| [the isolation of a reassortant strain of the a/kiev/59/79, r (h1n1) influenza virus and its genomic characteristics]. | as a result of two successive recombinations of influenza a viruses: a/leningrad/0139/76 (h3n2) with a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) strain and the resulting reassortant a/leningrad/0139/76, r (h3n2) with a field isolate a/kiev/59/79 (h1n1), a virus. a/kiev/59/79, r (h1n1) was obtained. it was established by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and sequencing of kdna fragments of its genome that the genes pb2, pb1 and np of this virus belonged to serosubtype h3n2, while genes pa, m, and ns to serosubtype h1n1 ... | 1993 | 8059522 |
| infection of children with avian-human reassortant influenza virus from pigs in europe. | pigs have been proposed to act as the intermediate hosts in the generation of pandemic human influenza strains by reassortment of genes from avian and human influenza virus strains. the circulation of avian-like h1n1 influenza viruses in european pigs since 1979 and the detection of human-avian reassortants in pigs raises the question of whether these viruses actually have the potential to transmit and cause disease in humans. we now report the serologic and genetic characterization of two human ... | 1994 | 8091678 |
| antigenic and sequence analysis of h3 influenza virus haemagglutinins from pigs in italy. | to investigate the possible mechanism of maintenance of old human influenza a (h3n2) viruses in pigs, the haemagglutinins (has) of seven isolates from swine were studied by analysis of nucleotide and deduced primary amino acid sequences, as well as reactivity of the ha molecule to chicken antisera and monoclonal antibodies. the swine has were closely similar to the ha of the a/victoria/3/75 human variant as regards antigenic and molecular characteristics. these findings are consistent with the h ... | 1994 | 8113758 |
| an estimation of the nucleotide substitution rate at defined positions in the influenza virus haemagglutinin gene. | the mutation rates to a viable mar (monoclonal antibody-resistant mutant) genotype of wild-type influenza (a/victoria/3/75; h3n2) virus or its mutator variant strains have been previously determined. in order to estimate the mutation rates per nucleotide position, the sequence alterations present in 44 mar mutants isolated from either the wild-type or the mut43 mutator strain have been determined. these mar mutants were selected with either of two non-overlapping, haemagglutinin-specific, monocl ... | 1994 | 8113760 |
| codominant mixtures of viruses in reference strains of influenza virus due to host cell variation. | influenza viruses grown in chicken eggs may comprise mixtures of variants, creating problems in establishing international reference strains and in preparing high growth reassortants. we therefore analyzed representative reference strains of h3n2 viruses from 1987 to 1989 by direct sequencing of ha1. three of seven reference strains had different nucleotides at the same position in nucleotide gels, indicating the presence of codominant mixtures. these nucleotide duplications occurred at residues ... | 1994 | 8116258 |
| serological studies on the potential synergism of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and influenza-, corona- and paramyxoviruses in the induction of respiratory symptoms in swine. | sera from 265 finishing pigs belonging to 70 herds, in which severe respiratory disorders were observed, were examined for antibody prevalence to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), influenza virus subtypes h3n2 and h1n1, porcine respiratory corona virus (prcv) and a recently described porcine paramyxovirus (ppmv). by immunoperoxidase-monolayer assay 69.1% of these sera were positive for prrsv. hemagglutination inhibiting activity was found in 55.1% of the sera for influ ... | 1993 | 8128802 |
| induction of interferon in human leukocyte cultures by natural pathogenic respiratory viruses. | some common viruses responsible for respiratory disease have been reported to be poor inducers of interferon (ifn). therefore, we have studied the induction of ifn in cultures of human leukocytes exposed under standardized conditions to various concentrations of adenovirus type 7a, coronavirus 229e, an influenza type a virus (h3n2), a rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). all five viruses induced substantial amounts of ifn at a multiplicity of infection of one infectious unit per ce ... | 1993 | 8151137 |
| igg subclass response and protection against challenge following immunisation of mice with various influenza a vaccines. | the serum total igg and igg subclass and nasal wash iga and igg antibody responses of mice to influenza virus a/hong kong/68 (h3n2) subunit preparations administered parenterally as a single dose, incorporated either in immune stimulatory compounds (iscoms) or liposomes with freund's complete adjuvant, or as an aqueous material, as well as to live, infectious virus were measured by elisa at 10 days and 3, 5, 7 and 22 weeks after immunisation. the protection of the upper and lower respiratory tra ... | 1994 | 8151677 |
| [seroepidemiological data on the circulation of influenza virus in moldova in 1991-1992]. | 1. to establish the predominant circulating antigenic subtypes of influenza viruses in the epidemic season (19911992). 2. to evaluate the efficiency of seroepidemiological method in determining the circulating antigenic subtypes and its practical consequences. | 1993 | 8153476 |
| serologic response to standard inactivated influenza vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. | we compared the serologic response of 46 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected children and adolescents and 61 age-matched controls to standard trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (a/taiwan (h1n1), a/shanghai (h3n2), b/yamagata). children were immunized according to the package insert recommendations before the 1990 to 1991 influenza season. serum antibody titers to influenza a were determined before and 1 month after each vaccination and compared for study and control subjects. serolo ... | 1994 | 8177629 |
| subtype cross-reactive, infection-enhancing antibody responses to influenza a viruses. | antibody-dependent enhancement of the uptake of influenza a virus by fc receptor-bearing cells was analyzed by using virus strains of the three human influenza a virus subtypes, a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/japan/305/57 (h2n2), and a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2). immune sera obtained from mice following primary infection with an h1n1, h2n2, or h3n2 subtype virus neutralized only virus of the same subtype; however, immune sera augmented the uptake of virus across subtypes. immune sera from h1n1-infected mice ... | 1994 | 8189489 |
| [influenza surveillance in tananarive during the year 1992]. | the authors relate the 1992 results of influenza surveillance in antananarivo. 24 influenza virus a (h3n2) strains were isolated from 467 pharyngeal swabs. the virus had been continually spreading from january to september, with a peak in july, along with some monthly sporadic isolations. the highest respiratory morbidity was observed in june and july. the collection processes of influenzal and respiratory morbidity statistics are also discussed in order to standardize data and to define the rea ... | 1993 | 8192546 |
| infection-permissive immunization with influenza virus neuraminidase prevents weight loss in infected mice. | in studies of infection of young balb/c mice with a mouse virulent strain of x-31 (h3n2) influenza a virus we have shown a profound virus dose-related effect of infection on body weight. most of this effect is prevented by prior administration of either inactivated whole virus vaccine, which prevents infection, or purified influenza virus neuraminidase, which is infection-permissive, but reduces pulmonary virus replication by 1.5 to 3 orders of magnitude. these studies support the concept of inf ... | 1993 | 8212824 |
