| beating the bug. | nhs trusts across england are under orders from the chief nursing officer christine beasley to step up their efforts to control clostridium difficile infection rates. | 2007 | 27732112 |
| clostridium difficile infection control monitoring tightened. | infection control teams must now report cases of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) in all patients aged two years and over. | 2007 | 27316610 |
| treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea. | treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea can be challenging. once patients develop recurrent disease, further episodes are common and can continue for months or even a year or more. treatment begins with a repeat standard 10-day course of antibiotics, followed by tapering and/or pulsing of the antibiotic dose. probiotics can also be useful, particularly the nonpathogenic yeast saccharomyces boulardii. stool reconstitution via fecal enemas, colonoscopy, and nasogastric tub ... | 2006 | 28286449 |
| differential yield of pathogens from stool testing of nosocomial versus community-acquired paediatric diarrhea. | to evaluate the role of routine stool examination for all pathogens in paediatric nosocomial diarrhea (nad) and community-acquired diarrhea (cad) over a two-year period at alberta children's hospital and current practices in other canadian hospitals. a secondary objective was to characterize features that may predict nad or cad etiology. | 1999 | 22346400 |
| diarrhea recurrence in patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: role of concurrent antibiotics. | to monitor prospectively patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cad) in a six hundred bed tertiary care hospital to determine which factors influenced the recurrence of the diarrhea. | 1999 | 22346388 |
| empyema caused by clostridium difficile. | extraintestinal infections of clostridium difficile are rare and often associated with underlying disorders. a case of empyema caused by aspiration of c difficile in a patient with carcinoid syndrome and c difficile colitis is described. | 1999 | 22346383 |
| cell death and clostridium difficile toxins: the murder weapon uncovered. | | 1997 | 23282760 |
| evaluation of routine enteric pathogens in hospitalized patients: a canadian perspective. | diarrhea is a frequently encountered problem in hospitalized patients. since nosocomial spread of routine enteric pathogens such as salmonella species, shigella species, campylobacter species and escherichia coli o:157 h:7 seldom occurs, testing for these organisms in patients hospitalized for longer than three days has been questioned. the goal of this study was to determine the length of hospitalization preceding detection of routine enteric pathogens and clostridium difficile cytotoxin, and t ... | 1996 | 22514438 |
| drug risk factors associated with a sustained outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhea in a teaching hospital. | a case-control study was undertaken to identify and quantify antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial drug risk factors associated with a sustained outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhea on two medical (teaching and nonteaching) units and an oncology unit. in total, 80 cases associated with an endemic clone of toxigenic c difficile were compared with controls. eighty controls were selected from a group of 290 controls randomly chosen from the outbreak period. the controls were matched to cases acc ... | 1994 | 22346513 |
| comparison of culture, cytotoxin assay and two eia tests with clinical diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | the most common etiology of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients is clostridium difficile. no single laboratory test yields a definitive diagnosis. four methods were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity in patients who had clinically defined c difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 22346495 |
| a sialic acid aldolase from peptoclostridium difficile nap08 with 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-pentanoate aldolase activity. | sialic acid aldolases (e.c.4.1.3.3) catalyze the reversible aldol cleavage of n-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid (neu5ac) to from n-acetyl-d-mannosamine (mannac) and pyruvate. in this study, a sialic acid aldolase (pdnal) from peptoclostridium difficile nap08 was expressed in escherichia coli bl21 (de3). this homotetrameric enzyme was purified with a specific activity of 18.34u/mg for the cleavage of neu5ac. the optimal ph and temperature for aldol addition reaction were 7.4 and 65°c, respectively. pdna ... | 2016 | 27542750 |
| comparative structural and functional analysis of staphylococcus aureus glucokinase with other bacterial glucokinases. | glucokinase is classified in bacteria based upon having atp binding site and 'repressor/open reading frames of unknown function/sugar kinases' motif, the sequence of glucokinase gene (jn645812) of staphylococcus aureus atcc12600 showed presence of atp binding site and 'repressor/open reading frames of unknown function/sugar kinases' motif. we have earlier observed glucokinase of s. aureus has higher affinity towards the substrate compared to other bacterial glucokinase and under anaerobic condit ... | 2014 | 25425757 |
| detection of a new cfr-like gene, cfr(b), in enterococcus faecium isolates recovered from human specimens in the united states as part of the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program. | two linezolid-resistant enterococcus faecium isolates (mics, 8 μg/ml) from unique patients of a medical center in new orleans were included in this study. isolates were initially investigated for the presence of mutations in the v domain of 23s rrna genes and l3, l4, and l22 ribosomal proteins, as well as cfr. isolates were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (just one band difference), and one representative strain was submitted to whole-genome sequencing. gene location was also deter ... | 2015 | 26248384 |
| the choice of the anchoring protein influences the interaction of recombinant bacillus spores with the immune system. | the technology of display of heterologous proteins on the surface of bacillus subtilis spores enables use of these structures as carriers of antigens for mucosal vaccination. currently, there are no technical possibilities to predict whether a designed fusion will be efficiently displayed on the spore surface and how such recombinant spores will interact with cells of the immune system. in this study, we compared four variants of b. subtilis spores presenting a fragment of a flid protein from cl ... | 2017 | 28399189 |
