| prevalence and characterization of campylobacter jejuni from chicken meat sold in french retail outlets. | campylobacter was detected in 76% of broiler meat products collected in retail outlets during a monitoring plan carried out in france throughout 2009. campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species (64.7% of products being contaminated). the 175 c. jejuni isolates collected were characterized. mlst typing results confirmed substantial genetic diversity as the 175 c. jejuni isolates generated 76 sequence types (sts). the st-21, st-45 and st-464 complexes predominated accounting for 43% of al ... | 2015 | 25770428 |
| role of capsular modified heptose in the virulence of campylobacter jejuni. | the campylobacter jejuni capsular polysaccharide is important for virulence and often contains a modified heptose. in strain atcc 700819 (a.k.a. nctc 11168), the modified heptose branches off from the capsular backbone and is directly exposed to the environment. we reported previously that the enzymes encoded by wcag, mlghb and mlghc are involved in heptose modification. here, we show that inactivation of any of these genes leads to production of capsule lacking modified heptose and alters the t ... | 2015 | 25766665 |
| identification of campylobacter jejuni and determination of point mutations associated with macrolide resistance using a multiplex taqman mgb real-time pcr. | the aim of the study was to develop a multiplex real-time pcr method to identify campylobacter jejuni containing mutations commonly associated with macrolide resistance. | 2015 | 25766481 |
| [infection due to mycobacterium bovis in common variable immunodeficiency]. | common variable immunodeficiency (cvid) is an heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by impaired antibody production. it shows a wide spectrum of manifestations including severe and recurrent respiratory infections (streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus) and gastrointestinal (campylobacter jejuni, rotavirus and giardia lamblia). viral infections caused by herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus (cmv) and hepatitis c are rare. the opportunistic agents such as cmv, pneumocystis jirovecii, cryptococ ... | 2017 | 25758115 |
| contribution of surface polysaccharides to the resistance of campylobacter jejuni to antimicrobial phenolic compounds. | | 2015 | 25757605 |
| campylobacter-acanthamoeba interactions. | campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne pathogen recognized as the major cause of human bacterial enteritis. undercooked poultry products and contaminated water are considered as the most important sources of infection. some studies suggest transmission and survival of this bacterial pathogen may be assisted by the free-living protozoa acanthamoeba. the latter is known to play the role of a host for various pathogenic bacteria, protecting them from harsh environmental conditions. importantly, there ... | 2015 | 25757600 |
| fecal shedding of thermophilic campylobacter in a dairy herd producing raw milk for direct human consumption. | factors affecting the fecal shedding of thermophilic campylobacter in italian dairy farms were investigated in a 12-month longitudinal study performed on a dairy farm authorized to sell raw milk in italy. fifty animals were randomly selected from 140 adult and young animals, and fecal samples were collected six times at 2-month intervals. at each sampling time, three trough water samples and two trough feed samples also were collected for both adult and young animals. samples were analyzed with ... | 2015 | 25719884 |
| concentration- and roughness-dependent antibacterial and antifungal activities of cuo thin films and their cu ion cytotoxicity and elution behavior. | in this study, we aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal properties, cytotoxicity, and elution behavior of copper oxide (cuo) thin films with varying concentrations and roughness values. cuo films greater than 0.2 mol % showed 99.9 % antimicrobial activity against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, campylobacter jejuni, and penicillium funiculosum. cu ions were found to be noncytotoxic in new zealand white rabbits. the concentration of cu ions from cuo thin films eluted in drin ... | 2015 | 25708981 |
| purification of the campylobacter jejuni dps protein assisted by its high melting temperature. | dps proteins (dna binding protein from starved cell) form a distinct group within the ferritin superfamily. all dps members are composed of 12 identical subunits that assemble into a conserved spherical protein shell. dps oxidize fe(2+) in a conserved ferroxidase center located at the interface between monomers, the product of the reaction fe(3+), is then stored inside the protein shell in the form of non-reactive insoluble fe2o3. the campylobacter jejuni dps (cjdps) has been reported to play a ... | 2015 | 25707373 |
| structural analysis of pseh, the campylobacter jejuni n-acetyltransferase involved in bacterial o-linked glycosylation. | campylobacter jejuni is a bacterium that uses flagella for motility and causes worldwide acute gastroenteritis in humans. the c. jejuni n-acetyltransferase pseh (cjpseh) is responsible for the third step in flagellin o-linked glycosylation and plays a key role in flagellar formation and motility. cjpseh transfers an acetyl group from an acetyl donor, acetyl coenzyme a (accoa), to the amino group of udp-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-n-acetyl-β-l-altrosamine to produce udp-2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-β-l ... | 2015 | 25698400 |
| inhibition of adhesion of intestinal pathogens (escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, campylobacter jejuni, and salmonella typhimurium) by common oligosaccharides. | inhibition of the binding of pathogenic adhesins to host glycans by suitable oligosaccharides forms the basis of antiadhesion therapies. experiments were carried out to study the inhibition capability of oligosaccharides on the adhesion of four microorganisms (escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, campylobacter jejuni, and salmonella typhimurium) to ht-29 cells. results showed that, in the absence of oligosaccharides, all of the four pathogens efficiently adhered to the cells. cell adhesion with di ... | 2015 | 25692734 |
| n-glycosylation with synthetic undecaprenyl pyrophosphate-linked oligosaccharide to oligopeptides by pglb oligosaccharyltransferase from campylobacter jejuni. | the oligosaccharyltransferase pglb from campylobacter jejuni catalyses the n-glycosylation reaction with undecaprenyl-pyrophosphate-linked glc1 galnac5 bac1 (und-pp-glc1 galnac5 bac1 ). experiments using chemically synthesized donors coupled to fluorescently tagged peptides confirmed that biosynthetic intermediate und-pp-bac1 and und-pp-galnac2 bac1 are transferred efficiently to the asn residue in the consensus sequence (d/e-x'-n-x-t/s, x',x≠p). the products were analyzed in detail by tandem ms ... | 2015 | 25688550 |
