| expression of the copb outer membrane protein by moraxella catarrhalis is regulated by iron and affects iron acquisition from transferrin and lactoferrin. | the amino acid sequence of the cell-surface-exposed, 81-kda copb outer membrane protein of moraxella catarrhalis was found to be similar to those of tonb-dependent outer membrane proteins of other gram-negative bacteria. expression of copb was affected by the availability of iron in the growth medium, and the extent of overexpression of copb in response to iron limitation varied widely among the m. catarrhalis strains tested. wild-type m. catarrhalis strains were found to be able to utilize ferr ... | 1996 | 8675303 |
| effects of antibiotic treatment in the subset of common-cold patients who have bacteria in nasopharyngeal secretions. | upper-respiratory-tract infection is one of the main causes of overuse of antibiotics. we have found previously that bacteria such as haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumoniae can be isolated from the nasopharyngeal secretions of a substantial proportion of adults with upper-respiratory-tract infections. we have assessed the efficacy of co-amoxiclav in patients with common colds but no clinical signs of sinusitis or other indications for antibiotics. | 1996 | 8684101 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility and beta-lactamase production of moraxella catarrhalis isolates in taiwan. | between 1 august 1993 and 31 july 1994, 135 clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis were collected from 12 large medical laboratories in taiwan. the majority of specimens came from sputum (124 isolates). other specimens included four isolates from throats, three isolates from wounds or pus, two isolates from eyes, one isolate from blood and one from cerebrospinal fluid. epidemiologically, m. catarrhalis isolates were found frequently in winter and spring with a peak in february, and only spor ... | 1995 | 8696169 |
| bactericidal activity, morphological alterations, and synergistic interactions of rufloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, alone and in combination with its n-desmethylate d derivative (mf 922). | the in vitro activity of rufloxacin, alone and in combination with its metabolite (mf 922) against common respiratory and urinary tract pathogens and anaerobes was assessed. no synergistic interaction between rufloxacin and mf 922 was observed by the checkerboard technique against aerobic bacteria. when the time-kill system was employed, 24 synergistic interactions were noted out of 30 tests performed (80%), of which 14 (100%) were with enterobacteriaceae isolates, 2 with moraxella catarrhalis ( ... | 1996 | 8697894 |
| a monoclonal antibody reactive with a common epitope of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis lipopolysaccharides. | a hybrid cell line producing a monoclonal antibody (mab) against moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis lipopolysaccharide (lps) was established. the specificity of the mab 1b12 to purified rough lpss from six strains of m. catarrhalis was ascertained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), competitive-inhibition elisa, and immunoblotting. mab 1b12 bound to live bacterial cells and culture supernatants from a total of 34 strains of m. catarrhalis, including 12 strains with different lps serot ... | 1996 | 8705682 |
| [pathogenic bacteria isolated from the sputum of the patients with pulmonary emphysema]. | isolated pathogenic bacteria from sputum of the patients with pulmonary emphysema who were admitted in our hospital from 1984 to 1994 were examined to elucidate the relationship between isolated bacteria from sputum and pulmonary functions including vital capacity (vc), forced expiratory volume (fev1.0), pao2 and paco2. vc of the patients from whom mssa (methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus) or enterococcus faecalis (e. faecalis) were isolated was significantly lower than that of the pati ... | 1995 | 8708405 |
| multiple pathogens in adult patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia: a one year prospective study of 346 consecutive patients. | the purpose of this study was to assess the causes of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients admitted to hospital. | 1996 | 8711652 |
| [susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1993)]. | bacteria isolated from respiratory tract infections were collected in cooperation with institutions located throughout japan, since 1981, and the ikemotor et al. have been investigating susceptibilities of the isolates of various antibacterial agents and antibiotics, and the relationships between the isolates and backgrounds of the patients and so forth each year. we discuss the results in detail. in 20 institutions around the entire japan from october 1993 to september 1994, 584 strains of bact ... | 1996 | 8721076 |
| comparative in-vitro activity of cp-99219, a new quinolone, against respiratory pathogens. | the comparative in-vitro activity of cp-99219, a new quinolone, against haemophilus influenzae (150 isolates), moraxella catarrhalis (100), streptococcus pneumoniae (80) and group a beta-haemolytic streptococci (40) was determined using an agar dilution technique. cp-99219 was the most active compound tested against m. catarrhalis (mic50 = 0.015 mg/l, mic90 = 0.03 mg/l). ceftriaxone, cp-99219 and ciprofloxacin were the three most active agents tested against h.influenzae. cp-99219 showed good ac ... | 1996 | 8722546 |
| in vitro activity of the tricyclic beta-lactam gv104326. | gv104326 is a novel tricyclic beta-lactam (a trinem or, formerly, tribactam). the in vitro activity of gv104326 was compared with those of cefuroxime, cefixime, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefpirome, and ciprofloxacin. gv104326 had in vitro activity generally similar to that of cefixime against members of the family enterobacteriaceae (mic at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited [mic90], < or = 2 micrograms/ml), with cefuroxime and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid being 8- to 32-fold ... | 1996 | 8723475 |
| susceptibility testing interpretive criteria for levofloxacin when testing respiratory pathogens, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. | the more active l-isomer, levofloxacin, of the racemic ofloxacin mixture has been under development for therapeutic use. in this study, we evaluated the activity of ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and d-ofloxacin against the fastidious respiratory tract pathogens haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. levofloxacin was two-fold more active than ofloxacin against h. influenzae (mic90, 0.015 microgram/ml), and d-ofloxacin was least active (mic90, 1 microgram/ml). for m. catarrhalis the mic90 va ... | 1996 | 8724401 |
| antibacterial activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin. rationale for clinical use. | most gram-positive organisms are highly susceptible to the streptogramin, quinupristin/dalfopristin (rp 59500; synercid). minimum inhibitory concentrations for 90% of isolates (mic90) were < or = 1 mg/l for staphylococcus aureus, s. epidermidis, s. haemolyticus, streptococcus pneumoniae, s. pyogenes and listeria monocytogenes. importantly, quinupristin/dalfopristin shows similar activity against methicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of s. aureus, and streptococci with benzylpenicillin ( ... | 1996 | 8724814 |