| isolation of six novel 7-oxo- or urso-type secondary bile acid-producing bacteria from rat cecal contents. | understanding the dynamics of secondary bile acid (sba) formation in the gut by sba-producing bacteria is important for host health, as sbas have been shown to affect host pathophysiology and gut microbiota composition. however, our knowledge of sba producers is limited in light of the diversity of gut microbes. here, we isolated six novel sba-producing bacteria from rat cecal contents, all of which were members of known species of gut microbes. anaerostipes caccae d10, bacteroides nordii c5, cl ... | 2017 | 28751127 |
| in vitro and in vivo antagonistic activity of new probiotic culture against clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens. | genus clostridium accompanies more than 200 known species and at least 30 among them are associated with human and animal diseases. at the moment, the treatment of clostridial infections is based on use of antibiotics. however, due to the european ban on the use of antibiotics in livestock production, novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of these hardly curable infections have been evaluated. hence, in this study the antimicrobial effect of newly designed probiotic culture consisted of nat ... | 2017 | 28477627 |
| an unusual case of escherichia coli o157:h7 infection with pseudomembranous colitis-like lesions associated with haemolytic-uraemic syndrome and neurological sequelae. | a 75-year-old man was admitted with abdominal pain and fresh rectal bleeding. significantly, he had no risk factors for clostridium difficile infection. an abdominal ct demonstrated colonic thickening, and flexible sigmoidoscopy identified pseudomembranous colitis-like lesions. after initial treatment as c. difficile colitis, a stool sample revealed escherichia coli o157:h7 infection. antibiotic therapy was stopped due to the risk of lysis-mediated toxin release, but unfortunately, the patient c ... | 2017 | 28630239 |
| capability of exopolysaccharide-producing lactobacillus paraplantarum bgcg11 and its non-producing isogenic strain nb1, to counteract the effect of enteropathogens upon the epithelial cell line ht29-mtx. | the putative protective role of the exopolysaccharide (eps)-producing lactobacillus paraplantarum bgcg11, and its non-eps-producing isogenic strain nb1, was tested upon ht29-mtx monolayers challenged with seven opportunistic pathogens. the probiotic strain lactobacillus rhamnosus lmg18243 (gg) was used as a reference bacterium. tested lactobacilli were able to efficiently reduce the attachment to ht29-mtx of most pathogens. lb. paraplantarum nb1 and lb. rhamnosus gg were more efficient reducing ... | 2015 | 28411984 |
| effects of liposomal-curcumin on five opportunistic bacterial strains found in the equine hindgut - preliminary study. | the horse intestinal tract is sensitive and contains a highly complex microbial population. a shift in the microbial population can lead to various issues such as inflammation and colic. the use of nutraceuticals in the equine industry is on the rise and curcumin is thought to possess antimicrobial properties that may help to minimize the proliferation of opportunistic bacteria. | 2017 | 28638626 |
| faecal transplantation for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection in a marmoset. | the common marmoset has been used as an experimental animal for various purposes. because its average weight ranges from 250 to 500 g, weight loss quickly becomes critical for sick animals. therefore, effective and non-stressful treatment for chronic diseases, including diarrhoea, is essential. | 2017 | 28569200 |
| bacteria from animals as a pool of antimicrobial resistance genes. | antimicrobial agents are used in both veterinary and human medicine. the intensive use of antimicrobials in animals may promote the fixation of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria, which may be zoonotic or capable to transfer these genes to human-adapted pathogens or to human gut microbiota via direct contact, food or the environment. this review summarizes the current knowledge of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal health and explores the role of bacteria from animals as a pool of ... | 2017 | 28587316 |
| transmission of health care-associated infections from roommates and prior room occupants: a systematic review. | pathogens that cause health care-associated infections (hais) are known to survive on surfaces and equipment in health care environments despite routine cleaning. as a result, the infection status of prior room occupants and roommates may play a role in hai transmission. we performed a systematic review of the literature evaluating the association between patients' exposure to infected/colonized hospital roommates or prior room occupants and their risk of infection/colonization with the same org ... | 2017 | 28579835 |
| fate of antibiotic resistance genes and their associations with bacterial community in livestock breeding wastewater and its receiving river water. | large amounts of antibiotics are currently used in livestock breeding, which is the main driving factor contributing to the occurrence, spread and proliferation of antibiotic resistant bacteria (arb) and antibiotic resistance genes (args) in the environment. in this study, high-throughput sequencing based metagenomic approaches were employed to characterize the tempo-spacial changes of antibiotic resistome, bacterial community and their correlations in pig farming wastewater and its receiving ri ... | 2017 | 28763642 |
| levels of l-malate and other low molecular weight metabolites in spores of bacillus species and clostridium difficile. | dormant spores of bacillus species lack atp and nadh and contain notable levels of only a few other common low mol wt energy reserves, including 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3pga), and glutamic acid. recently, bacillus subtilis spores were reported to contain ~ 30 μmol of l-malate/g dry wt, which also could serve as an energy reserve. in present work, l-malate levels were determined in the core of dormant spores of b. subtilis, bacillus cereus, bacillus megaterium and clostridium difficile, using bot ... | 2017 | 28850573 |
