| the word caribou. | | 1928 | 17806847 |
| iron-55 in humans and their foods. | measurable quantities of iron-55 are present in people, animals, and food. the amount in eskimos and caribou at anaktuvuk, alaska, is about eight times that in residents and cattle near richland, washington. meat and grains are the foods that contribute most to the body burdens of iron-55 in human beings. | 1965 | 17809410 |
| hostages in the arctic: the porcupine caribou. | | 1980 | 17830797 |
| caribou and the meat shortage. | | 1943 | 17834099 |
| caribou hunters. | | 1979 | 17840235 |
| upper pleistocene radiocarbon-dated artefacts from the northern yukon: man was in beringia 27,000 years ago. | the evidence presented here indicates that man lived in the eastern part of the beringian refugium before the peak of the late wisconsin glaciation (27). he had sharp, stone tools intended for working bone and means of breaking large mammoth bones. probably he hunted mammoth and caribou, and prepared the skins of the caribou for use as clothing and perhaps shelter. it is possible that he migrated to southern north america, although evidence for the presence of man there prior to the peak of the ... | 1973 | 17843757 |
| papillar morphology of the rumen of forest reindeer (rangifer tarandus fennicus) and semidomesticated reindeer (r. t. tarandus). | the papillar morphology of the ventral and dorsal rumen of the wild forest reindeer (rangifer tarandus fennicus lönn.) and semidomesticated reindeer (r. t. tarandus l.) was studied in october and november 1996. the morphological measurements which were carried out were: the lengths of the papillae, the number of the papillae per square centimetre, the cross-sectional area and perimeter of sections cut from the middle of papillae. from these measurements mean papillar volume, areal papillar volum ... | 2007 | 17845227 |
| comment arising from a paper by wittmer et al.: hypothesis testing for top-down and bottom-up effects in woodland caribou population dynamics. | conservation strategies for populations of woodland caribou rangifer tarandus caribou frequently emphasize the importance of predator-prey relationships and the availability of lichen-rich late seral forests, yet the importance of summer diet and forage availability to woodland caribou survival is poorly understood. in a recent article, wittmer et al. (can j zool 83:407-418, 2005b) concluded that woodland caribou in british columbia were declining as a consequence of increased predation that was ... | 2007 | 17891419 |
| fatal inanition in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus): pathological findings in completely emaciated carcasses. | in a project to determine the causes of winter mortality in reindeer in finnmark county, northern norway, the most frequent diagnosis turned out to be complete emaciation, despite several of the reindeer having been given silage for up to 4 weeks before they died. the present paper describes autopsy results and other findings in these animals. | 2007 | 17903247 |
| morphological and molecular identification of three species of sarcocystis in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in iceland. | six sarcocystis species have previously been described from reindeer in norway based on sarcocyst morphology and dna sequencing. the aim of this study was to determine whether reindeer in iceland, which descend from reindeer imported from norway in 1787, also were infected with sarcocystis, and to identify and genetically characterise any species present. muscle tissue from the heart, diaphragm and/or oesophagus was collected from 36 reindeer in iceland. pieces of all tissue samples were examine ... | 2007 | 17904291 |
| evidence for a trade-off between early growth and tooth wear in svalbard reindeer. | ruminants depend on efficient physical degradation of forage through chewing to increase the surface area of the food particles presented to the microflora. fossil evidence suggests that increased molar height is an adaptation for wear tolerance in dry ecosystems with sparse vegetation, but no study has shown selection pressure for hypsodonty in contemporary ruminants. we explored the relationships between particle size in rumen, tooth wear (scanned molar occlusal topography), age and body mass ... | 2007 | 17922710 |
| development and evaluation of a real-time reverse transcription-pcr assay for quantification of gamma interferon mrna to diagnose tuberculosis in multiple animal species. | tuberculosis of free-ranging and captive wildlife, including species implicated in the maintenance and transmission of mycobacterium bovis, is a difficult disease to diagnose and control. historically, diagnosis of tuberculosis has relied largely upon assays of cell-mediated immunity (cmi), such as tuberculin skin testing. this approach, however, is problematic or impractical for use with many wildlife species. increasingly, in vitro diagnostic tests, including gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-based ... | 2007 | 17942606 |
| serosurvey for toxoplasma gondii in arctic foxes and possible sources of infection in the high arctic of svalbard. | samples (blood or tissue fluid) from 594 arctic foxes (alopex lagopus), 390 svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), 361 sibling voles (microtus rossiaemeridionalis), 17 walruses (odobenus rosmarus), 149 barnacle geese (branta leucopsis), 58 kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), and 27 glaucous gulls (larus hyperboreus) from svalbard and nearby waters were assayed for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii using a direct agglutination test. the proportion of seropositive animals was 43% in ar ... | 2007 | 17950534 |
| revisiting lévy flight search patterns of wandering albatrosses, bumblebees and deer. | the study of animal foraging behaviour is of practical ecological importance, and exemplifies the wider scientific problem of optimizing search strategies. lévy flights are random walks, the step lengths of which come from probability distributions with heavy power-law tails, such that clusters of short steps are connected by rare long steps. lévy flights display fractal properties, have no typical scale, and occur in physical and chemical systems. an attempt to demonstrate their existence in a ... | 2007 | 17960243 |
| accounting for system dynamics in reserve design. | systematic conservation plans have only recently considered the dynamic nature of ecosystems. methods have been developed to incorporate climate change, population dynamics, and uncertainty in reserve design, but few studies have examined how to account for natural disturbance. considering natural disturbance in reserve design may be especially important for the world's remaining intact areas, which still experience active natural disturbance regimes. we developed a spatially explicit, dynamic s ... | 2007 | 17974334 |