| antibacterial activities of epiroprim, a new dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, alone and in combination with dapsone. | epiroprim (epm; ro 11-8958) is a new selective inhibitor of microbial dihydrofolate reductase. epm displayed excellent activity against staphylococci, enterococci, pneumococci, and streptococci which was considerably better than that of trimethoprim (tmp). epm was also active against tmp-resistant strains, although the mics were still relatively high. its combination with dapsone (dds) was synergistic and showed as in vitro activity superior to that of the tmp combination with sulfamethoxazole ( ... | 1996 | 8726004 |
| moraxella catarrhalis: pathogenic significance in respiratory tract infections treated by community practitioners. | we prospectively studied the pathogenic significance of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis isolated from 212 patients of community practitioners in australia. this organism was most commonly isolated during winter and early spring, and 92% of isolates were beta-lactamase producers. on the basis of predetermined clinical and microbiological criteria, 42% of the isolates were definitely pathogenic, 7% were probably pathogenic, 21% were of indeterminate pathogenicity, and 30% were nonpathogenic. f ... | 1996 | 8729201 |
| comparative safety and efficacy of sparfloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, randomised, parallel, multicentre study. | in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) were randomly allocated to oral treatment with sparfloxacin (200 mg loading dose followed by 100 mg once daily) or amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (500 mg/125 mg tds) for a total treatment duration of 7 to 14 days. patients were evaluable if they had a fev1/fvc ratio of less than 70% at stable state and presented with a suspected infectious exacerbation defined as increases ... | 1996 | 8737129 |
| increasing incidence of penicillin- and ampicillin-resistant middle ear pathogens. | during a 13-month period ending in january, 1995, we obtained 159 samples of middle ear exudate through tympanocentesis (n = 155) or acute spontaneous otorrhea (n = 4) from 151 children enrolled in therapeutic trials of acute otitis media in a pediatric practice in northern virginia. their ages ranged from < 1 to > 6 years of age (mean, 35 months; median, 22 months). precise diagnostic criteria for acute otitis media always included bulging outward of all or part of the eardrum, opacification of ... | 1995 | 8745021 |
| cefetamet pivoxil: comparable evaluation with other orally available antibiotics against selected species of respiratory pathogens. | cefetamet pivoxil, the prodrug ester of cefetamet, is a new third-generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity. the in vitro activity of cefetamet was superior to that of cefaclor, ceftibuten, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, and amoxicillin alone when tested against 403 strains of freshly isolated upper and lower respiratory tract pathogens. cefetamet killed 100% haemophilus influenzae and h. parainfluenzae, including beta-lactamase-producing strains, at < or = 0.25 mg/l, strepto ... | 1996 | 8751262 |
| comparative evaluation of orally active antibiotics against community-acquired pathogens: results of eight european countries. | in this multicenter study conducted in eight european countries, 13,173 pathogens--all isolated from community-acquired infections in 1992 and 1993--were evaluated for their susceptibility to the following orally active antibiotics: penicillin g, ampicillin, amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefetamet, doxycycline and erythromycin. ten centers in italy, five in germany, in the netherlands and switzerland, four in greece and spain, three in hungary and one in finland contrib ... | 1996 | 8751263 |
| outer membrane protein b1, an iron-repressible protein conserved in the outer membrane of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, binds human transferrin. | moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis is a gram-negative human mucosal pathogen, which primarily causes otitis media in young children. however, this bacterium is also a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in adults with underlying lung disease. our previous data have shown that m. catarrhalis expresses iron-repressible outer membrane proteins in response to iron limitation. we have extended these observations to demonstrate that one of these proteins, termed outer membrane protein ... | 1996 | 8751951 |
| [susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1994)]. | bacteria isolated from lower respiratory tract infections were collected in cooperation with institutions located throughout japan, since 1981. ikemoto et al. have been investigating susceptibilities of these isolates to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics, and characteristics of the patients and isolates from them each year. results obtained from these investigations are discussed. in 23 institutions around the entire japan, 492 strains of presumably etiological bacteria were isolated ... | 1996 | 8752860 |
| moraxella catarrhalis in acute laryngitis: infection or colonization? | the complement phenotypes of moraxella catarrhalis isolates obtained from adult patients with acute laryngitis were investigated using a microliter serum bactericidal assay and compared with those of other donor groups. laryngitis isolates had a higher proportion (57%) of complement-resistant strains than did carrier strains from healthy 8- to 13-year-old schoolchildren (16%). the difference between these groups was statistically significant (chi2 [3 x 2 table] = 21.55; p < .001). the relatively ... | 1996 | 8769627 |
| biochemical analysis of lactoferrin receptors in the neisseriaceae: identification of a second bacterial lactoferrin receptor protein. | bacterial transferrin receptors that have been described in the families pasteurellaceae and neisseriaceae are composed of two receptor proteins, transferrin binding proteins 1 and 2 (tbp1 and tbp2). in contrast, bacterial lactoferrin receptors have only been described for human pathogens in the family neisseriaceae, and were believed to consist of a single protein, lbp1, which is highly homologous to tbp1. we describe a modified affinity isolation procedure that facilities isolation of a second ... | 1995 | 8778564 |
| separation and characterization of o-deacylated lipooligosaccharides and glycans derived from moraxella catarrhalis using capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. | electrophoretic methods have been developed for the analysis of complex carbohydrates derived from lipooligosaccharides (los) of moraxella catarrhalis using capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry (ce-esms). separation of lipooligosaccharides (los) arising from mild hydrazinolysis of the intact lipopolysaccharides (lps) was achieved using aqueous ammonium formate, and enabled identification of sites of heterogeneity (phosphates, phosphoethanolamine, and pendant acyl g ... | 1996 | 8789142 |
| cefuroxime axetil. a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. | cefuroxime axetil is an oral cephalosporin which is rapidly hydrolysed to the active parent compound, cefuroxime. cefuroxime has a broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity which encompasses methicillin-sensitive staphylococci and the common respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis and group a beta-haemolytic streptococci. cefuroxime has broad spectrum activity against the beta-lactamase positive respiratory pathogens h. ... | 1996 | 8799689 |
