| understanding the cholera epidemic, haiti. | after onset of a cholera epidemic in haiti in mid-october 2010, a team of researchers from france and haiti implemented field investigations and built a database of daily cases to facilitate identification of communes most affected. several models were used to identify spatiotemporal clusters, assess relative risk associated with the epidemic's spread, and investigate causes of its rapid expansion in artibonite department. spatiotemporal analyses highlighted 5 significant clusters (p<0.001): 1 n ... | 2011 | 21762567 |
| preparation and evaluation of a freeze-dried oral killed cholera vaccine formulation. | different oral liquid cholera vaccines have proved to be safe and effective, but their formulations present problems for use in low-income countries, since large package volumes have to be transported and cold chain maintenance is required. a solid state formulation would here be more advantageous, and consequently, the possibility to develop a dry cholera vaccine formulation by freeze-drying was investigated. the ability of sucrose, trehalose and mannitol to provide process stabilization during ... | 2011 | 21757004 |
| long-term effects of ocean warming on the prokaryotic community: evidence from the vibrios. | the long-term effects of ocean warming on prokaryotic communities are unknown because of lack of historical data. we overcame this gap by applying a retrospective molecular analysis to the bacterial community on formalin-fixed samples from the historical continuous plankton recorder archive, which is one of the longest and most geographically extensive collections of marine biological samples in the world. we showed that during the last half century, ubiquitous marine bacteria of the vibrio genu ... | 2011 | 21753799 |
| modelling cholera epidemics: the role of waterways, human mobility and sanitation. | we investigate the role of human mobility as a driver for long-range spreading of cholera infections, which primarily propagate through hydrologically controlled ecological corridors. our aim is to build a spatially explicit model of a disease epidemic, which is relevant to both social and scientific issues. we present a two-layer network model that accounts for the interplay between epidemiological dynamics, hydrological transport and long-distance dissemination of the pathogen vibrio cholerae ... | 2011 | 21752809 |
| elucidation of a novel vibrio cholerae lipid a secondary hydroxy-acyltransferase and its role in innate immune recognition. | similar to most gram-negative bacteria, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of vibrio cholerae is comprised of lipopolysaccharide. previous reports have proposed that v. cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 synthesize structurally different lipid a domains, which anchor lipopolysaccharide within the outer membrane. in the current study, intact lipid a species of v. cholerae o1 and o139 were analysed by mass spectrometry. we demonstrate that v. cholerae serogroups associated with human disease syn ... | 2011 | 21752109 |
| mapping the regulon of vibrio cholerae ferric uptake regulator expands its known network of gene regulation. | chip coupled with next-generation sequencing (chip-seq) has revolutionized whole-genome mapping of dna-binding protein sites. although chip-seq rapidly gained support in eukaryotic systems, it remains underused in the mapping of bacterial transcriptional regulator-binding sites. using the virulence-required iron-responsive ferric uptake regulator (fur), we report a simple, broadly applicable chip-seq method in the pathogen vibrio cholerae. combining our chip-seq results with available microarray ... | 2011 | 21750152 |
| vibrio cholerae in traveler from haiti to canada. | to the editor: a nationwide outbreak of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 serotype ogawa began in haiti in october 2010 and has since resulted in >200,000 illnesses and 4,000 deaths (1). additional cases of cholera attributed to the outbreak strain have subsequently been reported in the neighboring dominican republic and in florida and new jersey in the united states. in these instances, illness was related to travel to haiti or consumption of contaminated water on the island of hispaniola (w ... | 2011 | 21749787 |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. case 19-2011. a 4-year-old haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea. | | 2011 | 21696312 |
| two novel retron elements are replaced with retron-vc95 in vibrio cholerae. | bacterial reverse transcriptase (rt) is responsible for the production of an rna-dna complex called multicopy single-stranded dna (msdna). the genetic element required for the sysnthesis of msdna is named a retron. here, we characterize two novel retrons named retron-vc81 and retron-vc137 in vibrio cholerae. interestingly, retron-vc81 and retron-vc137 are replaced by retron-vc95 at the same location on the chromosome. | 2011 | 21707739 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa serotype outbreak in a village of ambala district in haryana, india. | | 2011 | 21687387 |
| antibiotic prescription for adults with acute diarrhea at king chulalongkorn memorial hospital, thailand. | in thailand, acute diarrhea is one of the most common problems among ambulatory patients at the outpatient department (opd). overuse of antibiotics is associated with increased rates of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, unnecessary increased cost of treatment, and significant incidence of adverse effects. in thailand, how frequently antibiotic is prescribed in adult patients with acute diarrhea is not known. | 2011 | 21675442 |
| differential analogue binding by two classes of c-di-gmp riboswitches. | the ability of bacteria to adapt to a changing environment is essential for their survival. one mechanism bacteria have evolved to sense environmental cues and translate these signals into phenotypic changes uses the second messenger signaling molecule, cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp). in addition to several classes of protein receptors, two classes of c-di-gmp-binding riboswitches (class i and class ii) have been identified as downstream targets of the second messenger in this signa ... | 2011 | 21838307 |
| a high-throughput screening assay for inhibitors of bacterial motility identifies a novel inhibitor of the na+-driven flagellar motor and virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. | numerous bacterial pathogens, particularly those that colonize fast-flow areas in the bladder and gastrointestinal tract, require motility to establish infection and spread beyond the initially colonized tissue. vibrio cholerae strains of serogroups o1 and o139, the causative agents of the diarrheal illness cholera, express a single polar flagellum powered by sodium motive force and require motility to colonize and spread along the small intestine. therefore, motility may be an attractive target ... | 2011 | 21709090 |