| specific genetic features of campylobacter jejuni strain g1 revealed by genome sequencing. | this report describes a draft genome sequence of campylobacter jejuni strain g1. the strain contains no plasmids, despite being resistant to tetracycline (tet). comparison of the genome of this strain with that of a reference strain nctc 11168 (tet sensitive) revealed the presence of a candidate gene that may be responsible for antibiotic resistance, as well as the genes involved in the synthesis of ganglioside-mimicking molecules responsible for the development of a neurodegenerative disorder, ... | 2015 | 25688069 |
| cloning, refolding, purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the sensory domain of the campylobacter chemoreceptor for multiple ligands (ccml). | a periplasmic sensory domain of the campylobacter jejuni chemoreceptor for multiple ligands (ccml) has been crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method using polyethylene glycol 3350 as a precipitating agent. a complete data set was collected to 1.3 å resolution using cryocooling conditions and synchrotron radiation. the crystals belonged to space group p21, with unit-cell parameters a = 42.6, b = 138.0, c = 49.0 å, β = 94.3°. | 2015 | 25664798 |
| lactic acid bacteria as a surface display platform for campylobacter jejuni antigens. | food poisoning and diarrheal diseases continue to pose serious health care and socioeconomic problems worldwide. campylobacter spp. is a very widespread cause of gastroenteritis. over the past decade there has been increasing interest in the use of lactic acid bacteria (lab) as mucosal delivery vehicles. they represent an attractive opportunity for vaccination in addition to vaccination with attenuated bacterial pathogens. | 2015 | 25662187 |
| a proposed essential gene discovery pipeline: a campylobacter jejuni case study. | genes required for an organism's growth and survival are termed essential and represent potential intervention targets. following in the footsteps of the genomics era, the "next-gen" genomic era provides vast amounts of genetic information. sequencing of a representative bacterial pathogen genome has been superseded by sequencing of whole strain collections, whether from environmental or clinical sources (harris et al., science 327:469-474, 2010; lewis et al., j hosp infect 75:37-41, 2010; beres ... | 2015 | 25636619 |
| microarray transposon tracking for the mapping of conditionally essential genes in campylobacter jejuni. | although whole genome approaches to the study of bacteria have grown substantially in the past decade, there is still a need for quick and easy methods for the determination of which genes are essential for the growth of these bacteria under specific growth conditions. there are numerous methods to accomplish this depending on the resources and equipment available, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. here we describe a method we successfully employed to map the essential genes of c ... | 2015 | 25636609 |
| the antimicrobial effect of spice-based marinades against campylobacter jejuni on contaminated fresh broiler wings. | the antimicrobial effect of spice-based marinades against campylobacter jejuni on inoculated fresh broiler wings was investigated. experiments were carried out with 1 strain of c. jejuni and 6 marinades. four experimental marinades were composed for the study and contained spices (thyme, rosemary, basil, marjoram, and so on) and different combination of bioactive compounds. two marinades were commercial and contained spices (black pepper, sweet red pepper, and so on) and chemical additives (mono ... | 2015 | 25627752 |
| antibiotic susceptibility and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in poultry meat in romania. | the occurrence of pathogenic strains in poultry meat is of growing concern in romania. another problem found on a global level is the continuous increase of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food. this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in poultry carcasses obtained in romania in 2012-2013 and to reveal the most prevalent patterns of antimicrobial resistance in the isolated strains. | 2015 | 25596569 |
| effect of human isolated probiotic bacteria on preventing campylobacter jejuni colonization of poultry. | this study was performed in order to determine whether human isolated probiotic bacteria can be effective in reducing campylobacter jejuni infection of chicken intestinal cells, in vitro, and in decreasing its colonization abilities within the chicken gut. our results show that the probiotic strains lactobacillus paracasei j. r, l. rhamnosus 15b, l. lactis y, and l. lactis foa had a significant effect on c. jejuni invasion of chicken primary cells, with the strongest inhibitory effect detected w ... | 2015 | 25585278 |
| the campylobacter jejuni cprrs two-component regulatory system regulates aspects of the cell envelope. | campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans. it lives commensally in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, and tolerates variable conditions during transit/colonization of susceptible hosts. the c. jejuni cprrs two-component system contains an essential response regulator (cprr), and deletion of the cprs sensor kinase enhances biofilms. we sought to identify cprrs-regulated genes and better understand how the system affects survival. expression from the cprr ... | 2015 | 25582441 |
| prevalence, antibiogram, and cdt genes of toxigenic campylobacter jejuni in salad style vegetables (ulam) at farms and retail outlets in terengganu. | the present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance among campylobacter jejuni in ulam at farms and retail outlets located in kuala terengganu, malaysia. a total of 526 samples (ulam, soil, and fertilizer) were investigated for the presence of c. jejuni and the gene for cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) by using a multiplex pcr method. antibiotic susceptibility to 10 types of antibiotics was determined using the disk diffusion method for 33 c. jejuni isolates. ... | 2015 | 25581179 |
| molecular detection identified a type six secretion system in campylobacter jejuni from various sources but not from human cases. | to determine the presence of the t6ss in campylobacter jejuni from diverse sources. | 2015 | 25580664 |
| storage, transport, release: heme versatility in nitrite reductase electron transfer studied by molecular dynamics simulations. | using molecular dynamics simulations of the thermodynamic integration type, we study the energetics and kinetics of electron transfer through the nitrite reductase enzyme of sulfurospirillum deleyianum, wolinella succinogenes and campylobacter jejuni. in all of these five-heme proteins, the storage of an even number of electrons within a monomeric chain is thermodynamically favoured. kinetically, two of these electrons are usually transferred almost simultaneously towards the active site. althou ... | 2015 | 25579411 |
| toll-like receptors recognize distinct proteinase-resistant glycoconjugates in campylobacter jejuni and escherichia coli. | campylobacter jejuni causes gastroenteritis and autoimmune neuropathy guillain-barré syndrome. the mechanism by which c. jejuni infection results in such the hyperimmunity is not completely understood. host immunity plays an important role in the disease pathogenesis; however, little is known how immune system recognizes this human pathogen. in this study, we report that toll-like receptors recognize distinct proteinase k-resistant glycoconjugates in c. jejuni and escherichia coli. lipopolysacch ... | 2015 | 25530156 |