| branhamella catarrhalis: epidemiology, surface antigenic structure, and immune response. | over the past decade, branhamella catarrhalis has emerged as an important human pathogen. the bacterium is a common cause of otitis media in children and of lower respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. b. catarrhalis is exclusively a human pathogen. it colonizes the respiratory tract of a small proportion of adults and a larger proportion of children. studies involving restriction enzyme analysis of genomic dna show that colonization is a dynamic proce ... | 1996 | 8801433 |
| brodimoprim: effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations on virulence traits of respiratory and urinary tract pathogens, and on plasmid transfer and stability. | the effects of brodimoprim, a new trimethoprim analogue, on several virulence traits of respiratory and urinary tract pathogens exposed to sub-lethal levels of the drug was studied. adherence to tracheal epithelial cells was inhibited by brodimoprim in klebsiella pneumoniae (41-67% reduction), moraxella catarrhalis (87-90%) and haemophilus influenzae (0-53%), while in streptococcus pneumoniae binding was unaffected. with buccal epithelial cells the comparison between treated and control bacteria ... | 1996 | 8808712 |
| in vitro activity of cefdinir against respiratory pathogens isolated in sicily with reference to beta-lactamase production. | the in vitro activity of cefdinir (ci-983, fk-482), an orally absorbed aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, was evaluated against all 287 strains of haemophilus influenzae, haemophilus parainfluenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae and streptococcus pyogenes in comparison with cefaclor, cefuroxime, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin and cotrimoxazole. the bactericidal activity of cefdinir, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and erythromycin was determined ag ... | 1996 | 8808715 |
| azithromycin--review of key chemical, pharmacokinetic and microbiological features. | one of the chemical features that distinguishes the 15-membered ring azalide azithromycin from the 14-membered ring macrolide compound erythromycin is the former's increased stability at acid ph. azithromycin also differs pharmacokinetically from erythromycin, an important feature being azithromycin's ability to achieve high tissue concentrations, with the agent being delivered to the sites of infection by direct uptake and by targeted delivery via phagocytes. high tissue concentrations are main ... | 1996 | 8818841 |
| efficacy, safety and tolerability of azithromycin versus roxithromycin in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections. | in an open, multicentre study, the clinical and bacteriological efficacy, safety and tolerance of azithromycin and roxithromycin were compared in a total of 204 adults with acute lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) [acute bronchitis, acute infectious exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aiecbs), or pneumonia]. following treatment with 500 mg/day azithromycin administered orally once daily for 3 days, a satisfactory clinical response of cure or improvement was recorded in 91/99 (91.9%) eva ... | 1996 | 8818852 |
| pcr-based detection of bacterial dna after antimicrobial treatment is indicative of persistent, viable bacteria in the chinchilla model of otitis media. | bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) has been previously detected by polymerase chain reactions (pcr) in a significant percentage of culturally-sterile pediatric middle-ear effusions. the current study was designed to determine whether this represents the existence of viable bacteria or the persistence of residual dna in the middle-ear cleft. | 1996 | 8820185 |
| effectiveness of five days of therapy with cefuroxime axetil suspension for treatment of acute otitis media. | in recent years there has been considerable interest in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment regimens in patients with common bacterial infections. we conducted two independent, investigator-blinded, multicenter, randomized clinical trials, one of which included microbiologic evaluation of middle ear fluid obtained by tympanocentesis, comparing the efficacy and safety of 5 or 10 days of treatment with cefuroxime axetil suspension (cae) with that of 10 days of treatment with amoxicillin/ ... | 1996 | 8822290 |
| prophylaxis with amoxicillin or sulfisoxazole for otitis media: effect on the recovery of penicillin-resistant bacteria from children. | the rate of recovery of oropharyngeal penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and aerobic and anaerobic beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (blpb) from children who received a 4- to 6-month course of prophylaxis with amoxicillin or sulfisoxazole for otitis media was investigated monthly over 9 months. the blpb recovered were haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, staphylococcus aureus, pigmented prevotella species, and fusobacterium species. the recovery rate for all penicillin-resis ... | 1996 | 8824982 |
| outer membrane protein cd of branhamella catarrhalis: sequence conservation in strains recovered from the human respiratory tract. | branhamella catarrhalis causes lower respiratory tract infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the outer membrane protein cd (omp-cd) of b. catarrhalis is a major, heat-modifiable omp. the goals of this study are to characterize the degree of conservation of omp-cd among strains and to investigate if omp-cd maintains its homogeneity under the effect of host immune selective pressure. isolates of b. catarrhalis were collected prospectively from patients with bronchiecta ... | 1995 | 8825909 |
| cefixime in the treatment of patients with lower respiratory tract infections: results of us clinical trials. | community-acquired acute lower respiratory tract infections are a common cause of illness, accounting for millions of physician visits and prescriptions each year. cefixime is an extended-spectrum oral cephalosporin with activity against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis, the most commonly isolated bacterial pathogens. this review presents the results of eight us studies comparing the efficacy and safety of cefixime with those of amoxicillin, amoxicillin ... | 1996 | 8829015 |
| comparison of cefprozil, cefpodoxime proxetil, loracarbef, cefixime, and ceftibuten. | to discuss the pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, clinical trials, and adverse effects of cefprozil, cefpodoxime proxetil, loracarbef, cefixime, and ceftibuten, an investigational cephalosporin. | 1996 | 8833562 |
| colonization and infection with moraxella catarrhalis in childhood. | in a prospective clinical study, rates of isolation of moraxella catarrhalis in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 122 children with respiratory tract infection and 72 healthy controls were compared. in the patient group, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pneumoniae were the most frequently isolated pathogens (38% and 42%, respectively). monocultures of each pathogen were equally distributed in patients and controls (41% and 42%), whereas mixed infections were found more frequently in the patie ... | 1996 | 8839647 |