| genome sequencing reveals unique mutations in characteristic metabolic pathways and the transfer of virulence genes between v. mimicus and v. cholerae. | vibrio mimicus, the species most similar to v. cholerae, is a microbe present in the natural environmental and sometimes causes diarrhea and internal infections in humans. it shows similar phenotypes to v. cholerae but differs in some biochemical characteristics. the molecular mechanisms underlying the differences in biochemical metabolism between v. mimicus and v. cholerae are currently unclear. several v. mimicus isolates have been found that carry cholera toxin genes (ctxab) and cause cholera ... | 2011 | 21731695 |
| comparison of memory b cell, antibody-secreting cell, and plasma antibody responses in young children, older children, and adults with infection caused by vibrio cholerae o1 el tor ogawa in bangladesh. | children bear a large component of the global burden of cholera. despite this, little is known about immune responses to cholera in children, especially those under 5 years of age. cholera vaccine studies have demonstrated lower long-term protective efficacy in young children than in older children and adults. memory b cell (mbc) responses may correlate with duration of protection following infection and vaccination. here we report a comparison of immune responses in young children (3 to 5 years ... | 2011 | 21697337 |
| real-time sequencing. | this month's genome watch describes the impact of next-generation sequencing on the 'real-time' analysis of pathogen genomes during outbreaks. | 2011 | 21836624 |
| evidence aid and the disaster response in pakistan and haiti. | this editorial has also been recorded as a podcast; please click here to access.as if a natural disaster was not enough, vibrio cholerae emerged to make the situation worse in post-flood pakistan, and for the first time since the 1960s in post-earthquake haiti . how do we, as researchers, policy-makers and human beings, respond to such situations? in response to the tsunami on 26 december 2004, concerned reviewers within the cochrane collaboration established evidence aid - an initiative that po ... | 2010 | 21833937 |
| influence of iron-chelated growth conditions on outer membrane protein production and virulence of vibrio tubiashii. | growth of two vibrio tubiashii strains under iron-chelated conditions resulted in the production of a hydroxymate-like siderophore, and expression of outer membrane proteins with homologies to proteins in vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus which were not seen in cells grown under non-chelated growth conditions. pcr analysis using primers based on listonella anguillarum's ferric uptake repressor protein (fur) gene detected a 316-ábp fur gene homolog which also had sequence homology to the fur ... | 2011 | 21839393 |
| comparative sequence analysis of reca gene among vibrio cholerae isolates from iran with globally reported sequences. | aims:ôçé to study the genetic relatedness between v.-ácholerae isolates from iran and other countries based on housekeeping gene reca sequence analysis. methods and results:ôçé a 995-bp region of the reca gene from 24ôçâv.-ácholerae isolates obtained from human and surface water origins in iran over a 5-year period was sequenced and compared with the sequence data from the isolates belonging to other places. cluster analysis of the constructed dendrogram based on reca sequence divergence for our ... | 2011 | 21707677 |
| synthesis of microbial signaling molecules and their stereochemistry-activity relationships. | microbial signaling molecules such as autoinducers and microbial hormones play important roles in intercellular communication in microorganisms. information transfer between the individual cells of a microorganism is one of the most important biological events among them. researchers often suffer from extremely low levels of microbial signaling molecule contents, which prevent them from understanding chemistry and biology of intercellular communication in microorganisms. chemical synthesis is a ... | 2011 | 21821958 |
| interactive configuration through force analysis of gm1 pentasaccharide-vibrio cholera toxin interaction. | understanding of the molecular relationships in carbohydrate-protein interactions provides useful information on biological processes in living organisms and is also helpful for development of potent biomedical agents. herein, the interaction unbinding force between gm1 pentasaccharide and vibrio cholera toxin (ctx) proteins was measured using atomic force microscopy (afm), which enabled us to determine the interaction of ctx holotoxin (ctxab) with gm1 and the interactive formation. first, the i ... | 2011 | 21699239 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of onion (allium cepa) against clinical isolates of vibrio cholerae. | cholera is a major public health problem in developing countries of the world. bacterial resistance, lack of surveillance data and proper microbiological facilities are major problems regarding diagnosis of cholera. the spread of microbial drug resistance is a global public health challenge that results in increased illness and death rate. newer antimicrobials or agents are urgently required to overcome this problem. this work was therefore done to investigate the antimicrobial potential of onio ... | 2010 | 21702293 |
| rna-seq-based monitoring of infection-linked changes in vibrio cholerae gene expression. | pathogens adapt to the host environment by altering their patterns of gene expression. microarray-based and genetic techniques used to characterize bacterial gene expression during infection are limited in their ability to comprehensively and simultaneously monitor genome-wide transcription. we used massively parallel cdna sequencing (rna-seq) techniques to quantitatively catalog the transcriptome of the cholera pathogen, vibrio cholerae, derived from two animal models of infection. transcripts ... | 2011 | 21843873 |
| outer membrane adhesion factor multivalent adhesion molecule 7 initiates host cell binding during infection by gram-negative pathogens. | the initial binding of bacteria to host cells is crucial to the delivery of virulence factors and thus is a key determinant of the pathogen's success. we report a multivalent adhesion molecule (mam) that enables a wide range of gram-negative pathogens to establish high-affinity binding to host cells during the early stages of infection. mam7 binds to the host by engaging in both protein-protein (with fibronectin) and protein-lipid (with phosphatidic acid) interactions with the host cell membrane ... | 2011 | 21709226 |