| prevalence of type vi secretion system in spanish campylobacter jejuni isolates. | infections from campylobacter jejuni pose a serious public health problem and are now considered the leading cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis throughout the world. sequencing of c. jejuni genomes has previously allowed a number of loci to be identified, which encode virulence factors that aid survival and pathogenicity. recently, a type vi secretion system (t6ss) consisting of 13 conserved genes was described in c. jejuni strains and recognised to promote pathogenicity and adaptation ... | 2015 | 25496466 |
| untargeted metabolomic profiling of amphenicol-resistant campylobacter jejuni by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. | campylobacter jejuni, an important foodborne microorganism, poses severe and emergent threats to human health as antibiotic resistance becomes increasingly prevalent. the mechanisms of drug resistance are hard to decipher, and little is known at the metabolic level. here we apply metabolomic profiling to discover metabolic changes associated with amphenicol (chloramphenicol and florfenicol) resistance mutations of campylobacter jejuni. an optimized sample preparation method was combined with ult ... | 2015 | 25491530 |
| energetics of pathogenic bacteria and opportunities for drug development. | the emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens and our inability to develop new antimicrobials to overcome resistance has inspired scientists to consider new targets for drug development. cellular bioenergetics is an area showing promise for the development of new antimicrobials, particularly in the discovery of new anti-tuberculosis drugs where several new compounds have entered clinical trials. in this review, we have examined the bioenergetics of various bacterial pathogens, highlightin ... | 2014 | 25476763 |
| sensitivity of quantitative microbial risk assessments to assumptions about exposure to multiple consumption events per day. | quantitative microbial risk assessments (qmras) of contaminated drinking water usually assume the daily intake volume is consumed once a day. however, individuals could consume water at multiple time points over 1 day, so the objective was to determine if the number of consumption events per day impacted the risk of infection from campylobacter jejuni during short-term contamination events. a probabilistic hydraulic and risk model was used to evaluate the impact of multiple consumption events as ... | 2014 | 25473982 |
| intestinal colonization of broiler chickens by campylobacter spp. in an experimental infection study. | consumption of poultry meat is considered as one of the main sources of human campylobacteriosis, and there is clearly a need for new surveillance and control measures based on quantitative data on campylobacter spp. colonization dynamics in broiler chickens. we conducted four experimental infection trials, using four isolators during each infection trial to evaluate colonization of individual broiler chickens by campylobacter jejuni over time. individual and pooled faecal samples were obtained ... | 2015 | 25471550 |
| chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of six essentials oils from the alliaceae family. | six essential oils (eos) from the alliaceae family, namely garlic (allium sativum), onion (allium cepa), leek (allium porrum), chinese chive (allium tuberosum), shallot (allium ascalonicum) and chive (allium schoenoprasum) were characterized by gc and gc-ms and evaluated for their functional food properties. antibacterial properties were tested on five food-borne pathogens: two gram-positive staphylococcus aureus (atcc 25923), listeria monocytogenes (atcc 19115) and three gram-negative salmonell ... | 2014 | 25470273 |
| designing multiplex pcr system of campylobacter jejuni for efficient typing by improving monoplex pcr binary typing method. | campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of campylobacter infections. as the molecular epidemiological study of outbreaks, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is performed in general. but pfge has several problems. pcr binary typing (p-bit) method is a typing method for campylobacter spp. that was recently developed, and was reported to have a similar discriminatory power and stability to those of pfge. we modified the p-bit method from 18 monoplex pcrs to two multiplex pcr syste ... | 2015 | 25455748 |
| production of initial-stage eukaryotic n-glycan and its protein glycosylation in escherichia coli. | n-glycosylation is a ubiquitous protein post-translational modification mechanism in eukaryotes. in this work, a synthetic pathway containing glycosyltransferases from saccharomyces cerevisiae was introduced to escherichia coli to synthesize lipid-linked mannosyl-chitobiose (man-glcnac2) and trimannosyl-chitobiose (man3-glcnac2). transfer of man3-glcnac2 onto a model periplasmic protein occurred in the engineered e. coli cell using oligosaccharyltransferase pglb from campylobacter jejuni. mass s ... | 2015 | 25449758 |
| campylobacter jejuni, an uncommon cause of splenic abscess diagnosed by 16s rrna gene sequencing. | splenic abscess is a rare disease that primarily occurs in patients with splenic trauma, endocarditis, sickle cell anemia, or other diseases that compromise the immune system. this report describes a culture-negative splenic abscess in an immunocompetent patient caused by campylobacter jejuni, as determined by 16s rrna gene sequencing. | 2014 | 25447730 |
| an outbreak of campylobacter enteritis associated with a community water supply on a u.s. military installation. | an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis involving 249 persons, 32% of whom were hospitalized, occurred on a u.s. army installation in 1990. campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 81 of 163 (50%) persons cultured. seventeen isolates of c. jejuni available for serotyping were lior serotype 5. the outbreak remained restricted to one recruit barracks area and adjacent junior reserve officer training corps cadet barracks. infection of sequential cohorts of recruits over an interval of 3 weeks suggested ... | 2014 | 25436877 |
| autoimmunity links vinculin to the pathophysiology of chronic functional bowel changes following campylobacter jejuni infection in a rat model. | acute gastroenteritis can precipitate irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) in humans. cytolethal distending toxin is common to all pathogens causing gastroenteritis. its active subunit, cdtb, is associated with post-infectious bowel changes in a rat model of campylobacter jejuni infection, including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (sibo). | 2015 | 25424202 |