| anti-staphylococcus aureus, anti-streptococcus pneumoniae and anti-moraxella catarrhalis specific ige in asthmatic children. | the total serum ige levels and the presence of anti-staphylococcu aureus, anti-streptococcus pneumoniae and anti-moraxella catarrhalis specific ige antibodies were studied in 34 asthmatic children (aged 1-12 years). eleven of them also suffered also from subacute or chronic sinusitis. total and specific ige were determined by radioimmunoassay in solid phase. the total serum ige levels were increased in 82.3% of the cases. it was observed that 73.5% of the children had detectable specific ige ant ... | 1996 | 8844505 |
| in vitro activities of u-100592 and u-100766, novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. | oxazolidinones make up a relatively new class of antimicrobial agents which possess a unique mechanism of bacterial protein synthesis inhibition. u-100592 (s)-n-[[3-[3-fluoro-4-[4-(hydroxyacetyl)-1-piperazinyl]- phenyl]-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl]methyl]-acetamide and u-100766 (s)-n-[[3-[3-fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]- 2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl]methyl]-acetamide are novel oxazolidinone analogs from a directed chemical modification program. mics were determined for a variety of bacterial clinical isolate ... | 1996 | 8849237 |
| molecular characterization of the bro beta-lactamase of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis. | a rapid increase in the prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis strains has been noticed during the last decades. today, more than 80% of strains isolated worldwide produce beta-lactamase. to investigate beta-lactamase(s) of m. catarrhalis at the molecular level, the bro-1 beta-lactamase gene (bla) was isolated as part of a 4,223-bp hindiii fragment. sequence analysis indicated that bla encodes a polypeptide of 314 amino acid residues. insertional inactivation ... | 1996 | 8849261 |
| [susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1992)]. | bacteria isolated from lower respiratory tract infections were collected in cooperation with institutions located throughout japan since 1981, and ikemoto et al. have been investigating susceptibilities of the isolates to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics, and the relationships between the isolates and characteristics of the patients and so forth each year. we discuss the results in detail. in 20 institutions around the entire japan from october 1992 to september 1993, 690 strains of ... | 1996 | 8851305 |
| a multicentre collaborative study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired, lower respiratory tract pathogens 1992-1993: the alexander project. | the alexander project is a unique, international, collaborative antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance study of bacterial pathogens causing community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection. fifteen centres, ten in the european union (eu) and five in the usa, each submitted up to 400 isolated per year for 2 years (1992 and 1993) to a central laboratory for re-identification and determination of mics of 15 antimicrobials using the sensititre microbroth incorporation technique. of the total ... | 1996 | 8858472 |
| antibiotic susceptibility patterns of community-acquired respiratory isolates of moraxella catarrhalis in western europe and in the usa. the alexander project collaborative group. | eight hundred and eighteen moraxella catarrhalis strains, isolated in 1992 and 1993 at 15 centres in western europe and the usa were tested for beta-lactamase production and resistance to 15 antibiotics. the proportion of beta-lactamase producing strains in europe rose significantly from 70% in 1992 to 82% in 1993, whilst in the usa the increase (85-92%) was not significant. penicillin and amoxycillin resistance was more prevalent in the usa than in europe. all penicillin-resistant strains isola ... | 1996 | 8858475 |
| trends in antibiotic resistance of respiratory pathogens: an analysis and commentary on a collaborative surveillance study. | the evolution of antibiotic resistance was studied among common respiratory tract pathogens in five countries of the european union and in the usa during 1992-1993. the data obtained from a collaborative surveillance study were submitted to population analysis, to detect possible shifts in antibiotic susceptibility and, therefore, associated mechanisms of resistance. among the emerging haemophilus influenzae phenotypes were isolates that did not correspond to the beta-lactamase negative, amino-p ... | 1996 | 8858478 |
| the clinical relevance of in-vitro resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin and alternative agents, for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. | the documentation of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory pathogens, contained within the alexander project, does not necessarily translate into clinical resistance in the treatment of primary community-acquired pneumonia. there is, in particular, little evidence that penicillin resistance in pneumococci is clinically relevant for the treatment of pneumonia, and there is further evidence that the production of beta-lactamase by haemophilus influenzae may not always be clinically relevant with ... | 1996 | 8858479 |
| relevance of the alexander project: pharmacodynamic considerations. | application of pharmacodynamic principles for interpretation of data generated by the alexander project is possible for beta-lactam, quinolone and macrolide antibiotics. for beta-lactams, the time that serum concentrations remain above the mic of the pathogen (t > mic) is the parameter most closely linked with outcome. it has been shown that t > mic need be only 50-60% of a dose interval. since the mic has the greatest influence on this parameter, a conservative estimate of activity would use th ... | 1996 | 8858480 |
| the alexander project: using in-vitro susceptibility data for choosing empirical therapy in lrti. | an international collaborative survey of susceptibility in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection pathogens collected > 6000 strains from six countries during 1992 and 1993. the four major pathogens were streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus. mics of 15 antibiotics were determined and sensitivity interpretations applied using breakpoints based on those of the nccls. this analysis highlighted some anomalies, notably for bet ... | 1996 | 8858481 |
| nasal inflammation and chronic ear disease in australian aboriginal children. | chronic middle ear disease is common in aboriginal children, and may be linked to nasal inflammation and eustachian tube dysfunction. the pattern of nasal inflammation is unknown. the study reported here was performed to define the role of allergy and infection in causing nasal inflammation in aboriginal children with chronic middle ear disease. | 1996 | 8860389 |
| microbiology and management of sinusitis. | the pathophysiology, microbiology, and treatment of acute and chronic sinusitis are reviewed. | 1996 | 8863213 |
| evaluation of nasopharyngeal cultures for bacteriologic assessment of acute otitis media in children. | the recent emergence of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, particularly in acute otitis media (aom), has increased interest in the development of noninvasive procedures that might help to predict the bacterial etiology of this condition. we conducted an open multicenter study to evaluate the predictive value of the nasopharyngeal (np) sampling in children with aom by comparing the bacteriologic results of np cultures with those of pus collected by myringotomy in the same patients. | 1996 | 8866802 |
