonium carbonate with 4-substituted benzyl alcohol via hantzsch ester synthesis in aqueous medium under catalyst-free conditions. the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques such as ir, nmr ((1) h and (13) c), esi mass, elemental analysis, and singl ... | 2017 | 28135765 |
| optimization of mosquito egg production under mass rearing setting: effects of cage volume, blood meal source and adult population density for the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis. | anopheles arabiensis is one of the major malaria vectors that put millions of people in endemic countries at risk. mass-rearing of this mosquito is crucial for strategies that use sterile insect technique to suppress vector populations. the sterile insect technique (sit) package for this mosquito species is being developed by the insect pest control subprogramme of the joint fao/iaea division of nuclear techniques in food and agriculture. to improve mass-rearing outcomes for an. arabiensis, the ... | 2017 | 28118825 |
| a(maize)ing attraction: gravid anopheles arabiensis are attracted and oviposit in response to maize pollen odours. | maize cultivation contributes to the prevalence of malaria mosquitoes and exacerbates malaria transmission in sub-saharan africa. the pollen from maize serves as an important larval food source for anopheles mosquitoes, and females that are able to detect breeding sites where maize pollen is abundant may provide their offspring with selective advantages. anopheles mosquitoes are hypothesized to locate, discriminate among, and select such sites using olfactory cues, and that synthetic volatile bl ... | 2017 | 28114992 |
| increased outdoor biting tendency of anopheles arabiensis and its challenge for malaria control in central ethiopia. | | 2016 | 27931990 |
| membrane effects of dihydropyrimidine analogues with larvicidal activity. | two recently synthesized dihydropyrimidines (dhpms) analogues have demonstrated larvicide and repellent activity against anopheles arabiensis. dhpms high lipophilicity suggests that these compounds may interact directly with the membrane and modify their biophysical properties. the purpose of the present study was to characterize the interaction of both compounds with artificial membranes. changes on the properties of dppc films were studied using langmuir monolayers. the presence of dhpms in th ... | 2017 | 27907857 |
| greener synthesis of indolizine analogues using water as a base and solvent: study for larvicidal activity against anopheles arabiensis. | greener synthesis of a series of novel indolizine analogues have been achieved by the cyclization of aromatic cycloimmonium ylides with electron-deficient alkynes in the presence of water as the base and solvent at 80 °c. yield of the title compounds was good and reactions performed were eco-friendly. the structures of these newly synthesized compounds have been confirmed by spectroscopic techniques such as ftir, nmr, lc-ms, and elemental analysis. characterized title compounds were evaluated fo ... | 2016 | 27440719 |
| evaluation of endod (phytolacca dodecandra: phytolaccaceae) as a larvicide against anopheles arabiensis, the principal vector of malaria in ethiopia. | malaria control methods rely mostly on adult mosquito control using insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying with insecticides. plants such as endod (phytolacca dodecandra) can potentially be used for the control of mosquito larvae as a supplement to adult control methods. following the discovery of endod, a molluscicide plant, more than 5 decades ago in ethiopia, subsequent studies have shown that its potency can further be increased by simple procedures such as aging endod berry p ... | 2016 | 27280350 |
| shift in species composition in the anopheles gambiae complex after implementation of long-lasting insecticidal nets in dielmo, senegal. | long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) are the cornerstones of malaria vector control. however, the effectiveness of these control tools depends on vector ecology and behaviour, which also largely determine the efficacy of certain anopheles mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) as vectors. malaria vectors in sub-saharan africa are primarily species of the anopheles gambiae complex, which present intraspecific differences in behaviour that affect how they respond to v ... | 2016 | 27058993 |
| characterization of an indoor-resting population of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) and the implications on malaria transmission in tubu village in okavango subdistrict, botswana. | comprehensive knowledge on vector dynamics is lacking in botswana and yet essential for effective indoor residual spraying. this study assessed some of the entomological indices that contribute to malaria transmission by an indoor-resting population of anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) in tubu village, okavango subdistrict. the pyrethroid space-spray technique and hut searches were used to sample mosquitoes. species and bloodmeal source identification were done using the polymeras ... | 2016 | 27018444 |