| anaerobic bacteria growth in the presence of cathelicidin ll-37 and selected ceragenins delivered as magnetic nanoparticles cargo. | cationic antibacterial peptides (caps) and synthetic molecules mimicking the amphiphilic structure of caps, such as ceragenins, are promising compounds for the development of new antimicrobials. | 2017 | 28747178 |
| gut microbiota in health, diverticular disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel diseases: time for microbial marker of gastrointestinal disorders? | few data exist on differences in gut microbiota composition among principal gastrointestinal (gi) diseases. we evaluated the differences in gut microbiota composition among uncomplicated diverticular disease (dd), irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) and inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd) patients. dd, ibs, and ibd patients along with healthy controls (ct) were enrolled in our italian gi outpatient clinic. stool samples were collected. microbiota composition was evaluated through a metagenomic gene-tar ... | 2017 | 28683448 |
| the sialate o-acetylesterase esta from gut bacteroidetes species enables sialidase-mediated cross-species foraging of 9-o-acetylated sialoglycans. | the gut harbors many symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microbes that break down and metabolize host carbohydrates. sialic acids are prominent outermost carbohydrates on host glycoproteins called mucins and protect underlying glycan chains from enzymatic degradation. sialidases produced by some members of the colonic microbiota can promote the expansion of several potential pathogens (e.g. clostridium difficile, salmonella, and escherichia coli) that do not produce sialidases. o-acetyl ester m ... | 2017 | 28526748 |
| [effect of silver nanoparticles on anaerobic bacteria]. | the aim was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles on anaerobic bacteria. | 2017 | 28467592 |
| circulating and tissue-resident cd4+ t cells with reactivity to intestinal microbiota are abundant in healthy individuals and function is altered during inflammation. | interactions between commensal microbes and the immune system are tightly regulated and maintain intestinal homeostasis, but little is known about these interactions in humans. we investigated responses of human cd4(+) t cells to the intestinal microbiota. we measured the abundance of t cells in circulation and intestinal tissues that respond to intestinal microbes and determined their clonal diversity. we also assessed their functional phenotypes and effects on intestinal resident cell populati ... | 2017 | 28782508 |
| beneficial effect of bifidobacterium longum atcc 15707 on survival rate of clostridium difficile infection in mice. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the main cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea that can cause colitis or even death. the medical-treatment cost and deaths caused by cdi are increasing annually worldwide. new approaches for prevention and treatment of these infections are needed, such as the use of probiotics. probiotics, including bifidobacterium spp. and lactobacillus, are microorganisms that confer a health benefit to the host when administered in adequate amounts. the effect of bifidob ... | 2017 | 28747822 |
| serious bacterial infections acquired during treatment of patients given a diagnosis of chronic lyme disease - united states. | the term "chronic lyme disease" is used by some health care providers as a diagnosis for various constitutional, musculoskeletal, and neuropsychiatric symptoms (1,2). patients with a diagnosis of chronic lyme disease have been provided a wide range of medications as treatment, including long courses of intravenous (iv) antibiotics (3,4). studies have not shown that such treatments lead to substantial long-term improvement for patients, and they can be harmful (1,5). this report describes cases o ... | 2017 | 28617768 |
| clostridium perfringens and c. difficile in parvovirus-positive dogs. | the aim of this study was to investigate clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in 82 diarrheic dogs positive for canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv). enterotoxigenic c. perfringens type a was isolated from three (3.6%) dogs. one (1.2%) strain was also positive for nete- and netf-encoding genes, which are commonly associated with diarrhea in dogs. toxigenic c. difficile was isolated from one animal (1.2%), which was also positive for a/b toxins. the present study identified c. difficile an ... | 2017 | 28733230 |
| evaluation of viral surrogate markers for study of pathogen dissemination during simulations of patient care. | during patient care simulations, cauliflower mosaic virus dna and bacteriophage ms2 performed similarly as surrogate markers of pathogen dissemination. these markers disseminated to the environment in a manner similar to clostridium difficile spores but were more frequently detected on skin and clothing of personnel after personal protective equipment removal. | 2017 | 28752103 |
| colitis promotes neuronal differentiation of sox2+ and plp1+ enteric cells. | mechanisms mediating adult enteric neurogenesis are largely unknown. using inflammation-associated neurogenesis models and a transgenic approach, we aimed to understand the cell-source for new neurons in infectious and inflammatory colitis. dextran sodium sulfate (dss) and citrobacter rodentium colitis (cc) was induced in adult mice and colonic neurons were quantified. sox2gfp and plp1gfp mice confirmed the cell-type specificity of these markers. sox2creer:yfp and plp1creer:tdt mice were used to ... | 2017 | 28566702 |
| recurrent bacteremia and liver abscess caused by clostridium difficile: a case report. | clostridium difficile bacteremia (cdb) and liver abscess is a quite rare presentation of c. difficile infection. | 2017 | 28858131 |
| the current landscape and lessons from fecal microbiota transplantation for inflammatory bowel disease: past, present, and future. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has changed the standard of care for clostridium difficile infection. however, there is limited data focusing on efficacy and safety profile of fmt in patients with c. difficile infection with underlying inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), including the risk of ibd flare. recently, there is also emerging evidence supporting the role of fmt to treat ibd including promising randomized trials in ulcerative colitis. however, with heterogeneity across these studie ... | 2017 | 28858073 |