| antibody response to whole-virus and split-virus influenza vaccines in successful ageing. | the antibody response to influenza vaccination has been variably reported to be decreased in elderly individuals. to determine the effect of ageing alone on this antibody response, a group of carefully-screened healthy elderly subjects were compared with young adult controls. antibody titres for several strains of influenza were measured before and after vaccination with whole-virus (wvv) and split-virus influenza vaccines (svv) in two successive years. in general, the antibody response to wvv w ... | 1993 | 8212827 |
| pilot evaluation of influenza virus vaccine (ivv) combined with adjuvant. | the safety of licensed influenza virus vaccine (ivv) combined with a novel adjuvant containing muramyl tripeptide (mtp) conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) was evaluated in a randomized pilot study. ten healthy 23-30-year-old men were given a single intramuscular dose of ivv combined with saline (n = 5) or with 100 micrograms of mtp-pe in the mf59 adjuvant emulsion (mf59-100) (n = 5). evaluations were performed on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7 and 28 after inoculation. ivv alone was well tolerated. ... | 1993 | 8212835 |
| determination of hemagglutination-inhibition titers to influenza a virus in porcine sera by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | an elisa-based method to estimate hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) titer was developed. subtype specificity was obtained by using purified h1 and h3 hemagglutinin antigens. using the linear relation that exists between elisa and hi methods, regression lines for h1n1- and h3n2-monospecific porcine antisera were constructed. approximation of actual hi titer could be obtained from insertion of elisa values into the appropriate regression line. the hi estimations were within 50% of the actual measur ... | 1993 | 8214894 |
| the subclass igg responses of mice to influenza surface proteins formulated into liposomes. | unprimed mice and mice primed by prior infection with an h1n1 subtype of influenza virus were used to assess the total and subclass igg serum antibody responses to influenza virus a/sichuan/2/87 (h3n2) surface haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins incorporated into four different formulations of liposomes. only one of these liposome preparations, dspc(b), induced greater total igg, and subclass igg1 and igg2a antibody levels, in sera from both primed and unprimed mice than the aqueous a/sich ... | 1993 | 8215299 |
| comparative anti-influenza virus activity of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibosides in vitro. | the anti-influenza virus activity of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroguanosine was determined in cell culture and in explants of human respiratory epithelium by yield reduction assay. the concentration causing at least 1.0 log10 reduction in influenza a (h3n2) virus yield (ec90) at 24 h was 2.5 micrograms/ml in primary rhesus monkey kidney and 12 micrograms/ml in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, compared to 0.5 micrograms/ml and 0.9 micrograms/ml, respectively, for ribavirin. the estimated therapeutic ... | 1993 | 8215305 |
| [evaluation of seroconversion after vaccination against influenza during the epidemic season 1991-1992 in poland]. | vaccination was performed by influenza virus vaccine trivalent type a and b. we vaccinated about 75,000 persons in poland in different groups of age. hi and ni tests were used for testing antibody level for a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1), a/beijing/353/89 (h3n2) and b/panama/45/90. the rise of antibody level was statistically significant. | 1993 | 8234846 |
| comparison of 10 influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) haemagglutinin sequences obtained directly from clinical specimens to those of mdck cell- and egg-grown viruses. | pcr was used to amplify and sequence the complete ha1 region of the haemagglutinin (ha)-encoding genes of 10 clinical isolates of influenza virus of the h1n1 or h3n2 subtypes. these sequences were compared to those obtained from viruses isolated from the same specimens after passage in eggs and mdck cells. amino acid substitutions in the egg-derived ha sequences were found in nine out of the 10 specimens analysed, whereas seven out of eight of the mdck-derived ha sequences were identical to thos ... | 1993 | 8245870 |
| [pneumonia diagnosis in living swine using lung lavage]. | in pigs coming from fattening units with tenacious pneumonitis problems the attempt was made to find an etiological diagnosis in living pigs by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and serological examinations on antibodies against mycoplasma hyopneumonia, actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and influenza-a-virus (serotypes h1n1 and h3n2). in some cases the results of the bacteriological examinations of the bal were compared with the post mortem findings. both methods yield similar results. mycoplasma hyopn ... | 1993 | 8250824 |
| recombinant secreted haemagglutinin protects mice against a lethal challenge of influenza virus. | balb/c mice were immunized with 2 x 2 micrograms of purified recombinant secreted haemagglutinin, derived from the a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2) virus. in the first immunization, ribi adjuvant was used, while for the booster injection a monophosphoryl lipid a/muramyl dipeptide combination was chosen. mice immunized in this way were 90-100% protected against a challenge with 20 ld50 of mouse-adapted, homologous virus (strain x47). bromelain-solubilized haemagglutinin gave only 70% protection under compa ... | 1993 | 8256499 |
| susceptibilities to rimantadine of influenza a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 viruses isolated during the epidemics of 1988 to 1989 and 1989 to 1990. | clinical isolates of influenza a viruses identified during outbreaks in two winters were tested for their rimantadine susceptibilities by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay modified from that described previously by belshe et al. (r. b. belshe, b. burk, f. newman, r. l. cerruti, and i. s. sim, j. virol. 62:1508-1512, 1988). the infectivity titer and the 50% inhibitory concentration of rimantadine were calculated for each virus. of 105 influenza virus a isolates tested, 28 influenza a/h1n1 isol ... | 1993 | 8257151 |
| [a method of competitive dot hydridization for genotyping influenza a viruses]. | a new method for genetic typing of influenza viruses using molecular hybridization of dna-rna was developed which consisted in addition to the hybridization solution, apart from the radioactively labeled probe, of rna of a virus with known gene homologous to the plasmid dna used as the probe but belonging to a different serosubtype of influenza a virus, other than cloned kdna, (within the range of h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2). this competitive rna (rnac) is added in considerable excess with regard to b ... | 1993 | 8284914 |
| combined effect of selected antiviral substances of natural and synthetic origin. ii. anti-influenza activity of a combination of a polyphenolic complex isolated from geranium sanguineum l. and rimantadine in vivo. | the synergistic effect shown by the combination of a natural product, polyphenolic complex (pc) isolated from geranium sanguineum l., and rimantadine (r) in vitro and in ovo [7], encouraged us to continue these studies by in vivo testing. a marked protective effect in experimental influenza virus a (h3n2) infection in mice was found when pc was applied nasally (i.n.) (1.0 mg/kg) only once 6 h before infection in combination with r applied orally in concentration 10.5 and 2.5 mg/kg 2h before and ... | 1993 | 8285131 |