| synthesis and identification of +¦-aryloxyquinolines and their pyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives as a new class of antimicrobial and antituberculosis agents. | a new class of +¦-aryloxyquinolines 3a-i and their pyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives 6a-r incorporating a validated molecular target has been synthesized via a nucleophilic displacement and a one-pot multicomponent reaction respectively. in vitro antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds were investigated against a representative panel of pathogenic strains specifically bacillus subtilis, clostridium tetani, streptococcus pneumoniae, escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, vibrio cholera, ... | 2011 | 21741732 |
| use of filter paper as a transport medium for laboratory diagnosis of cholera under field conditions. | confirmation of a cholera epidemic is based on bacteriological identification of the agent and requires the sending of samples to a culture laboratory, often in countries with limited resources. comparison of the use of filter paper with the use of cary-blair reference medium for stool transport showed that this simple transport medium is appropriate for the recovery of vibrio cholerae. | 2011 | 21697327 |
| a fitness trade-off between local competition and dispersal in vibrio cholerae biofilms. | bacteria commonly grow in densely populated surface-bound communities, termed biofilms, where they gain benefits including superior access to nutrients and resistance to environmental insults. the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (eps), which bind bacterial collectives together, is ubiquitously associated with biofilm formation. it is generally assumed that eps secretion is a cooperative phenotype that benefits all neighboring cells, but in fact little is known about the competiti ... | 2011 | 21825170 |
| [epidemiologic and medico-clinical aspects of the cholera outbreak in the littoral department of benin in 2008]. | the purpose of this study was to determine epidemiological and medico-clinical features of the cholera outbreak that occurred in the littoral department of benin in 2008. | 2011 | 21695873 |
| application of photostable quantum dots for indirect immunofluorescent detection of specific bacterial serotypes on small marine animals. | an indirect immunofluorescence approach was developed using semiconductor quantum dot nanocrystals to label and detect a specific bacterial serotype of the bacterial human pathogen vibrio parahaemolyticus, attached to small marine animals (i.e.-ábenthic harpacticoid copepods), which are suspected pathogen carriers. this photostable labeling method using nanotechnology will potentially allow specific serotypes of other bacterial pathogens to be detected with high sensitivity in a range of systems ... | 2008 | 21825777 |
| occurrence and potential pathogenesis of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus on the south coast of sweden. | during the summer of 2006, several wound infections - of which three were fatal - caused by vibrio cholerae were reported from patients who had been exposed to water from the baltic sea. before these reports, we initiated a sampling project investigating the occurrence of potential human pathogenic v. cholerae, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in the sound between sweden and denmark. the blue mussel (mytilus edulis) was used as an indicator to follow the occurrence of vibrios over t ... | 2011 | 21692819 |
| a novel complex class 1 integron found in a klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from portugal. | klebsiella pneumoniae kp1 carrying a novel complex class 1 integron was isolated from an inanimate surface of a female ward sanitary facility in the hospital infante d. pedro, aveiro, central portugal. the integron consists of two variable regions (vrs); vr1 was previously described in escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae, and vr2 contains an in37-like structure and is located downstream of an iscr1 element. the integron was found on a plasmid of 225 kb. the qnrb10 gene, although present, is not ... | 2011 | 21722254 |
| molecular basis for the unique role of the aaa+ chaperone clpv in type vi protein secretion. | ring-forming aaa(+) atpases act in a plethora of cellular processes by remodeling macromolecules. the specificity of individual aaa(+) proteins is achieved by direct or adaptor-mediated association with substrates via distinct recognition domains. we investigated the molecular basis of substrate interaction for vibrio cholerae clpv, which disassembles tubular vipa/vipb complexes, an essential step of type vi protein secretion and bacterial virulence. we identified the clpv recognition site withi ... | 2011 | 21733841 |
| a new oral vaccine candidate based on the microencapsulation by spray-drying of inactivated vibrio cholerae. | the aim of this work was to evaluate the microencapsulation by spray-drying of inactivated vibrio cholerae, using methacrylic copolymers eudragit-« l30d-55 and fs30d. the microparticles obtained presented a particle size around 3.0 ++m. the preparation temperature affected the morphology and the antigenicity of microparticles, but it did not affect the v. cholerae content. in vitro release studies showed that in acid medium less than 5% of bacteria was released, and in neutral medium, eudragit-« ... | 2011 | 21683110 |
| identifying new variables during infection: proximity to the host epithelium and epigenetic programs alter the expression of virulence factors in vibrio cholerae. | | 2011 | 21833303 |
| genetic characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in zambia during 1996-2004 possessing the unique vsp-ii region of el tor variant. | summarynew variants of vibrio cholerae o1 have appeared in different time-frames in various endemic regions, especially in asia and africa. sixty-nine strains of v. cholerae o1 isolated in zambia between 1996 and 2004 were investigated by various genotypic techniques to determine the lineage of virulence signatures and clonality. all strains were positive for vibrio seventh pandemic islands (vsp)-i and vsp-ii and repeat toxin (rtx) gene clusters attesting their el tor lineage. interestingly, str ... | 2011 | 21676349 |
| [non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae bacteremia in a chronic hemodialysis patient]. | non-o1, and non-o139 vibrio cholerae is an infrequent cause of bacteremia. there are no reports of such bacteremia in chronic hemodialysis patients. this work describes the case of a chronic hemodialysis patient that had an episode of septicemia associated with dialysis. blood cultures were obtained and treatment was begun with vancomycin and ceftazidime. after 6.5 hours of incubation in the bact/alert system there is evidence of gram-negative curved bacilli that were identified as vibrio choler ... | 2011 | 21731967 |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. case 20-2011. a 30-year-old man with diarrhea after a trip to the dominican republic. | | 2011 | 21714651 |