| giardia duodenalis cysts isolated from wild moose and reindeer in norway: genetic characterization by pcr-rflp and sequence analysis at two genes. | there are few genotyping studies of giardia duodenalis isolates from cervid hosts, although a previous study suggested that cervids may be a source of infection for humans and cattle. giardia duodenalis isolates collected from wild moose (alces alces) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in norway during 2002 and 2003 were characterized by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fraction length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) at the beta-giardin gene, and sequence analysis at both the beta-giardin and glutama ... | 2007 | 17984252 |
| climate change reduces reproductive success of an arctic herbivore through trophic mismatch. | in highly seasonal environments, offspring production by vertebrates is timed to coincide with the annual peak of resource availability. for herbivores, this resource peak is represented by the annual onset and progression of the plant growth season. as plant phenology advances in response to climatic warming, there is potential for development of a mismatch between the peak of resource demands by reproducing herbivores and the peak of resource availability. for migratory herbivores, such as car ... | 2008 | 18006410 |
| potentials and limitations for human control over historic fire regimes in the boreal forest. | fire, being both a natural and cultural phenomenon, presents problems in disentangling the historical effect of humans from that of climate change. here, we investigate the potential impact of humans on boreal fire regimes from a perspective of fuels, ignitions and culture. two ways for a low technology culture to impact the fire regime are as follows: (i) by altering the number of ignitions and their spatial distribution and timing and (ii) by hindering fire spread. different cultures should be ... | 2008 | 18006412 |
| traditional food attributes must be included in studies of food security in the canadian arctic. | the objective was to explore some typically understudied characteristics of food security in arctic canada: observed changes to traditional food systems, perceived advantages and health benefits of traditional food and traditional food preferences. | 2007 | 18018844 |
| phylogenetic relationships between sarcocystis species from reindeer and other sarcocystidae deduced from ssu rrna gene sequences. | six sarcocystis species from reindeer (s. grueneri, s. rangi, s. tarandivulpes, s. hardangeri, s. rangiferi and s. tarandi) have previously been genetically characterised. the aim of this study was to identify possible definitive hosts for s. hardangeri, s. rangiferi and s. tarandi by including the six species in phylogenetic analyses of the sarcocystidae, and also to investigate the phylogenetic relationships between the species from reindeer and those from other hosts. the study also aimed at ... | 2008 | 18022189 |
| towards evidence based emergency medicine: best bets from the manchester royal infirmary. weather dependent nasal erythema in reindeer (rangifer tarandus). | a short cut review was carried out to establish whether nasal erythema in a reindeer might be a useful navigational aid on christmas eve. from a search of nine papers, five presented evidence relevant to the question. the author, date and country of publication, "subjects" studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these papers are presented in table 3. the clinical bottom line is that a reindeer with a red nose at rest at the north pole would not inspire confidence. | 2007 | 18029521 |
| canadian-acquired hydatid disease: a case report. | echinococcal cysts are unusual in canada, and most cases seen are in immigrants. in northern canadian communities, echinococcus granulosis infection occasionally is acquired from dogs that feed on the entrails of caribou or moose. seventeen patients with canadian-acquired hydatid cysts were seen over an 11-year period. one challenging case is described in detail. an 18-year-old aboriginal woman presented with jaundice, pain, lower extremity edema and coagulopathy from a 26 cm echinococcal hepati ... | 2001 | 18159337 |
| prevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild ruminants from the countryside or captivity in the czech republic. | in the czech republic, sera from 720 wild ruminants were examined for antibodies to neospora caninum by screening competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat); the same sera were also examined for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by ifat. neospora caninum antibodies were found in 14% (11 positive/79 tested) roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 14% (2/14) sika deer (cervus nippon), 6% (24/ 377) red deer (cervus elaphus), 1% (2/143) ... | 2007 | 18163361 |
| evidence for declines in human population densities during the early upper paleolithic in western europe. | in western europe, the middle to upper paleolithic (m/up) transition, dated between approximately 35,000 and approximately 40,000 radiocarbon years, corresponded to a period of major human biological and cultural changes. however, information on human population densities is scarce for that period. new faunal data from the high-resolution record of saint-césaire, france, indicate an episode of significant climatic deterioration during the early upper paleolithic (eup), which also was associated ... | 2008 | 18172204 |
| accumulation of radiocesium by mushrooms in the environment: a literature review. | during the last 50 years, a large amount of information on radionuclide accumulators or "sentinel-type" organisms in the environment has been published. much of this work focused on the risks of food-chain transfer of radionuclides to higher organisms such as reindeer and man. until the 1980s and 1990s, there were few published data on the radiocesium ((134)cs and (137)cs) accumulation by mushrooms. the present review of published data for (134,137)cs accumulation by mushrooms in nature discusse ... | 2008 | 18191312 |
| human influence on distribution and extinctions of the late pleistocene eurasian megafauna. | late pleistocene extinctions are of interest to paleontological and anthropological research. in north america and australia, human occupation occurred during a short period of time and overexploitation may have led to the extinction of mammalian megafauna. in northern eurasia megafaunal extinctions are believed to have occurred over a relatively longer period of time, perhaps as a result of changing environmental conditions, but the picture is much less clear. to consider megafaunal extinction ... | 2008 | 18199470 |