| analysis of the influenza virus gene pool of avian species from southern china. | although southern china has been considered the epicenter of human influenza pandemics, little is known about the genetic composition of influenza viruses in lower mammals or birds in that region. to provide information on the molecular epidemiology of these viruses, we used dot blot hybridization and phylogenetic methods to study the internal genes (pb1, pb2, pa, np, m, and ns) of 106 avian influenza a viruses isolated from a total of 11,798 domestic ducks, chickens, and geese raised in souther ... | 1994 | 8291238 |
| influenza vaccination on renal transplant patients is safe and serologically effective. | since immunosuppressed patients are at higher risk of serious influenza virus infection than healthy subjects, we decided to study the serological effectiveness of influenza vaccination on renal transplant patients, despite the theoretical aspect that such treatment could induce glomerular lesions through an immunological process. forty transplant patients aged from 20 to 50 years with well functioning renal graft and no febrile episode were studied. blood samples were collected before the intra ... | 1993 | 8294168 |
| [the determination of the genotype of laboratory reassortants of the influenza a virus by competitive dot hybridization]. | the genotype of laboratory reassortants produced by co-cultivation of virulent a/ussr/2/85 (h3n2) virus and multi-passaged attenuation donor a/leningrad/9/46 virus (h1n1) was determined by two different methods: a method of competitive dot hybridization (cdh) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) with virion rnas urea. the results of the two methods were shown to be completely identical which confirmed the potential of using cdh method for genetic typing of influenza a virus reassortant ... | 1993 | 8303886 |
| antibody response to a two-dose influenza vaccine regimen in adult lymphoma patients on chemotherapy. | a study was conducted to determine if a two-dose regimen of influenza vaccine would enhance the immunologic response of 41 patients with lymphoma receiving chemotherapy. hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody responses to influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2 and b virus occurred in 32%, 24% and 20% of patients following one dose, and in 49%, 41% and 46% of patients following two doses, respectively. responses to one or more vaccine components occurred in 42% of patients after one dose and in 71% after two doses. ... | 1993 | 8307050 |
| [ts-mutations in the genomes of cold-adapted variants of influenza a/hong kong/1/68(h3n2) and a/victoria/35/72(h3n2) viruses]. | the phenotype and localization of ts mutations in genomes of the influenza a/victoria/30-ir (a/vic/30-ir) and a/hong kong/17-ir (a/hk/17-ir) cold-adapted (ca) viruses were studied. using the recombination analysis in chick embryo fibroblasts (cef) we determined that influenza a/hk/17-ir ca virus carries ts mutations in three "internal" genes, i.e., pb1, np and m, and influenza a/vic/30-ir ca virus carries ones in four genes, i.e., pa, np, m and ns. we have revealed ts mutations for na gene in no ... | 1993 | 8335243 |
| influenza a virus haemagglutinin polymorphism: pleiotropic antigenic variants of a/shanghai/11/87 (h3n2) virus selected as high yield reassortants. | genetic reassortment of the a/shanghai/11/87 (h3n2) variant of influenza a virus with a/pr8/34 (h1n1) virus [the standard donor of high yield (hy) genes for influenza vaccine viruses] resulted in the isolation of two reassortants with differing h3 haemagglutinin (ha) phenotypes, x-99 and x-99a. the two ha phenotypes were derived from individual subpopulations of the h3n2 wild-type virus during the reassortment event. the ha mutants and their respectively derived reassortants (identical in rna ge ... | 1993 | 8336120 |
| igg neutralization of type a influenza viruses and the inhibition of the endosomal fusion stage of the infectious pathway in bhk cells. | we have used three strains of type a influenza virus (a/fowl plaque virus/rostock/34: h7n1; a/pr/8/34: h1n1; a/x31: h3n2) labeled with the fluorescent probe octadecyl rhodamine b chloride (r18) to study how neutralizing monoclonal igg, specific for the haemagglutinin, affects the interaction of virus with bhk-21 cells. r18 labels viral lipid and self-quenches in the virion; dilution of r18 by fusion of viral and cellular membranes or by dissolution in detergent activates fluorescence. igg neutra ... | 1993 | 8337821 |
| studies on reactogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated bivalent cold recombinant influenza type a (cra) and inactivated trivalent influenza virus (ti) vaccines in infants and young children. | fifty-two infants seronegative to or without prior infection with influenza type a viruses were enrolled in a study to evaluate reactogenicity and immunogenicity of three bivalent cold recombinant type a (cra) and two trivalent inactivated influenza (ti) vaccines. controls consisted of infants receiving normal saline by nose drops (pli.n.) or intramuscularly (pli.m.). cra and ti vaccines were monitored for local and systemic reactions after vaccination. serum specimens obtained prior to and 6 we ... | 1993 | 8342319 |
| location on the evolutionary trees of the non-structural protein (ns) and neuraminidase (na) genes of late human influenza a (h2n2) viruses: parental viruses of the ns and na genes of hong kong influenza a (h3n2) viruses. | the nucleotide sequences of the non-structural protein (ns) and neuraminidase (na) genes of human influenza a (h2n2) viruses isolated in 1967 and 1968 in europe, asia and north and south america were located on evolutionary trees in order to identify the parental virus of hong kong influenza a (h3n2) viruses, which appeared in the human population in 1968. from the evolutionary trees, the h2n2 viruses isolated during the 1967 to 1968 period were divided into two groups. group i includes that a/t ... | 1993 | 8345357 |
| trivalent cold recombinant influenza live vaccine in institutionalized children with bronchial asthma and patients with psychomotor retardation. | twenty asthmatic children and 48 patients with severe psychomotor retardation were inoculated intranasally with trivalent cold-adapted recombinant (cr) influenza vaccine containing cr-125 (h1n1), cr-159 (h3n2) and crb-117 (b). the vaccinees were mostly seropositive. severe adverse reactions or asthmatic attacks were not observed, but 7 (15%) of 48 vaccinees with severe psychomotor retardation developed mild to moderate fever. significant antibody responses in hemagglutination-inhibition tests we ... | 1993 | 8346005 |
| maternal immunization with influenza or tetanus toxoid vaccine for passive antibody protection in young infants. | women in the last trimester of pregnancy were given trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine (tiv; a/sichuan/h3n2, a/taiwan/h1n1, b/victoria) or tetanus toxoid (tt). maternal blood was drawn before immunization and at delivery (median, 5 weeks later); infant blood was obtained within 5 days of birth and 2 months later. antibody responses to tiv and tt were determined by microneutralization assay and elisa. t cell response was determined by lymphocyte proliferation. maternal seroconversion t ... | 1993 | 8354906 |
| immunization of institutionalized asthmatic children and patients with psychomotor retardation using live attenuated cold-adapted reassortment influenza a h1n1, h3n2 and b vaccines. | live attenuated cold-adapted reassortant (cr) influenza virus vaccines were evaluated in institutionalized asthmatic children and severe psychomotor-retarded (spr) patients. almost all the vaccinees were seropositive to the vaccine strains before immunization. trivalent cr vaccine (containing a h1n1 (cr-125), a h3n2 (cr-149) and b (crb-117)), bivalent cr vaccine (cr-125 and cr-149) and monovalent crb-117 were inoculated to 19 asthmatic children and 36 and 16 spr patients, respectively. overall 4 ... | 1993 | 8356846 |