| Vibrio cholerae O1 Infection Induces Proinflammatory CD4+ T-Cell Responses in Blood and Intestinal Mucosa of Infected Humans. | Vibrio cholerae O1 is a noninvasive enteric pathogen and serves as a model for studies of mucosal immunity. Although symptomatic V. cholerae infection induces durable protection against subsequent disease, vaccination with oral killed whole-cell V. cholerae stimulates less long-lasting protection against cholera. In this study, we demonstrated that cholera induces an early proinflammatory cellular immune response that results in priming of Th1- and Th17-type cytokine responses to ex vivo antigen ... | 2011 | 21697339 |
| secretory nucleoside diphosphate kinases from both intra- and extracellular pathogenic bacteria are functionally indistinguishable. | nucleoside diphosphate kinase (ndk), responsible for the maintenance of ntp pools, is an atp-utilizing enzyme secreted by different pathogens. we found that ndk from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is also secretory in nature. secretory ndk is known to play a crucial role in the survival of pathogenic microbes within host cells through their interaction with extracellular atp. to elucidate this aspect, we assessed the contribution of secretory products containing ndk fro ... | 2011 | 21816881 |
| bacteriological assessment of drinking water supply options in coastal areas of bangladesh. | this study was conducted to assess the bacteriological quality of alternative drinking water supply options in southwest coastal areas of bangladesh. a total of 90 water samples were collected during both dry and wet seasons from household based rainwater harvesting systems (rwhss), community based rain water harvesting systems (crwhss), pond-sand filters (psfs) and ponds. the samples were evaluated for faecal coliform, escherichia coli and heterotrophic plate count, as well as vibrio cholerae, ... | 2011 | 21942205 |
| biological characterization of two marine bdellovibrio-and-like organisms isolated from daya bay of shenzhen, china and their application in the elimination of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster. | bdellovibrio-and-like organisms (balos) are a group of highly motile delta-proteobacteria that prey on other gram-negative bacteria. however, nothing is known of the application potential of marine balos in safeguarding seafood safety. here, biological characterization of two marine balos strains and their application in the elimination of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster (crassostrea ariakensis) at the laboratory scale were investigated. balos strains bdh12 and bdhsh06 were isolated from sedim ... | 2011 | 21899909 |
| ecology and genetic structure of a northern temperate vibrio cholerae population related to toxigenic isolates. | although vibrio cholerae is an important human pathogen, little is known about its populations in regions where the organism is endemic but where cholera disease is rare. a total of 31 independent isolates confirmed as v. cholerae were collected from water, sediment, and oysters in 2008 and 2009 from the great bay estuary (gbe) in new hampshire, a location where the organism has never been detected. environmental analyses suggested that abundance correlates most strongly with rainfall events, as ... | 2011 | 21926213 |
| a model for vibrio cholerae colonization of the human intestine. | vibrio cholerae is a strict human pathogen that causes the disease cholera. it is an old-world pathogen that has re-emerged as a new threat since the early 1990s. v. cholerae colonizes the upper, small intestine where it produces a toxin that leads to watery diarrhea, characterizing the disease (kahn et al., 1988). the dynamics of colonization by the bacteria of the intestines are largely unknown. although a large initial infectious dose is required for infection, data suggests that only a small ... | 2011 | 21903104 |
| Characterization of Cholix toxin-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. | Cholix toxin (Cholix) is a novel ADP-ribosylating cytotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae, which utilizes eukaryotic elongation factor 2 as a substrate and acts by a mechanism similar to that of diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. First it was found that Cholix-treated HeLa cells exhibited caspase-dependent apoptosis, whereas intestinal cells such as Caco-2, HCT116, and RKO did not. Here we investigated Cholix-induced cell death signaling pathways in HeLa cells. Cholix-induced cytochrome ... | 2011 | 21903588 |
| drug-resistance mechanisms in vibrio cholerae o1 outbreak strain, haiti, 2010. | to increase understanding of drug-resistant vibrio cholerae, we studied selected molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance in the 2010 haiti v. cholerae outbreak strain. most resistance resulted from acquired genes located on an integrating conjugative element showing high homology to an integrating conjugative element identified in a v. cholerae isolate from india. | 2011 | 22099122 |
| Detection and characterization of pathogenic vibrios in shellfish by a Ligation Detection Reaction-Universal Array approach. | Vibrios are a group of major foodborne pathogens widely distributed in marine environment. Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus are the pathogenic species of Vibrio that pose the greatest threat to human health. However, other vibrios, e.g. Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio mimicus and Grimontia hollisae, apparently less relevant in the group of foodborne pathogens, have been sporadically found in outbreaks. For seafood safety and economic purposes, a rapid and powerful met ... | 2011 | 22177227 |
| safety and immunogenicity study of a killed bivalent (o1 and o139) whole-cell oral cholera vaccine shanchol, in bangladeshi adults and children as young as 1 year of age. | safety and immunogenicity study of an oral, killed, bivalent whole-cell, cholera vaccine, shanchol was carried out in bangladeshi participants. this study was conducted prior to initiating a feasibility study in bangladesh. | 2011 | 21907255 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase from vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae utilizes mannitol through an operon of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase (pts) type. a gene, mtld, encoding mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase was identified within the 3.9 kb mannitol operon of v. cholerae. the mtld gene was cloned from v. cholerae o395, and the recombinant enzyme was functionally expressed in e. coli as a 6×his-tagged protein and purified to homogeneity. the recombinant protein is a monomer with a molecular mass of 42.35 kda. the purified rec ... | 2011 | 21952367 |