| bacterial pathogen gene abundance and relation to recreational water quality at seven great lakes beaches. | quantitative assessment of bacterial pathogens, their geographic variability, and distribution in various matrices at great lakes beaches are limited. quantitative pcr (qpcr) was used to test for genes from e. coli o157:h7 (eaeo157), shiga-toxin producing e. coli (stx2), campylobacter jejuni (mapa), shigella spp. (ipah), and a salmonella enterica-specific (se) dna sequence at seven great lakes beaches, in algae, water, and sediment. overall, detection frequencies were mapa>stx2>ipah>se>eaeo157. ... | 2014 | 25423586 |
| comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside, on campylobacter in avian gut contents. | campylobacter jejuni is an important human food-borne pathogen that can contaminate meat and poultry during processing. consequently, strategies are sought to reduce the carriage of c. jejuni in food animals before they arrive at the abattoir. thymol is a natural product that reduces survivability of campylobacter in vitro, but its rapid absorption from the proximal alimentary tract limits its bactericidal efficacy in vivo. thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside is more resistant to absorption than free thy ... | 2015 | 25421628 |
| avoidance of antibiotic administration to campylobacter enterocolitis mimicking severe salmonellosis by clinical and laboratory features. | to compare the clinical and laboratory features of non-typhoid salmonella (nts) and campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis in children and formulate a risk scoring system (with receiver-operating characteristic curve) to facilitate early decision making and avoid antibiotic overuse in c. jejuni enterocolitis. | 2015 | 25418893 |
| reactions of chicken sera to recombinant campylobacter jejuni flagellar proteins. | campylobacter jejuni is a gram-negative spiral rod bacterium and is the leading but underreported bacterial food-borne pathogen that causes human campylobacteriosis worldwide. raw or undercooked poultry products are regarded as a major source for human infection. c. jejuni flagella have been implicated in colonization and adhesion to the mucosal surface of chicken gastrointestinal tracts. therefore, flagellar proteins would be the excellent targets for further investigation. in this report, we u ... | 2015 | 25413671 |
| genetic diversity of campylobacter jejuni isolates from korea and travel-associated cases from east and southeast asian countries. | forty domestic and travel-associated campylobacter jejuni isolates were analyzed by profiling 7 pathogenic genes (cdtb, cadf, cj0131, ciab, racr, wlan, and virb11) along with multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. cdtb, cadf, and cj0131 were present in all isolates, whereas virb11 was not detected in either domestic or travel-associated isolates. ciab was present in all domestic isolates and 94% of travel-associated isolates. the respective detection rates of ... | 2014 | 25410568 |
| comparison of two methods of bacterial dna extraction from human fecal samples contaminated with clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhimurium, and campylobacter jejuni. | in this study, 2 methods of dna extraction were evaluated for use in conjunction with the screening system rapid foodborne bacterial screening 24 (rfbs24), which employs multiplex real-time sybr green polymerase chain reaction (sg-pcr) and can simultaneously detect 24 target genes of foodborne pathogens in fecal dna samples. the qiaamp dna stool mini kit (qkit) and ultra clean fecal dna isolation kit (ukit) were used for bacterial dna extraction from fecal samples artificially inoculated with cl ... | 2014 | 25410559 |
| comparison of intestinal bacterial populations between two dairy cattle herds colonized or not by campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni is an important foodborne pathogen. it can be isolated from bovine feces and its presence is influenced by farm characteristics and management practices. the impact of the bovine gut microbiota on the presence of c. jejuni is poorly documented. two herds of lactating cows were selected: one where c. jejuni was not detected in 20 animals and the other where 55% of the sampled animals (11/20) were contaminated by c. jejuni. the bacterial diversity of bovine feces from these tw ... | 2014 | 25405278 |
| evidence of land-sea transfer of the zoonotic pathogen campylobacter to a wildlife marine sentinel species. | environmental pollution often accompanies the expansion and urbanization of human populations where sewage and wastewaters commonly have an impact on the marine environments. here, we explored the potential for faecal bacterial pathogens, of anthropic origin, to spread to marine wildlife in coastal areas. the common zoonotic bacterium campylobacter was isolated from grey seals (halichoerus grypus), an important sentinel species for environmental pollution, and compared to isolates from wild bird ... | 2015 | 25401947 |
| tyrosine 110 plays a critical role in regulating the allosteric inhibition of campylobacter jejuni dihydrodipicolinate synthase by lysine. | dihydrodipicolinate synthase (dhdps), an enzyme found in most bacteria and plants, controls a critical step in the biosynthesis of l-lysine and meso-diaminopimelate, necessary components for bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. dhdps catalyzes the condensation of pyruvate and (s)-aspartate-β-semialdehyde, forming an unstable product that is dehydrated to dihydrodipicolinate. the tetrameric enzyme is allosterically inhibited by l-lysine, and a better understanding of the allosteric inhibition mechan ... | 2014 | 25369463 |
| composition of diet modifies colonization dynamics of campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens. | to evaluate the impact of diet composition on colonization dynamics of camp. jejuni and on related physiological parameters in the chicken intestine. | 2015 | 25358748 |
| systematic review with meta-analysis: post-infectious functional dyspepsia. | the prevalence of functional dyspepsia (fd) following infectious gastroenteritis has not been systematically reviewed. | 2015 | 25348873 |
| [preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against cytolethal distending toxin protein of campylobacter jejuni]. | to express campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin b protein (cdtb) in a prokaryote to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the protein, and to study their antitoxic effects. | 2014 | 25345028 |
| characterization of the genetic environment of the ribosomal rna methylase gene erm(b) in campylobacter jejuni. | | 2015 | 25331057 |
| evaluation of a real-time multiplex pcr for the simultaneous detection of campylobacter jejuni, salmonella spp., shigella spp./eiec, and yersinia enterocolitica in fecal samples. | conventional diagnosis of infectious diarrhea caused by bacteria is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and has a suboptimal sensitivity. we have therefore developed a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the simultaneous detection of campylobacter jejuni, salmonella spp., shigella spp./enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec), and yersinia enterocolitica in fecal samples. no cross reactivity between the different pathogens was observed, and the multiplex setup of the assay did not ... | 2015 | 25326870 |