| the incidence of respiratory tract pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibilities of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis isolated between 1990 and 1993. | using a quantitative culture of sputum, the incidence of pathogenic bacteria in respiratory infection in our laboratory between 1990 and 1993 were investigated. while haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis were isolated at high rates (67-78%) from the specimens of outpatients throughout the study period, the incidence of s pneumoniae has increased gradually. the antimicrobial susceptibilities of these three pathogens were examined with the agar d ... | 1996 | 8875767 |
| a multicenter, open label trial of azithromycin for the treatment of children with acute otitis media. | in this multicenter, open label trial the investigators evaluated the efficacy and safety of azithromycin suspension administered once daily for 5 days for the treatment of clinically and bacteriologically established acute otitis media. | 1996 | 8878240 |
| a multicenter, open label trial of azithromycin vs. amoxicillin/ clavulanate for the management of acute otitis media in children. | this randomized, open label study compared the efficacy and safety of a 5-day course of once daily azithromycin to those of a 10-day course of three times daily amoxicillin/ clavulanate. | 1996 | 8878241 |
| moraxella catarrhalis bacteremia as a cause of erythema nodosum. | | 1996 | 8879804 |
| azithromycin. a review of its pharmacological properties and use as 3-day therapy in respiratory tract infections. | the azalide antibacterial agent azithromycin is a semisynthetic acid-stable erythromycin derivative with an expanded spectrum of activity and improved tissue pharmacokinetic characteristics relative to erythromycin. the drug is noted for its activity against some gram-negative organisms associated with respiratory tract infections, particularly haemophilus influenzae. azithromycin has similar activity to other macrolides against streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis, and is active a ... | 1996 | 8882383 |
| antibiogram of bacterial isolates from cases of otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections. | a total of one hundred and two cases of otitis media were screened for the isolation of bacterial flora of ears. out of this, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae accounting for 41.2%, 25.5% and 13.3% respectively were isolated. a further two hundred and four sputum samples from cases of lower respiratory tract infections were screened. moraxella catarrhalis, s. aureus, s. pneumoniae and h. influenzae constituting 20.9%, 37%, 30% and 21% were isolated in tha ... | 1995 | 8886150 |
| neonatal meningitis due to moraxella catarrhalis and review of the literature. | moraxella catarrhalis has been reported with increasing frequency to be the aetiological agent of serious systemic infection in both children and adults. the first case of neonatal meningitis due to this organism is described herein. the fatal outcome and causes of failure of response to antimicrobial therapy are also discussed. a brief review of the literature describing the disease entities with which m. catarrhalis has been associated is presented. | 1996 | 8893948 |
| in vitro activity of trovafloxacin versus ciprofloxacin against clinical isolates. | the comparative in vitro activity of trovafloxacin (cp 99,219), a new fluoroquinolone, was evaluated against 511 clinical isolates. mics of trovafloxacin were fourfold higher than those of ciprofloxacin for 184 enterobacteriaceae and 110 non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli. however, trovafloxacin was 16-fold more active than ciprofloxacin against 162 gram-positive staphylococci, pneumococci, streptococci, and enterococci, and two- to fourfold more active against haemophilus influenzae and mor ... | 1996 | 8894581 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of nine oral antibiotics against branhamella catarrhalis clinical isolates. | | 1995 | 8904112 |
| recent trends in clinical isolates from paranasal sinusitis. | trends in the detection of causative pathogens and changes in bacterial counts in patients with sinusitis treated between january 1989 and december 1993 were investigated. in adult patients with chronic sinusitis, staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus), coagulase negative staphylococci (cns), streptococcus pneumoniae (s. pneumoniae), corynebacterium sp., haemophilus influenzae (h. influenzae), and moraxella catarrhalis were often isolated while pseudomonas aeruginosa (p. aeruginosa) and anaerobic bac ... | 1996 | 8908270 |
| mechanism for synergism between sulphonamides and trimethoprim clarified. | pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, pseudomonas cepacia and moraxella catarrhalis were selected for their markedly different resistance patterns to sulphonamides and trimethoprim. in addition, strains of e. coli and p. cepacia were selected having different resistance profiles to the inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase. all inhibitors of dihydropteroate synthetase combined in any combination with inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase resulted in mutual enha ... | 1996 | 8910868 |
| serum antibody response to outer membrane proteins of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis in patients with bronchopulmonary infection. | a western blot (immunoblot) method for detecting antibodies against outer membrane protein (omp) epitopes of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis was evaluated. paired serum samples from patients suspected of m. catarrhalis (n = 38) and non-m. catarrhalis (n = 25) bronchopulmonary infection were examined for the presence of antibodies of the immunoglobulin m (igm), igg, and iga classes to omps from m. catarrhalis by a gel electrophoresis-immunoperoxidase technique (western blotting); sera from 40 ... | 1996 | 8914764 |
| microbiology of the transition from acute to chronic maxillary sinusitis. | repeated aspirations of sinus secretions by endoscopy was performed in five patients over a period of 34-50 days and, ultimately, surgical drainage was done in three who presented with acute maxillary sinusitis that did not respond to antimicrobial therapy and became chronic. the aspirates were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. most of the bacteria isolated from the first culture were aerobic or facultative bacteria: streptococcus pneumoniae (three isolates), haemophilus influenzae no ... | 1996 | 8918954 |
| upper respiratory tract infections - otitis media, sinusitis and pharyngitis. | management of the patient with otitis media, sinusitis or pharyngotonsillitis is based on information about the host, the organism and the antimicrobial agent. otitis media (om) is a common infection in children but selected children have recurrent and chronic om. the predominant organisms responsible for om are streptococcus pneumonia, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. changes in the antimicrobial susceptibility govern the choice of antimicrobial agents. surgical treatment shoul ... | 1995 | 8919162 |
| the beta-lactamases of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis isolated from danish children. | two distinct beta-lactamases have been isolated from moraxella catarrhalis: the stronger acting bro-1 enzyme and the weaker acting bro-2. several reports have noted an effect of penicillin and ampicillin on infections caused by m. catarrhalis in spite of the presence of beta-lactamase production. the purpose of this work was to charaterize the beta-lactamases of m. catarrhalis isolated from danish children regarding type and susceptibility, and to relate these findings to the eradication of beta ... | 1996 | 8920809 |