| Overexpression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of CheY4 from Vibrio cholerae O395. | Chemotaxis and motility greatly influence the infectivity of Vibrio cholerae, although the role of chemotaxis genes in V. cholerae pathogenesis is poorly understood. In contrast to the single copy of CheY found in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, four CheYs (CheY1-CheY4) are present in V. cholerae. While insertional disruption of the cheY4 gene results in decreased motility, insertional duplication of this gene increases motility and causes enhanced expression of the two major virule ... | 2011 | 22139188 |
| Potential role of chitinases and chitin-binding proteins in host-microbial interactions during the development of intestinal inflammation. | The small and large intestines contain an abundance of luminal antigens derived from food products and enteric microorganisms. The function of intestinal epithelial cells is tightly regulated by several factors produced by enteric bacteria and the epithelial cells themselves. Epithelial cells actively participate in regulating the homeostasis of intestine, and failure of this function leads to abnormal and host-microbial interactions resulting in the development of intestinal inflammation. Major ... | 2011 | 21938682 |
| On sialic acid transport and utilization by Vibrio cholerae. | | 2011 | 21980116 |
| association of heavy rainfall on genotypic diversity in v. cholerae isolates from an outbreak in india. | the outbreak of waterborne disease cholera has been associated with rainfall and flooding events by contamination of potable water with environmental vibrio cholerae. the continuation of the epidemic in a region, however, is often due to secondary transmission of the initial outbreak strain through human waste. this paper reports, on the contrary, a rapid shift of genotype from one v. cholerae strain to another one in an epidemic region. v. cholerae isolated from patients during 2005 cholera epi ... | 2011 | 22194751 |
| Vibriocidal assays to determine the antibody titer of patient sera samples. | The vibriocidal titer assay can be used to detect antibodies against Vibrio cholerae in serum samples, serving as an indicator of prior infection and potential protection against cholera. The assay can be utilized in research and clinical settings to test the effectiveness of vaccines, and also in epidemiological studies relevant to cholera transmission and surveillance. This unit outlines the steps involved in conducting an easily interpreted colorimetric vibriocidal titer assay with a relative ... | 2011 | 22045586 |
| pathoadaptive conditional regulation of the type vi secretion system in vibrio cholerae o1 strains. | the most recently discovered secretion pathway in gram-negative bacteria, the type vi secretion system (t6ss), is present in many species and is considered important for the survival of non-o1 non-o139 vibrio cholerae in aquatic environments. until now, it was not known whether there is a functionally active t6ss in wild-type v. cholerae o1 strains, the cause of cholera disease in humans. here, we demonstrate the presence of a functionally active t6ss in wild-type v. cholerae o1 strains, as evid ... | 2011 | 22083711 |
| Genome sequence of the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae Amazonia. | Vibrio cholerae O1 Amazonia is a pathogen that was isolated from cholera-like diarrhea cases in at least two countries, Brazil and Ghana. Based on multilocus sequence analysis, this lineage belongs to a distinct profile compared to strains from El Tor and classical biotypes. The genomic analysis revealed that it contains Vibrio pathogenicity island 2 and a set of genes related to pathogenesis and fitness, such as the type VI secretion system, present in choleragenic V. cholerae strains. | 2011 | 21952545 |
| Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the 31 kDa Vibrio cholerae heat-shock protein VcHsp31. | The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is responsible for the diarrhoeal disease cholera in humans, induces the expression of numerous heat-shock genes. VcHsp31 is a 31 kDa putative heat-shock protein that belongs to the DJ-1/PfpI superfamily, functioning as both a chaperone and a protease. VcHsp31 has been cloned, overexpressed and purified by Ni(2+)-NTA affinity chromatography followed by gel filtration. Crystals of VcHsp31 were grown in the presence of PEG 6000 and MPD; they belon ... | 2011 | 22102237 |
| Possible laboratory contamination leads to incorrect reporting of Vibrio cholerae O1 and initiates an outbreak response. | V. cholerae O1 was reported from a river water specimen in South Africa. A public health response followed in order to prevent an outbreak. Further investigation determined this to be a pseudo-alert of V. cholerae O1, possibly linked to laboratory contamination. Following culture of bacteria from the water specimen, the testing laboratory possibly contaminated the culture with a V. cholerae O1 reference strain and then mistakenly reported isolation of V. cholerae O1. | 2011 | 22162543 |
| Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Pyrano[4,3-b]pyran and Pyrano[3,2-c]chromene Derivatives Bearing a 2-Thiophenoxyquinoline Nucleus. | A new series of pyrano[4,3-b]pyran 4a-i and pyrano[3,2-c]chromene 6a-r derivatives bearing a 2-thiophenoxyquinoline nucleus were synthesized by reaction of 2-(4-(un)-substituted thiophenoxy)quinoline-3-carbaldehydes 2a-i with 6-methyl-4-hydroxypyran-2-one 3 and 4-hydroxy-6-(un)-substituted-2H-chromen-2-one 5a-b respectively and malononitrile at room temperature in the presence of KOH as a basic catalyst. All the compounds were screened against three Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoni ... | 2011 | 22105795 |
| efficacy of a low-cost, inactivated whole-cell oral cholera vaccine: results from 3 years of follow-up of a randomized, controlled trial. | killed oral cholera vaccines (ocvs) have been licensed for use in developing countries, but protection conferred by licensed ocvs beyond two years of follow-up has not been demonstrated in randomized, clinical trials. | 2011 | 22028938 |
| immunization of mice with vibrio cholerae outer-membrane vesicles protects against hyperinfectious challenge and blocks transmission. | background. vibrio cholerae excreted by cholera patients is "hyperinfectious" (hi), which can be modeled by passage through infant mice. immunization of adult female mice with v. cholerae outer-membrane vesicles (omvs) passively protects suckling mice from challenge. although v. cholerae is unable to colonize protected pups, the bacteria survive passage and have the potential to be transmitted to susceptible individuals. here, we investigated the impact of omv immunization and the hi state on v. ... | 2011 | 22147790 |