| synthesis, polymorphism, and insecticidal activity of methyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-iodo-2-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-4h-pyrimido[2,1-b]quinazoline-3-carboxylate against anopheles arabiensis mosquito. | mosquitoes are the major vectors of pathogens and parasites including those causing malaria, the most deadly vector-borne disease. the negative environmental effects of most synthetic compounds combined with widespread development of insecticide resistance encourage an interest in finding and developing alternative products against mosquitoes. in this study, pyrimido[2,1-b]quinazoline derivative dhpm3 has been synthesized by three-step chemical reaction and screened for larvicide, adulticide, an ... | 2016 | 26841246 |
| efficient attractants and simple odor-baited sticky trap for surveillance of anopheles arabiensis patton mosquito in ethiopia. | many efforts have been made to ease the burden of malaria through vector control, among whichis the development of odor-baited traps and evaluation of efficient attractants that could replace host odor. however, most traps and evaluated attractants are expensive, which poor communities cannot afford. this study was conductedwith the aim to devise asimple and affordable odor-baited trap and to investigate effective but affordable attractants for trapping anopheles arabiensis. | 2016 | 26829541 |
| malaria control at a gold mine in sadiola district, mali, and impact on transmission over 10 years. | the semos gold mine's malaria vector control programme forms part of the company's community responsibilities with the programme being managed by the mine's health department since 2005. | 2015 | 26626339 |
| monitoring dry season persistence of anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in a contained semi-field system in southwestern burkina faso, west africa. | to gain insight into the dry season survival strategies of anopheles gambiae s.l., a new contained semi-field system was developed and used for the first time in burkina faso, west africa. the system consisted of a screened greenhouse within which the local environment was reproduced, including all ecological requirements for mosquito development cycle completion. the system was seeded with the progenies of female anopheles gambiae, anopheles coluzzii, and anopheles arabiensis collected in the v ... | 2016 | 26576935 |
| modified veranda-trap hut for improved evaluation of vector control interventions. | experimental huts with veranda traps have been used in tanzania since 1963 for the study of residual insecticides for use with insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying. mosquitoes are allowed unrestricted entry through the eaves to facilitate the collection of an estimable proportion of mosquitoes that attempt to exit through the eave gaps, which are left open on two sides of the hut. this study was designed to validate the use of eave baffles to funnel entry and to prevent mosquito ... | 2015 | 26194052 |
| spatial abundance and human biting rate of anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus in savannah and rice agro-ecosystems of central tanzania. | this study was carried out to determine the spatial variations in malaria mosquito abundance and human biting rate in five villages representing rice-irrigation and savannah ecosystems in kilosa district, central tanzania. the study involved five villages namely tindiga and malui (wetland/rice irrigation), twatwatwa and mbwade (dry savannah) and kimamba (wet savannah). indoor mosquitoes were sampled using centers for disease control and prevention light traps in three houses in each village. ano ... | 2015 | 26054517 |
| characteristics of anopheles arabiensis larval habitats in tubu village, botswana. | documented information on the ecology of larval habitats in botswana is lacking but is critical for larval control programs. therefore, this study determined the characteristics of these habitats and the influences of biotic and abiotic factors in tubu village, botswana. eight water bodies were sampled between january and december, 2013. the aquatic vegetation and invertebrate species present were characterized. water parameters measured were turbidity (ntu), conductivity (μs/cm), oxygen (mg/l), ... | 2015 | 26047193 |
| the influence of dams on malaria transmission in sub-saharan africa. | the construction of dams in sub-saharan africa is pivotal for food security and alleviating poverty in the region. however, the unintended adverse public health implications of extending the spatial distribution of water infrastructure are poorly documented and may minimize the intended benefits of securing water supplies. this paper reviews existing studies on the influence of dams on the spatial distribution of malaria parasites and vectors in sub-saharan africa. common themes emerging from th ... | 2015 | 25894956 |
| the anopheles arabiensis genetic sexing strain ano ipcl1 and its application potential for the sterile insect technique in integrated vector management programmes. | the anopheles arabiensis genetic sexing strain ano ipcl1 was developed based on a dieldrin resistant mutation. the strain has been shown to be practical and reliable in terms of female elimination by dieldrin treatments at larval stages, but has provided some difficulties when treatments were applied at the egg stage. the high natural sterility of this strain has advantages and disadvantages in both mass rearing and the sterilization process. in addition, its recombination rate, although relativ ... | 2015 | 25438257 |
