| the effect of birth month on the risk of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in the first year of life in the united states. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of severe respiratory illness in infants. to help direct targeted interventions and future rsv vaccine programs, we examined risk of rsv-related hospitalization by infant age and birth month. | 2014 | 24445838 |
| respiratory syncytial virus surveillance in the united states, 2007-2012: results from a national surveillance system. | annual respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) outbreaks throughout the us exhibit variable patterns in onset, peak month of activity and duration of season. rsvalert, a us surveillance system, collects and characterizes rsv test data at national, regional, state and local levels. | 2014 | 24445835 |
| emergency department surveillance as a proxy for the prediction of circulating respiratory viral disease in eastern ontario. | seasonal outbreaks of winter respiratory viruses are responsible for increases in morbidity and mortality in the community. previous studies have used hospitalizations, intensive care unit and emergency department (ed) visits as indicators of seasonal influenza incidence. | 2013 | 24421826 |
| a model of the costs of community and nosocomial pediatric respiratory syncytial virus infections in canadian hospitals. | approximately one in 10 hospitalized patients will acquire a nosocomial infection (ni) after admission to hospital, of which 71% are due to respiratory viruses, including the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). nis are concerning and lead to prolonged hospitalizations. the economics of nis are typically described in generalized terms and specific cost data are lacking. | 2013 | 24421788 |
| correlations between climate factors and incidence--a contributor to rsv seasonality. | respiratory syncytial virus is the most common respiratory virus infection in early childhood, causing a wide range of illness from mild colds to life-threatening croup, bronchiolitis and pneumonia that may require intensive care. exactly which parameters contribute to the seasonality of rsv (and other respiratory viruses, such as influenza) and their comparative significance are the subject of ongoing intensive debate. this review article summarises the specific contributions and correlations b ... | 2014 | 24421259 |
| human rhinovirus and disease severity in children. | to evaluate retrospectively human rhinovirus (hrv) infections in children up to 5 years old and factors involved in disease severity. | 2014 | 24420808 |
| the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) nonstructural proteins mediate rsv suppression of glucocorticoid receptor transactivation. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced bronchiolitis in infants is not responsive to glucocorticoids. we have shown that rsv infection impairs glucocorticoid receptor (gr) function. in this study, we have investigated the mechanism by which rsv impairs gr function. we have shown that rsv repression of gr-induced transactivation is not mediated through a soluble autocrine factor. knock-down of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (mavs), but not retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (rig-i) or m ... | 2014 | 24418538 |
| il-17e (il-25) and il-17rb promote respiratory syncytial virus-induced pulmonary disease. | one of the most severe pathologic responses of rsv infection is associated with overproduction of cytokines and inflammation, leading to mucus hypersecretion. this study investigated the role of il-25 in the development of rsv-associated immunopathology. il-25 and its receptor il-17rb were increased following rsv infection, and il-25 blockade using neutralizing antibodies reduced rsv-associated pathology, ahr, and type 2 cytokine production. likewise, il-17rb(-/-) mice demonstrated a modified in ... | 2014 | 24407884 |
| current concepts and progress in rsv vaccine development. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and debilitated adults and remains one of the major global unmet challenges for vaccine development. several immunological issues have delayed the development of vaccines, especially the poorly protective response to natural infection and the enhancement of disease following administration of formalin inactivated vaccines during trials conducted in the 1960s. advances in knowledge of the immune ... | 2014 | 24405366 |
| cost-effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in premature infants less than 32 weeks gestational age in turkey: author's reply. | | 2014 | 24401320 |
| estimating influenza outpatients' and inpatients' incidences from 2009 to 2011 in a tropical urban setting in the philippines. | although the public health significance of influenza in regions with a temperate climate has been widely recognized, information on influenza burden in tropical countries, including the philippines, remains limited. we aimed to estimate influenza incidence rates for both outpatients and inpatients then characterized their demographic features. | 2014 | 24393336 |
| attenuation of respiratory syncytial virus-induced and rig-i-dependent type i ifn responses in human neonates and very young children. | newborn infants, including those born at term without congenital disorders, are at high risk of severe disease from respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. indeed, our current local surveillance data demonstrate that approximately half of children hospitalized with rsv were ≤3 mo old, and 74% were born at term. informed by this clinical epidemiology, we investigated antiviral innate immune responses in early life, with the goal of identifying immunological factors underlying the susceptibil ... | 2014 | 24391215 |