| hemolysin induces toll-like receptor (tlr)-independent apoptosis and multiple tlr-associated parallel activation of macrophages. | vibrio cholerae hemolysin (hlya) displays bipartite property while supervising macrophages (mφ). the pore-forming toxin causes profound apoptosis within 3 h of exposure and in parallel supports activation of the defying mφ. hlya-induced apoptosis of mφ remains steady for 24 h, is toll-like receptor (tlr)-independent, and is driven by caspase-9 and caspase-7, thus involving the mitochondrial or intrinsic pathway. cell activation is carried forward by time dependent up-regulation of varying tlrs. ... | 2011 | 21846723 |
| Characterization of anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and chemical compositions of Peperomia pellucida leaf extract. | Peperomia pellucida leaf extract was characterized for its anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities, and chemical compositions. Anticancer activity of P. pellucida leaf extract was determined through Colorimetric MTT (tetrazolium) assay against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell line and the antimicrobial property of the plant extract was revealed by using two-fold broth micro-dilution method against 10 bacterial isolates. Antioxidant activity of the plant extract was then charact ... | 2011 | 22071643 |
| structural characterization of inhibitors with selectivity against members of a homologous enzyme family. | the aspartate biosynthetic pathway provides essential metabolites for many important biological functions, including the production of four essential amino acids. as this critical pathway is only present in plants and microbes, any disruptions will be fatal to these organisms. an early pathway enzyme, l-aspartate-β-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, produces a key intermediate at the first branch point of this pathway. developing potent and selective inhibitors against several orthologs in the l-aspart ... | 2012 | 22039970 |
| Functional characterization of VC1929 of Vibrio cholerae El Tor: role in mannose-sensitive haemagglutination, virulence and utilization of sialic acid. | The nonadhesive mutant CD11 of Vibrio cholerae El Tor, defective in expression of mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin, lacks a protein when compared with its parent strain. Determination of the amino acid sequence revealed the identity of the protein as the product of VC1929, which is annotated to encode a protein, DctP, involved in the transport of C4-dicarboxylates. We cloned the dctP gene in pUC19 vector and expressed it in mutant CD11. Expression of DctP in the resulting complemented strain res ... | 2011 | 21873407 |
| vash is a transcriptional regulator of the type vi secretion system functional in endemic and pandemic vibrio cholerae. | the gram-negative bacterium vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera, a disease characterized by the release of high volumes of watery diarrhea. many medically important proteobacteria, including v. cholerae, carry one or multiple copies of the gene cluster that encodes the bacterial type vi secretion system (t6ss) to confer virulence or interspecies competitiveness. structural similarity and sequence homology between components of the t6ss and the cell-puncturing device of t4 bacteri ... | 2011 | 21949076 |
| amplified fragment length polymorphism of clinical and environmental vibrio cholerae from a freshwater environment in a cholera-endemic area, india. | the region around chandigarh in india has witnessed a resurgence of cholera. however, isolation of v. cholerae o1 from the environment is infrequent. therefore, to study whether environmental nono1-nono139 isolates, which are native to the aquatic ecosystem, act as precursors for pathogenic o1 strains, their virulence potential and evolutionary relatedness was checked. | 2011 | 21936962 |
| [characteristics of vibrio cholerae nono1/nono139 serogroup strains that caused diseases in population of rostov region]. | genotype characteristic and determination of serological properties of vibrio cholerae nono1/nono139 strains that caused diseases in population of rostov region from 2000 to 2009. | 2011 | 22145343 |
| Population genetics of Vibrio cholerae from Nepal in 2010: evidence on the origin of the Haitian outbreak. | Cholera continues to be an important cause of human infections, and outbreaks are often observed after natural disasters, such as the one following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Once the cholera outbreak was confirmed, rumors spread that the disease was brought to Haiti by a battalion of Nepalese soldiers serving as United Nations peacekeepers. This possible connection has never been confirmed. We used whole-genome sequence typing (WGST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antimicrobia ... | 2011 | 21862630 |
| Natural cholera infection-derived immunity in an endemic setting. | Live oral cholera vaccines may protect against cholera in a manner similar to natural cholera infections. However, information on which to base these vaccines is limited. | 2011 | 21849288 |
| evidence for several waves of global transmission in the seventh cholera pandemic. | vibrio cholerae is a globally important pathogen that is endemic in many areas of the world and causes 3-5 million reported cases of cholera every year. historically, there have been seven acknowledged cholera pandemics; recent outbreaks in zimbabwe and haiti are included in the seventh and ongoing pandemic. only isolates in serogroup o1 (consisting of two biotypes known as 'classical' and 'el tor') and the derivative o139 can cause epidemic cholera. it is believed that the first six cholera pan ... | 2011 | 21866102 |
| localization of ubiquinone-8 in the na+-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae. | na(+) is the second major coupling ion at membranes after protons, and many pathogenic bacteria use the sodium-motive force to their advantage. a prominent example is vibrio cholerae, which relies on the na(+)-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) as the first complex in its respiratory chain. the na(+)-nqr is a multisubunit, membrane-embedded nadh dehydrogenase that oxidizes nadh and reduces quinone to quinol. existing models describing redox-driven na(+) translocation by the na(+)-nq ... | 2011 | 21885438 |
| vibrio cholerae infection, novel drug targets and phage therapy. | vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. although antibiotic therapy shortens the duration of diarrhea, excessive use has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in v. cholerae. mobile genetic elements have been shown to be largely responsible for the shift of drug resistance genes in bacteria, including some v. cholerae strains. quorum sensing communication systems are used for interaction among bacteria and for sensing environmental signals. sequen ... | 2011 | 22004038 |