| desiccation tolerance as a function of age, sex, humidity and temperature in adults of the african malaria vectors anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus. | adult mosquito survival is strongly temperature and moisture dependent. few studies have investigated the interacting effects of these variables on adult survival and how this differs among the sexes and with age, despite the importance of such information for population dynamic models. for these reasons, the desiccation tolerance of anopheles arabiensis patton and anopheles funestus giles males and females of three different ages was assessed under three combinations of temperature and humidity ... | 2014 | 25267846 |
| metabolomic and ecdysteroid variations in anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes exposed to the stressful conditions of the dry season in burkina faso, west africa. | this study explored the metabolic adjustments prompted by a switch between the rainy and dry season conditions in the african malaria mosquitoes anopheles gambiae (m and s molecular forms) and anopheles arabiensis. mosquitoes were reared in contrasted experimental conditions reflecting environmental variation in burkina faso. thirty-five metabolites (including sugars, polyols, and amino acids) were monitored in newly emerged males and females, and their ecdysteroid titers were determined. metabo ... | 2014 | 24769712 |
| evaluation of the mosquitocidal effect of birbira (mellitia ferruginea) seed extract against anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) from ethiopia. | mosquito control using insecticides has been the most successful intervention known to reduce malaria prevalence and/or incidence. however, over time success has been hampered due to the development of resistance by mosquitoes against chemical insecticides recommended for public health use. development of effective botanical mosquitocidal compounds however can be potential alternatives tool in malaria vector control. thus, the present study aimed at investigating the mosquitocidal effect of "bir ... | 2014 | 24751416 |
| antimosquito properties of 2-substituted phenyl/benzylamino-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methoxycarbonyl-4-methyl-3,6-dihydropyrimidin--ium chlorides against anopheles arabiensis. | eight novel dihydropyrimidine analogs named dhpm1-dhpm8 was synthesized in their hydrochloride salt form using one pot synthesis between methyl 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate and substituted arylamines in isopropanol. the antimosquito effect of the test compounds were assessed against the adult mosquito anopheles arabiensis. for adulticidal properties the test compounds were sprayed onto ceramic tiles and screened using the cone bio-assay method. the lar ... | 2014 | 24506684 |
| characterization of anopheline (diptera: culicidae) larval habitats in nouakchott, mauritania. | despite the increasing number of reported autochthonous malaria cases in nouakchott and the identification of anopheles arabiensis as the major malaria vector in this saharan city, anopheline larval habitats have never been identified so far. the objective of this study was to identify and characterize anopheline larval habitats in nouakchott. | 2013 | 24499854 |
| occurrence of natural anopheles arabiensis swarms in an urban area of bobo-dioulasso city, burkina faso, west africa. | the swarming behaviour of natural populations of anopheles arabiensis was investigated by conducting transect surveys on 10 consecutive days, around dusk, from march to april and from september to october 2012 in dioulassoba, a district of bobo-dioulasso city in burkina faso (west africa). swarms were observed outside, around identified larval breeding sites on the banks of the houet river, as well as in the open-air courtyards found at the centre of many homes in the region. swarms were found t ... | 2014 | 24373897 |
| x-ray sterilization of the an. arabiensis genetic sexing strain 'ano ipcl1' at pupal and adult stages. | with a view to area wide integrated pest management programs with a sterile insect technique (sit) component against the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis, the effects of x-ray exposure of males of the genetic sexing strain (gss) of an. arabiensis, "ano ipcl1" have been tested. the suitability of x-ray was assessed in comparison to gamma-ray for mosquito sterilization in operational settings where the acquisition of gamma ray irradiators may be problematic. pupae and adult males were sterilize ... | 2014 | 24361725 |
| swarming and mating behavior of male anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) in an area of the sterile insect technique project in dongola, northern sudan. | the problems facing the conventional mosquito control methods including resistance to insecticides have led to the development of alternative methods such as the sterile insect technique (sit) to suppress populations of the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis in northern sudan. this method entails the release of large numbers of irradiated males to compete against wild conspecifics for mating with virgin females in the field. the swarming and mating behaviors of this species were conducted at tw ... | 2014 | 24291461 |