| heterogeneity in individual quality overrides costs of reproduction in female reindeer. | reproductive allocation at one age is predicted to reduce the probability of surviving to the next year or to lead to a decrease in future reproduction. this prediction assumes that reproduction involves fitness costs. however, few empirical studies have assessed whether such costs may vary with the age at primiparity or might be overridden by heterogeneities in individual quality. we used data from 35 years' monitoring of individually marked semi-domestic reindeer females to investigate fitness ... | 2008 | 18246374 |
| human ophthalmomyiasis interna caused by hypoderma tarandi, northern canada. | human myiasis caused by bot flies of nonhuman animals is rare but may be increasing. the treatment of choice is laser photocoagulation or vitrectomy with larva removal and intraocular steroids. ophthalmomyiasis caused by hypoderma spp. should be recognized as a potentially reversible cause of vision loss. | 2008 | 18258079 |
| morphology and genetics of a babesia isolate from capreolus capreolus. | a babesia isolate that was morphologically distinct from babesia capreoli and very similar to b. divergens was found in the blood of a roe deer (capreolus capreolus) found dead in central italy. sequences corresponding to the full coding region of the 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene were identical to a sequence reported for babesia divergens from a reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and 99.9% and 99.8% similar to those reported for b. capreoli and bovine origin b. divergens, respectively. | 2008 | 18263834 |
| blood culture and stimulation conditions for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cervids by the cervigam assay. | mitogen- and antigen-induced interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) responses of peripheral blood leucocytes from cervids were evaluated by a commercial whole-blood assay. the assay was applied to mycobacterium bovis-infected white-tailed deer and reindeer, m bovis bcg-vaccinated white-tailed deer and elk, and unvaccinated, uninfected white-tailed deer, fallow deer, elk and reindeer. the responses of the m bovis-infected white-tailed deer to pokeweed mitogen (pwm) varied with time and between individuals. ... | 2008 | 18281626 |
| the effects of wintertime undernutrition on plasma leptin and insulin levels in an arctic ruminant, the reindeer. | we examined the effects of prolonged undernutrition on plasma leptin and insulin levels and some serum protein metabolites in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) during winter and spring. the reindeer (male <1 year) were fed their preferred winter feed, low-protein lichen ad libitum for 5 weeks, followed by 40% restriction of energy for 8 weeks and refeeding with high-protein pellets for 6 weeks. the control group received high-protein reindeer pellets ad libitum throughout the experiment. ... | 2008 | 18282730 |
| optimal foraging: lévy pattern or process? | many different species have been suggested to forage according to a lévy walk in which the distribution of step lengths is heavy-tailed. theoretical research has shown that a lévy exponent of approximately 2 can provide a higher foraging efficiency than other exponents. in this paper, a composite search model is presented for non-destructive foraging behaviour based on brownian (i.e. non-heavy-tailed) motion. the model consists of an intensive search phase, followed by an extensive phase, if no ... | 2008 | 18292078 |
| cancer in the sami population of sweden in relation to lifestyle and genetic factors. | the reindeer herding sami of sweden have low incidences of cancer. the aim of the present study was to investigate the cancer risk in a large cohort of swedish sami, containing sami with different lifestyle and genetic sami heritage. a cohort of 41,721 sami identified in official national registers between 1960 and 1997, was divided into two sub-populations -- reindeer herding sami (rs) and non-reindeer herding sami (nrs). a demographically matched non-sami reference population (ns) was used as ... | 2008 | 18322808 |
| sarcocystis in moose (alces alces): molecular identification and phylogeny of six sarcocystis species in moose, and a morphological description of three new species. | muscle tissues from 34 moose from southeastern norway and two moose from canada were examined. sarcocysts were excised and morphologically classified by light microscopy, and some cysts were further examined by scanning electron microscopy or dna amplification and sequencing at the small subunit (ssu) rrna gene. in norwegian moose, three sarcocyst types were recognized, yet five sarcocystis species were found by sequence analysis. new names were proposed for three species which could be characte ... | 2008 | 18369663 |
| molecular anatomy of the cytoplasmic domain of bovine growth hormone receptor, a quantitative trait locus. | quantitative trait loci (qtl) studies have indicated growth hormone receptor (ghr) as a candidate gene affecting cattle milk yield and composition. in order to characterize genetic variation at ghr in cattle, we studied european and east african breeds with different histories of selection, and bos grunniens, ovis aries, sus scrofa, bison bison and rangifer tarandus as references. we sequenced most of the cytoplasmic domain (900 bp of exon 10), 89 bp of exon 8, including the putative causative m ... | 2008 | 18381258 |
| isotopic dietary analysis of a neanderthal and associated fauna from the site of jonzac (charente-maritime), france. | we report here on the isotopic analysis (carbon and nitrogen) of collagen extracted from a neanderthal tooth and animal bone from the late mousterian site of jonzac (charente-maritime, france). this study was undertaken to test whether the isotopic evidence indicates that animal protein was the main source of dietary protein for this relatively late neanderthal, as suggested by previous studies. this was of particular interest here because this is the first isotopic study of a relatively late ne ... | 2008 | 18396318 |
| characterisation of the first complete genome sequence of the roe deer (capreolus capreolus) papillomavirus. | the complete genomic dna of a novel roe deer (capreolus capreolus) papillomavirus (ccpv1) was amplified and sequenced from fibropapillomatous skin lesions of a hungarian roe deer. viral dna was detected by a pair of degenerate primers and the remaining genomic sequence was amplified by a long-template high-fidelity pcr and sequenced. the ccpv1 genome was 8032 bp long and contained open reading frames (orfs) typical for delta-papillomaviruses (e6, e7, e1, e2, e4, e5, e9, l2, and l1) and a 799 bp ... | 2008 | 18417239 |
| eubacterium rangiferina, a novel usnic acid-resistant bacterium from the reindeer rumen. | reindeer are able to eat and utilize lichens as an important source of energy and nutrients. in the current study, the activities of antibiotic secondary metabolites including usnic, antranoric, fumarprotocetraric, and lobaric acid commonly found in lichens were tested against a collection of 26 anaerobic rumen bacterial isolates from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) using the agar diffusion method. the isolates were identified based on their 16s ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rrna) gene seque ... | 2008 | 18421431 |
