| isolation of vibrio cholerae from the brain of a feedlot heifer with meningoencephalitis. | a 700-pound, 9-month-old angus heifer from a feedlot presented with acute neurologic signs, characterized by circling, posterior weakness, and nonresponsiveness, followed by death. histologically, the frontal lobe and the thalamus contained multiple foci of liquefaction that contained numerous degenerative neutrophils and foamy macrophages. some of these foci were centered on blood vessels that contained fibrin thrombi and exhibited varying degrees of fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel wall. there ... | 2006 | 17121090 |
| a new monoterpene glycoside and antibacterial monoterpene glycosides from paeonia suffruticosa. | antibacterial activity-guided fractionation of the chci3-meoh (1:1) extract of paeonia suffruticosa root bark furnished three monoterpene glycosides, 6-o-vanillyoxypaeoniflorin (1), mudanpioside-h (2), and galloyl-oxypaeoniflorin (3). of the isolated compounds, compound 1 is a new compound. all isolated compounds showed broad, but moderate, antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values in the range of 100 to 500 microg/ml against eighteen pathogenic microorganisms of ... | 2006 | 17121173 |
| multiply antibiotic-resistant vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor strains emerge during cholera outbreaks in zambia. | antibiotic resistance data, made available from laboratory records during eight cholera outbreaks between 1990 and 2004 showed vibrio cholerae serogroup o1 to have a low level of resistance (2-3%) to tetracycline during 1990-1991. resistance increased for tetracycline (95%), chloramphenicol (78%), doxycycline (70%) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (97%) in subsequent outbreaks. a significant drop in resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol followed the adoption of a national policy to re ... | 2007 | 17121691 |
| regulation of vibrio polysaccharide synthesis and virulence factor production by cdgc, a ggdef-eal domain protein, in vibrio cholerae. | in vibrio cholerae, the second messenger 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-gmp) regulates several cellular processes, such as formation of corrugated colony morphology, biofilm formation, motility, and virulence factor production. both synthesis and degradation of c-di-gmp in the cell are modulated by proteins containing ggdef and/or eal domains, which function as a diguanylate cyclase and a phosphodiesterase, respectively. the expression of two genes, cdgc and mbaa, which encode proteins harbo ... | 2007 | 17122338 |
| construction of a vibrio splendidus mutant lacking the metalloprotease gene vsm by use of a novel counterselectable suicide vector. | vibrio splendidus is a dominant culturable vibrio in seawater, and strains related to this species are also associated with mortality in a variety of marine animals. the determinants encoding the pathogenic properties of these strains are still poorly understood; however, the recent sequencing of the genome of v. splendidus lgp32, an oyster pathogen, provides an opportunity to decipher the basis of the virulence properties by disruption of candidate genes. we developed a novel suicide vector bas ... | 2007 | 17122399 |
| a microbial diagnostic microarray technique for the sensitive detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria in a background of nonpathogens. | a major challenge in microbial diagnostics is the parallel detection and identification of low-bundance pathogens within a complex microbial community. in addition, a high specificity providing robust, reliable identification at least at the species level is required. a microbial diagnostic microarray approach, using single nucleotide extension labeling with gyrb as the marker gene, was developed. we present a novel concept applying competitive oligonucleotide probes to improve the specificity o ... | 2007 | 17123456 |
| review of reported cholera outbreaks worldwide, 1995-2005. | the global temporal and spatial distribution of cholera is underappreciated, given the lack of surveillance in endemic areas and economic disincentives to report outbreaks. to judge the use of specific novel interventions such as vaccines or anti-secretory agents, we compiled a database and analyzed cholera reports from the program for monitoring emerging diseases from 1995 to 2005. of the 632 reports meeting the search criteria, 66% originated in sub-saharan africa, followed by 16.8% from south ... | 2006 | 17123999 |
| incidence of enteric bacterial pathogens in water found at the bottom of commercial freezers in calabar, southeastern nigeria. | bacteriological analysis of water that accumulates at the bottom of freezers in restaurants when the power was cut in calabar, southeastern nigeria, was carried out using standard procedures. mean heterotrophic bacterial counts and escherichia coli counts ranged from 3.1 +/- 0.02 to 7.1 +/- 0.30 x 10(4) cfu/ml and 0.2 +/- 0.10 to 0.6 +/- 0.50 x 10(4) cfu/ml, respectively, indicating heavy bacterial contamination whose source was mostly fecal. there was no significant difference (p > 0.05, 0.01) ... | 2006 | 17125005 |
| vaccines against traveler's diarrhoea and rotavirus disease - a review. | diarrheal diseases constitute one of the most important health problems worldwide, preferentially in developing countries with a morbidity of estimated 5 billion and a mortality of 5 million cases per year. children less than 5 years are particularly in danger with respect to the incidence and severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms. travelers to developing countries are also at risk to develop diarrheal disorders; around 30-50% of them acquire so called "travelers's diarrhea" caused by bacter ... | 2006 | 17131234 |
| plasmid: a centralized repository for plasmid clone information and distribution. | the plasmid information database (plasmid; http://plasmid.hms.harvard.edu) was developed as a community-based resource portal to facilitate search and request of plasmid clones shared with the dana-farber/harvard cancer center (df/hcc) dna resource core. plasmid serves as a central data repository and enables researchers to search the collection online using common gene names and identifiers, keywords, vector features, author names and pubmed ids. as of october 2006, the repository contains >46 ... | 2007 | 17132831 |
| breast milk reduces the risk of illness in children of mothers with cholera: observations from an epidemic of cholera in guinea-bissau. | a protective effect of breastfeeding against cholera has been demonstrated in areas endemic of cholera. to assess the protection offered by breast milk from mothers living in an area that had been free from cholera for 7 years, we investigated mothers with cholera and their children during an epidemic with vibrio cholerae el tor in the capital of guinea-bissau. | 2006 | 17133163 |