| ecology and behavior of anopheles arabiensis in relation to agricultural practices in central kenya. | ecological changes associated with anthropogenic ecosystem disturbances can influence human risk of exposure to malaria and other vector-borne infectious diseases. this study in mwea, kenya, investigated the pattern of insecticide use in irrigated and nonirrigated agroecosystems and association with the density, survival, and blood-feeding behavior of the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis. the parity rates of adult an. arabiensis from randomly selected houses were determined by examining their ... | 2013 | 24199496 |
| sugar-source preference, sugar intake and relative nutritional benefits in anopheles arabiensis males. | plant-derived sugar is the only source of dietary carbohydrate for males of most mosquito species. male resource acquisition and utilization remain an under-researched area of behavior in vectors of human diseases. however, the renewed interest in the use of sterile males against disease vector mosquitoes reinforces the urgent need for studies on the behavioral and ecological processes that underpin male fitness and reproductive success. here an attempt was made first to characterize the conditi ... | 2014 | 24184355 |
| divergence in threat sensitivity among aquatic larvae of cryptic mosquito species. | predation is a major evolutionary force driving speciation. the threat-sensitive response hypothesis predicts that prey adjust and balance the time spent on a costly antipredator response with other activities that enhance their fitness. thus, prey able to develop an antipredator response proportional to risk intensity should have a selective advantage. knowledge on how evolution has shaped threat sensitivity among closely related species exposed to different predation pressures is scarce, promp ... | 2014 | 24138173 |
| synthesis and antimosquito properties of 2,6-substituted benzo[d]thiazole and 2,4-substituted benzo[d]thiazole analogues against anopheles arabiensis. | a novel and efficient one pot synthesis was developed for 2,6-substituted-benzo[d]thiazole analogues 4a-k and 2,4-substituted-benzo[d]thiazole analogues 4l-pvia three component condensation reaction of substituted arylaldehyde, 2-amino-6-halo/4-methyl-benzo[d]thiazole and 2-naphthol or 6-hydroxyquinoline in presence of 10% w/v nacl in water by microwave method. this method enabled for short reaction times, easy work-up and significant high yields. the title compound 4b was used for single crysta ... | 2013 | 23727539 |
| different blood and sugar feeding regimes affect the productivity of anopheles arabiensis colonies (diptera: culicidae). | the success of the sterile insect technique for the management of mosquito populations depends on the release of large numbers of competitive sterile male insects. sustainable mosquito production can only be obtained when proper mass-rearing equipment and adequate methods are available, including those to feed blood to the female mosquitoes. the blood feeding apparatus hemotek consists of a small aluminum plate to which a collagen membrane is fixed and filled with blood kept warm by an electric ... | 2013 | 23540122 |
| anopheles arabiensis sperm production after genetic manipulation, dieldrin treatment, and irradiation. | the use of the sterile insect technique relies on the release of sterilized mass-reared male insects which, before field releases, endure several unnatural treatments. in the case of anopheles arabiensis (patton) sterile insect technique program in sudan, the genetic background of the original strain was first changed to create a genetic sexing strain that is based on a dieldrin-resistant mutation. secondly, the eggs of the genetic sexing strain require treatment with dieldrin to allow complete ... | 2013 | 23540119 |
| the impacts of land use change on malaria vector abundance in a water-limited, highland region of ethiopia. | changes in land use and climate are expected to alter the risk of malaria transmission in areas where rainfall limits vector abundance. we use a coupled hydrology-entomology model to investigate the effects of land use change on hydrological processes impacting mosquito abundance in a highland village of ethiopia. land use affects partitioning of rainfall into infiltration and runoff that reaches small-scale topographic depressions, which constitute the primary breeding habitat of anopheles arab ... | 2012 | 23212728 |
| comparisons of life-history characteristics of a genetic sexing strain with laboratory strains of anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) from northern sudan. | a genetic sex separation strain (gss) has been created for anopheles arabiensis (patton) (diptera: culicidae), one of the major african malaria vectors, for use in controlling wild populations of this species via the sterile insect technique (sit). this gss strain, "ano ipcl1," allows sex separation by a translocation linking a dieldrin resistance allele and the y chromosome. differences between ano ipcl1 relative to wild strains might reflect its field performance and therefore are of concern. ... | 2012 | 23025185 |