| stroke and acute myocardial infarction in the swedish sami population: incidence and mortality in relation to income and level of education. | gender differences in cardiovascular diseases (cvd) among the sami have been reported previously. the aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of and mortality from stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage (sah), and acute myocardial infarction (ami) in the swedish sami population between 1985 and 2002, and to analyse the potential impact of income and level of education on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. | 2008 | 18426788 |
| experimental evidence of a risk-sensitive reproductive allocation in a long-lived mammal. | when reproduction competes with the amount of resources available for survival during an unpredictable nonbreeding season, individuals should adopt a risk-sensitive regulation of their reproductive allocation. we tested this hypothesis on female reindeer (rangifer tarandus), which face a trade-off between reproduction and acquisition of body reserves during spring and summer, with autumn body mass functioning as insurance against stochastic winter climatic severity. the study was conducted in a ... | 2008 | 18459345 |
| genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of eurasian reindeer. | although there is little doubt that the domestication of mammals was instrumental for the modernization of human societies, even basic features of the path towards domestication remain largely unresolved for many species. reindeer are considered to be in the early phase of domestication with wild and domestic herds still coexisting widely across eurasia. this provides a unique model system for understanding how the early domestication process may have taken place. we analysed mitochondrial seque ... | 2008 | 18460427 |
| quality of life in relation to physical, psychosocial and socioeconomic conditions among reindeer-herding sami. | to analyse different aspects of health-related quality of life factors among members of reindeer-herding families. | 2008 | 18468256 |
| mortality of the sami in northern finland 1979-2005. | to describe the mortality of the finnish sami population. study design. a cohort study. the sami population living in northern finland represents a specific genetic background and a way of life that has been different from other finns. | 2008 | 18468258 |
| dietary patterns in the population living in the sámi core areas of norway--the saminor study. | to identify dietary patterns and to investigate their association with selected life-style and demographic factors, ethnicity and self-perceived health. study design. population-based cross-sectional design, using food frequency questionnaires. | 2008 | 18468261 |
| warming, plant phenology and the spatial dimension of trophic mismatch for large herbivores. | temporal advancement of resource availability by warming in seasonal environments can reduce reproductive success of vertebrates if their own reproductive phenology does not also advance with warming. indirect evidence from large-scale analyses suggests, however, that migratory vertebrates might compensate for this by tracking phenological variation across landscapes. results from our two-year warming experiment combined with seven years of observations of plant phenology and offspring productio ... | 2008 | 18495618 |
| re-evaluation of blood mercury, lead and cadmium concentrations in the inuit population of nunavik (québec): a cross-sectional study. | arctic populations are exposed to mercury, lead and cadmium through their traditional diet. studies have however shown that cadmium exposure is most often attributable to tobacco smoking. the aim of this study is to examine the trends in mercury, lead and cadmium exposure between 1992 and 2004 in the inuit population of nunavik (northern québec, canada) using the data obtained from two broad scale health surveys, and to identify sources of exposure in 2004. | 2008 | 18518986 |
| nonlinear effects of climate and density in the dynamics of a fluctuating population of reindeer. | nonlinear and irregular population dynamics may arise as a result of phase dependence and coexistence of multiple attractors. here we explore effects of climate and density in the dynamics of a highly fluctuating population of wild reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) on svalbard observed over a period of 29 years. time series analyses revealed that density dependence and the effects of local climate (measured as the degree of ablation [melting] of snow during winter) on numbers were both ... | 2008 | 18589531 |
| molecular diversity of the rumen microbiome of norwegian reindeer on natural summer pasture. | the molecular diversity of the rumen microbiome was investigated in five semi-domesticated adult female norwegian reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) grazing on natural summer pastures on the coast of northern norway (71.00 degrees n, 25.30 degrees e). mean population densities (numbers per gram wet weight) of methanogenic archaea, rumen bacteria and ciliate protozoa, estimated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr), were 3.17x10(9), 5.17x10(11) and 4.02x10(7), respective ... | 2009 | 18604648 |
| in situ analysis of the bacterial community associated with the reindeer lichen cladonia arbuscula reveals predominance of alphaproteobacteria. | the diversity and spatial pattern of the bacterial community hosted by the shrub-like reindeer lichen cladonia arbuscula were investigated by general dna staining and fish, coupled with confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm). using an optimized protocol for fish using cryosections of small lichen fragments, we found about 6 x 10(7) bacteria g(-1) of c. arbuscula. approximately 86% of acridine orange-stained cells were also stained by the universal fish probe eub338. using group-specific fish ... | 2008 | 18631179 |
| antler stiffness in caribou (rangifer tarandus): testing variation in bone material properties between males and females. | vertebrate bones, including deer antler, often exhibit variation in their mechanical properties that corresponds to differences in the functional demands they encounter. among deer, antlers are found in both males and females only in caribou (rangifer tarandus). several differences between male and female r. tarandus in behavior and physiology might subject their antlers to differing demands, potentially making divergence of antler material properties between the sexes advantageous. alternativel ... | 2008 | 18639448 |