| probiotic properties of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium strains isolated from porcine gastrointestinal tract. | one strain of lactobacillus salivarius, two strains of lactobacillus reuteri and lactobacillus amylovorus, and two strains of bifidobacterium thermacidophilum with antagonistic effect against clostridium perfringens were isolated from porcine gastrointestinal tract. isolates were assayed for their ability to survive in synthetic gastric juice at ph 2.5 and were examined for their ability to grow on agar plate containing porcine bile extract. there was a large variation in the survival of the iso ... | 2007 | 17136367 |
| endogenous mmtv proviruses induce susceptibility to both viral and bacterial pathogens. | most inbred mice carry germline proviruses of the retrovirus, mouse mammary tumor virus (mmtv) (called mtvs), which have multiple replication defects. a balb/c congenic mouse strain lacking all endogenous mtvs (mtv-null) was resistant to mmtv oral and intraperitoneal infection and tumorigenesis compared to wild-type balb/c mice. infection of mtv-null mice with an mmtv-related retrovirus, type b leukemogenic virus, also resulted in severely reduced viral loads and failure to induce t-cell lymphom ... | 2006 | 17140288 |
| antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and extracts of cordia curassavica (boraginaceae). | in traditional mexican medicine cordia curassavica (jacq) roemer & schultes is used to treat gastrointestinal, respiratory and dermatological disorders in zapotitlán de las salinas, puebla (méxico). the aim of this work was to investigate antimicrobial activity of the essential oil, obtained by using clevenger distillation apparatus, and hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts from aerial parts of cordia curassavica. antimicrobial activity was evaluated against 13 bacteria and five fungal strai ... | 2007 | 17140754 |
| molecular analysis of vibrio cholerae strains isolated in malaysia: public health implications. | the genetic diversity or clonality among vibrio cholerae o1, o139 and non-o1/ non-o139 of clinical and environmental origin using ribotyping and pfge was performed in order to ascertain the public health implications of the different genotypes circulating within the malaysian environment. using an in-house typing scheme, of the 214 strains included, 202 strains were isolated locally between 1992 and 1998, seven were obtained from bangladesh and five were reference strains. amongst the 176 el tor ... | 2006 | 17153080 |
| the sxt conjugative element and linear prophage n15 encode toxin-antitoxin-stabilizing systems homologous to the tad-ata module of the paracoccus aminophilus plasmid pami2. | a group of proteic toxin-antitoxin (ta) cassettes whose representatives are widely distributed among bacterial genomes has been identified. these cassettes occur in chromosomes, plasmids, bacteriophages, and noncomposite transposons, as well as in the sxt conjugative element of vibrio cholerae. the following four homologous loci were subjected to detailed comparative studies: (i) tad-ata from plasmid pami2 of paracoccus aminophilus (the prototype of this group), (ii) gp49-gp48 from the linear ba ... | 2007 | 17158670 |
| a dynamic, mitotic-like mechanism for bacterial chromosome segregation. | the mechanisms that mediate chromosome segregation in bacteria are poorly understood. despite evidence of dynamic movement of chromosome regions, to date, mitotic-like mechanisms that act on the bacterial chromosome have not been demonstrated. here we provide evidence that the vibrio cholerae parai and parbi proteins are components of an apparatus that pulls the origin region of the large v. cholerae chromosome to the cell pole and anchors it there. parbi interacts with a conserved origin-proxim ... | 2006 | 17158745 |
| genetic organization of pre-ctx and ctx prophages in the genome of an environmental vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 strain. | the cholera toxin (ct) is a critical determinant of the virulence of epidemic vibrio cholerae strains. the ctxab operon encoding ct is part of the genome of a filamentous bacteriophage ctxphi, which may integrate as a single copy or as multiple copies in the genome of v. cholerae. the ctxphi genome is composed of rs2 (2.4 kb) and core (4.5 kb) regions. in the present study extensive genetic mapping analyses indicated that two copies of tandemly arrayed ctx prophages are integrated in the small c ... | 2006 | 17159216 |
| synergistic stimulation of epse atp hydrolysis by epsl and acidic phospholipids. | epse is a cytoplasmic component of the type ii secretion system in vibrio cholerae. through atp hydrolysis and an interaction with the cytoplasmic membrane protein epsl, epse supports secretion of cholera toxin across the outer membrane. in this study, we have determined the effect of the cytoplasmic domain of epsl (cyto-epsl) and purified phospholipids on the atpase activity of epse. acidic phospholipids, specifically cardiolipin, bound the copurified epse/cyto-epsl complex and stimulated its a ... | 2007 | 17159897 |
| non-o:1 and non-o:139 vibrio cholerae septicemia and pyomyositis in an immunodeficient traveler returning from tunisia. | | 2007 | 17161319 |
| [comparative characteristics of the preparations of hemolysin of ctx+ and ctx- vibrio cholerae eltor and vibrio cholerae o139 strains]. | hemolysin of ctx+ vibrio cholerae strains was obtained and studied. ctx+ vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 strains produced the hemolysin during cultivation in triptone medium without fecl3. mol.wt. and the spectrum of lytic activities of hemolysins of ctx+ vibrio cholerae did not differ from hemolysins of ctx- strains. | 2006 | 17163139 |
| [evolution of the epidemiology of cholera]. | the problems of the evolution of cholera at the stages of its pandemic spread are described. a short characterization of endemic zones in the countries of asia, africa and latin america, stipulating the preservation of infection and the appearance of periodic epidemics in the world, is presented. special attention is paid to the genesis of epidemic outbreaks in endemic and introduced foci of cholera, differing in the specific features of their formation and the accumulation of the epidemic varia ... | 2006 | 17163143 |
| [investigation on vibrio cholera carried in aquatic products of littoral areas, zhejiang province]. | to examine vibrio cholera (v.c) in aquatic products of littoral area, zhejiang province and to provide scientific evidence for administration of aquatic products and cholera epidemic control. | 2006 | 17166425 |
| lateral transfer of the lux gene cluster. | the lux operon is an uncommon gene cluster. to find the pathway through which the operon has been transferred, we sequenced the operon and both flanking regions in four typical luminous species. in vibrio cholerae ncimb 41, a five-gene cluster, most genes of which were highly similar to orthologues present in gram-positive bacteria, along with the lux operon, is inserted between vc1560 and vc1563, on chromosome 1. because this entire five-gene cluster is present in photorhabdus luminescens tt01, ... | 2007 | 17169972 |