| heterotypic immune mice lose protection against influenza virus infection with senescence. | influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly. to determine whether this could be due to loss of heterotypic immunity, young and aged balb/c mice were made heterotypically immune by h3n2 influenza virus infection and then challenged, while anesthetized, with h1n1 virus. viral clearance was delayed by 2 days in the aged mice. naive and heterotypic immune mice were next challenged with h1n1 virus while awake. under these conditions, initial infection was restricted to the nos ... | 1993 | 8376832 |
| reye syndrome associated with subclinical varicella zoster virus and influenza a infection. | an association is reported between reye syndrome and varicella zoster virus (vzv) infection in a 10-year-old boy who had serologic evidence of coinfection with vzv and influenza a h3n2, and exposure to salicylates. he developed vzv reinfection without skin lesions after family exposure and influenza a was community-acquired. recent chickenpox contact should initiate vzv serologic studies in reye syndrome patients, regardless of the chickenpox history or evidence of infection with other viruses. | 1993 | 8388687 |
| different binding capacities of influenza a and sendai viruses to gangliosides from human granulocytes. | the structures of gangliosides from human granulocytes were elucidated by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as their partially methylated alditol acetates. in human granulocytes besides gm3 (ii3neu5ac-laccer), neolacto-series gangliosides (iv3neu5ac-nlcose4cer, iv6neu5ac-nlcose4cer and vi3neu5ac-nlcose6cer) containing c24:1, and to some extent c22:0; and c16:0 fatty acid in their respective ceramide portions, were identified as major components. ... | 1993 | 8395268 |
| influenza a in immunocompromised patients. | immunocompromised patients with influenza a were identified in stockholm during two influenza seasons. the predominant subtypes were h3n2 during 1988-1989 and h1n1 during 1990-1991. the median age of the 25 patients was 43 years (range, 3-80 years). twelve patients had received renal transplants and had ongoing immunosuppression. seven patients had received bone marrow transplants between 2 days and 3 years before becoming infected with influenza virus a. two patients were in an aplastic phase, ... | 1993 | 8399875 |
| concurrent antigenic analysis of recent epidemic influenza a and b viruses and quantitation of antibodies in population serosurveys in italy. | laboratory investigations of virus isolation and serum antibodies in a mediterranean country (italy) demonstrated that influenza a and b viruses, and often both, circulated every winter in italy. the winter 1987/88 was characterized by a low level of influenza activity, as shown by the limited number (47) of influenza virus isolates, the majority of which (61%) belonged to the influenza b type. in contrast, the 1988/89 influenza season was exclusively associated with the circulation of influenza ... | 1993 | 8405308 |
| influenza--a model of an emerging virus disease. | influenza a viruses continue to emerge from the aquatic avian reservoir and cause pandemics. phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of all eight influenza a virus rna segments indicate that all of the influenza viruses in mammalian hosts originate from the avian gene pool. in contrast to the rapid progressive changes in both the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of mammalian virus gene lineages, avian virus genes show far less variation and, in most cases, appear to be in evolutionar ... | 1993 | 8407243 |
| [influenza epidemic in a nursing home caused by a virus not included in the vaccine]. | in the autumn of 1992 two-thirds of the population of a nursing home in amsterdam was vaccinated against influenza. however, in march 1993 an outbreak of an influenza like illness occurred with a morbidity rate of 49% and a mortality rate of 10%. there was sufficient serological evidence to show that the vaccine as such had induced adequate immunity. as the causative agent an influenza a/h3n2 virus was identified. the failing activity of the vaccine in this instance was apparently caused by the ... | 1993 | 8413706 |
| oral immunization with influenza virus in biodegradable microspheres. | polymeric microspheres were evaluated as an oral antigen delivery system for immunization with influenza virus. the immune responses obtained were compared after either oral or systemic immunization of balb/c mice using purified, formalin-inactivated influenza virus type a/h3n2, either encapsulated in biodegradable and biocompatible microspheres or free in solution. the immunogenicity of formalin-treated influenza vaccine was preserved during the microencapsulation process, and the microencapsul ... | 1993 | 8418185 |
| trivalent attenuated cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine: reduced viral shedding and serum antibody responses in susceptible adults. | trivalent cold-adapted recombinant (cr) influenza virus vaccines containing types a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses were evaluated in two double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. susceptible adults were randomly assigned to receive the following vaccines by intranasal drops 1 month apart: two doses of trivalent vaccine, bivalent cr influenza a (bi a) vaccine followed by monovalent b (mono b) vaccine or vice versa, or two doses of placebo. all vaccines were well tolerated. shedding of each of the t ... | 1993 | 8421165 |
| activation of cytokine genes in t cells during primary and secondary murine influenza pneumonia. | the patterns of cytokine mrna expression in mice with primary or secondary influenza pneumonia have been assessed by in situ hybridization analysis of cells from both the mediastinal lymph node (mln) and the virus-infected lung. evidence of substantial transcriptional activity was found in all lymphocyte subsets recovered from both anatomical sites. the kinetics of cytokine mrna expression after primary infection with an h3n2 virus were in accord with the idea that the initial response occurs in ... | 1993 | 8426116 |
| human macrophage responses to vaccine strains of influenza virus: synthesis of viral proteins, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 inhibitor. | interactions between influenza viruses and human macrophages were examined to detect potential mechanisms for enhanced febrile reactions previously associated with administration of an avian-human h1n1 reassortant vaccine. cells exposed to that strain were compared with cells exposed to wild-type and cold-adapted h1h1 and h3h2 strains and an avian-human h3n2 strain. cells exposed to the avian-human h1n1 virus showed increased synthesis of viral neuraminidase, previously reported to induce fever- ... | 1993 | 8427035 |
| antibody response to a two-dose regimen of influenza vaccine in allogeneic t cell-depleted and autologous bmt recipients. | induction of protective hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibodies in response to influenza virus vaccine and the effectiveness of two doses versus a single dose of vaccine were studied in 48 bmt recipients. the patients were 1-50 years old (median 21 years), 33 with malignant and 15 with non-malignant disease. thirty-five of the patients underwent allogeneic, t lymphocyte-depleted, bmt and 13, autologous bmt. nine patients had gvhd at initial immunization. the time interval from bmt to influen ... | 1993 | 8431706 |
| genetic reassortment between avian and human influenza a viruses in italian pigs. | pandemic strains of influenza a virus arise by genetic reassortment between avian and human viruses. to examine the possibility that pigs serve as "mixing vessels" for such reassortment events (scholtissek et al., virology 147, 287-294, 1985), we phylogenetically analyzed the internal protein genes of classic h1n1, avian-like h1n1, and human-like h3n2 viruses circulating among italian pigs. the results show that human-like h3n2 strains isolated from 1985 to 1989 contained the internal protein ge ... | 1993 | 8438586 |