| an inexpensive and effective larval diet for anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae): eat like a horse, a bird, or a fish? | a successful sterile insect technique program depends upon mass production of good-quality sterile insects for release into a target area. specifically, to control anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) in a pilot area in northern sudan, 1 million an. arabiensis sterile males per day are needed. to reach this production objective, mosquito mass rearing is indispensable and larval diet, a key parameter for the production of healthy male mosquitoes, needs to be cost-effective. the koi fl ... | 2012 | 23025180 |
| anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis population densities and infectivity in kopere village, western kenya. | this study was conducted in a sugar belt region of western kenya interfacing epidemic and endemic malaria transmission. we investigated anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (ss) and anopheles arabiensis species compositions and densities, human host choice, and infectivity. | 2012 | 22910571 |
| insecticide susceptibility status of the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis in khartoum city, sudan: differences between urban and periurban areas. | vector resistance to insecticides is becoming a major obstacle to malaria prevention measures. a baseline survey was carried out in khartoum city, sudan, during september-november 2007, to map the insecticide susceptibility status ofanophelesarabiensis and to examine the correlation with insecticide usage in urban agriculture. susceptibility tests were conducted in 6 sentinel sites representing urban and periurban strata of the city. mortality rates and knockdown times were calculated for 8 inse ... | 2012 | 22891527 |
| [malaria prevention: the general practitioners experience on the reunion island]. | malaria has been officially eradicated from the reunion island since 1979. however, a potentially active vector of the disease - anopheles arabiensis - persists on the island. the risk of resurgence is quite significant. more than 90%of the patients presenting a malarial infection in reunion island after a stay in madagascar or in the comoros had followed a chemoprophylaxis that was not in accordance with the guidelines. a survey, that included 100 general practitioners, wasconducted in the reun ... | 2012 | 22744381 |
| longitudinal follow-up of malaria transmission dynamics in two villages in a sahelian area of niger during a nationwide insecticide-treated bednet distribution programme. | malaria transmission was monitored in two villages in the sahel zone of niger over 4 years. during this period, a nationwide vector control programme was carried out in which insecticide-treated bednets were distributed free to mothers of children aged <5 years. anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) were found to be the major malaria vectors. the dynamics of an. gambiae s.l. did not vary dramatically over the study period although the proportion of female mosquitoes fou ... | 2012 | 22680979 |
| lethal and sublethal effects of avermectin/milbemycin parasiticides on the african malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis. | four cattle parasiticides of the avermectin/milbemycin class were examined for lethal and sublethal effects on the zoophilic, african malaria vector anopheles arabiensis. ivermectin, moxidectin, doramectin, and eprinomectin were mixed with bovine blood and provided to laboratory-reared an. arabiensis in a membrane feeder. ivermectin and eprinomectin were lethal to an. arabiensis at low concentrations (lc50s of 7.9 ppb and 8.5 ppb, respectively). while the lethality of doramectin (lc50 of 23.9 pp ... | 2012 | 22493850 |
| larval habitat, ecology, seasonal abundance and vectorial role in malaria transmission of anopheles arabiensis in jazan region of saudi arabia. | studies on the ecology and role in malaria transmission of the local anopheline fauna of an. arabiensis, was undertaken at the red sea coastal plain, the tihama, in saudi arabia, an area of moderate malaria endemicity. studies were carried out over a 13 months period from march 2007, by larval collection and by adult collection using pyrethrum knockdown (pkd), and cdc light-traps at 9 s sites. in total 479,520 mosquitoes of 14 species collected seven anopheles species were identified: an. gambia ... | 2011 | 22435155 |
| [agricultural activities and epidemiology of malaria in soudano-sahelian zone in cameroon]. | we have comparatively studied the dynamics of malaria transmission in the villages of mokolo-douvar located in the rural area with traditional agriculture and gounougou irrigated rice area, in 2004 august and november and 2006 may and october, to assess vectors biting habits, and malaria inoculation rate and malaria parasite prevalence in cohort of children from 0 to 15 years. mosquitoes were collected by landing catches on volunteers and by pyrethrum spray collections. a total of 5961 anopheles ... | 2012 | 22294407 |