| diet shift of a facultative scavenger, the wolverine, following recolonization of wolves. | 1. wolves canis lupus l. recolonized the boreal forests in the southern part of the scandinavian peninsula during the late 1990s, but so far there has been little attention to its effect on ecosystem functioning. wolf predation increases the availability of carcasses of large prey, especially moose alces alces l., which may lead in turn to a diet switch in facultative scavengers such as the wolverine gulo gulo l. 2. using 459 wolverine scats collected during winter-spring 2001-04 for dna identit ... | 2008 | 18657209 |
| deposition of gamma emitters from chernobyl accident and their transfer in lichen-soil columns. | lichen-soil column samples were taken from several locations in the southern finland between 1986 and 2006. columns were divided into three parts, upper lichen, lower lichen and underlying soil, and their gamma emitting radionuclides, 134cs, 137cs, 103ru, 95zr, 106ru, 110mag, 125sb and 144ce, were measured with gamma spectrometry. deposition values were calculated as bq/m2 for each sampling site. distribution of various radionuclides in the three compartments as a function of time was determined ... | 2008 | 18684542 |
| climate change: effects on the ecological basis for reindeer husbandry in sweden. | this paper examines potential effects of predicted climate changes on the forage conditions during both summer and winter for semidomesticated reindeer in sweden. positive effects in summer ranges include higher plant productivity and a longer growing season, while negative effects include increased insect harassment. forage quality may change in both positive and negative ways. an increase in shrubs and trees in alpine heaths is also likely. a warmer climate means shorter winters, which will ha ... | 2008 | 18686511 |
| a novel clinical syndrome and detection of anaplasma ovis in mongolian reindeer (rangifer tarandus). | the tsaatan (or dhuka) peoples of northern-western mongolia are one of the few remaining reindeer-herding cultural groups in the world. recently a disease condition that involves sudden death of reindeer and cases involving fever, lethargy, and pale mucous membranes has been reported. examination of blood smears collected in the 2005 field season resulted in the identification of intra-erythrocytic inclusions resembling anaplasma spp. in smears from clinically sick animals. using universal polym ... | 2008 | 18689641 |
| binding of phenolic compounds and their derivatives to bovine and reindeer beta-lactoglobulin. | in plant-based food, phenolic compounds usually do not exist in their native form, but as esters, glycosides, or polymers. the native forms, however, require deglycosylation for their intestinal absorption, and aglycone has been considered to be the potential health-protecting/promoting form. the binding of the aglycones of phenolic compounds to bovine and reindeer beta-lactoglobulins (betalg) using fluorescence quenching was studied. the effects of ph and storage were also studied. of the compo ... | 2008 | 18700775 |
| allocating protein to reproduction in arctic reindeer and caribou. | reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and caribou (rangifer tarandus granti) use body stores (capital) and food intake (income) for survival and reproduction. intakes of low-nitrogen (n) food declined in winter and increased in spring (51-83 g dry matter kg(-0.75) d(-1)). reindeer calved before regaining food intake, whereas caribou calved 28 d later. body n was conserved by minimizing oxidation of amino acid n to urea. maternal protein stored from early winter was used for 96% of fetal growth i ... | 2008 | 18702605 |
| opposing plant community responses to warming with and without herbivores. | if controls over primary productivity and plant community composition are mainly environmental, as opposed to biological, then global change may result in large-scale alterations in ecosystem structure and function. this view appears to be favored among investigations of plant biomass and community responses to experimental and observed warming. in far northern and arctic ecosystems, such studies predict increasing dominance of woody shrubs with future warming and emphasize the carbon (c)-seques ... | 2008 | 18719116 |
| understanding land use, livelihoods, and health transitions among tibetan nomads: a case from gangga township, dingri county, tibetan autonomous region of china. | tibetan nomads in the tibetan autonomous region of china have experienced profound transitions in recent decades with important implications for land use, livelihoods, and health development. the change from being traditional nomads to agropastoralists engaged in permanent agriculture, a sedentary village life (known as "sedentarization"), has been associated with a remarkable change in diet and lifestyle, decline in spatial mobility, increase in food production, and emerging infectious and nonc ... | 2008 | 18787914 |
| setaria tundra microfilariae in reindeer and other cervids in finland. | harmful parasites of the wild northern boreal mammals are still surprisingly poorly studied. in 2003-2006, a peritonitis outbreak caused by the filarioid nematode, setaria tundra, emerged in finland's reindeer population. in order to gain knowledge about the basic biology, epidemiology, and transmission dynamics of this parasite, samples for s. tundra were collected from reindeer and other cervids during the follow-up period 2004-2006. using morphology and molecular biology methods, we describe ... | 2009 | 18810493 |
| effect of polymyxin b and environmental conditions on isolation of brucella species and the vaccine strain rb51. | brucella are resistant to polymyxin b (pb), but their relative susceptibility to pb and its derivative, colistin (col) has not been rigorously or systematically studied. comparative susceptibility of brucella reference strains, vaccine strain rb51, and brucella isolates from marine mammals to these two cationic peptides were determined by etest. vast differences among brucella species were found in susceptibility to both pb and col. brucella demonstrated similar pattern of relative susceptibilit ... | 2010 | 18814911 |
| the disappearing caribou. | | 1948 | 18906658 |
| interactions between herbivory and warming in aboveground biomass production of arctic vegetation. | many studies investigating the ecosystem effects of global climate change have focused on arctic ecosystems because the arctic is expected to undergo the earliest and most pronounced changes in response to increasing global temperatures, and arctic ecosystems are considerably limited by low temperatures and permafrost. in these nutrient limited systems, a warmer climate is expected to increase plant biomass production, primarily through increases in shrubs over graminoids and forbs. but, the inf ... | 2008 | 18945359 |