| alpha2,6-linked sialic acid acts as a receptor for feline calicivirus. | feline calicivirus (fcv) is a major causative agent of respiratory disease in cats. it is also one of the few cultivatable members of the family caliciviridae. it has recently been reported that fcv binding is in part due to interaction with junction adhesion molecule-a. this report describes the characterization of additional receptor components for fcv. chemical treatment of cells with sodium periodate showed that fcv recognized carbohydrate moieties on the surface of permissive cells. enzymic ... | 2007 | 17170450 |
| rapid detection of vibrio species using liquid microsphere arrays and real-time pcr targeting the ftsz locus. | the development of rapid and sensitive molecular techniques for the detection of vibrio species would be useful for the surveillance of sporadic infections and management of major outbreaks. comparative sequence analysis of the ftsz gene in the predominant vibrio species that cause human disease revealed distinct alleles for each examined species, including vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. light upon extension (lux) real-time pcr assays were developed to target the ... | 2007 | 17172518 |
| evolutionary migration of a post-translationally modified active-site residue in the proton-pumping heme-copper oxygen reductases. | in the respiratory chains of aerobic organisms, oxygen reductase members of the heme-copper superfamily couple the reduction of o2 to proton pumping, generating an electrochemical gradient. there are three distinct families of heme-copper oxygen reductases: a, b, and c types. the a- and b-type oxygen reductases have an active-site tyrosine that forms a unique cross-linked histidine-tyrosine cofactor. in the c-type oxygen reductases (also called cbb3 oxidases), an analogous active-site tyrosine h ... | 2006 | 17176062 |
| infection in a dish: high-throughput analyses of bacterial pathogenesis. | diverse aspects of host-pathogen interactions have been studied using non-mammalian hosts such as dictyostelium discoideum, caenorhabditis elegans, drosophila melanogaster and danio rerio for more than 20 years. over the past two years, the use of these model hosts to dissect bacterial virulence mechanisms has been expanded to include the important human pathogens vibrio cholerae and yersinia pestis. innovative approaches using these alternative hosts have also been developed, enabling the isola ... | 2007 | 17178462 |
| the abcs (antibody, b cells, and carbohydrate epitopes) of cholera immunity: considerations for an improved vaccine. | cholera, a diarrheal disease, is known for explosive epidemics that can quickly kill thousands. endemic cholera is a seasonal torment that also has a significant mortality. not all nations with extensive rural communities can achieve the required infrastructure or behavioral changes to prevent epidemic or endemic cholera. for some communities, a single-dose cholera vaccine that protects those at risk is the most efficacious means to reduce morbidity and mortality. it is clear that our understand ... | 2006 | 17179659 |
| cell surface sialylation plays a role in modulating sensitivity towards apo-1-mediated apoptotic cell death. | apo-1/fas(cd95), a member of the tumour necrosis factor (tnf)/nerve growth factor (ngf) receptor superfamily transduces apoptotic signals into apoptosis sensitive cells. in metabolic labelling experiments using the highly apo-1 positive cell lines hut78 (adultt cell leukemia) and skw6.4 (blymphoblastoid cell line) apo-1 was characterised as a long living protein with a complex glycosylation pattern involving terminal sialic acid groups which account for 8-kda of its apparent molecular weight on ... | 1995 | 17180039 |
| the small nucleoid protein fis is involved in vibrio cholerae quorum sensing. | quorum sensing is a process of cell-cell communication that bacteria use to relay information to one another about the cell density and species composition of the bacterial community. quorum sensing involves the production, secretion and population-wide detection of small signalling molecules called autoinducers. this process allows bacteria to synchronize group behaviours and act as multicellular units. the human pathogen, vibrio cholerae, uses quorum sensing to co-ordinate such complex behavio ... | 2007 | 17181781 |
| antimicrobial peptides activate the vibrio cholerae sigmae regulon through an ompu-dependent signalling pathway. | vibrio cholerae, an enteric pathogen, is subject to assault by several membrane-acting, host gut-derived antimicrobial peptides (ap). we previously found that a major v. cholerae outer membrane protein, ompu, confers resistance to polymyxin b and to a bioactive peptide (p2) derived from the human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein. here, we report that the alternative sigma factor sigma(e) also plays a critical role in determining v. cholerae resistance to ap and that ompu and sigma(e) ... | 2007 | 17181782 |
| vibrio cholerae strain typing and phylogeny study based on simple sequence repeats. | vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera. its natural reservoir is the aquatic environment. to date, practical typing of v. cholerae is mainly serological and requires about 200 antisera. simple sequence repeats (ssr), also termed vntr (for variable number of tandem repeats), provide a source of high genomic polymorphism used in bacterial typing. here we describe an ssr-based typing method that combines the variation in highly mutable ssr loci, with that of shorter, relatively more st ... | 2007 | 17182751 |
| culturable and vbnc vibrio cholerae: interactions with chironomid egg masses and their bacterial population. | vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, is autochthonous to various aquatic environments. recently, it was found that chironomid (nonbiting midges) egg masses serve as a reservoir for the cholera bacterium and that flying chironomid adults are possible windborne carriers of v. cholerae non-o1 non-o139. chironomids are the most widely distributed insect in freshwater. females deposit egg masses at the water's edge, and each egg mass contains eggs embedded in a gelatinous matrix. hemagglu ... | 2007 | 17186156 |
| a novel protein, ttpc, is a required component of the tonb2 complex for specific iron transport in the pathogens vibrio anguillarum and vibrio cholerae. | active transport across the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria requires the energy that is generated by the proton motive force in the inner membrane. this energy is transduced to the outer membrane by the tonb protein in complex with the proteins exbb and exbd. in the pathogen vibrio anguillarum we have identified two tonb systems, tonb1 and tonb2, the latter is used for ferric-anguibactin transport and is transcribed as part of an operon that consists of orf2, exbb2, exbd2, and tonb2. th ... | 2007 | 17189363 |
| growth phase regulation of vibrio cholerae rtx toxin export. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera, secretes several "accessory" toxins, including rtx toxin, which causes the cross-linking of the actin cytoskeleton. rtx toxin is exported to the extracellular milieu by an atypical type i secretion system (t1ss), and we previously noted that rtx-associated activity is detectable only in supernatant fluids from log phase cultures. here, we investigate the mechanisms for regulating rtx toxin activity in supernatant fluid ... | 2007 | 17189368 |