| resting behaviour of anopheles gambiae s.l. and its implication on malaria transmission in uyui district, western tanzania. | an entomological survey to determine resting behaviour and species composition of malaria vectors was carried out in uyui district in western tanzania in may 2009. mosquitoes were collected using indoor resting catch, window exit trap and outdoor "bed-net" techniques. the mosquitoes were identified using morphological key and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a total of 672 anopheles gambiae sensu lato were collected. of these, 661 (98.4%) were collected outdoor whereas few (1.6%) were collected ... | 2011 | 26592058 |
| preliminary efficacy investigations of oral fipronil against anopheles arabiensis when administered to zebu cattle (bos indicus) under field conditions. | globally, malaria remains one of the most important vector-borne diseases despite the extensive use of vector control, including indoor residual spraying (irs) and insecticide-treated nets (itns). these control methods target endophagic vectors, whereas some malaria vectors, such as anopheles arabiensis, preferentially feed outdoors on cattle, making it a complicated vector to control using conventional strategies. our study evaluated whether treating cattle with a capsule containing the active ... | 2017 | 28760483 |
| variation in species composition and infection rates of anopheles mosquitoes at different altitudinal transects, and the risk of malaria in the highland of dirashe woreda, south ethiopia. | the transmission of malaria is heterogeneous, and varies due to altitude. the information on whether the transmission of malaria is indigenous or imported to highland areas is scarce. therefore, this study aimed to assess the species composition and infection rates of anopheles at different altitudinal transects, and the risk of malaria if any in the highland of dirashe woreda, south ethiopia. | 2017 | 28724450 |
| grass pollen affects survival and development of larval anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae). | nutrients in breeding sites are critical for the survival and development of malaria mosquitoes, having a direct impact on vectorial capacity. yet, there is a limited understanding about the natural larval diet and its impact on the individual fitness of mosquitoes. recent studies have shown that gravid anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) are attracted by and oviposit in grass-associated habitats. the pollen provided by these grasses is a potential source of nutrients for the larvae ... | 2017 | 28922900 |
| an algal diet accelerates larval growth of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae). | the population sizes of anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) increase dramatically with the onset of the rainy season in sub-saharan africa, but the ecological mechanisms underlying the increases are not well understood. as a first step toward to understand, we investigated the proliferation of algae, the major food of mosquito larvae, in artificial fresh water bodies exposed to sunlight for a short period, and old water bodies exposed ... | 2018 | 29365176 |
| emerging pyrethroid resistance among anopheles arabiensis in kenya. | vector control programs, particularly in the form of insecticide-treated bed nets (itns), are essential for achieving malaria elimination goals. recent reports of increasing knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation frequencies for anopheles arabiensis in western kenya heightens the concern on the future effectiveness of itns in kenya. we examined resistance in an. arabiensis populations across kenya through kdr mutations and world health organization-recommended bioassays. we detected two kdr alleles ... | 2018 | 29363447 |
| evaluating efficacy of landsat-derived environmental covariates for predicting malaria distribution in rural villages of vhembe district, south africa. | malaria in south africa is still a problem despite existing efforts to eradicate the disease. in the vhembe district municipality, malaria prevalence is still high, with a mean incidence rate of 328.2 per 100,0000 persons/year. this study aimed at evaluating environmental covariates, such as vegetation moisture and vegetation greenness, associated with malaria vector distribution for better predictability towards rapid and efficient disease management and control. the 2005 malaria incidence data ... | 2018 | 29330677 |
| status of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in kwale county, coastal kenya. | the strategy for malaria vector control in the context of reducing malaria morbidity and mortality has been the scale-up of long-lasting insecticidal nets to universal coverage and indoor residual spraying. this has led to significant decline in malaria transmission. however, these vector control strategies rely on insecticides which are threatened by insecticide resistance. in this study the status of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and it's implication in malaria transmission at the k ... | 2018 | 29304805 |