| prevalence of human rhinovirus in children admitted to hospital with acute lower respiratory tract infections in changsha, china. | human rhinovirus (hrv) is a causative agent of acute respiratory tract infections. this study analyzed the prevalence and clinical characteristics of three hrv groups (hrv-a, -b, and -c) among 1,165 children aged 14 years or younger who were hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infection in china. pcr or reverse transcription-pcr was performed to detect 14 respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from september 2007 to august 2008 in changsha, china. hrv was detected ... | 2014 | 24390928 |
| asthma and viruses: is there a relationship? | asthma is a multifactorial disease in which many factors play a role in its development and exacerbations. viral infections are known to be the main cause of asthmatic exacerbations and are often the first manifestation of asthma in preschool age. however, there is much evidence suggesting a role of viral infections even in asthma development. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). has been first associated with an increased risk to develop asthma, but recently new viruses have been proposed to be i ... | 2014 | 24389140 |
| interferon lambda 1-3 expression in infants hospitalized for rsv or hrv associated bronchiolitis. | the airway expression of type iii interferons (ifns) was evaluated in infants hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) or rhinovirus (hrv) bronchiolitis. as an additional objective we sought to determine whether a different expression of ifn lambda 1-3 was associated with different harboring viruses, the clinical course of bronchiolitis or with the levels of well established ifn stimulated genes (isgs), such as mixovirus resistance a (mxa) and isg56. | 2014 | 24389019 |
| cost-effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in premature infants less than 32 weeks gestational age in turkey. | | 2014 | 24382545 |
| a life-threatening respiratory syncytial virus infection: a previously healthy infant with bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax and acute respiratory distress syndrome. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of viral respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. although the course of rsv infection is usually benign, a small proportion of infants require mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. we describe an eight-month-old previously healthy female who developed bilateral pneumothorax and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) secondary to rsv infection. because of the severe hypoxemia, three doses of surfactant were a ... | 2014 | 24382538 |
| epidemiological and clinical data of hospitalizations associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in children under 5 years of age in spain: five multicenter study. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important pathogen in lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) in infants, but there are limited data concerning patients with underlying conditions and children older than 2 years of age. | 2014 | 24382343 |
| decrease in formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (fi-rsv) enhanced disease with rsv g glycoprotein peptide immunization in balb/c mice. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a high priority target for vaccine development. one concern in rsv vaccine development is that a non-live virus vaccine would predispose for enhanced disease similar to that seen with the formalin inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) vaccine. since a mab specific to rsv g protein can reduce pulmonary inflammation and eosinophilia seen after rsv infection of fi-rsv vaccinated mice, we hypothesized that rsv g peptides that induce antibodies with similar reactivity may limi ... | 2013 | 24376637 |
| predicting the severity of acute bronchiolitis in infants: should we use a clinical score or a biomarker? | krebs von den lungen 6 antigen (kl-6) has been shown to be a useful biomarker of the severity of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. to assess the correlation between the clinical severity of acute bronchiolitis, serum kl-6, and the causative viruses, 222 infants with acute bronchiolitis presenting at the pediatric emergency department of estaing university hospital, clermont-ferrand, france, were prospectively enrolled from october 2011 to may 2012. disease severity was assessed with a s ... | 2014 | 24374757 |
| north-south divide: distribution and outcome of respiratory viral infections in paediatric intensive care units in cape town (south africa) and nottingham (united kingdom). | this study aims to describe and compare the spectrum, course, seasonality and outcome of children with virus-associated respiratory symptoms (vars) admitted to two paediatric intensive care units (picus) in the united kingdom (uk) and south africa (sa). | 2014 | 24372932 |
| bronchoscopic interventions with surfactant and recombinant human deoxyribonuclease for acute respiratory distress syndrome-type respiratory syncytial virus-pneumonia in moderately preterm infants: case series. | atelectases, over-inflation of ventilated regions of the lung, and consecutive pneumothoraces are life-threatening conditions in mechanically ventilated infants with acute respiratory distress syndrome-type respiratory syncytial virus-pneumonia. the accumulation of viscous secretions secondary to impaired mucociliary clearance in the more proximal parts of the bronchial tree is the prerequisite for atelectases and also prevents the delivery of inhaled medications to the more distal parts of the ... | 2014 | 27489660 |