| [antimicrobial activities of clarithromycin against clinical isolates]. | to examine the antimicrobial activity of clarithromycin (cam) against strains clinically isolated from outpatients in 1994, minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined for cam and the control drugs. the results were as follows; 1. mic50 and mic90 of cam were similar to those investigated in 1980's against many bacterial species. 2. cam showed strong antimicrobial activities against beta-lactamase producing moraxella subgenus branhamella catarrhalis, bordetella pertussis, campylobact ... | 1996 | 8935125 |
| tetrameric repeat units associated with virulence factor phase variation in haemophilus also occur in neisseria spp. and moraxella catarrhalis. | the tetrameric repeat units 5'-caat-3' and 5'-gcaa-3' are associated with phase variable expression of lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic genes in haemophilus influenzae. four other tetrameric repeat units have also been reported from h. influenzae strain rd, 5'-caac-3', 5'-gaca-3', 5'-agct-3', and 5'-ttta-3', which are also associated with putative virulence factors. using oligonucleotide probes corresponding to five tandem copies of each of these tetramers, we have screened three strains of neiss ... | 1996 | 8935664 |
| results of the alexander project: a continuing, multicenter study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired lower respiratory tract bacterial pathogens. | in 1992, an ongoing, international multicenter study was established to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired lower respiratory tract bacterial pathogens: the alexander project. isolates cultured from patients living in geographically separated areas, ten in the european union (eu) and five in the united states (us), were collected and tested using standard methods in a central laboratory. a total of 4,155 isolates of haemophilus influenzae was collected during the p ... | 1996 | 8937841 |
| a multicenter study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired lower respiratory tract pathogens in the united states, 1992-1994. the alexander project. | a multicenter, collaborative study was performed over a three-year period (1992-1994) to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of isolates of haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumoniae from community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. isolates were collected from five geographically separated medical centers in the united states and sent to a central laboratory for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. of 350, 536, and 372 isolates of h. influenz ... | 1996 | 8937842 |
| monoclonal antibodies against haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharides: clone mahi 4 binding to a pentasaccharide containing terminal beta-gal residues and clone mahi 10 recognizing terminal phosphorylated saccharide residues. | mouse monoclonal antibodies mahi 4 and mahi 10 reactive with haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide (lps), were generated by fusing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells of mice immunized with h. influenzae strain rm.7004-xp-1. the antibody mahi 4 reacted in whole-cell enzyme immunoassay (eia) and colony-dot-immunoblotting with 20 of 123 h. influenzae strains and to a few other human haemophilus spp. and neisseria spp., but not to any bordetella pertussis, b. parapertussis, aeromonas spp. or ... | 1996 | 8938639 |
| in vitro activity of sanfetrinem (gv104326), a new trinem antimicrobial agent, versus streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. | sanfetrinem, formerly gv104326, is a new trinem antimicrobial agent with extensive in vitro activity for a variety of different bacteria. the activity of sanfetrinem was determined using a broth microdilution mic method versus a large number of clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis obtained in a recent 30-center united states surveillance study. the sanfetrinem mic50 and mic90 values for these three organism groups were 0.015 and 0.5 mic ... | 1996 | 8950528 |
| preparation and in vitro antibacterial activity of 9-o-glycosyloxime derivatives of erythromycin a, a new class of macrolide antibiotics. | 9-o-glycosyloxime derivatives of erythromycin a have been synthesized and their in vitro antibacterial activity compared with that of erythromycin a (1). this new class of macrolide antibiotics showed reduced antibacterial spectrum. however, some derivatives were as or more active than erythromycin a (1) against strains, responsible for respiratory track infections, such as haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis or streptococcus pneumoniae. | 1996 | 8968398 |
| dendritic cells are recruited into the airway epithelium during the inflammatory response to a broad spectrum of stimuli. | a key rate-limiting step in the adaptive immune response at peripheral challenge sites is the transmission of antigen signals to t cells in regional lymph nodes. recent evidence suggests that specialized dendritic cells (dc) fulfill this surveillance function in the resting state, but their relatively slow turnover in most peripheral tissues brings into question their effectiveness in signaling the arrival of highly pathogenic sources of antigen which require immediate mobilization of the full r ... | 1996 | 8976199 |
| in vitro activity of bay 12-8039, a new fluoroquinolone. | the in vitro activity of bay 12-8039, a new fluoroquinolone, was studied in comparison with those of ciprofloxacin, trovafloxacin (cp 99,219), cefpodoxime, and amoxicillin-clavulanate against gram-negative, gram-positive, and anaerobic bacteria. its activity against mycobacteria and chlamydia was also investigated. bay 12-8039 was active against members of the family enterobacteriaceae (mic at which 90% of strains tested were inhibited [mic90s] < or = 1 microgram/ml, except for serratia spp. mic ... | 1997 | 8980763 |
| [antimicrobial activity of cefodizime against clinical isolates]. | in order to evaluate antimicrobial activity of cefodizime (cdzm), minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of cdzm and control drugs were determined against clinical isolates collected from nation-wide medical institutions and in our laboratory from september to december of 1992 and from september to december of 1995. the results are summarized as follows: 1. bacterial species with no or few strains resistant to cdzm included streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae, citrobacter koseri, pr ... | 1996 | 8986558 |
| [pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of azithromycin using fine granules or capsules in the pediatric patients]. | azithromycin (azm), a new macrolide antibiotic, in fine granules and in capsules was studied for pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluations. 1. antibacterial activities. mic profile of azm was as follows: 0.78 approximately 1.56 micrograms/ml against staphylococcus aureus, < or = 0.025 approximately 0.10 microgram/ml against streptococcus pyogenes, 0.10 approximately 0.39 and 6.25 micrograms/ml against streptococcus pneumoniae, < or = 0.025 approximately 0.39 microgram/ml against moraxella(branham ... | 1996 | 8988410 |