| unacylated tridecaptin a₁ acts as an effective sensitiser of gram-negative bacteria to other antibiotics. | a derivative of the linear cationic lipopeptide tridecaptin a₁missing the n-terminal lipophilic acyl group, termed h-tria₁, is devoid of antimicrobial activity but is extremely effective at sensitising gram-negative bacteria to certain antibiotics. h-tria₁has low cytotoxicity compared with the natural peptide and in low concentrations it can substantially lower the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of some antibiotics against strains of escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni and klebsiella ... | 2014 | 25315408 |
| bacteremia due to campylobacter in renal transplantation: a case report and review of literature. | campylobacter species are the leading cause of acute bacterial diarrhea in industrialized countries. however, bacteremia is detected in <1% of patients with campylobacter enteritis and is most likely to occur in patients who are immunocompromised or of older age. to our knowledge, only 2 cases of campylobacter jejuni bacteremia have been reported in renal transplant recipients (rtrs). we present a case of an rtr with c. jejuni bacteremia presenting as self-limiting diarrhea followed by fever and ... | 2014 | 25296529 |
| [thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a child with low adamts13 enzyme level]. | thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (ttp) is a rare condition, but important to consider in case of thrombocytopenia and haemolysis. it is imperative to proceed with the correct treatment, in order to ensure a satisfactory outcome. ttp is either acquired or idiopathic. this case report shows that a 14-year-old boy has acquired ttp due to an infection with campylobacter jejuni and samonella szentes. plasma exchange plays an essential role in the treatment of ttp. | 2014 | 25293573 |
| microbiological analysis of environmental samples collected from child care facilities in north and south carolina. | children cared for outside the home are at an increased risk of enteric disease. microbiological analyses were performed on environmental samples collected from child care facilities in north and south carolina. | 2014 | 25278392 |
| natural control of bacteria affecting meat quality by a neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) cake extract. | the antibacterial activity of an ethylacetate neem cake extract (nce) against bacteria that affect meat quality, namely campylobacter jejuni, carnobacterium spp., lactobacillus curvatus, lactobacillus sakei and leuconostoc sp., is reported. the antibacterial activity was detected using standardised disc diffusion and macrodilution methods. the bacterial growth inhibition zone ranged from 11.33 ± 0.58 to 22.67 ± 0.58 mm (100 μl nce). there is significant difference between the growth inhibition z ... | 2015 | 25272067 |
| formate dehydrogenase localization and activity are dependent on an intact twin arginine translocation system (tat) in campylobacter jejuni 81-176. | the oxidation of formate constitutes a main energy source for campylobacter jejuni, an important foodborne pathogen. formate occurs in the hosts' gut as a byproduct of fermentation, which may contribute to c. jejuni's adaptation to that niche. c. jejuni possesses a periplasmic formate dehydrogenase (fdh) that facilitates the metabolism of formate. in c. jejuni nctc-11168, a poorly invasive strain, fdh localizes to the periplasm via the twin arginine translocation (tat) system, and the fdha encod ... | 2014 | 25268895 |
| campylobacter jejuni bacteraemia in a patient presenting with gastroenteritis. | | 2014 | 25233982 |
| 2(5h)-furanone, epigallocatechin gallate, and a citric-based disinfectant disturb quorum-sensing activity and reduce motility and biofilm formation of campylobacter jejuni. | brominated furanone and epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds that can be derived from sources such as delisea pulchra algae and green tea, respectively. these compounds may have potential health benefits and antimicrobial properties. biofilm formation and bacterial motility are virulence factors that seem to be involved in the autoinducer 2 (ai-2)-mediated quorum sensing (qs) response of campylobacter. in this study, the anti-qs activities of 2(5h)-furan ... | 2015 | 25231135 |
| improved isolation protocol to detect high molecular weight polysaccharide structures of campylobacter jejuni. | simple detection of high molecular weight, lps-like structures of campylobacter jejuni is still an unsolved problem. a phenol-free extraction method for the detection of hmw polysaccharide was developed without the need for western blot. this method provides a reliable technique for large-scale screening and comparative characterization study of different isolates. | 2014 | 25229649 |
| evaluation of passive immunotherapeutic efficacy of hyperimmunized egg yolk powder against intestinal colonization of campylobacter jejuni in chickens. | campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in human. chickens are the reservoir host of c. jejuni, and contaminated chicken meat is an important source of human infection. therefore, control of c. jejuni in chickens can have direct effect on human health. in this study we tested the passive immunotherapeutic efficacy of the chicken egg-yolk-derived antibodies, in the form of hyperimmunized egg yolk powder (heyp), against 7 colonization-associated proteins of c ... | 2014 | 25214556 |
| molecular characterization of a new n-acetylneuraminate synthase (neub1) from idiomarina loihiensis. | n-acetylneuraminate lyase synthase (neub; e.c. 2.5.1.56) is a key enzyme in pathogenic microorganisms for producing n-acetylneuraminic acid through the irreversible condensation of n-acetylmannosamine (mannac) and phosphoenolpyruvate (pep). however, nothing is known about this enzyme in non-pathogenic bacteria. this paper describes, for the first time, one of the two putative n-acetylneuraminate synthases from the halophilic non-pathogenic gamma-proteobacterium idiomarina loihiensis neub1 (ilneu ... | 2015 | 25214154 |
| detection of salmonella spp. by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method targeting bcfd gene. | in this study, we developed and validated a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for salmonella detection targeting bcfd gene, a conserved fimbrial operon gene existing in salmonella. the salmonella lamp assay we developed successfully amplified 44 salmonella strains (14 standard strains and 30 clinical isolates), but none of 9 non-salmonella standard strains (proteus mirabilis, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, shigella flexneri, shigella sonnei, k ... | 2014 | 25199410 |
| [identification and molecular subtyping of campylobacter jejuni isolated from chicken carcass]. | to characterize and investigate the molecular types of campylobacter jejuni isolated from slaughter chicken carcass, which would provide scientific data for campylobacter food poisoning traceability. | 2014 | 25199290 |