| a review of the cd4+ t cell contribution to lung infection, inflammation and repair with a focus on wheeze and asthma in the pediatric population. | childhood asthma and wheezing are very common, especially in those born preterm. genetic and environmental factors are associated with developing asthma and wheezing. respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infections have been implicated in playing a causal role in the development of childhood asthma and wheezing, perhaps by altering the development of the immune system. several subtypes of asthma and wheezing have been described which involve different mechanisms of pathophysiology. much of ... | 2017 | 26280024 |
| respiratory syncytial virus genotypes circulating in urban ghana: february to november 2006. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri) in young children. rsv strains have been divided into 2 major antigenic groups (a and b), which are further divided into several genotypes, but very little is known about its circulating genotypes in ghana. this study characterized rsv genotypes detected in children with alri in accra between february and november 2006. | 2014 | 25745535 |
| evaluation of igg antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and associated risk factors for severe respiratory tract infections in pre-school children in north-central, nigeria. | childhood mortality and morbidity due to rsv is increasing. our current study was aimed at determining the sero-prevalence rate of rsv igg antibodies and investigates certain known risk factors for rsv disease severity in infants and pre-school children presenting with various forms of respiratory tract infections in ilorin, nigeria. | 2014 | 25729535 |
| determining the breadth of the respiratory syncytial virus-specific t cell response. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of viral lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under the age of 5. studies examining rsv infection in susceptible balb/c mice indicate that both cd4 and cd8 t cells not only contribute to viral clearance but also facilitate rsv-induced disease. however, efforts to understand the mechanisms by which rsv-specific t cells mediate disease following acute rsv infection have been hampered by the lack of defined rsv-specifi ... | 2014 | 24371055 |
| perinatal exposure to insecticide methamidophos suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines responding to virus infection in lung tissues in mice. | methamidophos, a representative organophosphate insecticide, is regulated because of its severe neurotoxicity, but it is suspected of contaminating agricultural foods in many countries due to illicit use. to reveal unknown effects of methamidophos on human health, we evaluated the developmental immunotoxicity of methamidophos using a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection mouse model. pregnant mice were exposed to methamidophos (10 or 20 ppm) in their drinking water from gestation day 10 to ... | 2013 | 24369005 |
| respiratory syncytial virus in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: factors determining progression to lower respiratory tract disease. | | 2014 | 24368838 |
| respiratory syncytial virus in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: factors determining progression to lower respiratory tract disease. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract disease (lrd) is a life-threatening complication in hematopoietic cell transplant (hct) recipients. lymphopenia has been associated with an increased risk of progression from upper respiratory tract infection (uri) to lrd. | 2014 | 24368837 |
| the source of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants: a household cohort study in rural kenya. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine development for direct protection of young infants faces substantial obstacles. assessing the potential of indirect protection using different strategies, such as targeting older children or mothers, requires knowledge of the source of infection to the infants. | 2014 | 24367040 |
| stat5-induced lunatic fringe during th2 development alters delta-like 4-mediated th2 cytokine production in respiratory syncytial virus-exacerbated airway allergic disease. | notch activation plays an important role in t cell development and mature t cell differentiation. in this study, we investigated the role of notch activation in a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-exacerbated allergic airway disease. during rsv exacerbation, in vivo neutralization of a specific notch ligand, delta-like ligand (dll)-4, significantly decreased airway hyperreactivity, mucus production, and th2 cytokines. lunatic fringe (lfng), a glycosyltransferase that enhances notc ... | 2014 | 24367028 |
| challenges and opportunities for respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes a significant proportion of the global burden of respiratory disease. here we summarize the conclusions of a series of chapters written by investigators describing and interpreting what is known about the virology, clinical manifestations, immunity, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of rsv relevant to vaccine development. several technological and conceptual advances have recently occurred that make rsv vaccine development more feasible, and this collected k ... | 2013 | 24362701 |