| [a clinical evaluation of azithromycin in the treatment of pediatric infection]. | fine granule preparation of azithromycin (azm), a new macrolide antibiotic, was given to treat various infections in pediatric patients. efficacies of azm in a total of 21 patients (tonsillitis in six, bronchitis in five, pneumonia in five, impetigo contagiosa in three, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in one and bacterial enterogastritis in one) were rated "excellent" in 11 patients and "good" in eight. the remaining two cases were not included in the evaluation. azm eradicated all strains ... | 1996 | 8988413 |
| the structures of oligosaccharides isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of moraxella catarrhalis serotype b, strain ccug 3292. | the oligosaccharides from the lipopolysaccharides of moraxella catarrhalis serotype b, strain ccug 3292, were isolated after mild acid hydrolysis and separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. the structures of the oligosaccharides were established by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. it is concluded that the oligosaccharides comprise a mixture of mainly a nona- and a deca-saccharide. [formula: see text] smaller amounts of unde ... | 1996 | 9002189 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of er-35786, a new antipseudomonal carbapenem. | er-35786 is a new parenteral 1 beta-methyl carbapenem with a broad antibacterial spectrum and a potent antipseudomonal activity. it showed high in vitro activity, comparable to those of meropenem and a new carbapenem, bo-2727, against methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus and streptococci, with mics at which 90% of strains tested are inhibited (mic90s) of < or = 0.39 microgram/ml. against methicillin-resistant s. aureus, er-35786 was the most active among the compounds tested, yet its mi ... | 1997 | 9021183 |
| in vitro evaluation of a novel ketolide antimicrobial agent, ru-64004. | ketolides, a novel macrolide subclass, possess a mode of action that is similar to that of structurally related macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (mls) compounds. by using reference in vitro tests, the in vitro activity of ru-64004 was compared to those of six other mls compounds against more than 800 clinical pathogens, including 356 gram-positive organisms. the spectrum of activity of the ketolide was most similar to that of clindamycin versus staphylococci and streptococci and superior to t ... | 1997 | 9021207 |
| in vitro activity and spectrum of ly333328, a novel glycopeptide derivative. | reference methods were used to determine the potency of ly333328, a semisynthetic glycopeptide derivative with a key n-alkylation substitution, against 833 strains (393 gram-positive strains and representative gram-negative bacilli) with various defined resistance mechanisms. the mics at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited (mic90s) (in micrograms per milliliter) of ly333328 and the percentages of strains at < or = 8 micrograms/ml were as follows: for oxacillin-susceptible staphylococcus aure ... | 1997 | 9021216 |
| comparison of the efficacy, safety and acceptability of cefixime and amoxicillin/clavulanate in acute otitis media. | use of a beta-lactamase stable antibiotic is called for in cases of acute otitis media (aom) likely to be caused by beta-lactamase-producing haemophilus influenzae or moraxella catarrhalis. two beta-lactamase-stable agents commonly used for empirical treatment of aom are amoxicillin/clavulanate and cefixime. | 1997 | 9041624 |
| the in-vitro activity of faropenem, a novel oral penem. | the in-vitro activity of faropenem, a novel oral penem, was studied in comparison with other beta-lactam antimicrobials against 711 recent clinical isolates including gram-negative, gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria. mic data showed that faropenem was active against most members of the enterobacteriaceae (mics < or = 4 mg/l), with reduced activity against serratia spp. (mic90 = 32 mg/l). in common with its comparators, faropenem had weak activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa and stenotropho ... | 1997 | 9044026 |
| middle ear mucin glycoprotein: purification and interaction with nontypable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. | nontypable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are important pathogens in children and adults. the mechanisms of their adherence to the epithelial cell surface and colonization are not clear. for the pathogen to adhere to the epithelial cell, it must first attach to and penetrate the mucus barrier. mucin glycoproteins of the mucus layer generally are thought to be involved in bacterial attachment. to understand the precise mechanisms of middle ear mucin-bacterial interactions, we us ... | 1997 | 9051060 |
| aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of bacterial tracheitis in children. | establish the aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of bacterial tracheitis in children. | 1997 | 9061728 |
| haemagglutination properties of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis. | the ability of 30 isolates of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis to haemagglutinate erythrocytes of five species was examined. two haemagglutination phenotypes of m. catarrhalis were observed: phenotype i isolates (n = 10) agglutinated human erythrocytes, while phenotype ii isolates (n = 7) agglutinated both human and rabbit erythrocytes. no haemagglutination was observed with chick, sheep or horse erythrocytes. haemagglutination by both phenotype i and ii isolates was abolished following treat ... | 1996 | 9069102 |
| choosing the right macrolide antibiotic. a guide to selection. | macrolide antibiotics have proven to be valuable alternatives to penicillins and cephalosporins for the treatment of a number of infections. currently, a number of macrolides are available. when choosing a particular macrolide, the types of organisms causing the infection, the tolerability of the drug, convenience of dosing and possible drug interactions all must be taken into account. erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin are equally effective against most gram-positive organisms. howev ... | 1997 | 9074839 |
| empiric antibiotic selection criteria for respiratory infections in pediatric practice. | respiratory infections in children may occur as a consequence of resistant bacterial pathogens. streptococcus pneumoniae organisms resistant to penicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and macrolides are increasingly prevalent. amoxicillin- and macrolide-resistant haemophilus influenzae and moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis are also more commonly seen. traditional agents such as amoxicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole remain acceptable choices for most children with respiratory infectio ... | 1997 | 9076838 |
| the major outer membrane protein, cd, extracted from moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis is a potential vaccine antigen that induces bactericidal antibodies. | the major outer membrane protein of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, cd, was detergent-extracted from the bacterial cell wall and purified to homogeneity in high yields by a simple process. the purified protein appeared to exhibit immunogenic properties similar to those of native cd exposed on the surface of the bacterium. antibodies to cd raised in mice specifically bound to intact b. catarrhalis, as determined by flow cytometry analysis. the igg subclass distributions of anti-cd antibodies ... | 1997 | 9093840 |