| development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid, sensitive detection of campylobacter jejuni in cattle farm samples. | campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne disease worldwide. the detection of this organism in cattle and their environment is important for the control of c. jejuni transmission and the prevention of campylobacteriosis. here, we describe the development of a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of c. jejuni in naturally contaminated cattle farm samples, based on real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) of the hipo gene. the lamp assay was specific (10 ... | 2014 | 25198853 |
| distribution of campylobacter jejuni capsular types, 2007-2012, philadelphia, pa. | the distribution of campylobacter jejuni capsular serotypes in the philadelphia region from 2007 to 2012 was determined using molecular methods. compared with the last u.s. survey in 1990, there does not appear to be a major shift in circulating capsular types. | 2014 | 25192792 |
| multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of campylobacter from stool specimen. | this was a study to prospectively evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to identify campylobacter. multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based on cadf, hipo & asp gene for campylobacter genus, c. jejuni & c. coli were tested for detection of campylobacter jejuni & c. coli in naturally infected faecal samples of human. all the samples were subjected to the cultural isolation of organism and biochemical characterization. the samples resulted in t ... | 2014 | 25178595 |
| longitudinal prevalence, faecal shedding and molecular characterisation of campylobacter spp. and salmonella enterica in sheep. | faecal excretion of campylobacter spp. and salmonella enterica in sheep in australia was determined using a quantitative multiplex pcr (qpcr) targeting the campylobacter spp. purine biosynthesis gene (pura) and the s. enterica outer membrane protein (ompf). the mutiplex qpcr was specific and campylobacter spp. and s. enterica were each detected with a sensitivity of 5 organisms/µl faecal dna extract. this multiplex qpcr was used to determine the prevalence and concentration of campylobacter spp. ... | 2014 | 25175721 |
| clinical features of bacteremia due to campylobacter jejuni. | the clinical features of bacteremia due to campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) have yet to be fully elucidated. | 2014 | 25175126 |
| a spot polymorphism correlates with chill stress survival and is prevalent in clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni. | resistance of campylobacter jejuni to environmental stress is regarded as a risk factor for the transmission of c. jejuni from poultry or poultry products to humans. so far, the mechanisms underlying the capacity of c. jejuni to survive environmental stress conditions are not fully understood. in this study, we searched for polymorphisms in c. jejuni genes, potentially involved in resistance to chill stress. to this end, we assessed 3 groups of c. jejuni isolates (clinical, retail chicken meat, ... | 2014 | 25172931 |
| physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of citral and quercetin incorporated kafirin-based bioactive films. | the aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of kafirin-based bioactive films incorporating the plant essential oil citral and the polyphenol quercetin. the addition of quercetin and citral both imparted a yellowish colour to the films. the tensile strength of films significantly decreased and elongation at break increased when citral was incorporated, whereas addition of quercetin did not alter these two film parameters. the rate of water vapour transm ... | 2015 | 25172719 |
| campylobacter jejuni targets immunoglobulin-like receptor lmir5. | campylobacter jejuni causes gastroenteritis and guillain-barré syndrome. host immunity plays an important role in the disease pathogenesis; however, little is known about the immune receptors for c. jejuni. we report here that c. jejuni targets c-type lectin (signr1, signr3) and immunoglobulin-like receptors (trem2, trem3, lmir5, lmir8). among these, c. jejuni interacted preferentially with lmir5, which was selected for further verification using reporter cells. lmir5 ligation by c. jejuni activ ... | 2015 | 25172092 |
| escherichia coli as a glycoprotein production host: recent developments and challenges. | chinese hamster ovary cells are the most popular host expression system for the large-scale production of human therapeutic glycoproteins, but, the race to engineer escherichia coli to perform glycosylation is gathering pace. the successful functional transfer of an n-glycosylation pathway from campylobacter jejuni to escherichia coli in 2002 can be considered as the crucial first engineering step. here, we discuss the recent advancements in the field of n-glycosylation of recombinant therapeuti ... | 2014 | 25156401 |
| glycoconjugates and neuroimmunological diseases. | a wide range of neuroimmunological diseases affect the central and peripheral nervous systems. these disorders are caused by autoimmune attack directed against structurally and functionally diverse nervous system antigens. one such category comprises peripheral nervous system (pns) diseases, termed peripheral neuropathies, in which the target antigens for autoantibody-directed nerve injury are glycan structures borne by glycoproteins and glycolipids, particularly gangliosides that are concentrat ... | 2014 | 25151396 |
| campylobacter jejuni infection suppressed cl⁻ secretion induced by cftr activation in t-84 cells. | campylobacter jejuni causes foodborne disease associated with abdominal pain, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea. these symptoms are induced by bacterial adherence and invasion of host epithelial cells. c. jejuni infection can occur with a low infective dose, suggesting that c. jejuni may have evolved strategies to cope with the bacterial clearance system in the gastrointestinal tract. the mucosa layer is the first line of defense against bacteria. mucus conditions are maintained by water and anion ( ... | 2014 | 25107576 |
| antimicrobial efficacy of lauric arginate against campylobacter jejuni and spoilage organisms on chicken breast fillets. | the objectives of this study were to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of lauric arginate (lae) against campylobacter jejuni (in broth and on chicken breast fillets) and spoilage microorganisms (on chicken breast fillets). in vitro antimicrobial activity of lae was determined by treating c. jejuni (in pure culture) with 0 (control), 50, 100, and 200 mg/l of lae solutions at 4°c for 2 h. inoculated chicken samples with c. jejuni were treated with 0, 200, and 400 mg/kg of lae, packaged, and sto ... | 2014 | 25104765 |
| comparative proteomics and glycoproteomics reveal increased n-linked glycosylation and relaxed sequon specificity in campylobacter jejuni nctc11168 o. | campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. c. jejuni encodes a protein glycosylation (pgl) locus responsible for the n-glycosylation of membrane-associated proteins. we examined two variants of the genome sequenced strain nctc11168: o, a representative of the original clinical isolate, and gs, a laboratory-adapted relative of o. comparative proteomics by itraq and two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (2d-lc-ms/ms) allowed the confiden ... | 2014 | 25093254 |