| human airway epithelial cell cultures for modeling respiratory syncytial virus infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important human respiratory pathogen with narrow species tropism. limited availability of human pathologic specimens during early rsv-induced lung disease and ethical restrictions for rsv challenge studies in the lower airways of human volunteers has slowed our understanding of how rsv causes airway disease and greatly limited the development of therapeutic strategies for reducing rsv disease burden. our current knowledge of rsv infection and pathology is ... | 2013 | 24362700 |
| the mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus disease. | the laboratory mouse is the species of choice for most immunological studies, ranging from simple vaccine testing to the intricate dissection of fundamental immunopathogenic mechanisms. although not fully mouse adapted, some strains of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) replicate in the murine respiratory tract and induce specific t and b cell responses. passive transfer of neutralising antibody is protective and assist in viral clearance. in addition, many of rsv's complex behaviours are recapit ... | 2013 | 24362699 |
| the cotton rat sigmodon hispidus model of respiratory syncytial virus infection. | the cotton rat sigmodon hispidus is a new world rodent that has become an important model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. this small animal is relatively permissive to rsv and can be infected throughout life. it recapitulates the pathology associated with the fi-rsv vaccine-enhanced disease, the phenomenon of maternally transmitted immunity and the ability of passive immunity to suppress efficacy of rsv vaccines. different highly susceptible human cohort scenarios have been model ... | 2013 | 24362698 |
| subunit and virus-like particle vaccine approaches for respiratory syncytial virus. | despite its impact on global health, there is no vaccine available for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. failure to develop a licensed vaccine is not due to lack of effort, as numerous vaccine candidates have been characterized in preclinical and clinical studies spanning five decades. the vaccine candidates thus far explored can be generally divided into four categories: (1) whole inactivated virus, (2) replication competent, attenuated virus including recombinant v ... | 2013 | 24362695 |
| live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. | live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccines offer several advantages for immunization of infants and young children: (1) they do not cause vaccine-associated enhanced rsv disease; (2) they broadly stimulate innate, humoral, and cellular immunity, both systemically and locally in the respiratory tract; (3) they are delivered intranasally; and (4) they replicate in the upper respiratory tract of young infants despite the presence of passively acquired maternally derived rsv neutrali ... | 2013 | 24362694 |
| respiratory syncytial virus disease: prevention and treatment. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most clinically important viruses infecting young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. over the past decade, the most significant advance in the prevention of rsv disease has been the development of high-titered antibody products. infection control is the only other strategy to prevent rsv disease. a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the fusion (f) protein palivizumab, (synagis®, medimmune, inc., gaithersburg, md), is give ... | 2013 | 24362693 |
| consequences of immature and senescent immune responses for infection with respiratory syncytial virus. | infants in the first 6 months of life and older adults (>65 years of age) are disproportionately burdened with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-associated morbidity and mortality. while other factors play a role in the risk these groups assume, shortcomings of the immune response make a substantial contribution to the predisposition to severe disease. ineffectual antibody production with misdirected cytokine responses and excess inflammation in the airways are common to both groups. however, th ... | 2013 | 24362692 |
| host gene expression and respiratory syncytial virus infection. | advances in rna interference (rnai) and transcription studies have facilitated the application of systematic cell-based loss- or gain-of-function and cell response screening that enable genome-wide analysis of cell factors involved in viral replication and disease. application of both experimental and computational biology approaches have led to crucial insights into virus infection, its life cycle, and host gene targets for disease intervention. a better understanding of the spatial and tempora ... | 2013 | 24362691 |
| respiratory syncytial virus mechanisms to interfere with type 1 interferons. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a member of the paramyxoviridae family that consists of viruses with nonsegmented negative-strand rna genome. infection by these viruses triggers the innate antiviral response of the host, mainly type i interferon (ifn). essentially all other viruses of this family produce ifn suppressor functions by co-transcriptional rna editing. in contrast, rsv has evolved two unique nonstructural proteins, ns1 and ns2, to effectively serve this purpose. together, ns1 and ... | 2013 | 24362690 |
| the adaptive immune response to respiratory syncytial virus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe respiratory disease in children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. the combined actions of cd4 and cd8 t cells play a critical role in terminating an acute rsv infection whereas antibodies can provide protection from re-infection. despite eliciting an immune response that mediates clearance of the virus, immunity to the virus appears to wane over time and individuals remain susceptible to reinfection with rsv throughout their lifetime. ... | 2013 | 24362689 |