| comparison of live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in schoolchildren in russia: i. safety and efficacy in two moscow schools, 1987/88. | the performance of two doses of cold-adapted live attenuated vaccine versus one dose of whole-virus inactivated vaccine was compared in 8-15-year-old schoolchildren in two schools in moscow, russia, during the winter of 1987/88. both vaccines gave rise to low frequencies of associated febrile or systemic reactions, but the inactivated vaccine, delivered by jet injector, did cause small local reactions in about half of the children. immunogenicity was higher for both vaccines in antibody-free chi ... | 1993 | 8447161 |
| effect of heterosubtypic immunity on infection with attenuated influenza a virus vaccines in young children. | resistance to infection with an influenza a virus conferred by previous infection with an influenza a virus belonging to another subtype is called heterosubtypic immunity. heterosubtypic immunity is demonstrable in laboratory animals but is believed to be weak in humans. the present study examined whether heterosubtypic immunity from previous influenza virus infection induced resistance to infection with an attenuated influenza a vaccine virus. two groups of vaccinees consisting of young infants ... | 1993 | 8463393 |
| influenza--united states, 1988-89. | cdc monitors the emergence and spread of new influenza virus variants and the impact of influenza on morbidity and mortality annually from october through may. | 1993 | 8474428 |
| diminished influenza a virus-specific mhc class i-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte activity among elderly persons. | influenza a virus-specific mhc class i-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) activities among young and elderly adults were compared. peripheral blood lymphocytes from 10 young adults, (mean age 27 +/- 2.4 years) and elderly persons (mean age 71 +/- 1.6 years) were stimulated with influenza a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1) virus for 7 days and assayed for lytic activity against a/taiwan, a/shanghai (h3n2), and b/ussr virus-infected autologous target cells. young adults exhibited significantly higher influ ... | 1993 | 8476508 |
| influenza surveillance in pune, india, 1978-90. | continuous surveillance of influenza was carried out in pune between 1978 and 1990. most of the cases were identified during investigation of 16 outbreaks of influenza in pune over this period. the majority of cases were children. ten of the outbreaks occurred during rainy seasons. a total of 290 isolates consisting of several antigenic variants of influenza type a (h3n2), type a (h1n1), and type b viruses were isolated from throat/nasal swabs that were processed in chick embryos and mdck cell c ... | 1993 | 8490980 |
| genetic and antigenic analyses of influenza a (h1n1) viruses, 1986-1991. | eighteen strains of human influenza a (h1n1) viruses isolated between august 1986 and january 1991 were analyzed in this study. examination of the total viral genome of 12 strains by t1 mapping revealed that considerable genetic heterogeneity exists among these viruses. partial sequencing of each of the non-ha rna segments of 4 viruses having divergent t1 oligonucleotide maps indicated that only one was a reassortant virus that had genes from both the influenza a (h1n1) and (h3n2) subtypes. this ... | 1993 | 8493812 |
| a comparative study of the effect of dextran sulfate on the fusion and the in vitro replication of influenza a and b, semliki forest, vesicular stomatitis, rabies, sendai, and mumps virus. | the effect of dextran sulfate on the fusion of a series of enveloped viruses, bearing specifically different fusion proteins, was investigated. the fusion with model- and with biological membranes was monitored by an r18 fluorescence-dequenching fusion assay. dextran sulfate strongly suppresses the fusion of orthomxyo- (influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes) and influenza b), of toga- (semliki forest virus), and of rhabdoviruses (vesicular stomatitis and rabies virus). the fusion of the paramyxo-v ... | 1993 | 8517791 |
| prevalence of antibodies to type a influenza viruses in swine sera 1990-1994. | a total of 3,120 swine sera collected for the years 1990-94 were tested for the presence of hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibodies against swine (h1n1) and human (h1n1 and h3n2) strains of influenza virus. no hi antibody against the swine strains was recognized during 18 months, though a slight prevalence (1.5-9.2%) of the antibodies was observed over the entire period. a wide variance in the incidence (0-26.3%) of antibodies against the human h3n2 strains was observed among the swine popul ... | 1995 | 8519918 |
| selective response of gamma delta t-cell hybridomas to orthomyxovirus-infected cells. | a gamma delta t-cell hybridoma established from influenza virus-infected mice responded to a reproducible way when cultured with influenza virus-infected stimulators. subclones of this line responded to cells infected with influenza viruses a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), x-31 (h3n2), and b/hk/8/73 but not to cells infected with vaccinia virus or sendai virus. this spectrum of response to both type a and type b orthomyxoviruses has never been recognized for the alpha beta t-cell receptor-positive subsets. the ... | 1996 | 8523522 |
| human immune responses to influenza virus vaccines administered by systemic or mucosal routes. | healthy adult volunteers were immunized by parenteral or oral routes with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (a/chile/1/83 (h1n1), a/mississippi/1/85 (h3n2), and b/ann arbor/1/86), or intranasally with live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza type a/texas/1/85 (h1n1) reassortant virus. in all volunteers, cells spontaneously secreting iga, igg or igm antibodies specific to influenza virus were detected in peripheral blood on days 6-13 after immunization, and specific iga, igg and igm antibodi ... | 1995 | 8525683 |
| [influenza vaccination of children with hemophilia]. | 51 haemophilic children aged from 7 to 16 years was vaccinated against influenza in paediatric department of haematology and oncology in november and december of 1993. each dose of subunit vaccine manufactured by wyeth-usa, contained 15 micrograms of each haemagglutinin strains as recommended for the season. the antibody level was studied before and after influenza vaccination in vaccinated and control group as well. 5-time rise of geometric mean antibody titre was found for h1n1 and h3n2 antige ... | 1995 | 8525777 |
| influenza viral infections enhance sleep in mice. | sleepiness is a common perception during viral infection. nevertheless, very little is known about the effects of viral infection on sleep. the aim of the present study was to test whether sleep was altered by influenza viral infection in mice. after 2-3 days of baseline sleep recordings, swiss-webster mice were infected intranasally with a lethal (h1n1) or a nonlethal (h3n2) strain of influenza virus. sleep was recorded again for an additional 3 days. non-rapid eye movement sleep (nrems) was dr ... | 1995 | 8539262 |
| the role of antigenically different virus neuraminidases as structures implicated in receptor-binding processes. | influenza a viruses exhibit segmented nucleic acid coding for eight different proteins, two of them as glycoproteins exposed on their lipoprotein envelopes, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). hemagglutinin exhibits receptor-binding activity while neuraminidase develops sialidase cleavage activity which acts on cell receptors. influenza a strains responsible for human, avian, equine and porcine respiratory infections all over the world present antigenically different hemagglutinin (h1 to ... | 1995 | 8547843 |