| discovery of a novel lantibiotic nisin o from blautia obeum a2-162, isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. | a novel lanc-like sequence was identified from the dominant human gut bacterium blautia obeum strain a2-162. this sequence was extended to reveal a putative lantibiotic operon with biosynthetic and transport genes, two sets of regulatory genes, immunity genes, three identical copies of a nisin-like lana gene with an unusual leader peptide, and a fourth putative lana gene. comparison with other nisin clusters showed that the closest relationship was to nisin u. b. obeum a2-162 demonstrated antimi ... | 2017 | 28857034 |
| impact of a mixed educational and semi-restrictive antimicrobial stewardship project in a large teaching hospital in northern italy. | the overuse of antimicrobials favors the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, as well as invasive fungal diseases and clostridium difficile infections (cdi). in this study, we assessed the impact of a mixed educational and semi-restrictive antimicrobial stewardship (ams) project in a large teaching hospital in italy. | 2017 | 28856589 |
| characterization of chicken igy specific to clostridium difficile r20291 spores and the effect of oral administration in mouse models of initiation and recurrent disease. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are the leading cause of world-wide nosocomial acquired diarrhea. the current main clinical challenge in cdi is the elevated rate of infection recurrence that may reach up to 30% of the patients, which has been associated to the formation of dormant spores during the infection. we sought to characterize the effects of oral administration of specific anti-spore igy in mouse models of cdi and recurrent cdi. the specificity of anti-spore igy was evaluated in vi ... | 2017 | 28856119 |
| cd2068 potentially mediates multidrug efflux in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the treatment thereof becomes more difficult owing to a rise of multidrug resistant strains. atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters are known to play a crucial role in the resistance to multiple antibiotics. in this study, the potential contribution of an abc transporter in c. difficile multidrug resistance was investigated. the expression level of the cd2068 gene in c. difficile encoding an abc transporter was up-regu ... | 2017 | 28855575 |
| infection control. | an infection prevention nurse has turned his hand to board game design to help health professionals understand and manage clostridium difficile. | 2017 | 28853357 |
| [clostridium difficile-associated deaths from 2013-2016 in munich and nuremberg : reporting behavior and patient characteristics]. | a number of risk factors for c. difficile infection (cdi) are described in the literature, in particular an antibiotic therapy 4-6 weeks before disease, an age of >65 years, immunosuppression and living in a long-term care facility. increasing incidence rates have been reported for germany. cdi is the fourth most common nosocomial infection with 6.4%. | 2017 | 28852777 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile infection in patients with ileal pouches. | background:clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (ipaa) has been increasingly recognized. the aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) in patients with pouch and cdi. methods: all consecutive patients that underwent fmt for cdi from 2012 to 2016 were extracted from our irb-approved, prospectively maintained registry of pouch disorders. the primary outcome was negative stool tests for clostridium difficil ... | 2017 | 28852524 |
| hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection in mainland china: a seven-year (2009-2016) retrospective study in a large university hospital. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is associated with risk for severe disease and high mortality. little is known about the extent of hospital-acquired cdi in mainland china. in this study, we aimed to investigate the annual cdi incidence, bacterial genotypes, risk factors for severe cdi and survival over a 7-year period. a total of 307 hospital-acquired cdi patients were enrolled, and 70.7% of these cases were male. cdi incidence was 3.4 per 10,000 admissions. thirty-three different sequence ... | 2017 | 28852010 |
| nosocomial transmission of clostridium difficile genotype st81 in a general teaching hospital in china traced by whole genome sequencing. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasingly recognized globally as a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. this study aimed to provide insight into the various dynamics of c. difficile transmission and infection in the hospital. we monitored the toxin and resistance profiles as well as evolutionary relationships of c. difficile strains to determine the epidemiology over time in a teaching hospital in shanghai, china between may 2014 and august 2015. the cdi incidence of inpatie ... | 2017 | 28851988 |
| clostridium difficile on youtube: a need for greater focus on prevention. | the purpose of this study was to describe the content of the most popular youtube videos related to clostridium difficile. across all sources, the kinds of content most likely to be included in the videos was general information, overuse of antibiotics, and symptomatic diarrhea. health professionals can contribute to existing social media messages related to c. difficile with comprehensive messages that include means for prevention. | 2017 | 28851505 |
| invading beyond bounds: extraintestinal clostridium difficile infection leading to pancreatic and liver abscesses. | clostridium difficile has become a common healthcare-associated infection over the past few years and gained more attention. c. difficile was estimated to cause almost half a million infections in usa in 2011 and 29 000 died within 30 days of the initial diagnosis. although colitis due to c. difficile is the most common presentation, there have been reported cases of extraintestinal infections. as per our review of literature, this is the third reported case of liver abscess due to the organism. | 2017 | 28847992 |