| lethality of shock pressures to a marine vibrio sp. isolated from a ship's ballast water. | the lethal effects of shock pressure treatment on suspended vibrio sp. cells were examined. lethality of shock pressures to the vibrio sp. cells increased with the increase in the values of maximum shock pressures generated in the cell suspension. when the value was around 114 mpa, the total number of colony-forming cells was reduced from 10(8.5+/-0.1) colony-forming units (cfu) to 10(3.3) - 10(3.4) cfu/ml, and complete loss of colony-forming ability was seen at the maximum value of 282 mpa. alm ... | 2006 | 17190270 |
| progress towards development of a cholera subunit vaccine. | cholera, an enteric disease that can reach pandemic proportions, remains a world-wide problem that is positioned to increase in incidence as changes in global climate or armed conflict spawn the conditions that enhance transmission to humans and, thus, precipitate epidemic cholera. an effective subunit cholera vaccine that can provide protective immunity with one parenteral immunization would be a major advantage over the existing oral vaccines that can require two doses for optimal protection. ... | 2004 | 17191897 |
| application of ganglioside-sensitized liposomes in a flow injection immunoanalytical system for the determination of cholera toxin. | cholera, an acute infectious disease associated with water and seafood contamination, is caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae, which lives and colonizes in the small intestine and secretes cholera toxin (ct), a causative agent for diarrhea in humans. based on earlier lateral flow assays, a flow injection liposome immunoanalysis (filia) system with excellent sensitivity was developed in this study for the determination of ct at zeptomole levels. ganglioside (gm1), found to have specific affini ... | 2007 | 17194147 |
| three dimensional structure and implications for the catalytic mechanism of 6-phosphogluconolactonase from trypanosoma brucei. | enzymes from the pentose phosphate pathway (ppp) are potential drug targets for the development of new drugs against trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of african sleeping disease: for instance, the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is currently studied actively for such purposes. structural and functional studies are necessary to better characterize the associated enzymes and compare them to their human homologues, in order to undertake structure-based drug design studies on such targets. i ... | 2007 | 17196981 |
| par genes and the pathology of chromosome loss in vibrio cholerae. | the causes and consequences of chromosome loss in bacteria with multiple chromosomes are unknown. vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera, has two circular chromosomes. like many other bacterial chromosomes, both v. cholerae chromosomes contain homologues of plasmid partitioning (par) genes. in plasmids, par genes act to segregate plasmid molecules to daughter cells and thereby ensure plasmid maintenance; however, the contribution of par genes to chromosome s ... | 2007 | 17197419 |
| [uninary infection due to non-01, non-0139 vibrio cholerae]. | | 2006 | 17203558 |
| two unrelated cases of septicaemia due to vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 in poland, july and august 2006. | | 2006 | 17213560 |
| iron acquisition in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has an absolute requirement for iron and must obtain this element in the human host as well as in its varied environmental niches. it has multiple systems for iron acquisition, including the tonb-dependent transport of heme, the endogenous siderophore vibriobactin and several siderophores that are produced by other microorganisms. there is also a feo system for the transport of ferrous iron and an abc transporter, fbp, which transports ferric iron ... | 2007 | 17216354 |
| the rbmbcdef gene cluster modulates development of rugose colony morphology and biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, can undergo phenotypic variation generating rugose and smooth variants. the rugose variant forms corrugated colonies and well-developed biofilms and exhibits increased levels of resistance to several environmental stresses. many of these phenotypes are mediated in part by increased expression of the vps genes, which are organized into vps-i and vps-ii coding regions, separated by an intergenic region. in this study, we generated in-frame deletions ... | 2007 | 17220218 |
| detection of vibrio cholerae by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. | a multitarget molecular beacon-based real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) assay for the specific detection of vibrio cholerae has been developed. the genes encoding the cholera toxin (ctxa), the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcpa; colonization factor), the ctxa toxin regulator (toxr), hemolysin (hlya), and the 60-kda chaperonin product (groel) were selected as target sequences for detection. the beacons for the five different genetic targets were evaluated by serial dilution of ... | 2007 | 17220262 |
| mosaic structure of p1658/97, a 125-kilobase plasmid harboring an active amplicon with the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene blashv-5. | escherichia coli isolates recovered from patients during a clonal outbreak in a warsaw, poland, hospital in 1997 produced different levels of an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) of the shv type. the beta-lactamase hyperproduction correlated with the multiplication of esbl gene copies within a plasmid. here, we present the complete nucleotide sequence of plasmid p1658/97 carried by the isolates recovered during the outbreak. the plasmid is 125,491 bp and shows a mosaic structure in which a ... | 2007 | 17220406 |
| ultrastructure of coccoid viable but non-culturable vibrio cholerae. | morphology of viable but non-culturable vibrio cholerae was monitored for 2 years by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. morphological changes included very small coccoid forms, after extended incubation at 4 degrees c and room temperature, and sequential transformation from curved rods to irregular (approximately 1 microm) rods to approximately 0.8 microm coccoid cells and, ultimately, to tiny coccoid forms (0.07-0.4 microm). irregular rod-shaped and coccoid cells were equally distri ... | 2007 | 17222137 |
| comparative studies of endonuclease i from cold-adapted vibrio salmonicida and mesophilic vibrio cholerae. | endonuclease i is a periplasmic or extracellular enzyme present in many different proteobacteria. the enda gene encoding endonuclease i from the psychrophilic and mildly halophilic bacterium vibrio salmonicida and from the mesophilic brackish water bacterium vibrio cholerae have been cloned, over-expressed in escherichia coli, and purified. a comparison of the enzymatic properties shows large differences in nacl requirements, optimum ph, temperature stability and catalytic efficiency of the two ... | 2007 | 17222185 |