| [the use of the immunoperoxidase test with monoclonal antibodies for detecting influenza a viruses]. | the immunoperoxidase test was used to detect influenza virus in cells of a chorionallanthois shell of infected chicken embryos. application of monoclonal antibodies d8 and a11 in the analysis has permitted detecting reproduction of type a (subtypes h1n1, h2n2, h3n2) viruses, the pga titre of the respective allantois liquids being not lower than 1:16. the matrix protein and hemagglutinin, detection of which underlies this analysis, were found on the cell membrane, in the perinucleus region and as ... | 1995 | 8548071 |
| immune cd4+ t cells promote the clearance of influenza virus from major histocompatibility complex class ii -/- respiratory epithelium. | the experiments described establish that cd4+ t-cell-dependent effector mechanisms can eliminate an h3n2 influenza a virus from lung cells that are unable to express class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc) glycoproteins. radiation chimeras were made by using cd4+ t cells and bone marrow from cd8-depleted, mhc class ii +/+ mice and irradiated (950 rads) mhc class ii -/- recipients. the influenza virus-specific cd4+ t-cell responses in these +/+-->-/- mice were not obviously different from ... | 1996 | 8551597 |
| analysis of influenza a virus reinfection in children in japan during 1983-91. | the epidemiology of influenza a in japan was studied during 1979-91 and viruses isolated from reinfections during 1983-91 were analysed. of 2963 influenza viruses isolated from reinfections during 1983-91 were analysed. of 2963 influenza viruses isolated during this period, 922 and 1006 were influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) viruses respectively; the others were influenza b viruses. influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) caused 5 and 6 epidemics respectively, most accompanied by antigenic drift. seventeen re ... | 1995 | 8557091 |
| comparison of us inactivated split-virus and russian live attenuated, cold-adapted trivalent influenza vaccines in russian schoolchildren. | in a blinded, placebo-controlled study, the reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy of single doses of us inactivated split-virus and russian live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccines were compared in 555 schoolchildren in vologda, russia. serial serum samples were collected and school absenteeism was assessed. systemic reactions were rare, but local reactions (primarily erythema at the injection site) were observed in 27% of the inactivated vaccine group, and coryza (12%) a ... | 1996 | 8568310 |
| protection of mice against influenza a virus challenge by vaccination with baculovirus-expressed m2 protein. | we have investigated the potential of the conserved transmembrane m2 protein of influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 virus, expressed by a baculovirus recombinant, to induce protective immunity in balb/c mice. vaccination of mice with m2 shortened the duration of virus shedding and protected mice from a lethal infection with a/ann arbor/6/60 virus but not b/ann arbor/1/55 virus, suggesting that the protection was mediated by an m2-specific mechanism. serum antibodies were detected which reacted with synth ... | 1995 | 8578816 |
| cross-reaction but no avidity change of the serum antibody response after influenza vaccination. | pre- and post-vaccination sera from 19 volunteers were analysed by the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test, virus neutralization (vn) assay and avidity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the sera were tested against the three strains in a commercial inactivated influenza vaccine; a/beijing/353/89(h3n2); a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1) and b/yamagata/16/88. additionally, a range of earlier strains and one newer isolate were assayed for hi- and vn-antibodies. large variations in the pre-vaccinatio ... | 1995 | 8578836 |
| in previously immunized elderly adults inactivated influenza a (h1n1) virus vaccines induce poor antibody responses that are not enhanced by liposome adjuvant. | in a randomized, double-blinded study, 77 healthy elderly seropositive volunteers (95% of whom had received influenza vaccine within the prior 5 years) were immunized with either monovalent liposome-adjuvanted or control subvirion vaccine containing inactivated influenza a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1) virus. the experimental vaccine was well-tolerated but elicited serologic responses that were no different in frequency or magnitude from those induced by the control vaccine. less than 20% of subjects in ei ... | 1995 | 8585289 |
| safety and efficacy of long-term use of rimantadine for prophylaxis of type a influenza in nursing homes. | the safety and efficacy of rimantadine for long-term prophylaxis of influenza a (h3n2) infection were evaluated among elderly residents in 10 nursing homes. within each nursing home, participating residents were randomly assigned to receive placebo or rimantadine at 100 or 200 mg/day. residents were evaluated daily for symptoms and significant health events as possible side effects, as well as for influenza-like illness. the study medications were administered to 328 residents for up to 8 weeks, ... | 1995 | 8619572 |
| influenza infection in humans and pigs in southeastern china. | the three last pandemic strains of influenza a virus-asian/57, hong kong/68 and russian/77-are believed to have originated in china. the strains responsible for the 1957 and 1968 human pandemics were reassortants incorporating both human and avian influenza viruses, which may have arisen in pigs. we therefore undertook a population-based study in the nanchang region of central china to establish the prevalence, types and seasonal pattern of human influenza infection and to screen serum samples f ... | 1996 | 8645101 |
| evaluation of live attenuated influenza vaccines in children 6-18 months of age: safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. national institute of allergy and infectious diseases, vaccine and treatment evaluation program and the wyeth-ayerst ca influenza vaccine investigators group. | live attenuated, cold-adapted (ca) monovalent and bivalent influenza a vaccines were evaluated in seronegative infants (ages 6-18 months) in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial to assess safety and immunogenicity. a total of 182 seronegative subjects received a single intranasal dose (10(6.2) tcid50) of ca a/kawasaki/9/86 (h1n1) or ca a/los angeles/2/87 (h3n2), both as a bivalent vaccine, or placebo. respiratory and systemic symptoms did not differ between groups after vaccination. hemagglut ... | 1996 | 8648202 |
| evaluation of a recombinant hemagglutinin expressed in insect cells as an influenza vaccine in young and elderly adults. | healthy subjects <45 years old (young adults) or >65 (elderly adults) were randomized in double-blind fashion to receive intramuscularly subvirion trivalent influenza vaccine, placebo, or 15, 45, or 135 microgram of the hemagglutinin (ha) of the influenza a/beijing/32/92 (h3n2) virus expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus (rha0). all vaccines were well tolerated. both young and elderly adults manifested serum hemagglutination-inhibition, virus neutralizing, and ha-specific igg el ... | 1996 | 8648221 |
| human cd4+ t-cell recognition of influenza a virus hemagglutinin after subunit vaccination. | we have examined human cd4+ t-cell recognition of influenza a/beijing/32/92 (h3n2) virus hemagglutinin following influenza virus hana subunit vaccination. cd4+ t-cell repertoires were dominated by recognition of epitopes located in conserved regions of the molecule, in a major histocompatibility complex class ii haplotype-dependent manner, analogous to that observed following natural infection. | 1996 | 8676508 |