| preliminary studies on the etiology of keratoconjunctivitis in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves in alaska. | keratoconjunctivitis outbreaks occur each summer in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) herds in western alaska, usa. this condition has not been well characterized nor has a definitive primary etiologic agent been identified. we evaluated the eyes of 660 calves near nome, alaska, between 29 june and 14 july 2005. clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis were observed in 26/660 calves (3.9%). samples were collected from the conjunctival sac of both affected (n=22) and unaffected (n=24) animals f ... | 2008 | 18957667 |
| sarcocystis in norwegian roe deer (capreolus capreolus): molecular and morphological identification of sarcocystis oviformis n. sp. and sarcocystis gracilis and their phylogenetic relationship with other sarcocystis species. | fresh muscle tissue from six roe deer from southeastern norway was examined for sarcocysts. cysts were excised and morphologically classified by light microscopy, and some cysts were further examined by scanning electron microscopy or dna amplification and sequencing of the small subunit (ssu) rrna gene. two sarcocystis species, sarcocystis gracilis and sarcocystis oviformis n. sp., were found and described by morphological and molecular methods. s. gracilis was found in all animals, whereas s. ... | 2009 | 19050921 |
| new bedding site examination-based method to analyse deer ked (lipoptena cervi) infection in cervids. | invasion of the deer ked (lipoptena cervi), an ectoparasitic fly commonly found in cervids, has been rapid in finland during the last four decades. as the distribution area of this species has expanded from the south towards the northern latitudes, the associated problems have become more evident. various animals such as horses, cattle and especially reindeer have been reported to host this parasite. moreover, in certain areas, the deer ked causes major inconveniences for humans potentially limi ... | 2009 | 19050924 |
| musculoskeletal symptoms and perceived work strain among reindeer herders in sweden. | there is a shortage of knowledge on the extent of musculoskeletal symptoms in reindeer husbandry. | 2008 | 19054753 |
| efficacy of different treatment regimes against setariosis (setaria tundra, nematoda: filarioidea) and associated peritonitis in reindeer. | when a severe peritonitis outbreak in semi-domesticated reindeer was noticed in 2003 in finland, the concerned industry urged immediate preventive actions in order to avoid detrimental effects of s. tundra and further economical losses. a research programme was swiftly initiated to study s. tundra and its impact on the health and wellbeing of reindeer. | 2008 | 19087262 |
| transfer parameter values in temperate forest ecosystems: a review. | compared to agricultural lands, forests are complex ecosystems as they can involve diverse plant species associations, several vegetative strata (overstorey, shrubs, herbaceous and other annual plant layer) and multi-layered soil profiles (forest floor, hemi-organic and mineral layers). a high degree of variability is thus generally observed in radionuclide transfers and redistribution patterns in contaminated forests. in the long term, the soil compartment represents the major reservoir of radi ... | 2009 | 19100665 |
| is there a cost of parasites to caribou? | summary: macroparasites potentially play a significant but often ignored role in the ecology and dynamics of wild ruminant populations. in the arctic, parasites may impact on host populations by exacerbating the effects of seasonal and limited forage availability on the condition, fecundity and survival of individuals. we studied the effects of abomasal nematode parasites and warble flies, hypoderma tarandi, on condition and pregnancy of caribou rangifer tarandus in the dolphin-union herd, nunav ... | 2009 | 19102793 |
| vectors and transmission dynamics for setaria tundra (filarioidea; onchocercidae), a parasite of reindeer in finland. | abstract: | 2009 | 19126197 |
| studies on besnoitiosis bennetti in miniature donkeys. | besnoitia tissue cysts associated with the skin lesions recovered from the naturally-infected miniature donkeys (equus asinus) during clinical examination were studied by the light and electron microscopy, as well as histochemically to elucidate the specific morphologic features of the cyst causing this disease. the cyst was differentiated phenotypically from those of other besnoitia spp. the interpretation of results showed that morphometric attributes of the tissue cysts and the associated pat ... | 2008 | 19143129 |
| parasite intensity and fur coloration in reindeer calves - contrasting artificial and natural selection. | 1. in reindeer, the variation in fur coloration is higher in semi-domesticated than in wild populations. this difference might result from impacts of natural enemies acting on conspicuously coloured individuals with higher intensity in natural than semi-domesticated populations. 2. while predator pressure is rather similar for wild and semi-domesticated populations, semi-domesticated reindeer are less impacted by parasitism due to endectocidic treatment. in this study, we estimated the intensity ... | 2009 | 19175446 |
| survival in the rockies of an endangered hybrid swarm from diverged caribou (rangifer tarandus) lineages. | in north america, caribou (rangifer tarandus) experienced diversification in separate refugia before the last glacial maximum. geographical isolation produced the barren-ground caribou (rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) with its distinctive migratory habits, and the woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), which has sedentary behaviour and is now in danger of extinction. herein we report on the phylogenetics, population structure, and migratory habits of caribou in the canadian rockies, util ... | 2009 | 19175508 |
| polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and wild moose (alces alces) meat in finland. | semi-domesticated reindeer and wild moose meat samples were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (pcdd/fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). both calves and adults were studied. individual reindeer and moose meat samples and pooled reindeer calf meat samples were collected from the northern, the middle, and the southern reindeer herding regions in finland. samples represented the edible parts of carcasses. in individual samples of reindeer the fat based who-pcdd/ ... | 2009 | 19217140 |
| ice encapsulation protects rather than disturbs the freezing lichen. | arctic and alpine terricolous lichens are adapted to harsh environments and are tolerant to extremely low temperatures when metabolically inactive. however, there are reports indicating that freezing can be lethal to metabolically active lichens. with a projected warmer and more unstable climate, winter precipitation at high latitudes will fall more frequently as rain, causing snowmelt and encapsulating terricolous lichens in ice or exposing them to large temperature fluctuations. lichens are a ... | 2009 | 19228329 |