| chemoprophylaxis in the prevention of clostridium difficile infection: still a ways to go. | | 2017 | 28844313 |
| vancomycin prophylaxis for prevention of clostridium difficile infection recurrence in renal transplant patients. | incidence of primary and recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is higher in solid-organ transplant recipients than in the average hospitalized patient. strategies for preventing recurrent cdi are limited. prophylaxis with oral vancomycin (vppx) for preventing recurrent cdi may be beneficial, but there is limited evidence supporting its use. | 2017 | 28844154 |
| response to dr. tobar-marcillo and his coauthors: "chemoprophylaxis in the prevention of clostridium difficile infection: still a way to go". | | 2017 | 28843660 |
| changes in intestinal microbiota and their effects on allogeneic stem cell transplantation. | the human intestinal microbiota is essential for microbial homeostasis, regulation of metabolism, and intestinal immune tolerance. rapidly evolving understanding of the importance of the microbiota implicates changes in the composition and function of intestinal microbial communities in an assortment of systemic conditions. complications following allogeneic stem cell transplant now join the ever-expanding list of pathologic states regulated by intestinal microbiota. dysbiosis, or disruption of ... | 2017 | 28842931 |
| functional defects in clostridium difficile tcdb toxin uptake identify cspg4 receptor binding determinants. | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen that produces two exotoxins, tcda and tcdb, with tcdb thought to be the primary determinant in human disease. tcda and tcdb are large, multi-domain proteins, each harboring a cytotoxic glucosyltransferase domain that is delivered into the cytosol from endosomes via a translocation domain following receptor-mediated endocytosis of toxins from the cell surface. while there are currently no known host cell receptors for tcda, three cell-surface r ... | 2017 | 28842504 |
| an updated meta-analysis of controlled observational studies: proton-pump inhibitors and risk of clostridium difficile infection. | attention has recently been directed toward a plausible link between clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and proton-pump inhibitors (ppis). however, the results of studies on the association between cdi and ppi remain controversial. | 2017 | 28842261 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation: therapeutic potential for a multitude of diseases beyond clostridium difficile. | the human intestinal tract contains trillions of bacteria, collectively called the gut microbiota. recent insights have linked the gut microbiota to a plethora of diseases, including clostridium difficile infection (cdi), inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), and metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (t2d), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (nash). fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is currently tested as a therapeutic option in various diseases and can also help to dissect associat ... | 2017 | 28840809 |
| increased rate of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients with clostridium difficile infection. | risk of venous thromboembolism (vte) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is well established; however, there is paucity of data on the potential added risk of vte in patients with ibd with clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we sought to study the difference in vte rates in hospitalized patients with ibd with cdi compared to those without cdi. | 2017 | 28837518 |
| bezlotoxumab for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile is one of the major emerging threats to modern healthcare systems worldwide. although c. difficile spores are present in the gut innocuously, because of repeated broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, the spores germinate with concomitant release of exotoxin a and b, resulting in mild to severe diarrhea. antibiotic therapy is augmented by addition of the humanized antibodies actoxumab and bezlotoxumab to prevent the action of exotoxins a and b, respectively, ... | 2017 | 28837182 |
| rifaximin treatment is associated with reduced risk of cirrhotic complications and prolonged overall survival in patients experiencing hepatic encephalopathy. | rifaximin might decrease the risk of portal hypertension-related complications by controlling small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. | 2017 | 28836723 |
| disparate subcellular location of putative sortase substrates in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a gastrointestinal pathogen but how the bacterium colonises this niche is still little understood. sortase enzymes covalently attach specific bacterial proteins to the peptidoglycan cell wall and are often involved in colonisation by pathogens. here we show c. difficile proteins cd2537 and cd3392 are functional substrates of sortase srtb. through manipulation of the c-terminal regions of these proteins we show the spktg motif is essential for covalent attachment to the c ... | 2017 | 28835650 |
| prediction of recurrent clostridium difficile infection using comprehensive electronic medical records in an integrated healthcare delivery system. | background predicting recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) remains difficult. | 2017 | 28835289 |
| clinical, epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of relapse and re-infection in clostridium difficile infection. | recurrent diarrhea is a common complication of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). recurrent cdi (r-cdi) may be produced by the persistence of spores (relapse) or by the acquisition of a new strain (reinfection). in this study, we analyze epidemiological, clinical, microbiological and laboratory data from patients with r-cdi, relapse, and reinfection-cdi over 5 years and compared with a control group (non r-cdi). among 60 patients with r-cdi, 36 patients had stool samples collected from two o ... | 2017 | 28830842 |
| an outbreak of clostridium difficile infections due to a new pcr ribotype 826: epidemiological and microbiological analyses. | the aim was to investigate an unusual outbreak of 5 patients with in total 8 episodes of a clostridium difficile infection (cdi) on a gastro intestinal surgical ward of a dutch tertiary care university affiliated hospital. | 2017 | 28830806 |