| campylobacter jejuni as a cause of canine abortions in the united states. | although campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of ruminant abortion with great economic impact, the organism has rarely been implicated in canine pregnancy loss, with only 2 documented cases to date. in the current report, 2 cases of perinatal death in adult female bulldogs associated with c. jejuni infection of fetoplacental organs are described. fetuses and placentas were received at the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory (ames, iowa) from 3 puppies that died soon after th ... | 2014 | 25085872 |
| utilization of host-derived cysteine-containing peptides overcomes the restricted sulphur metabolism of campylobacter jejuni. | the non-glycolytic food-borne pathogen campylobacter jejuni successfully colonizes the intestine of various hosts in spite of its restricted metabolic properties. while several amino acids are known to be used by c. jejuni as energy sources, none of these have been found to be essential for growth. here we demonstrated through phenotype microarray analysis that cysteine utilization increases the metabolic activity of c. jejuni. furthermore, cysteine was crucial for its growth as c. jejuni was un ... | 2014 | 25074326 |
| generalized linear mixed model analysis of risk factors for contamination of moisture-enhanced pork with campylobacter jejuni and salmonella enterica typhimurium. | translocation of foodborne pathogens into the interior tissues of pork through moisture enhancement may be of concern if the meat is undercooked. in the present study, a five-strain mixture of campylobacter jejuni or salmonella enterica typhimurium was evenly spread on the surface of fresh pork loins. pork loins were injected, sliced, vacuum packaged, and stored. after storage, sliced pork was cooked by traditional grilling. survival of salmonella typhimurium and c. jejuni in the interior tissue ... | 2014 | 25072538 |
| miller fisher syndrome related to orientia tsutsugamushi infection. | miller fisher syndrome is typically associated with a preceding infection, especially with campylobacter jejuni. we describe a patient with miller fisher syndrome following orientia tsutsugamushi infection, which to our knowledge has not been previously reported. | 2014 | 25065842 |
| inhibition of campylobacter jejuni on fresh chicken breasts by κ-carrageenan/chitosan-based coatings containing allyl isothiocyanate or deodorized oriental mustard extract. | campylobacter species are common bacterial pathogens associated with human gastroenteritis worldwide. the objectives of this study were to determine the minimum inhibitory (mic) and minimum bactericidal (mbc) concentrations of allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) against 4 campylobacter jejuni strains in mueller-hinton (mh) broth at 4, 21, 37 and 42°c and to screen the c. jejuni strains for their ability to degrade sinigrin (which forms aitc) in ph7.0 mh broth at 35°c for 21d. also evaluated was the anti ... | 2014 | 25058687 |
| [selected mechanisms of pathogenicity of campylobacter jejuni]. | campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea worldwide. various virulence factors of c. jejuni contribute to survival and participate in the induction of infection in the human body. the virulence mechanisms such as motility, toxin production or invasive properties allow the bacteria to survive in the human body. the article presents the current knowledge on selected virulence mechanisms of c. jejuni. | 2014 | 25007513 |
| effects of feeding plant-derived agents on the colonization of campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens. | the aim of this work was to test the potential use of plant-derived extracts and compounds to control campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens. over a 7-wk feeding period, birds were fed a commercial diet with or without plant extracts (acacia decurrens, eremophila glabra), essential oil [lemon myrtle oil (lmo)], plant secondary compounds [terpinene-4-ol and α-tops (including α-terpineol, cineole, and terpinene-4-ol)], and the antibiotic virginiamycin. traditional culture and real-time quantitat ... | 2014 | 25002548 |
| intestinal carriage and excretion of campylobacter jejuni in chickens exposed at different ages. | campylobacter jejuni is usually recovered from chickens in commercial broiler farms after 2 to 3 weeks of age. this study was conducted to clarify whether fecal excretion is associated with the age of exposure to this bacterium. day-of-hatch broiler chickens were separated from a flock in a local commercial farm, kept in isolation rooms, and esophageally inoculated with c. jejuni (5.5 × 10(7) to 5.4 × 10(8) cfu) at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days of age. the remaining chicks were placed on the far ... | 2014 | 24988026 |
| prevalence and genotypes of campylobacter jejuni from urban environmental sources in comparison with clinical isolates from children. | this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni in potential contamination sources that are not regularly monitored such as free-living urban pigeons and crows, dogs, cats and urban environmental water and to assess the possible impact on the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in children using multilocus sequence typing (mlst). campylobacter spp. were detected in 36.2 % of faecal samples of free-living urban birds and in 40.4 % of environmental water samples. a low preval ... | 2014 | 24987101 |
| campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis complicated by pancytopenia. | | 2014 | 24986300 |
| inactivation of campylobacter jejuni with dielectric barrier discharge plasma using air and nitrogen gases. | air and nitrogen gas are commonly used feed gases for plasma generation and are economically useful in industrial applications. the two gases were compared in dielectric barrier discharge plasma for the inactivation of campylobacter jejuni on an agar surface. plasma treatment with nitrogen gas for 20 s did not yield any reduction (p>0.05) in viable cell count. however, a 0.8-log reduction (p<0.05) in colony-forming units (cfu) occurred when the nitrogen gas was supplemented with 2% (vol/vol) air ... | 2014 | 24971667 |
| comparative population structure analysis of campylobacter jejuni from human and poultry origin in bangladesh. | campylobacter jejuni is the most important cause of antecedent infections leading to guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) and miller fisher syndrome (mfs). the objective of the present study was to define the genetic diversity, population structure, and potential role of poultry in the transmission of campylobacter to humans in bangladesh. we determined the population structure of c. jejuni isolated from poultry (n = 66) and patients with enteritis (n = 39) or gbs (n = 10). lipooligosaccharide (los) ty ... | 2014 | 24962195 |