| the relative contribution of symptomatic and asymptomatic plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum infections to the infectious reservoir in a low-endemic setting in ethiopia. | the majority of p. vivax and p. falciparum infections in low-endemic settings are asymptomatic. the relative contribution to the infectious reservoir of these infections, often of low-parasite-density, compared to clinical malaria cases, is currently unknown but important for malaria elimination strategies. | 2018 | 29304258 |
| photoperiodic responses of sahelian malaria mosquitoes anopheles coluzzii and an. arabiensis. | throughout large parts of sub-saharan africa, seasonal malaria transmission follows mosquito density, approaching zero during the dry season and peaking during the wet season. the mechanisms by which malaria mosquitoes survive the long dry season, when no larval sites are available remain largely unknown, despite being long recognized as a critical target for vector control. previous work in the west african sahel has led to the hypothesis that anopheles coluzzii (formerly m-form anopheles gambi ... | 2017 | 29282150 |
| cost-effective larval diet mixtures for mass rearing of anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae). | larval nutrition, particularly diet quality, is a key driver in providing sufficient numbers of high quality mosquitoes for biological control strategies such as the sterile insect technique. the diet currently available to mass rear anopheles arabiensis, referred here to as the "iaea diet", is facing high costs and difficulties concerning the availability of the bovine liver powder component. to promote more affordable and sustainable mosquito production, the present study aimed to find alterna ... | 2017 | 29273056 |
| impact of insecticide resistance in anopheles arabiensis on malaria incidence and prevalence in sudan and the costs of mitigation. | insecticide-based interventions have contributed to ∼78% of the reduction in the malaria burden in sub-saharan africa since 2000. insecticide resistance in malaria vectors could presage a catastrophic rebound in disease incidence and mortality. a major impediment to the implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies is that evidence of the impact of resistance on malaria disease burden is limited. a cluster randomized trial was conducted in sudan with pyrethroid-resistant and car ... | 2017 | 29229808 |
| new evidence of mating swarms of the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis in tanzania. | background: malaria mosquitoes form mating swarms around sunset, often at the same locations for months or years. unfortunately, studies of anopheles swarms are rare in east africa, the last recorded field observations in tanzania having been in 1983. methods: mosquito swarms were surveyed by trained volunteers between august-2016 and june-2017 in ulanga district, tanzania. identified anopheles swarms were sampled using sweep nets, and collected mosquitoes killed by refrigeration then identified ... | 2017 | 29184918 |
| determination of the residual efficacy of carbamate and organophosphate insecticides used for indoor residual spraying for malaria control in ethiopia. | indoor residual spraying is one of the key vector control interventions for malaria control in ethiopia. as malaria transmission is seasonal in most parts of ethiopia, a single round of spraying can usually provide effective protection against malaria, provided the insecticide remains effective over the entire malaria transmission season. this experiment was designed to evaluate the residual efficacy of bendiocarb, pirimiphos-methyl, and two doses of propoxur on four different wall surfaces (rou ... | 2017 | 29162113 |
| zooprophylaxis as a control strategy for malaria caused by the vector anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae): a systematic review. | zooprophylaxis is the use of wild or domestic animals, which are not the reservoir host of a given disease, to divert the blood-seeking malaria vectors from human hosts. in this paper, we systematically reviewed zooprophylaxis to assess its efficacy as a malaria control strategy and to evaluate the possible methods of its application. | 2017 | 29157310 |
| dissecting functional components of reproductive isolation among closely related sympatric species of the anopheles gambiae complex. | explaining how and why reproductive isolation evolves and determining which forms of reproductive isolation have the largest impact on the process of population divergence are major goals in the study of speciation. by studying recent adaptive radiations in incompletely isolated taxa, it is possible to identify barriers involved at early divergence before other confounding barriers emerge after speciation is complete. sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex offer opportunities to provid ... | 2017 | 29151864 |
| insecticide resistance in anopheles arabiensis from ethiopia (2012-2016): a nationwide study for insecticide resistance monitoring. | indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) remain the cornerstones of malaria vector control. however, the development of insecticide resistance and its implications for operational failure of preventative strategies are of concern. the aim of this study was to characterize insecticide resistance among anopheles arabiensis populations in ethiopia and describe temporal and spatial patterns of resistance between 2012 and 2016. | 2017 | 29151024 |