| reindeer health and welfare. | | 2009 | 19234332 |
| [changes of the femoral bone microstructure in the reindeer during the fetal period of ontogenesis]. | the diaphysis of the femoral bone was studied morphometrically in 30 reindeer fetuses aged 2-7.5 months. the formation of the diaphyseal cavity of the femoral bone took place from 3 till 7.5 months, rapidly progressing during all the fetal period. the thickness of the periosteum in the epiphysis and the diaphysis of the bone increased from 2 to 6 months inclusive, whereupon it decreased by the time of birth. the cartilaginous tissue in the epiphyses was present from 2 till 7.5 months; its growth ... | 2008 | 19241873 |
| international polar year: the social pole? | | 2009 | 19242449 |
| lichen recovery following heavy grazing by reindeer delayed by climate warming. | introduced reindeer, rangifer tarandus, overexploited lichen-rich plant communities on st. matthew island in the bering sea. a die-off of the reindeer followed, exacerbated by extreme weather in 1964, resulting in extirpation of the reindeer. a similar pattern of removal of lichens as major components of plant communities has occurred following introductions of reindeer to other islands at high latitudes. by 1985, two decades following die-off of the reindeer, total lichen biomass was only 6% of ... | 2009 | 19260341 |
| evaluation of three commercial bovine elisa kits for detection of antibodies against alphaherpesviruses in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | the genus varicellovirus (family herpesviridae subfamily alphaherpesvirinae) includes a group of viruses genetically and antigenically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) among which cervid herpesvirus 2 (cvhv-2) can be of importance in reindeer. these viruses are known to be responsible for different diseases in both wild and domestic animals. reindeer are a keystone in the indigenous saami culture and previous studies have reported the presence of antibodies against alphaherpesviruses in ... | 2009 | 19272136 |
| cervid herpesvirus 2 causes respiratory and fetal infections in semidomesticated reindeer. | members of the viral subfamily alphaherpesvirinae establish latency from which they can be reactivated. bovine herpesvirus 1 causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in cattle, as well as abortion and weak calves. serological evidence of alphaherpesvirus infection has been reported for wild and semidomesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in norway. to address the possibility that reindeer alphaherpesvirus (cervid herpesvirus 2 [cvhv-2]) infection ... | 2009 | 19279181 |
| a foot and mouth disease simulation exercise involving the five nordic countries. | simulation exercises are considered a very valuable tool for testing contingency plans established for the control and eradication of rapid spreading animal diseases such as foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza. an inter-nordic simulation exercise was conducted in 2005 with the objective of testing the national foot and mouth disease contingency plans adopted respectively by denmark, finland, iceland, norway and sweden. the central veterinary administrations of the f ... | 2008 | 19284043 |
| reindeer health and welfare. | | 2009 | 19287040 |
| detection and comparison of giardia virus (glv) from different assemblages of giardia duodenalis. | five assemblages of giardia duodenalis were identified from cysts in cattle, dog, cat, sheep, and reindeer feces using ribosomal dna (rdna) sequencing. assemblage a was present in cattle and reindeer feces, assemblages c and d were present in dog feces, assemblage e was present in cattle and sheep feces, and assemblage f was present in cat feces. giardia virus, originally referred to as giardia lamblia virus (glv), is a double-stranded rna virus. primers designed for the glv capsid protein gene ... | 2009 | 19320541 |
| estimated dietary exposure to fluorinated compounds from traditional foods among inuit in nunavut, canada. | increasing evidence shows that persistent organic pollutants such as perfluorinated compounds (pfcs) are found in the arctic ecosystem and their prevalence is causing human health concerns. the objective of this study was to estimate dietary exposure to pfcs among inuit in northern canada. perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos), perfluorinated carboxylates (pfca c(7)-c(11)) and fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acids (6:2, 8:2 and 10:2 ftuca) were measured in 68 traditional foods collected in nunav ... | 2009 | 19342075 |
| iron distribution in the liver and duodenum during seasonal iron overload in svalbard reindeer. | seasonal iron overload in svalbard reindeer was studied by light and electron microscopy and by x-ray microanalysis. the hepatic iron overload was of two types. the first type was characterized by massive siderosis of both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells caused by a diet very rich in iron but low in energy and protein. hepatocytes contained a moderate amount of free ferritin particles in the cytosol together with numerous siderosomes. this pattern is similar to that seen in primary haemoch ... | 2009 | 19344912 |
| variation in gestation length among captive reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | an estimated 90% of reindeer females are mated in a 10- to 21-d interval and give birth in an equally synchronized manner. reported gestation length in reindeer is highly variable (range, 203 to 240 d), almost twice the reindeer estrous cycle length. previously, we identified a significant, negative relationship between gestation length and conception date in a small group of reindeer. in the current study, the negative relationship was investigated in a switchback design, where reindeer were di ... | 2009 | 19344943 |
| reindeer beta-defensin-1: full-length cdna cloning and tissue expression. | defensins are members of a large diverse family of cationic antimicrobial peptides that share a signature pattern consisting of six conserved cysteine residues. here we report the identification of a novel beta-defensin, reindeer beta-defensin-1 (rebd-1), from reindeer tissues with a pair pcr primers according to the conserved cdna sequences of known ruminant beta-defensins. total rna was extracted from the tongue epithelia of a reindeer and the 372bp cdna encoding rebd-1 was amplified by the re ... | 2009 | 19349080 |
| the influence of different saddle pads on force and pressure changes beneath saddles with excessively wide trees. | this study was performed to investigate the forces and pressure distribution under different saddle pads when an excessively wide saddle is used. eighteen sound horses were ridden on a treadmill at walk and trot. the horses were equipped with a dressage saddle with an excessively wide saddle tree and four different pads (gel, leather, foam and reindeer-fur) used sequentially. for comparison, one measurement was made without a saddle pad. a pressure mat under the pad was used for the collection o ... | 2010 | 19362030 |