| innate immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection. | the innate immune response has a critical role in the initial stages of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and provides important instructional control that determines the direction of the acquired immune response and the severity of subsequent disease. contributions to innate immunity include responses initiated in epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. the initiation and the intensity of the response depends upon the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns ( ... | 2013 | 24362688 |
| human genetics and respiratory syncytial virus disease: current findings and future approaches. | infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can result in a wide spectrum of pulmonary manifestations, from mild upper respiratory symptoms to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. although there are several known risk factors for severe rsv disease, namely, premature birth, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, and t cell immunodeficiency, the majority of young children who develop severe rsv disease are otherwise healthy children. genetic susceptibility to rsv infection is emergin ... | 2013 | 24362687 |
| respiratory syncytial virus and reactive airway disease. | reactive airway disease (rad) is a general term for respiratory illnesses manifested by wheezing. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) results in wheezing, either by causing bronchiolitis or by inducing acute exacerbations of asthma. there has been a long-standing interest in whether severe rsv bronchiolitis in infancy is a risk factor for the development of asthma later in childhood. while epidemiologic studies have suggested that such a link exists, a very recent study suggests that infants with ... | 2013 | 24362686 |
| structure and function of respiratory syncytial virus surface glycoproteins. | the two major glycoproteins on the surface of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) virion, the attachment glycoprotein (g) and the fusion glycoprotein (f), control the initial phases of infection. g targets the ciliated cells of the airways, and f causes the virion membrane to fuse with the target cell membrane. the f protein is the major target for antiviral drug development, and both g and f glycoproteins are the antigens targeted by neutralizing antibodies induced by infection. in this chapt ... | 2013 | 24362685 |
| influence of respiratory syncytial virus strain differences on pathogenesis and immunity. | molecular epidemiology studies have provided convincing evidence of antigenic and sequence variability among respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) isolates. circulating viruses have been classified into two antigenic groups (a and b) that correlate with well-delineated genetic groups. most sequence and antigenic differences (both inter- and intra-groups) accumulate in two hypervariable segments of the g-protein gene. sequences of the g gene have been used for phylogenetic analyses. these studies hav ... | 2013 | 24362684 |
| clinical and epidemiologic features of respiratory syncytial virus. | since its discovery in 1955, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has consistently been noted to be the single most important cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants <1 year of age. rsv also causes repeat infections and significant disease throughout life. in addition to the young child, persons with compromised immune, pulmonary or cardiac systems, and the elderly have significant risk from infection. though rsv causes the full spectrum of acute respiratory illnesses, it is most notabl ... | 2013 | 24362683 |
| influenza and respiratory syncytial virus detection in clinical specimens without nucleic acid extraction using focus direct disc assay is substantially equivalent to the traditional methods and the focus nucleic acid extraction-dependent rt-pcr assay. | in this study, we evaluated focus diagnostic's flu a/b & rsv direct kit (direct disc assay), designed to detect influenza (flu) and respiratory syncytial viruses (rsv) directly in clinical specimens without nucleic acid extraction. this novel 'sample-to-answer', nucleic acid extraction-independent assay uses a unique disc to process, amplify, and detect viral targets in up to 8 specimens at a time. the performance of this assay for detecting flu and rsv viruses was compared to the traditional me ... | 2014 | 24360265 |
| motavizumab treatment of infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection does not decrease viral load or severity of illness. | this study was conducted to determine whether treatment with motavizumab, an anti-respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) monoclonal antibody, would decrease viral load and improve clinical outcomes in previously healthy term infants hospitalized with rsv lower respiratory tract infection. | 2014 | 24356256 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection, tlr3 ligands, and proinflammatory cytokines induce cd161 ligand llt1 expression on the respiratory epithelium. | during respiratory-virus infection, excessive lymphocyte activation can cause pathology both in acute infection and in exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. the costimulatory molecule cd161 is expressed on lymphocyte subsets implicated in promoting respiratory inflammation, including th2, th17, mucosally associated invariant t (mait) cells, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. we asked whether the cd161 ligand llt1 could be expressed on respiratory epithelial cells following respiratory-vi ... | 2014 | 24352438 |