| indoor and outdoor malaria vector surveillance in western kenya: implications for better understanding of residual transmission. | the widespread use of indoor-based malaria vector control interventions has been shown to alter the behaviour of vectors in africa. there is an increasing concern that such changes could sustain residual transmission. this study was conducted to assess vector species composition, feeding behaviour and their contribution to indoor and outdoor malaria transmission in western kenya. | 2017 | 29110670 |
| multiple insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae from tanzania: a major concern for malaria vector control. | malaria vector control in tanzania is based on use of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs), which both rely on the use of chemical insecticides. the effectiveness of these control tools is endangered by the development of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vectors. this study was carried out to monitor the susceptibility status of major malaria vectors to insecticides used for irs and llins in mainland tanzania. | 2017 | 29084560 |
| semi-field assessment of the bg-malaria trap for monitoring the african malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis. | odour-baited technologies are increasingly considered for effective monitoring of mosquito populations and for the evaluation of vector control interventions. the bg-malaria trap (bgm), which is an upside-down variant of the widely used bg-sentinel trap (bgs), has been demonstrated to be effective to sample the brazilian malaria vector, anopheles darlingi. we evaluated the bgm as an improved method for sampling the african malaria vectors, anopheles arabiensis. experiments were conducted inside ... | 2017 | 29045484 |
| modeling host-seeking behavior of african malaria vector mosquitoes in the presence of long-lasting insecticidal nets. | the efficiency of spatial repellents and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) is a key research topic in malaria control. insecticidal nets reduce the mosquito-human contact rate and simultaneously decrease mosquito populations. however, llins demonstrate dissimilar efficiency against different species of malaria mosquitoes. various factors have been proposed as an explanation, including differences in insecticide-induced mortality, flight characteristics, or persistence of attack. here ... | 2018 | 29031707 |
| population dynamics and plasmodium falciparum (haemosporida: plasmodiidae) infectivity rates for the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) at mamfene, kwazulu-natal, south africa. | anopheles arabiensis (patton; diptera: culicidae) is a major malaria vector in the southern african region. in south africa, effective control of this species using indoor-based interventions is reduced owing to its tendency to rest outdoors. as south africa moves towards malaria elimination there is a need for complementary vector control strategies. one of the methods under consideration is the use of the sterile insect technique (sit). key to the successful implementation of an sit programme ... | 2017 | 28968846 |
| the influence of age on insecticide susceptibility of anopheles arabiensis during dry and rainy seasons in rice irrigation schemes of northern tanzania. | insecticide resistance is the major emerging challenge facing the malaria vector control programmes in tanzania. proper monitoring and detection is of paramount importance guiding the vector control programmes. this paper presents the effect of mosquito aging on insecticide resistance status in anopheles arabiensis populations in dry and rainy seasons in northern tanzania. | 2017 | 28893240 |
| composition of anopheles mosquitoes, their blood-meal hosts, and plasmodium falciparum infection rates in three islands with disparate bed net coverage in lake victoria, kenya. | small islands serve as potential malaria reservoirs through which new infections might come to the mainland and may be important targets in malaria elimination efforts. this study investigated malaria vector species diversity, blood-meal hosts, plasmodium infection rates, and long-lasting insecticidal net (llin) coverage on mageta, magare and ngodhe islands of lake victoria in western kenya, a region where extensive vector control is implemented on the mainland. | 2017 | 28886724 |
| does mosquito mass-rearing produce an inferior mosquito? | the success of the sterile insect technique depends, among other things, on continuous releases of sexually competitive sterile males within the target area. several factors (including high rearing density and physical manipulation, such as larvae and pupae separation) can influence the quality of males produced in mass-rearing facilities. the different steps in mass production in the laboratory may modify the behaviour of mosquitoes, directly or through loss of natural characters as a result of ... | 2017 | 28882146 |
| larvicidal effect of endod (phytolacca dodecandra) seed products against anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in ethiopia. | the purpose of the present study was to determine the larvicidal effect of 'endod' (phytolacca dodecandra) seed products on anopheles arabiensis, in ethiopia. | 2017 | 28877762 |