| multicentre in-vitro evaluation of the susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis to ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, co-amoxiclav and sparfloxacin. | seven laboratories, including a reference laboratory, tested the susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae strains to ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, co-amoxiclav and sparfloxacin with the etest. a total of 976 strains were collected. the results with ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin were consistent for all laboratories, while those with clarithromycin and co-amoxiclav were not. the agreement between etest mics and broth microdilution was: ciproflo ... | 1997 | 9096192 |
| pharmacodynamic properties of faropenem demonstrated by studies of time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect. | the pharmacodynamic properties of faropenem, a new oral penem antibiotic, were investigated by studying time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect. time-kill kinetics were employed against strains of bacteroides fragilis, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pyogenes. the postantibiotic effects of faropenem were studied using strains of e. coli, s. aureus, h. influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae. the time-kill kinetic data ... | 1997 | 9096193 |
| highly conserved neisseria meningitidis surface protein confers protection against experimental infection. | a new surface protein, named nspa, which is distinct from the previously described neisseria meningitidis outer membrane proteins was identified. an nspa-specific mab, named me-1, reacted with 99% of the meningococcal strains tested indicating that the epitope recognized by this particular mab is widely distributed and highly conserved. western immunoblotting experiments indicated that mab me-1 is directed against a protein band with an approximate molecular mass of 22,000, but also recognized a ... | 1997 | 9104804 |
| history of macrolide use in pediatrics. | erythromycin, the prototypical macrolide, has been widely used since the 1950s in the management of pediatric infections. erythromycin is the drug of choice for infants and children with legionnaire's disease, pertussis, diphtheria, lower respiratory tract infections caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae and chlamydia trachomatis and enteritis caused by campylobacter jejuni. it is also indicated for treatment of syphilis; for streptococcal, staphylococcal and pneumococcal infecti ... | 1997 | 9109154 |
| causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance and therapeutic considerations in acute otitis media. | streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are the most frequently isolated pathogens in patients with acute otitis media (aom). other potential causative pathogens include streptococcus pyogenes in older children and chlamydia pneumoniae in younger children. the recent emergence of penicillin-resistant s. pneumoniae and the increasing frequency of beta-lactamase-producing strains of m. catarrhalis and h. influenzae are creating concerns regarding the use of amoxi ... | 1997 | 9109158 |
| postantibiotic and post-beta-lactamase inhibitor effects of amoxicillin plus clavulanate. | the postantibiotic effect (pae) of amoxicillin-clavulanate was studied for strains of staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, klebsiella pneumoniae, and escherichia coli. a pae of approximately 2 h was seen for beta-lactamase-positive and -negative strains of s. aureus following 2 h of exposure to twice the mic and did not increase at 16 times the mic. the pae observed with h. influenzae was clearly related to the growth rate of the organism. a pae of 0.8 h was foun ... | 1996 | 9124843 |
| prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among 723 outpatient clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis in the united states in 1994 and 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study. | seven hundred twenty-three isolates of moraxella catarrhalis obtained from outpatients with a variety of infections in 30 medical centers in the united states between 1 november 1994 and 30 april 1995 were characterized in a central laboratory. the overall rate of beta-lactamase production was 95.3%. when the national committee for clinical laboratory standards mic interpretive breakpoints for haemophilus influenzae were applied, percentages of strains found to be susceptible to selected oral an ... | 1996 | 9124860 |
| antimicrobial activity of ru-66647, a new ketolide. | a new macrolide subclass called ketolides, possess a mode of action similar to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (mls) compounds. utilizing reference in vitro tests, the in vitro activity of ru-66647 (a ketolide) was compared to other mls compounds against 376 gram-positive organisms and over 400 representative strains of gram-negative bacilli. the ketolide's spectrum was most similar to clindamycin and an earlier drug in the series (ru-64004 or ru-004) against staphylococci and streptococ ... | 1997 | 9127099 |
| can antimicrobial activity be sustained? an appraisal of orally administered drugs used for respiratory tract infections. | respiratory tract infections (rtis) represent a major cause of illness worldwide. therefore, it is of great concern that common rti pathogens have become increasingly resistant to many of the antimicrobial agents used for therapy. for example, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis have become resistant to beta-lactam drugs by producing efficient beta-lactamases (> 35 and 90% of strains, respectively). more recently, pneumococci have become more resistant through the mechanism of alter ... | 1997 | 9127102 |
| the antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media and sinusitis in children. | the development of resistance among the bacterial pathogens causing acute otitis media and sinusitis in children is causing considerable concern. although normally a mild infection, acute otitis media can produce serious complications with sequelae that can have long-lasting effects. high levels of resistance are now being seen in the three principal pathogens. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. most clinical trials comparing the efficacy of different an ... | 1997 | 9127104 |
| human immunoglobulin isotype and igg subclass response to different antigens of moraxella catarrhalis. | enzyme immunoassays were tested for the determination of antibodies of different isotypes and igg subclasses to moraxella catarrhalis in human sera. an assay based on an outer membrane protein preparation (omp) as antigen was compared to assays using whole bacterial cells and a purified lipopolysaccharide preparation. there was a good correlation between the results obtained with the omp preparation and the whole-cell antigen. in paired sera, optimal sensitivity was obtained by using the omp pre ... | 1997 | 9137517 |
| susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis to 21 antimicrobial drugs: validity of current nccls criteria for the interpretation of agar disk diffusion antibiograms. | ninety-four clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis were examined for susceptibility to 21 antimicrobial drugs; 67 isolates (= 71.3%) produced beta-lactamase(s). in terms of antibiotic resistance, the number of isolates resistant to penicillin g, ampicillin, and cotrimoxazole were 56, 32, and 1, respectively. the number of isolates with intermediate susceptibility to penicillin g, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, and fosfomycin were 11, 34, 1, 2, 2, and 47, respectively. a ... | 1997 | 9142455 |