| respiratory syncytial virus in critically ill adult patients with community-acquired respiratory failure: a prospective observational study. | the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus infection was determined during three rsv seasons in 158 adult patients consecutively admitted to the intensive care unit with community-acquired respiratory failure. nasopharyngeal swabs were tested for the presence of rsv and influenza virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction. six patients (4%) were positive for rsv and all recovered. this finding was in sharp contrast to influenza (23 (15%) patients, 4 (17%) deaths). i ... | 2014 | 24350766 |
| fio2 predicts outcome in infants with respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) in infants. ards is a life-threatening condition that is characterized by severe hypoxemia, defined as pao(2)/fio(2) ratio <300 mmhg. this ratio is used in many trials as the sole oxygenation criterion for ards. recently, however, it has been shown in adults with ards that fio(2), independently of the pao(2)/fio(2) ratio predicts mortality. because epidemiology and outcome of ards differ strong ... | 2014 | 24347224 |
| lack of long-term effects of high-dose inhaled beclomethasone for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. | previously, we showed that high-dose early initiated inhaled corticosteroids during respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis partially and transiently prevents subsequent recurrent wheeze. here, we study treatment effect on lung function at age 6. | 2014 | 24346594 |
| respiratory syncytial virus-related encephalitis: magnetic resonance imaging findings with diffusion-weighted study. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common pathogen causing acute respiratory infection in children. herein, we describe the incidence and clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) findings of rsv-related encephalitis, a major neurological complication of rsv infection. | 2014 | 24337535 |
| apnea with rsv infection in three infants receiving palivizumab. | the present report describes three infants receiving palivizumab prophylaxis who presented with apnea associated with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. all three were found to be rsv positive but had mild bronchiolitis courses. even though palivizumab has been shown to be an effective prophylaxis in preventing rsv bronchiolitis hospitalizations, its effect on apnea is unknown. the cases presented raise the concern that apnea associated with rsv must still be considered in infants who ... | 2013 | 24330303 |
| vlcad deficiency in a patient who recovered from ventricular fibrillation, but died suddenly of a respiratory syncytial virus infection. | vlcad deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect of fatty acid oxidation. the phenotype is classified into three clinical forms on the basis of the onset of symptoms: a severe form with neonatal onset; a milder form with childhood onset; and a late-onset form. the neonatal form is the most common, and has a higher mortality rate than the others. we report the case of a newborn infant with vlcad deficiency who developed ventricular fibrillation, which was successfully treate ... | 2013 | 24330285 |
| outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infections in a nursing home and possible sources of introduction: the netherlands, winter 2012/2013. | | 2013 | 24329823 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infections in children with cancer. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in children, especially those with cancer. data on rsv infections in this vulnerable population is limited. we conducted a retrospective study of all rsv infections in children with cancer from 1998 to 2009 to determine characteristics and outcomes of these infections, identify risk factors for lrti and mortality, and the effect of antiviral therapy on these outcomes. we identified 59 patients with a ... | 2014 | 24327130 |
| intranasal immunization with w 80 5ec adjuvanted recombinant rsv rf-ptn enhances clearance of respiratory syncytial virus in a mouse model. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a ubiquitous virus that infects almost all people by age two and is a major source of respiratory illness in infants, the elderly and others with compromised immune systems. currently there is no available vaccine. prior efforts using formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) were associated with enhanced respiratory disease upon viral exposure following clinical vaccine trials. several researchers and pharmaceutical companies have utilized vector-associated live att ... | 2014 | 24326268 |
| effects of formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (fi-rsv) in the perinatal lamb model of rsv. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most frequent cause of bronchiolitis in infants and children worldwide. there are currently no licensed vaccines or effective antivirals. the lack of a vaccine is partly due to increased caution following the aftermath of a failed clinical trial of a formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine (fi-rsv) conducted in the 1960's that led to enhanced disease, necessitating hospitalization of 80% of vaccine recipients and resulting in two fatalities. perinatal lamb lungs ... | 2013 | 24324695 |