| analysis of strategies to successfully vaccinate infants in developing countries against enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) disease. | enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is the most common bacterial cause of diarrhoea in the world, annually affecting up to 400,000,000 children under 5 years of age living in developing countries (dcs). although etec possesses numerous antigens, the relatively conserved colonization factor (cf) antigens and the heat labile enterotoxin (lt) have been associated with protection and most vaccine candidates have exploited these antigens. a safe and effective vaccine against etec is a feasible go ... | 2007 | 17224212 |
| efflux-mediated resistance to florfenicol and/or chloramphenicol in bordetella bronchiseptica: identification of a novel chloramphenicol exporter. | twenty florfenicol- and/or chloramphenicol-resistant bordetella bronchiseptica isolates of porcine and feline origin were investigated for the presence of flor and cml genes and their location on plasmids. | 2007 | 17224413 |
| induction of secretory immunity and memory at mucosal surfaces. | mucosal epithelia comprise an extensive vulnerable barrier which is reinforced by numerous innate defence mechanisms cooperating intimately with adaptive immunity. local generation of secretory iga (siga) constitutes the largest humoral immune system of the body. secretory antibodies function both by performing antigen exclusion at mucosal surfaces and by virus and endotoxin neutralization within epithelial cells without causing tissue damage. siga is thus persistently containing commensal bacte ... | 2007 | 17227687 |
| molecular characterization of icevchvie0 and its disappearance in vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in 2003 in vietnam. | we analyzed 28 epidemic vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in the region of thua thien hue (vietnam) in 2003. ubiquitous amoxicillin, prevalent aminoglycosides and sporadic erythromycin resistances were observed. all were devoid of plasmids, class 1 integrons and ices and showed the same bgli ribotype, irrespective of their site of isolation and resistance pattern. a strain isolated in 1990 in the same area was resistant to amoxicillin and aminoglycosides but characterized by a different riboty ... | 2007 | 17233716 |
| smooth to rugose phase variation in vibrio cholerae can be mediated by a single nucleotide change that targets c-di-gmp signalling pathway. | microorganisms use phase variation to increase population diversity to maximize evolutionary success. one such variation is the smooth to rugose phenotype change in vibrio cholerae. we determined that the variation between smooth and rugose phenotypes can be controlled by a single nucleotide change in a gene (vpvc) predicted to encode a diguanylate cyclase. the vpvc allele found in the rugose genetic background is more active at producing c-di-gmp while that in smooth genetic background is less ... | 2007 | 17233827 |
| multiple small rnas act additively to integrate sensory information and control quorum sensing in vibrio harveyi. | quorum sensing is a cell-cell communication mechanism that bacteria use to collectively regulate gene expression and, at a higher level, to coordinate group behavior. in the bioluminescent marine bacterium vibrio harveyi, sensory information from three independent quorum-sensing systems converges on the shared response regulator luxo. when luxo is phosphorylated, it activates the expression of a putative repressor that destabilizes the mrna encoding the master quorum-sensing transcriptional regu ... | 2007 | 17234887 |
| characterization of the genetic background of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor serotype inaba strains isolated in trivandrum, southern india. | isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor serotype inaba associated with an outbreak of cholera in trivandrum, southern india, were characterized. pcr testing revealed that all five isolates examined carried the tcp pathogenicity island, the ctx genetic element and the rtx toxin, and produced cholera toxin (ct). rflp analysis revealed that these inaba isolates possessed a single copy of the ctx element flanked by two tandemly arranged copies of the rs element upstream of the core region. the ... | 2007 | 17244810 |
| [sequence analysis of housekeeping genes reca, dnae, and mdh in different serogroups or biotypes of vibrio cholerae isolated from china]. | to analyze sequences of the housekeeping genes including reca, dnae, and mdh in different serogroups or different biotypes of vibrio cholerae (vc) strains isolated from china. | 2006 | 17259105 |
| effect of fatty acids and cholesterol present in bile on expression of virulence factors and motility of vibrio cholerae. | bile induces pleiotropic responses that affect production of virulence factors, motility, and other phenotypes in the enteric pathogen vibrio cholerae. since bile is a heterogeneous mixture, crude bile was fractionated, and the components that mediate virulence gene repression and enhancement of motility were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography (gc), and gc-mass spectrometry analyses. the unsaturated fatty acids detected in bile, arachidonic, linoleic, and oleic acids, d ... | 2007 | 17261615 |
| galactose-specific fimbrial adhesin of enteroaggregative escherichia coli: a possible aggregative factor. | a galactose-specific adhesin was isolated from the fimbriae of an enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec) strain. the adhesin was found to be a high molecular weight aggregate of the 18-kda monomer. the dimeric (36 kda) and tetrameric (76 kda) forms appeared in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis when a higher concentration of the adhesin was used. the iggad (igg against adhesin) obtained from the immune sera raised in rabbits against purified adhesin could detect all th ... | 2007 | 17262177 |
| protective role of autophagy against vibrio cholerae cytolysin, a pore-forming toxin from v. cholerae. | autophagy is the unique, regulated mechanism for the degradation of organelles. this intracellular process acts as a prosurvival pathway during cell starvation or stress and is also involved in cellular response against specific bacterial infections. vibrio cholerae is a noninvasive intestinal pathogen that has been studied extensively as the causative agent of the human disease cholera. v. cholerae illness is produced primarily through the expression of a potent toxin (cholera toxin) within the ... | 2007 | 17267617 |
| crystal structure of the carboxyltransferase domain of the oxaloacetate decarboxylase na+ pump from vibrio cholerae. | oxaloacetate decarboxylase is a membrane-bound multiprotein complex that couples oxaloacetate decarboxylation to sodium ion transport across the membrane. the initial reaction catalyzed by this enzyme machinery is the carboxyl transfer from oxaloacetate to the prosthetic biotin group. the crystal structure of the carboxyltransferase at 1.7 a resolution shows a dimer of alpha(8)beta(8) barrels with an active site metal ion, identified spectroscopically as zn(2+), at the bottom of a deep cleft. th ... | 2007 | 17270211 |