| [an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) in a nursing home]. | in the nursing home belonging to our hospital, an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) occurred in january 1995, and we studied 23 elderly residents with influenza a infection. twenty three residents with influenza a (8 males and 15 females) ranged in age from 67 to 95 years (average 83.1 years), 91.3% of them were bedridden. and all had underlying medical conditions with neurologic, cardiac, orthopedic, being the most frequent. the most common complaints were fever (100%), followed by cough (95.7%), ... | 1996 | 8699092 |
| time to peak serum antibody response to influenza vaccine in the elderly. | the earliest time at which serum antibody peaks following administration of influenza virus vaccine in elderly persons is not clearly defined. we compared the time intervals of 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination. a commercial trivalent vaccine containing the hemagglutinins of influenza viruses a/texas/36/91(h1n1), a/shangdong/9/93(h3n2), and b/panama/45/90 was used. the hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers at 2 weeks after vaccination were identical to the hemagglutination inhibition antibod ... | 1996 | 8705685 |
| [epidemic of influenza in kyushu-okinawa district (april 1994-march 1995)]. | the prevalence of influenza in kyushu-okinawa district in april 1994- march 1995 was studied as the prevalence of influenza virus, to determine the sero-type of influenza viruses isolated in kyushu- okinawa district prefectures and cities. as a result, three sero-types of influenza viruses, i.e. type a/h1n1, type h3n2 and type b, were isolated in kyushu-okinawa district in this season, but most of the isolates were type a/h3n2 and type b. weekly changes of reported influenza patients and period ... | 1995 | 8708404 |
| oral immunization with a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus protects mice against influenza. | mice immunized with two intragastrically administered doses of a replication-deficient recombinant vaccinia virus containing the hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes from h1n1 influenza virus developed serum anti-h1 immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody that completely protected the lungs from challenge with h1n1. almost all of the mice given two intragastric doses also developed mucosal anti-h1 iga antibody, and those with high anti-h1 iga titers had completely protected noses. intramuscular injecti ... | 1996 | 8709274 |
| surveillance of influenza in switzerland between 1987 and 1995. | during 8 years of continuous influenza surveillance in switzerland (1987 to 1995), influenza a viruses predominated during 5 seasons and influenza b viruses during 3. the most severe outbreaks occurred in the 1988/89 season (a/h1n1 subtype), in the 1989/90 season (a/h3n2 subtype) and in the 1994/95 season (simultaneous outbreak of influenza a/h3n2 and b). from 1987 to 1993, peak activity of influenza a viruses was observed during december and january (for 8 weeks on average) while influenza b vi ... | 1996 | 8711461 |
| ha1 domain of influenza a (h3n2) viruses in finland in 1989-1995: evolution, egg-adaptation and relationship to vaccine strains. | the ha1 gene sequences of 22 mdck cell-derived influenza a (h3n2) strains, ten of their egg-derived counterparts and three vaccine strains were determined. antigenic and sequence differences between the epidemic and vaccine strains were recorded, most striking in 1992/93; a minority of the amino acid differences in 1989-95 was involved in egg-adaptation. changes in the assortment of amino acid substitutions produced during egg-adaptation of field strains may account for the difficulty encountere ... | 1996 | 8712921 |
| phenotypic expression of ha-na combinations in human-avian influenza a virus reassortants. | human-avian and human-mammalian influenza a virus reassortant clones with the neuraminidase (na) gene of the a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1) strain and hemagglutinin (ha) genes of h3, h4 and h13 subtypes had been shown in an earlier publication to produce low ha yields in the embryonated chicken eggs. the low ha titers had been shown to be due, at least in part, to the formation of virion clusters at 4 degrees c; the clustering was removed by the treatment with bacterial neuraminidase [rudneva et al., arch. ... | 1996 | 8712926 |
| clinical and immunological characteristics of the emulsion form of inactivated influenza vaccine delivered by oral immunization. | prophylaxis of human respiratory diseases caused by influenza viruses is actually a problem of infectious pathology because of their wide prevalence. in our investigations, safety, reactogenicity and immunological activity of the orally administered emulsion-inactivated influenza vaccine prepared from influenza virus strains of types a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b have been studied. clinical studies of the emulsion-inactivated influenza vaccine on volunteers has shown its safety and nonreactogenicity. t ... | 1996 | 8717382 |
| antigenic and genetic analyses of the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses isolated from pigs in 1993. | three strains of influenza a virus (h3n2) were isolated from pigs in hokkaido, japan in 1993. the hemagglutinin (ha) antigen of the three isolates was related to that of recent h3n2 viruses of human origin. the reactivity patterns of two of the isolates (a/sw/obihiro/1/93 and a/sw/obihiro/2/93) with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin of a/bangkok/1/79 strain were similar to that of the human h3n2 strain isolated in hokkaido in 1988, while that of the other one (a/sw/obihiro/3/93) was sim ... | 1995 | 8720040 |
| large outbreak of swine influenza in southern japan caused by reassortant (h1n2) influenza viruses: its epizootic background and characterization of the causative viruses. | in the winter of 1989 and the spring of 1990, there were large outbreaks of respiratory disease in two swine herds in nagasaki prefecture, southern japan. serological surveillance indicated that the majority of swine possessed antibodies to swine influenza virus h1 haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of early h3n2 influenza virus strains. eight viruses were isolated from swine that showed typical clinical symptoms of influenza. the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of these isolates were closely rel ... | 1996 | 8760422 |
| an epidemiological study of influenza viruses among chinese farm families with household ducks and pigs. | to examine the possibility of interspecies transmission and genetic reassortment of influenza viruses on farms in southern china, we surveyed 20 farm families living outside the city of nanchang who raised pigs and ducks in their homes. weekly interviews of family members and virus isolation studies of throat swabs and faecal samples, collected from september 1992 to september 1993, established the seasonal pattern of respiratory tract infections in these families and identified 11 influenza vir ... | 1996 | 8760967 |
| synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of some new aminoadamantane derivatives. 2. | the synthesis of some new aminoadamantane derivatives is described. the new compounds were evaluated against a wide range of viruses [influenza a h1n1, influenza a h2n2, influenza a h3n2, influenza b, parainfluenza 3, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), thymidine kinase-deficient (tk-) hsv-1, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, polio 1, coxsackie b4, sindbis, semliki forest, reo 1, varicella-zoster virus (vzv), tk- vzv, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and human immunodeficiency vir ... | 1996 | 8765514 |
| in vivo anti-influenza virus activity of kampo (japanese herbal) medicine "sho-seiryu-to"--effects on aged mice, against subtypes of a viruses and b virus, and therapeutic effect. | when aged balb/c mice (approximately 6 months old) were treated with a kampo (japanese herbal) medicine "sho-seiryu-to (sst)" (1 g/kg, 10 times) orally from 7 days before to 4 days after the infection and infected with mouse-adapted influenza virus a/pr/8/34 (h1n1 subtype) by nasal site-restricted infection, replication of the virus in the broncho-alveolar cavity was efficiently inhibited at 5 days after infection in comparison with water-treated mice. the antiviral iga antibody in the broncho-a ... | 1996 | 8771367 |