| long-term taxonomic and functional divergence from donor bacterial strains following fecal microbiota transplantation in immunocompromised patients. | immunocompromised individuals are at high risk of developing clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is a highly effective therapy for refractory or recurrent cdad and, despite safety concerns, has recently been offered to immunocompromised patients. we investigated the genomics of bacterial composition following fmt in immunocompromised patients over a 1-year period. metagenomic, strain and gene-level bacterial dynamics were characterized in two c ... | 2017 | 28827811 |
| intestinal colonisation patterns in breastfed and formula-fed infants during the first 12 weeks of life reveal sequential microbiota signatures. | the establishment of the infant gut microbiota is a highly dynamic process dependent on extrinsic and intrinsic factors. we characterized the faecal microbiota of 4 breastfed infants and 4 formula-fed infants at 17 consecutive time points during the first 12 weeks of life. microbiota composition was analysed by a combination of 16s rrna gene sequencing and quantitative pcr (qpcr). in this dataset, individuality was a major driver of microbiota composition (p = 0.002) and was more pronounced in b ... | 2017 | 28827640 |
| protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled pilot study for assessing feasibility and efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation in a paediatric ulcerative colitis population: pedifetch trial. | ulcerative colitis (uc) is a chronic, relapsing condition characterised by colonic inflammation. increasing prevalence in early-age diagnosis provides opportunities for additional complications in later life as a result of prolonged exposure to inflammatory and therapeutic insults, necessitating novel avenues for therapeutics which may result in fewer side effects. faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has previously demonstrated potential therapeutic benefit in an adult randomised-controlled ... | 2017 | 28827258 |
| probiotics and antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a review and new evidence on lactobacillus rhamnosus gg during and after antibiotic treatment. | antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) is a common complication in childhood in the outpatient and inpatient settings. this review provides up to date information on the use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of aad, including that from clostridium difficile, in children. the most recently systematic reviews and subsequently published randomized controlleds trials are considered. different single and multistrain probiotics are described; a specific recommendation for the use of lactobac ... | 2017 | 28827186 |
| what makes a tweet fly? analysis of twitter messaging at four infection control conferences. | objective to examine tweeting activity, networks, and common topics mentioned on twitter at 4 international infection control and infectious disease conferences. design a cross-sectional study. methods an independent company was commissioned to undertake a twitter 'trawl' each month between july 1, 2016, and november 31, 2016. the trawl identified any tweets that contained the official hashtags of the conferences for (1) the uk infection prevention society, (2) idweek 2016, (3) the federation of ... | 2017 | 28826428 |
| clostridium difficile colonization of nursing home residents. | | 2017 | 28826425 |
| investigation of the cross-talk mechanism in caco-2 cells during clostridium difficile infection through genetic-and-epigenetic interspecies networks: big data mining and genome-wide identification. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the major etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis. in severe cases, c. difficile infection (cdi) can cause toxic megacolon, intestinal perforation, and death. the intestinal epithelium is the first tissue encountered in the adhesion and colonization of c. difficile, and serves as a physical defense barrier against infection. despite the well-characterized cytotoxicity, few studies have investigated th ... | 2017 | 28824629 |
| comparison of two whole-room uv-irradiation systems for enhanced disinfection of patient rooms contaminated with mrsa, carbapenemase-producing klebsiella pneumoniae and clostridium difficile spores. | ultraviolet light decontamination systems are being used increasingly to supplement terminal disinfection of patient rooms. however efficacy may not be consistent in the presence of soil particularly against clostridium difficile spores. | 2017 | 28823547 |
| treating clostridium difficile infection in patients presenting with hematological malignancies: are current guidelines applicable? | adults with hematological malignancies are at high-risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), but no guidelines for cdi treatment are available in this population. our primary objective was to evaluate the clinical outcomes in cdi patients with hematological malignancies. our secondary objectives were to describe cdi severity using the main clinical guidelines and to evaluate the compliance of treatment choice with published guidelines. | 2017 | 28823390 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile infection after diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage: an unreported complication of the novel surgical therapy. | | 2017 | 28822380 |
| implementation of global strategies to prevent hospital-onset clostridium difficile infection: targeting proton pump inhibitors and probiotics. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) have been identified as a significant risk factor for the development of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). probiotics given concurrently with antibiotics have been shown to have a moderate impact on preventing cdi. | 2017 | 28821215 |
| causes of hematochezia and hemorrhagic antibiotic-associated colitis in children and adolescents. | diseases causing hematochezia range from benign to potentially life-threatening. systematic pediatric data on the causes of hematochezia are scarce. we studied the underlying causes and long-term outcome of hematochezia in children. we further investigated the relevance of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis in children, especially if caused by klebsiella oxytoca.infants, children, and adolescents with hematochezia were recruited prospectively. patients were grouped according to age (<1 ye ... | 2017 | 28816966 |