| evaluation of the growth inhibitory activities of triphala against common bacterial isolates from hiv infected patients. | the isolation of microbial agents less susceptible to regular antibiotics and the rising trend in the recovery rates of resistant bacteria highlights the need for newer alternative principles. triphala has been used in traditional medicine practice against certain diseases such as jaundice, fever, cough, eye diseases etc. in the present study phytochemical (phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid) and antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of triphala and its individual components ( ... | 2007 | 17273983 |
| isolation and characterization of a new plasmid pspnp1 from a multidrug-resistant clone of streptococcus pneumoniae. | a novel streptococcus pneumoniae plasmid (pspnp1; 5413bp) has been isolated from the multidrug-resistant clone poland(23f)-16, and its complete nucleotide sequence has been determined. sequence analysis predicted seven co-directional open reading frames and comparative analyses revealed that plasmid pspnp1 is different to pdp1, the only previously described pneumococcal plasmid, whereas it is highly similar to pst08, a plasmid from streptococcus thermophilus. a double-stranded origin for replica ... | 2007 | 17275906 |
| regulation of the chitobiose-phosphotransferase system in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae harbours a phosphotransferase system (pts) enabling the organism to utilise chitosan oligosaccharide, e.g. derived from deacetylated chitin. as shown recently, this utilization system is encoded by the orfs vc1281-1283 (meibom et al. in proc natl acad sci usa, 101:2524-2529, 2004). by using a transcriptional reporter fusion technique, we identified the regulator of the system and characterised gene expression. furthermore, we found that gene expression of this pts system is influ ... | 2007 | 17277949 |
| the genome of non-o1 vibrio cholerae nrt36s demonstrates the presence of pathogenic mechanisms that are distinct from those of o1 vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae nrt36s is a non-cholera toxin-producing, non-o1 strain that causes diarrhea in volunteers. the genome of nrt36s was sequenced to create a draft containing 174 contigs plus the superintegron region. our analysis of the draft genome revealed several putative toxin genes and colonization factors. besides confirming the existence of nonagglutinable heat-stable toxin, we also identified the genes for a type three secretion system, a putative exotoxin, two different rtx toxins, and fou ... | 2007 | 17283087 |
| virstatin inhibits dimerization of the transcriptional activator toxt. | the development of antimicrobials is critical in this time of increasing antibiotic resistance of most clinically relevant bacteria. to date, all current antibiotics focus on inhibiting crucial enzymatic activities of their protein targets (i.e., trimethoprim for dihydrofolate reductase), thus disrupting in vitro essential gene functions. in contrast, we have previously reported the identification of virstatin, a small molecule that inhibits virulence regulation in vibrio cholerae, thereby preve ... | 2007 | 17283330 |
| [classification and identification of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates based on gyrb gene phylogenetic analysis]. | in order to validate the usefulness of gyrb genotype for the classification and identification of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates, the phylogenetic analysis of 13 v. cholerae, 8 v. parahaemolyticus, 2 aeromonas hydrophila and 1 plesiomonas shigelloides strains was carried out using the partial coding sequence of gyrb, a gene that encodes the b subunit of dna gyrase (topoisomerase type ii ) in bacteria. these strains were separately clustered at species level and typed by the ... | 2006 | 17302148 |
| evaluation of phytotoxic elements, trace elements and nutrients in a standardized crop plant, irrigated with raw wastewater treated by apt and ozone. | this project studied the benefits of applying advanced primary treatment (apt) and ozone (o3) to raw wastewater destined for reuse in agriculture. the ozone was applied directly to raw wastewater, as well as to wastewater already treated with apt, and the results compared against a control sample of potable water. the experimental conditions that reported the best results was wastewater treated with o3 (at a dose of 4.8 mg/l, at ph 7, temperature 23 degrees c, for 1 hr), given that it met standa ... | 2006 | 17302317 |
| pore formation by vibrio cholerae cytolysin requires cholesterol in both monolayers of the target membrane. | vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) forms oligomeric transmembrane pores in cholesterol-rich membranes. to better understand this process, we used planar bilayer membranes. in symmetric membranes, the rate of the channel formation by vcc has a superlinear dependency on the cholesterol membrane fraction. thus, more than one cholesterol molecule can facilitate vcc-pore formation. in asymmetric membranes, the rate of pore formation is limited by the leaflet with the lower cholesterol content. methyl-be ... | 2007 | 17303303 |
| pilz domain proteins bind cyclic diguanylate and regulate diverse processes in vibrio cholerae. | cyclic diguanylate (c-di-gmp) is an allosteric activator and second messenger implicated in the regulation of a variety of biological processes in diverse bacteria. in vibrio cholerae, c-di-gmp has been shown to inversely regulate biofilm-specific and virulence gene expression, suggesting that c-di-gmp signaling is important for the transition of v. cholerae from the environment to the host. however, the mechanism behind this regulation remains unknown. recently, it was proposed that the pilz pr ... | 2007 | 17307739 |
| broad up-regulation of innate defense factors during acute cholera. | we used a whole-genome microarray screening system (affymetrix human genechips covering 47,000 different transcripts) to examine the gene expression in duodenal mucosa during acute cholera. biopsies were taken from the duodenal mucosa of seven cholera patients 2 and 30 days after the onset of diarrhea, and the gene expression patterns in the acute- and convalescent-phase samples were compared pairwise. of about 21,000 transcripts expressed in the intestinal epithelium, 29 were defined as transcr ... | 2007 | 17307946 |
| suitability of partial 16s ribosomal rna gene sequence analysis for the identification of dangerous bacterial pathogens. | in a bioterrorism event a rapid tool is needed to identify relevant dangerous bacteria. the aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of partial 16s rrna gene sequence analysis and the suitability of diverse databases for identifying dangerous bacterial pathogens. | 2007 | 17309636 |