| differential effects of total and upper airway influenza viral infection on sleep in mice. | sleepiness is a common perception during most infectious diseases, including viral infections. previously, we observed that a lethal strain of influenza virus (h1n1) causes a greater increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep (nrems) than a nonlethal strain of influenza virus (h3n2), suggesting that the magnitude of sleep responses after viral inoculation depends on the severity of the infection. the aim of the present experiment was to further test this possibility. the effects of total airway in ... | 1996 | 8776792 |
| two evolutionary strategies of influenza viruses to escape host non-specific inhibitors: alteration of hemagglutinin or neuraminidase specificity. | the porcine serum inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin prevents influenza virus from entering host cells by competing for the sa alpha 2, 6gal-binding site of the hemagglutinin (ha). we studied a series of inhibitor-sensitive and inhibitor-resistant human and porcine influenza virus isolates of the h3n2 subtype, all of which contained has, which initially bound only to sa alpha 2, 6gal oligosaccharides. when their neuraminidase was inhibited, the naturally resistant viruses, as a result of no longer ... | 1996 | 8806180 |
| sulphatide binds to human and animal influenza a viruses, and inhibits the viral infection. | we found, by using a virus overlay assay, that influenza a virus isolates bind to sulphatide (hso3-gal beta 1-->1'cer), which has no sialic acid residue, and that the infection of madin-darby canine kidney cells with the human influenza virus a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2) is inhibited by sulphatide. a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2) causes obvious haemagglutination and low-ph haemolysis of asialoerythrocytes reconstituted with sulphatide. all influenza a virus isolates from the species of animals so far tested boun ... | 1996 | 8809024 |
| experience of european collaboration in influenza surveillance in the winter of 1993-1994. | the spread of influenza is of major public health concern. surveillance programmes exist in many countries. we here describe an international collaboration sharing information from belgium, france, the netherlands, portugal and the united kingdom during the influenza a(h3n2) epidemic occurring in europe at the end of 1993. | 1996 | 8816310 |
| protection against lethal influenza virus encephalitis by intranasally primed cd8+ memory t cells. | the neurotropic influenza virus strain a/wsn (h1n1) caused a rapidly fatal encephalitis after intracerebral inoculation into naive mice. intranasal immunization with the same virus (homotypic) completely protected mice against a subsequent intracerebral challenge with a/wsn; there was no clinical disease, and infectious virus could not be recovered from the brain. in vivo depletion of cd4+ or cd8+ t cell subsets did not affect homotypic protection, and the pups of immune mothers were also protec ... | 1996 | 8816416 |
| influenza a and sendai viruses preferentially bind to fucosylated gangliosides with linear poly-n-acetyllactosaminyl chains from human granulocytes. | influenza a and sendai viruses are known to bind to various extent to neolacto-series gangliosides iv3neu5ac-nlcose4cer, iv6neu5ac-nlcose4cer, and vi3neu5ac-nlcose6cer, which are the dominant gangliosides of human granulocytes. recently, minor gangliosides of granulocytes were characterized and found to express sialyl lewis(x) and vim-2 epitopes. these long chain linear monosialogangliosides with nlcose8, and nlcose10, cores, carrying one to three fucoses, are shown in this study to bind with st ... | 1996 | 8823909 |
| the molecular characterization of influenza virus strains isolated in south africa during 1993 and 1994. | influenza a (h3n2) and influenza b viruses isolated recently in south africa were analysed by partial nucleotide sequencing of the haemagglutinin gene to examine antigenic drift of the isolates relative to the vaccine strains. the genomic analysis of the influenza b isolates revealed a number of differences in the amino acid residues compared with those of the b/panama/45/90 vaccine strain, and these isolates were found to be antigenically more closely related to b/quindao/102/91. in both the 19 ... | 1996 | 8837232 |
| are there alternative avian influenza viruses for generation of stable attenuated avian-human influenza a reassortant viruses? | the present study evaluated gull influenza a viruses as donors of attenuating genes for the production of live, attenuated influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 avian-human (ah) reassortant viruses for use as vaccines to prevent disease due to influenza a viruses in humans. the previously evaluated duck influenza a viruses were abandoned as donors of attenuating avian influenza virus genes because clinical evaluation of h1n1 and h3n2 ah reassortant virus vaccines derived from duck viruses documented residua ... | 1995 | 8837878 |
| comparison of substrate specificities of sialidase activity between purified enzymes from influenza virus a (h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes) and b strains and their original viruses. | sialidases possessing enzyme activity were solubilized from mouse-adapted influenza viruses a/pr/8/34 (a/pr8, h1n1), a/guizhou/54/89 (a/guizhou, h3n2) and b/ibaraki/2/85 (b/ibaraki) by proteolytic digestion and purified by affinity chromatography and/or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. the purified sialidases were observed as a single protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the optimum ph of purified sialidases from a/pr8, a/guizhou and b/ibaraki agains ... | 1995 | 8845816 |
| antibody responses in volunteers induced by nasal influenza vaccine combined with escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit containing a trace amount of the holotoxin. | evaluation of the efficacy of nasal influenza vaccine combined with escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit (ltb) containing a trace amount of the holotoxin (lt) in inducing antibody responses among volunteers, which was conducted during the winter season of 1993-1994, is reported. a trivalent inactivated vaccine, composed of a/yamagata/32/89 (h1n1), a/kitakyusyu/159/93 (h3n2) and b/bangkok/163/90 influenza virus strains, was used alone or together with the adjuvant, recombinant ltb s ... | 1996 | 8852406 |
| genetic variation in neuraminidase genes of influenza a (h3n2) viruses. | nucleotide sequences of the neuraminidase (na) genes of 33 influenza a (h3n2) epidemic strains isolated between 1968 and 1995 were analyzed to determine their evolutionary relationships. phylogenetic analysis using the dna maximum-likelihood method indicates that the na genes of recent h3n2 field strains, like their hemagglutinin genes (ha), have evolved as two distinct lineages represented by the vaccine strains. a/beijing/353/89 and a/beijing/32/92 for a/shanghai/24/ 90). furthermore, genetic ... | 1996 | 8862412 |
| immunohistochemistry of a cytoplasmic dynein (map 1c)-like molecule in rodent and human brain tissue: an example of molecular mimicry between cytoplasmic dynein and influenza a virus. | immunohistochemistry with an antibody to influenza a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) virus was performed using normal mouse, rat and human brain tissues. dot-like or filamentous structures in the neuronal cytoplasm were clearly stained. axons were also stained, but weakly. lewy bodies in parkinson's disease substantia nigra were also positive. immunoscreening of the antibody using mouse brain cdna revealed that this antibody recognized the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein. immunoblot analysis also showed tha ... | 1996 | 8870834 |