| Spinosad and neem seed kernel extract as bio-controlling agents for malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi and non-biting midge, Chironomus circumdatus. | Midge egg masses are reported to support non-pathogenic strains of the cholera pathogen, Vibrio cholera (V. cholera). Mosquito born diseases have been reported to cause millions of death worldwide. The present research reveals the toxicity effect of spinosad and neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) against different larval stages of Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) and Chironomus circumdatus (Ch. circumdatus). | 2011 | 21914538 |
| authors' response: on sialic acid transport and utilization by vibrio cholerae. | authors' response: on sialic acid transport and utilization by vibrio cholerae. | 2011 | 22034486 |
| tolc affects virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. | a vibrio cholerae tolc mutant showed increased toxt expression in m9 medium, but not in the presence of four amino acids that induce cholera toxin production, and in lb with high osmolarity but not high ph or temperature. tolc did not affect expression of other regulatory genes in the toxr regulon. | 2011 | 21856848 |
| lplunc1 modulates innate immune responses to vibrio cholerae. | recent studies demonstrate that long palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone 1 protein (lplunc1) is involved in immune responses to vibrio cholerae, and that variations in the lplunc1 promoter influence susceptibility to severe cholera in humans. however, no functional role for lplunc1 has been identified. | 2011 | 21900486 |
| south asia instead of nepal may be the origin of the haitian cholera outbreak strains. | | 2011 | 21990616 |
| rapid detection by multiplex pcr of genomic islands, prophages and integrative conjugative elements in v. cholerae 7th pandemic variants. | vibrio cholerae poses a threat to human health, and new epidemic variants have been reported so far. seventh pandemic v. cholerae strains are characterized by highly related genomic sequences but can be discriminated by a large set of genomic islands, phages and integrative conjugative elements. classical serotyping and biotyping methods do not easily discriminate among new variants arising worldwide, therefore the establishment of new methods for their identification is required. we developed a ... | 2012 | 22062086 |
| environmental and epidemiological surveillance of vibrio cholerae in a cholera-endemic region in india with freshwater environs. | to conduct epidemiological and ecological surveillance of cholera in freshwater environments. | 2012 | 22054549 |
| protein domain of unknown function 3233 is a translocation domain of autotransporter secretory mechanism in gamma proteobacteria. | vibrio cholerae, the enteropathogenic gram negative bacteria is one of the main causative agents of waterborne diseases like cholera. about 1/3(rd) of the organism's genome is uncharacterised with many protein coding genes lacking structure and functional information. these proteins form significant fraction of the genome and are crucial in understanding the organism's complete functional makeup. in this study we report the general structure and function of a family of hypothetical proteins, dom ... | 2011 | 22073138 |
| functional roles of a tetraloop/receptor interacting module in a cyclic di-gmp riboswitch. | riboswitches are a class of structural rnas that regulate transcription and translation through specific recognition of small molecules. riboswitches are attractive not only as drug targets for novel antibiotics but also as modular tools for controlling gene expression. sequence comparison of a class of riboswitches that sense cyclic di-gmp (type-i c-di-gmp riboswitches) revealed that this type of riboswitch frequently shows a gaaa loop/receptor interaction between p1 and p3 elements. in the cry ... | 2011 | 22074990 |
| cholera in united states associated with epidemic in hispaniola. | cholera is rare in the united states (annual average 6 cases). since epidemic cholera began in hispaniola in 2010, a total of 23 cholera cases caused by toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 have been confirmed in the united states. twenty-two case-patients reported travel to hispaniola and 1 reported consumption of seafood from haiti. | 2011 | 22204035 |
| comparative genomics of vibrio cholerae from haiti, asia, and africa. | cholera was absent from the island of hispaniola at least a century before an outbreak that began in haiti in the fall of 2010. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) analysis of clinical isolates from the haiti outbreak and recent global travelers returning to the united states showed indistinguishable pfge fingerprints. to better explore the genetic ancestry of the haiti outbreak strain, we acquired 23 whole-genome vibrio cholerae sequences: 9 isolates obtained in haiti or the dominican repub ... | 2011 | 22099115 |
| emergence of vibrio cholerae serotype hikojima in northern tamil nadu. | | 2011 | 21976808 |
| variants of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor from zambia showed new genotypes of ctxb. | | 2011 | 21939579 |
| [acute gastroenteritis caused by a vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 strain harboring a genetic region homologous to the vpai-7 pathogenicity island]. | pathogenic vibrio cholerae isolates, the etiologic agents of cholera, generally express one of two o antigens (o1 or o139). most environmental isolates are nonpathogenic and are referred to as "non-o1, non-o139". however some v. cholerae non-o1, non-o139 strains are clearly pathogenic and have caused outbreaks or sporadic cases of gastroenteritis and extraintestinal infections in humans. we report a case of acute gastroenteritis by a v. cholerae non-o1, non-o139 harboring a genetic region homolo ... | 2011 | 22051624 |
| differentiation among the vibrio cholerae serotypes o1, o139, o141 and non-o1, non-o139, non-o141 using specific monoclonal antibodies with dot blotting. | seven different monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific to only vibrio cholerae were produced using a combination of five representative serotypes of v. cholerae for immunization. the first three mabs (vc-93, vc-82 and vc-223) were specific to the v. cholerae serogroup o1 with different avidity for the serotypes o1 inaba and o1 ogawa. the fourth and the fifth mabs were specific to v. cholerae o139 (vc-812) or o141 (vc-191) serogroups, respectively. the sixth mab (vc-26) bound to all three serogrou ... | 2011 | 21851839 |
| two cases of vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 septicaemia with favourable outcome in lebanon. | | 2011 | 21977578 |