| antibacterial, antisecretory and antihemorrhagic activity of azadirachta indica used to treat cholera and diarrhea in india. | indigenous uses of azadirachta indica a. juss (maliaceae) (locally known as neem) leaves in different parts of india for curing gastrointestinal disorder such as diarrhea and cholera is wide spread. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antisecretory activity of neem extract against vibrio cholerae, a causative agent of watery diarrhea such as cholera. the methanol extract of neem leaf was tested for its antibacterial, antisecretory and antihemorrhagic activity ... | 2007 | 17314018 |
| multiplex pcr for detection of antibiotic resistance genes and the sxt element: application in the characterization of vibrio cholerae. | this study describes a multiplex pcr assay for the detection of antibiotic resistance genes and the sxt element in vibrio cholerae. conditions were optimized to amplify fragments of sulii (encoding sulfamethoxazole resistance), dfra1 (o1-specific trimethoprim resistance), dfr18 (o139-specific trimethoprim resistance), strb (streptomycin b resistance) and the sxt element simultaneously in one pcr. this multiplex pcr was evaluated on 142 v. cholerae isolates and the results correlated with the phe ... | 2007 | 17314365 |
| resonance raman spectroscopic investigation of the light-harvesting chromophore in escherichia coli photolyase and vibrio cholerae cryptochrome-1. | photolyases and cryptochromes are flavoproteins that belong to the class of blue-light photoreceptors. they usually bind two chromophores: flavin adenine dinucleotide (fad), which forms the active site, and a light-harvesting pigment, which is a 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamate (mthf) in most cases. in escherichia coli photolyase (ecphr), the mthf cofactor is present in substoichiometric amounts after purification, while in vibrio cholerae cryptochrome-1 (vccry1) the mthf cofactor is ... | 2007 | 17316023 |
| cholera vaccines. | | 2007 | 17317594 |
| identification of residues critical for the function of the vibrio cholerae virulence regulator toxt by scanning alanine mutagenesis. | virulence factor expression in vibrio cholerae is controlled by the transcriptional regulatory protein toxt. toxt activates transcription of the genes encoding cholera toxin (ctx) and the toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp), as well as accessory colonization factor (acf) genes. previous studies of toxt, a member of the arac family of proteins, have revealed that it consists of two domains, an n-terminal dimerization and environmental sensing domain, and a c-terminal dna binding domain. in this study, ... | 2007 | 17320105 |
| o3:k6 serotype of vibrio parahaemolyticus identical to the global pandemic clone associated with diarrhea in peru. | to determine if the vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 global pandemic clone has spread into peru. | 2007 | 17321179 |
| quinone reduction by the na+-translocating nadh dehydrogenase promotes extracellular superoxide production in vibrio cholerae. | the pathogenicity of vibrio cholerae is influenced by sodium ions which are actively extruded from the cell by the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr). to study the function of the na(+)-nqr in the respiratory chain of v. cholerae, we examined the formation of organic radicals and superoxide in a wild-type strain and a mutant strain lacking the na(+)-nqr. upon reduction with nadh, an organic radical was detected in native membranes by electron paramagnetic resonance spect ... | 2007 | 17322313 |
| medico - historical study of "visŭcikă" (cholera). | the sanskrit word visŭcikă refers to a condition in which vitiated văta dŏşa causes pain like pricking with a needle over the body. it occurs in a person suffering with ajĭrna (indigestion) and its detailed description is available in ayurvedic literature. this disease has its existence in india since ancient times; it has also been referred in mahăhărata and tripitikas. its etiology, signs, symptoms, complications, prognosis and treatment etc. as described in ayurveda may be correlated with the ... | 2005 | 17333658 |
| enteropathogenic bacteria and enterotoxin-producing staphylococcus aureus isolated from ready-to-eat foods in khon kaen, thailand. | the objective of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat food in the municipality of khon kaen, thailand. four categories of 186 food samples were collected: (1) high heat food; (2) low heat food; (3) no heat food; and, 4) on-site prepared fruit juices and beverages. of the food samples, 145 (78%) failed to meet acceptable microbiological standards, including fruit juice and beverages (100%), no heat food (91.7%), low heat food (81.7%) and high heat food (57.9%) ... | 2006 | 17333744 |
| [cholera]. | cholera is an acute intestinal infection that has reached pandemic proportions and presents a major international health concern. every year, more than 100000 cholera cases and 2000-3000 deaths are officially reported to who. the real figures for cholera are thought to be much higher, however, due to underreporting and other limitations of surveillance systems. cholera is caused by two serogroups (o1 and o139) of a gram-negative bacterium, vibrio cholerae. cholera toxins cause a massive outpouri ... | 2007 | 17336031 |
| expression level of heterologous tat genes is crucial for in vivo reconstitution of a functional tat translocase in escherichia coli. | the tat system has the remarkable capacity of exporting proteins in folded conformation across the cytoplasmic membrane. the functional tat translocase from gram-negative bacteria consists of tata, tatb and tatc proteins. to gain information about the species specificity of the tat translocase, we cloned tat genes from gram-negative pathogens shigella flexneri 2a str. 301, vibrio cholerae el tor n16961, pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1, thermophilic sulfolobus solfataricus p2, thermus thermophilus hb ... | 2007 | 17336443 |
| affinity of galectin-8 and its carbohydrate recognition domains for ligands in solution and at the cell surface. | galectin-8 has two different carbohydrate recognition domains (crds), the n-terminal gal-8n and the c-terminal gal-8c linked by a peptide, and has various effects on cell adhesion and signaling. to understand the mechanism for these effects further, we compared the binding activities of galectin-8 in solution with its binding and activation of cells. we used glycan array analysis to broaden the specificity profile of the two galectin-8 crds, as well as intact galectin-8s (short and long linker), ... | 2007 | 17339281 |
| prediction of epidemic cholera due to vibrio cholerae o1 in children younger than 10 years using climate data in bangladesh. | to determine if a prediction of epidemic cholera using climate data can be made, we performed autoregression analysis using the data recorded in dhaka city, bangladesh over a 20-year period (1983-2002) comparing the number of children aged <10 years who were infected with vibrio cholerae o1 to the maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall. we formulated a simple autoregression model that predicts the monthly number of patients using earlier climate variables. the monthly number of patients p ... | 2008 | 17346360 |