| analysis of proteomes released from in vitro cultured eight clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes revealed specific expression in pcr ribotypes 027 and 176 confirming their genetic relatedness and clinical importance at the proteomic level. | clostridium difficile is the causative agent of c. difficile infection (cdi) that could be manifested by diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis or life-threatening toxic megacolon. the spread of certain strains represents a significant economic burden for health-care. the epidemic successful strains are also associated with severe clinical features of cdi. therefore, a proteomic study has been conducted that comprises proteomes released from in vitro cultured panel of eight different pcr ribotypes ( ... | 2017 | 28814976 |
| faecal microbiota transplantation for <em>clostridium difficile</em> infection: a multicentre study of non-responders. | | 2017 | 28814217 |
| faecal microbiota transplantation for <em>clostridium difficile</em>-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. | faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has emerged as a useful approach for treating clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). randomised controlled trials (rcts) have recently evaluated its effectiveness, but systematic reviews have focused on evidence from case series. we therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of rcts evaluating the effectiveness of fmt for treating cdad. | 2017 | 28814204 |
| point-prevalence survey of healthcare facility-onset healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infection in greek hospitals outside the intensive care unit: the c. define study. | the correlation of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) with in-hospital morbidity is important in hospital settings where broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents are routinely used, such as in greece. the c. define study aimed to assess point-prevalence of cdi in greece during two study periods in 2013. | 2017 | 28813492 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile in infants in oxfordshire, uk: risk factors for colonization and carriage, and genetic overlap with regional c. difficile infection strains. | approximately 30-40% of children <1 year of age are clostridium difficile colonized, and may represent a reservoir for adult c. difficile infections (cdi). risk factors for colonization with toxigenic versus non-toxigenic c. difficile strains and longitudinal acquisition dynamics in infants remain incompletely characterized. | 2017 | 28813461 |
| phageterm: a tool for fast and accurate determination of phage termini and packaging mechanism using next-generation sequencing data. | the worrying rise of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is leading to a renewed interest in bacteriophages as a treatment option. novel sequencing technologies enable description of an increasing number of phage genomes, a critical piece of information to understand their life cycle, phage-host interactions, and evolution. in this work, we demonstrate how it is possible to recover more information from sequencing data than just the phage genome. we developed a theoretical and statistic ... | 2017 | 28811656 |
| octahedron iron oxide nanocrystals prohibited clostridium difficile spore germination and attenuated local and systemic inflammation. | clinical management of clostridium difficile infection is still far from satisfactory as bacterial spores are resistant to many chemical agents and physical treatments. certain types of nanoparticles have been demonstrated to exhibit anti-microbial efficacy even in multi-drug resistance bacteria. however, most of these studies failed to show biocompatibility to the mammalian host cells and no study has revealed in vivo efficacy in c. difficile infection animal models. the spores treated with 500 ... | 2017 | 28811642 |
| comparison of the clinical course of clostridium difficile infection in gdh-positive, toxin-negative patients diagnosed by pcr to those with a positive toxin test. | to evaluate the potential role of pcr-based assays in the overdiagnosis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) by using a validated diagnostic algorithm in daily clinical practice. | 2017 | 28811244 |
| bezlotoxumab (zinplava) for prevention of recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | | 2017 | 28810021 |
| a multiparticulate delivery system for potential colonic targeting using bovine serum albumin as a model protein. | there are many important diseases whose treatment could be improved by delivering a therapeutic protein to the colon, for example, clostridium difficile infection, ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease. the goal of this project was to investigate the feasibility of colonic delivery of proteins using multiparticulate beads. | 2017 | 28808837 |
| spatio-temporal variability of the epidemic 027 clostridium difficile strains in france based on mlva typing. | mlva analysis of 103 pcr ribotype 027 strains showed a regional specificity and the persistence of the same clone within a hospital several years apart. capillary electrophoresis pcr ribotyping led to the identification of seven 027 variant strains and five 176 strains, four of them being implicated in an outbreak. | 2017 | 28807623 |
| community-associated clostridium difficile infection in emergency department patients in western australia. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is primarily associated with hospitalised patients, however, community-associated cdi (ca-cdi) has increased in australia. we aimed to investigate the epidemiology and outcomes of ca-cdi cases presenting to hospital emergency departments in western australia (wa). a retrospective case-control study of ca-cdi cases presenting at six emergency departments in wa from july 2013 to june 2014 was performed. clinical signs, recent medication, hospitalisations and p ... | 2017 | 28807622 |
| bezlotoxumab: a new drug for the toxic effects of clostridium difficile. | | 2017 | 28746120 |
| bezlotoxumab: a new drug for the toxic effects of clostridium difficile. | | 2017 | 28746119 |