| the crystal structure of aphb, a virulence gene activator from vibrio cholerae, reveals residues that influence its response to oxygen and ph. | expression of the two critical virulence factors of vibrio cholerae, toxin-coregulated pilus and cholera toxin, is initiated at the tcpph promoter by the regulators apha and aphb. apha is a winged helix dna-binding protein that enhances the ability of aphb, a lysr-type transcriptional regulator, to activate tcpph expression. we present here the 2.2 å x-ray crystal structure of full-length aphb. as reported for other lysr-type proteins, aphb is a tetramer with two distinct subunit conformations. ... | 2011 | 22053934 |
| characterization of pathogenicity island prophage in clinical and environmental strains of vibrio cholerae. | in this study 86 isolates of vibrio cholerae were analysed for their adhesive properties and the presence of pathogenicity island genes. with the exception of three isolates, all of the other clinical isolates (92.5%) contained an intact tcp (toxin-co-regulated pilus) gene cluster. in contrast, 95% of all environmental non-o1-non-o139 isolates were negative for the tcp gene cluster. the majority of clinical isolates (82.5%) possessed the complete vibrio pathogenicity island (vpi) gene cluster an ... | 2011 | 21852526 |
| natural transformation of vibrio fischeri requires tfox and tfoy. | recent evidence has indicated that natural genetic transformation occurs in vibrio cholerae, and that it requires both induction by chitin oligosaccharides, like chitohexaose, and expression of a putative regulatory gene designated tfox. using sequence and phylogenetic analyses we have found two tfox paralogues in all sequenced genomes of the genus vibrio. like v. cholerae, when grown in chitohexaose, cells of v. fischeri are able to take up and incorporate exogenous dna. chitohexaose-independen ... | 2010 | 21966921 |
| a role for quorum sensing in regulating innate immune responses mediated by vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles (omvs). | outer membrane vesicles (omvs) are released from many gram-negative bacteria. omvs interact with and are taken up by human cells. we and others have now showed that omvs contain peptidoglycan, which is sensed mainly by the pattern-recognition receptor nod1 in the cytoplasm of host cells. vibrio cholerae is clinically important as one of the causative agents of severe dehydrating diarrhea in humans. we showed that non-o1 non-o139 v. cholerae (novc) strains of v. cholera produce omvs. of note, we ... | 2011 | 22067940 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 lineages driving cholera outbreaks during seventh cholera pandemic in ghana. | in recent years, the frequency of cholera epidemics across africa has increased significantly with thousands of people dying each year. however, there still exists a lack of information concerning the vibrio cholerae o1 lineages driving early and contemporary epidemics since the seventh cholera pandemic started in the continent. this compromises the understanding of the forces determining the epidemiology of cholera in africa and its control. this study aimed to analyze a collection of v. choler ... | 2011 | 21896336 |
| microwave assisted synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of new fused pyran derivatives bearing 2-morpholinoquinoline nucleus. | a new series of fused pyran derivatives 5a-x bearing 2-morpholinoquinoline nucleus has been synthesized under microwave irradiation by a reaction of 2-morpholinoquinoline-3-carbaldehyde 2a-c, malononitrile 3 and compounds 4a-h in presence of naoh as basic catalyst. all the compounds were screened against three gram positive bacteria (streptococcus pneumoniae, clostridium tetani, bacillus subtilis), three gram negative bacteria (salmonella typhi, vibrio cholerae, escherichia coli) and two fungi ( ... | 2011 | 21890359 |
| Bacterial chromosome segregation. | Dividing cells have mechanisms to ensure that their genomes are faithfully segregated into daughter cells. In bacteria, the description of these mechanisms has been considerably improved in the recent years. This review focuses on the different aspects of bacterial chromosome segregation that can be understood thanks to the studies performed with model organisms: Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Caulobacter crescentus and Vibrio cholerae. We describe the global positionning of the nucleoid i ... | 2012 | 22201788 |
| an overview of cholera vaccines and their public health implications. | the current cholera pandemic now involves almost the entire developing world and represents an important global challenge. though improved water and sanitation remain the mainstays of cholera prevention efforts, major improvements to infrastructure continue to be a goal far out of reach for many of those affected and near-term interventions, including vaccines, need consideration. | 2011 | 22157363 |
| erratum: variation in epitopes of the b subunit of vibrio cholerae non-o1 and vibrio mimicus cholera toxins. | | 1990 | 22049941 |
| interplay among cyclic diguanylate, hapr, and the general stress response regulator (rpos) in the regulation of vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin/protease. | vibrio cholerae secretes the zn-dependent metalloprotease hemagglutinin (ha)/protease (mucinase), which is encoded by hapa and displays a broad range of potential pathogenic activities. expression of ha/protease has a stringent requirement for the quorum-sensing regulator hapr and the general stress response regulator rpos. here we report that the second messenger cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-gmp) regulates the production of ha/protease in a negative manner. overexpression of a diguanylate cycla ... | 2011 | 21965573 |
| recombinant production of cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptides in escherichia coli using an inducible autocleaving enzyme tag. | antimicrobial peptides (amps), such as the linear amphipathic cathelicidins, are produced widely in the natural world and are active against a broad range of pathogenic microorganisms. their potential as a new range of antibiotics has prompted numerous studies of amp structure and function. most such studies are performed with chemically synthesised peptides, but a simple and rapid biosynthetic route would offer a more cost-effective alternative for the production of amps and analysis of their s ... | 2011 | 22100429 |
| developing next generation antimicrobials by intercepting ai-2 mediated quorum sensing. | bacteria have been evolving antibiotic resistance since their discovery in the early twentieth century. most new antibiotics are derivatives of older generations and there are now bacteria that are virtually resistant to almost all antibiotics. this poses a global threat to human health and has been classified as a clinical "super-challenge", which has necessitated research into new antimicrobials that inhibit bacterial virulence while minimizing selective pressures that lead to the emergence of ... | 2011 | 22112397 |