| an extended toxr possyccat system for positive and negative selection of self-interacting transmembrane domains. | assay systems based on the toxr protein are widely used to investigate interaction of transmembrane domains that come from natural proteins or are isolated from combinatorial libraries. the principle of this method is that self-interaction of any given transmembrane domain, which is expressed within a toxr chimeric protein, drives toxr-toxr assembly in a bacterial inner membrane. in current versions of the system, toxr-toxr interaction drives transcription activation of the cholera toxin (ctx) p ... | 2007 | 17346832 |
| nonserogroup o1 vibrio cholerae in a renal transplant patient. | | 2007 | 17353792 |
| [a study of the prevalence of regulatory genes controlling virulence gene expression among vibrio choleraeeltor biovariant strains varying in their pandemic potential]. | the evolution of the genome of the pathogenic agent of the seventh cholera pandemia vibrio cholerae eltor biovariant was thought to occur by acquiring not only structural genes of virulence but also regulatory systems as a result of horizontal transfer events. the polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of the following regulatory genes that control the virulence gene expression in the chromosome of pre-pandemic and pandemic strains of cholera vibrios eltor: toxr, toxt, tcpp, tcph, luxs, ... | 2007 | 17354604 |
| gene expression profile of vibrio cholerae in the cold stress-induced viable but non-culturable state. | vibrio cholerae is an aetiological agent of cholera that inhabits marine and estuarine environments. it can survive harsh environments by entering the viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state, but the related changes in gene expression have not been described. here, we experimentally induced the vbnc state in v. cholerae o1, by incubation in artificial seawater at 4 degrees c. bacterial cells that were incubated for 70 days retained their membrane integrity and were pathogenic, colonizing the gut ... | 2007 | 17359259 |
| genomic analysis of the mozambique strain of vibrio cholerae o1 reveals the origin of el tor strains carrying classical ctx prophage. | cholera outbreaks in subsaharan african countries are caused by strains of the el tor biotype of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1. the el tor biotype is the causative agent of the current seventh cholera pandemic, whereas the classical biotype, which was associated with the sixth pandemic, is now extinct. besides other genetic differences the ctx prophages encoding cholera toxin in the two biotypes of v. cholerae o1 have distinct repressor (rstr) genes. however, recent incidences of cholera in mozam ... | 2007 | 17360342 |
| regulation of the stringent response is the essential function of the conserved bacterial g protein cgta in vibrio cholerae. | the gene encoding the conserved bacterial g protein cgta (obg) is essential for viability in every organism in which it has been studied. cgta has been reported to be involved in several diverse bacterial functions, including ribosome assembly, dna repair, sporulation, and morphological development. however, none of these functions have been identified as essential. here we show that depletion of cgta in vibrio cholerae causes global changes in gene expression that are consistent with induction ... | 2007 | 17360576 |
| the capsule polysaccharide structure and biogenesis for non-o1 vibrio cholerae nrt36s: genes are embedded in the lps region. | in v. cholerae, the biogenesis of capsule polysaccharide is poorly understood. the elucidation of capsule structure and biogenesis is critical to understanding the evolution of surface polysaccharide and the internal relationship between the capsule and lps in this species. v. cholerae serogroup o31 nrt36s, a human pathogen that produces a heat-stable enterotoxin (nag-st), is encapsulated. here, we report the covalent structure and studies of the biogenesis of the capsule in v. cholerae nrt36s. | 2007 | 17362509 |
| septicemia caused by a non-01 vibrio cholerae. | | 1996 | 17372457 |
| calorimetric assay for field detection of cholera. | | 2007 | 17375388 |
| changing serotypes and phage types of vibrio cholerae in ludhiana (punjab) during 2001-2005. | | 2007 | 17377365 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 strains are facultative intracellular bacteria, able to survive and multiply symbiotically inside the aquatic free-living amoeba acanthamoeba castellanii. | vibrio cholerae species are extracellular, waterborne, gram-negative bacteria that are overwhelmed by predators in aquatic environments. the unencapsulated serogroup v. cholerae o1 and encapsulated v. cholerae o139 cause epidemic and pandemic outbreaks of cholera. it has recently been shown that the aquatic and free-living amoeba acanthamoeba castellanii is not a predator to v. cholerae o139; rather, v. cholerae o139 has shown an intracellular compatibility with this host. the aim of this study ... | 2007 | 17381524 |
| small rnas controlling iron metabolism. | iron is one of the most important metals in the metabolism of many organisms, including bacteria, in which it serves as a cofactor in multiple enzymatic reactions. most of the earlier research on iron regulation in bacteria has focused on the transcriptional regulator fur and its effect on the many genes involved in iron uptake. more recent work demonstrates the essential role of a small regulatory rna, ryhb, in iron metabolism. ryhb downregulates a large number of transcripts encoding iron-usin ... | 2007 | 17383226 |
| wind direction and its linkage with vibrio cholerae dissemination. | the relevance of climatic events as causative factors for cholera epidemics is well known. however, examinations of the involvement of climatic factors in intracontinental disease distribution are still absent. | 2007 | 17384764 |
| growth response of vibrio cholerae and other vibrio spp. to cyanobacterial dissolved organic matter and temperature in brackish water. | environmental control of growth and persistence of vibrios in aquatic environments is poorly understood even though members of the genus vibrio are globally important pathogens. to study how algal-derived organic matter and temperature influenced the abundance of different vibrio spp., baltic sea microcosms inoculated with vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio alginolyticus and native bacterioplankton, were exposed to different temperatures (12-25 degrees c) and ame ... | 2007 | 17386033 |
| the autophagic pathway: a cell survival strategy against the bacterial pore-forming toxin vibrio cholerae cytolysin. | vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera in humans. in addition to the criticalvirulence factors cholera toxin and toxin coregulated pilus, v. cholerae secretes v.cholerae cytolysin (vcc), a pore-forming exotoxin able to induce cell lysis and extensivevacuolation. we have shown that this vacuolation is related to the activation of autophagyin response to vcc action. furthermore, we found that the autophagic pathway wasrequired to protect cells upon vcc intoxication. based on additional ... | 2007 | 17404497 |