| phase variation of clostridium difficile virulence factors. | clostridium difficile is a leading cause of nosocomial infections, causing disease that ranges from mild diarrhea to potentially fatal colitis. a variety of surface proteins, including flagella, enable c. difficile colonization of the intestine. once in the intestine, toxigenic c. difficile secretes two glucosylating toxins, tcda and tcdb, which elicit inflammation and diarrheal disease symptoms. regulation of colonization factors and tcda and tcdb is an intense area of research in c. difficile ... | 2017 | 28806147 |
| discovery and biosensing applications of diverse rna-cleaving dnazymes. | dna-based enzymes, or dnazymes, are not known to exist in nature but can be isolated from random-sequence dna pools using test tube selection techniques. since the report of the first dnazyme in 1994, many catalytic dna molecules for catalyzing wide-ranging chemical transformations have been isolated and studied. our laboratory has a keen interest in searching for diverse dnazymes capable of cleaving rna-containing substrates, determining their sequence requirements and structural properties, an ... | 2017 | 28805376 |
| letter: complex interplay between obesity and clostridium difficile infection. | | 2017 | 28805333 |
| letter: complex interplay between obesity and clostridium difficile infection-authors' reply. | | 2017 | 28805325 |
| prevalence and risk factors for colonization of clostridium difficile among adults living near livestock farms in the netherlands. | a cross-sectional study was performed among 2494 adults not living or working on a farm to assess prevalence of clostridium difficile (cd) colonization and risk factors in a livestock dense area. cd prevalence was 1·2%. twenty-one persons were colonized with a toxigenic strain and nine with a non-toxigenic strain. cd-positive persons did not live closer to livestock farms than individuals negative for cd. antibiotic exposure in the preceding 3 months was a risk factor for cd colonization (odds r ... | 2017 | 28805171 |
| bezlotoxumab for the prevention of clostridium difficile recurrence. | clostridium difficile infection is a major economic and clinical burden, due to its high frequency of recurrence. currently recommended treatments are not efficient for prevention and may contribute to the risk of recurrent infection. in recent years, research has focused on strategies to lessen this risk. bezlotoxumab is a monoclonal antibody that prevents recurrences of c. difficile infection through the antagonism of toxin b. areas covered: in this review, the authors discuss the burden of c. ... | 2017 | 28805081 |
| faecal lactoferrin and calprotectin in patients with clostridium difficile infection: a case-control study. | calprotectin and lactoferrin are released by the gastrointestinal tract in response to infection and mucosal inflammation. our objective was to assess the usefulness of quantifying faecal lactoferrin and calprotectin concentrations in clostridium difficile infection (cdi) patients with or without free toxins in the stools. we conducted a single-centre 22-month case-control study. patients with a positive cdi diagnosis were compared to two control groups: group 1 = diarrhoeic patients negative fo ... | 2017 | 28801865 |
| decreasing clostridium difficile-associated fatality rates among hospitalized patients in the unites states: 2004-2014. | clostridium difficile infection has emerged as a major public health problem in the united states over the last two decades. several strategies have been implemented at the hospital, community, state and national levels to combat this infection. we examined the trends in the clostridium difficile-associated fatality rate, hospital length of stay and hospital charges over the last decade. | 2017 | 28801226 |
| stability and efficacy of frozen and lyophilized fecal microbiota transplant (fmt) product in a mouse model of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | freezing donor fecal microbiota has simplified fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) in the treatment of recurrent c. difficile infection (cdi). however, the optimal storage time for the frozen fmt products remains unknown. using an established murine model of cdi, stability and efficacy of frozen and lyophilized fmt product was studied at time points from 2 months to 15 months. dna was extracted from fecal samples from the mice with identification of specific bacterial species by real-time qua ... | 2017 | 28801119 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates from icu colonized patients revealed alert to st-37 (rt 017) isolates. | seventy clostridium difficile isolates from icu colonized patients were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and screened for resistance determinants. we found that multilocus sequence type 37 (ribotype 017) toxin a-negative/b-positive isolates were more likely resistant to moxifloxacin than toxin a-positive/b-positive isolates (41.7% versus 9.3%) with major variations in both gyra (thr82ile) and gyrb (ser366ala), suggesting that the use of quinolone should be more strictly regulated. | 2017 | 28800896 |
| an in silico evaluation of treatment regimens for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a significant nosocomial infection worldwide, that recurs in as many as 35% of infections. risk of cdi recurrence varies by ribotype, which also vary in sporulation and germination rates. whether sporulation/germination mediate risk of recurrence and effectiveness of treatment of recurring cdi remains unclear. we aim to assess the role of sporulation/germination patterns on risk of recurrence, and the relative effectiveness of the recommended tapered/puls ... | 2017 | 28800598 |
| infection control measures and prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms in non-hospital care settings in northeastern germany: results from a one-day point prevalence study. | much of the existing literature on the epidemiology of multidrug resistant bacterial organisms (mdros) and infection control measures still concentrates on hospital care settings. | 2017 | 28797758 |
| antibiotic stewardship programs in nursing homes: a systematic review. | antibiotic stewardship programs (asps) are coordinated interventions promoting the appropriate use of antibiotics to improve patient outcomes and reduce microbial resistance. these programs are now mandated in nursing homes (nhs) but it is unclear if these programs improve resident outcomes. this systematic review evaluated the current evidence regarding outcomes of asps in the nh. | 2017 | 28797590 |