| modification and evaluation of brucella broth based campylobacter jejuni transport medium. | reliable transport of campylobacter jejuni isolates is critical to microbial epidemiology research, especially in developing countries without a good temperature control mailing system. various factors, including oxygen, temperature, transport medium composition, could affect the survival of c. jejuni. in this study, the protective effects of different ingredients in c. jejuni transport media at 4 °c and 25 °c and under aerobic condition were quantitatively evaluated respectively. the results sh ... | 2014 | 24961857 |
| characterization of the campylobacter jejuni population in the barnacle geese reservoir. | campylobacter spp. are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and have been isolated from a wide number of different hosts and environmental sources. waterfowl is considered a natural reservoir for this zoonotic bacterium and may act as a potential infection source for human campylobacteriosis. in this study, faecal samples from 924 barnacle geese were tested for the presence of c. jejuni and c. coli. the resulting c. jejuni and c. coli populations were characterized by mul ... | 2015 | 24948379 |
| [evaluation of immunological efficiency induced by campylobacter jejuni peb1 dna combined with peb1 protein in mice]. | to explore the improved immunological responses induced by an amino acid abc transporter, permease protein peb1 dna vaccine primer-protein boost immunization method against campylobacter jejuni. | 2014 | 24909276 |
| the effects of temperature and innate immunity on transmission of campylobacter jejuni (campylobacterales: campylobacteraceae) between life stages of musca domestica (diptera: muscidae). | the house fly (musca domestica l.) is a well-established vector of human pathogens, including campylobacter spp., which can cause infection of broiler chicken flocks, and through contaminated broiler meat can cause outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in humans. we investigated whether campylobacter jejuni (jones) could be transferred between life stages of m. domestica (larvae-pupae-adults) and determined bacterial counts of c. jejuni at different time points after bacterial exposure. c. jejuni was ... | 2014 | 24897861 |
| role of environmental survival in transmission of campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter species are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with c. jejuni responsible for the majority of these cases. although it is clear that livestock, and particularly poultry, are the most common source, it is likely that the natural environment (soil and water) plays a key role in transmission, either directly to humans or indirectly via farm animals. it has been shown using multilocus sequence typing that some clonal complexes (such as st-45) are more frequently isolat ... | 2014 | 24888326 |
| campylobacter jejuni cell lysates differently target mitochondria and lysosomes on hela cells. | campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. the synthesis of cytolethal distending toxin appears essential in the infection process. in this work we evaluated the sequence of lethal events in hela cells exposed to cell lysates of two distinct strains, c. jejuni atcc 33291 and c. jejuni iss3. c. jejuni cell lysates (cclys) were added to hela cell monolayers which were analysed to detect dna content, death features, bcl-2 and p53 status, mitochondria/lysos ... | 2014 | 24880782 |
| rapid identification of campylobacter jejuni from poultry carcasses and slaughtering environment samples by real-time pcr. | the objective of this study was to develop a real-time pcr assay for rapid identification of campylobacter jejuni and to apply the method in analyzing samples from poultry processing. a c. jejuni-specific primer set targeting a portion of the c. jejuni hippuricase gene was developed. the specificity of the newly designed primer pair was verified using 5 c. jejuni strains and 20 other bacterial strains. sensitivity was determined to be as low as 1 genome copy per reaction. a total of 73 samples w ... | 2014 | 24879709 |
| impact of acquired immunity and dose-dependent probability of illness on quantitative microbial risk assessment. | dose-response models in microbial risk assessment consider two steps in the process ultimately leading to illness: from exposure to (asymptomatic) infection, and from infection to (symptomatic) illness. most data and theoretical approaches are available for the exposure-infection step; the infection-illness step has received less attention. furthermore, current microbial risk assessment models do not account for acquired immunity. these limitations may lead to biased risk estimates. we consider ... | 2014 | 24835622 |
| campylobacter jejuni influences the expression of nutrient transporter genes in the intestine of chickens. | the gastrointestinal tract represents the first barrier against pathogens. however, the interaction of campylobacter with intestinal epithelial cells and its effects on the intestinal function of chickens are poorly studied. therefore, the goal of the present study was to characterize the effects of c. jejuni oral infection on the mrna expression of nutrient transporters in the intestine. newly hatched specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens were orally infected with c. jejuni (nctc 12744; 1 × 10( ... | 2014 | 24834798 |
| the cys78-asn88 loop region of the campylobacter jejuni cstii is essential for α2,3-sialyltransferase activity: analysis of the his85 mutants. | cstii is a bifunctional sialyltransferase from campylobacter jejuni that is active as a tetramer. cstiis from different strains show substantial differences in enzyme activities (mono- versus bi-functional) and kinetic parameters. crystal structures of cstii show that his85, conserved in cstiis from different strains is part of an 11-residue loop that abuts the extended acceptor-binding site and is also part of the subunit interface. in this study, the role of his85 in the activity of cstii has ... | 2014 | 24817703 |
| the cj0588 protein is a campylobacter jejuni rna methyltransferase. | tlya proteins belong to 2'-o-methyltransferases. methylation is a common posttranscriptional rna modification. the campylobacter jejuni cj0588 protein belongs to the tlya(i) protein family and is a rrna methyltransferase. methylation of ribosomal rna catalyzed by cj0588 appears to have an impact on the biology of the cell. presence of the cj0588 gene in bacteria appears to be important for ribosome stability and virulence properties. absence of the cj0588 protein causes accumulation of the 50s r ... | 2014 | 24796671 |
| decay of genetic markers for fecal bacterial indicators and pathogens in sand from lake superior. | beach sands impact water quality and pathogen loads, however, the comparative decay of the fecal indicator bacteria (fib) enterococcus spp. and escherichia coli, and pathogens in freshwater sand have not been examined. in this study, freshwater sand microcosms were inoculated with sewage and pure cultures of bacterial pathogens to compare relative decay rates. the abundance of culturable enterococcus spp. and e. coli, genetic markers for enterococcus spp. (entero1), total bacteroides (allbac), a ... | 2014 | 24793108 |