| diagnosis and treatment of babesia odocoilei in captive reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and recognition of three novel host species. | two captive reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) at a new york zoological institution were diagnosed with babesia odocoilei. clinical signs consistent with acute babesiosis included fever, hemoglobinuria, and hemolytic anemia. both episodes were precipitated by stressful events that may have compromised their immunocompetence. the diagnosis was confirmed by visualization of intraerythrocytic parasites on stained blood smears, polymerase chain reaction, and speciation of the babesia by sequencin ... | 2009 | 19368255 |
| "vague sense of belonging to the russian empire": the reindeer chukchi's status in nineteenth century northeastern siberia. | | 1999 | 19382379 |
| dermoid cysts in caribou. | subcutaneous dermoid cysts were identified in eight wild caribou (rangifer tarandus) from widely dispersed locations in northern canada and in one wild caribou from alaska. the dermoid cysts from canadian caribou were found among 557 diagnostic specimens that had been detected by hunters and submitted by resource officers and biologists between 1 january 1966 and 15 may 2007. all of the cysts were located in the cervical region, and five of nine cysts were found in the throat area. all of the an ... | 2009 | 19395761 |
| age-related gestation length adjustment in a large iteroparous mammal at northern latitude. | 1. there is considerable interest in patterns of age-dependent reproductive effort and reproductive timing of large iteroparous mammals living in strongly seasonal environments. due to lack of data on both timing of mating and birth, there is generally little insight into whether variation in gestation length play a role for life-history patterns observed for large mammals at northern latitudes. 2. based on data on both timing of mating and birth of 88 female reindeer (and paternity confirmed wi ... | 2009 | 19426256 |
| [potential geroprotector properties of the extract of reindeer antler powder in experiments on cultured cells]. | preparations from deer antlers are well known by their multiple medicinal properties. in particular, their health-giving effect on senescing organism has been repeatedly shown. in the study we investigated effect of water extract of reindeer mature antler powder (erap) on the kinetics of growth and "stationary phase aging" of hela (clone 11) cell line. cell suspension was placed in the wells of 24-well plastic tissue culture plates with seeding density of 15 10(3)/cm2. the growth medium containe ... | 2008 | 19432198 |
| no 'bypass' in adult ruminants: passage of fluid ingested vs. fluid inserted into the rumen in fistulated muskoxen (ovibos moschatus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and moose (alces alces). | in young ruminants, the reticular groove ensures that ingested milk is channelled past the forestomach to avoid malfermentation. it has been speculated that some adult wild ruminants, in particular browsing species, maintain a functional oesophageal (reticular) groove, that soluble nutrients can thus bypass the rumen, and that thus the energetic gain from the diet can be increased. we inserted a fluid marker (co-edta) via cannula into the rumen and simultaneously fed a diet that contained a seco ... | 2009 | 19497382 |
| evidence for early hunters beneath the great lakes. | scholars have hypothesized that the poorly understood and rarely encountered archaeological sites from the terminal paleoindian and archaic periods associated with the lake stanley low water stage (10,000-7,500 bp) are lost beneath the modern great lakes. acoustic and video survey on the alpena-amberley ridge, a feature that would have been a dry land corridor crossing the lake huron basin during this time period, reveals the presence of a series of stone features that match, in form and locatio ... | 2009 | 19506245 |
| correlations between physicochemical properties of pahs and their distribution in soil, moss and reindeer dung at ny-alesund of the arctic. | concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in soil, moss and reindeer dung collected at ny-alesund of the arctic were measured to investigate their accumulation trends and distribution in the three compartments. compared with the other regions, the proportions of 2 + 3 ring pahs to the total pahs were higher, whereas the proportions of 5 + 6 ring pahs were lower in the three compartments at ny-alesund. significant log/log-linear relationship was observed between the sub-cooled ... | 2009 | 19515469 |
| finding the way: a critical discussion of anthropological theories of human spatial orientation with reference to reindeer herders of northeastern europe and western siberia. | in anthropology, research on human spatial orientation (wayfinding) has centered on two conflicting theories: the "mental map," whereby humans build abstract cognitive representations of the spatial relations between objects, and "practical mastery," which rejects the idea that such abstract representations exist and, in its most developed form, suggests that wayfinding is a process of moving from one recognized visual perspective (vista) to another (transitions between vistas). in this paper we ... | 2009 | 19579354 |
| alphaherpesvirus infections in semidomesticated reindeer: a cross-sectional serological study. | alphaherpesviruses infect a wide range of animal species and cause diseases. cervid herpesvirus 2 (cvhv-2) was originally isolated from reindeer in finland but the impact of cvhv-2 infections on reindeer remains unclear. cvhv-2 infection could be partly responsible for calf losses as there are indications that it is associated with abortions and neonatal diseases. previous serosurveys of reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) have shown that an alphaherpesvirus is circulating among reindeer in no ... | 2009 | 19604658 |
| reversible immobilization of free-ranging svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) with medetomidine-ketamine and atipamezole. | twenty adult, free-ranging, female svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) were immobilized with medetomidine-ketamine from 30 september through 9 october 1999 at svalbard, norway (78 degrees 55'n, 11 degrees 56'e). the animals were approached on foot, and the drugs were administered into the heavy muscles of the shoulder or the thigh by dart syringe injection from 15-25 m. the mean (sd) induction time in 10 animals immobilized with 0.113 (0.009) mg/kg of medetomidine and 2.26 (0.19) ... | 2009 | 19617505 |