| impact of a bronchiolitis guideline on ed resource use and cost: a segmented time-series analysis. | bronchiolitis is a major cause of infant morbidity and contributes to millions of dollars in health care costs. care guidelines may cut costs by reducing unnecessary resource utilization. through the implementation of a guideline, we sought to reduce unnecessary resource utilization and improve the value of care provided to infants with bronchiolitis in a pediatric emergency department (ed). | 2014 | 24324000 |
| heliox for croup in children. | croup is thought to be triggered by a viral infection and is characterised by respiratory distress due to upper airway inflammation and swelling of the subglottic mucosa in children. mostly it is mild and transient and resolves with supportive care. in moderate to severe cases, treatment with corticosteroids and nebulised epinephrine (adrenaline) is required. corticosteroids improve symptoms but it takes time for a full effect to be achieved. in the interim, the child is at risk of further deter ... | 2013 | 24318607 |
| rationale for full-season dosing for passive antibody prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus. | palivizumab monthly injections throughout the rsv season prevent severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease in preterm infants ≤ 35 wga. however, some rsv guidelines currently recommend stopping palivizumab after 3 months of age in the midst of the rsv season. this article evaluates the need for full-season dosing by reviewing the pharmacokinetic properties of palivizumab and rsv hospitalization (rsvh) risk as a function of chronologic age. precise human palivizumab protective levels are n ... | 2014 | 24316863 |
| withdrawn: respiratory syncytial virus infection is strongly correlated with decreased mean platelet volume. | this article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. the publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. the full elsevier policy on article withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy. | 2013 | 24309388 |
| nkg2c gene deletion in the mexican population and lack of association to respiratory viral infections. | expansion of a natural killer (nk) cell population that expresses nkg2c has been associated with cytomegalovirus and other viral infections. it has been suggested that this cell population may play a role in infection control. deletion of the nkg2c gene (homozygous or heterozygous) has been reported with high prevalence in european and asian populations. however, the effect of nkg2c genotype on nk cell responses to infection remains poorly defined. we determined the prevalence of the nkg2c delet ... | 2014 | 24305414 |
| respiratory syncytial virus circulation in seven countries with global disease detection regional centers. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in young children globally, with the highest burden in low- and middle-income countries where the association between rsv activity and climate remains unclear. | 2013 | 24265484 |
| hospitalizations for acute lower respiratory tract infection due to respiratory syncytial virus in thailand, 2008-2011. | few population-based estimates of the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in low- or middle-income countries are available. we describe the incidence and epidemiology of hospitalizations for rsv-associated acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri) detected by active population-based surveillance in 2 rural thailand provinces during 2008-2011. | 2013 | 24265483 |
| replacement and positive evolution of subtype a and b respiratory syncytial virus g-protein genotypes from 1997-2012 in south africa. | of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) genotypes previously described in south africa during 1997-2002, only ga2 and ga5 persisted until 2006, with ba having replaced all previous rsv-b genotypes. this poses the question whether rsv-a is more stable than rsv-b and whether positive selection drives evolution of genotypes. | 2013 | 24265482 |
| epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in rural and urban kenya. | information on the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in africa is limited for crowded urban areas and for rural areas where the prevalence of malaria is high. | 2013 | 24265480 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection in guatemala, 2007-2012. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of acute respiratory illness (ari). little is known about rsv disease among older children and adults in central america. | 2013 | 24265479 |
| incidence and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus infections in a population-based surveillance site in the nile delta region. | most reports about respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in developing countries rely on sentinel surveillance, from which population incidence is difficult to infer. we used the proportion of rsv infections from population-based surveillance with data from a healthcare utilization survey to produce estimates of rsv incidence in damanhour district, egypt. | 2013 | 24265478 |
| clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infection among children aged <5 years, jingzhou city, china, 2011. | severe acute respiratory illness (sari) surveillance began in jingzhou city, china, in 2010. a subset of 511 children aged <5 years enrolled in the sari study during 2011 were tested for influenza and noninfluenza respiratory viral infection by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was most commonly detected. children aged 12-23 and 24-60 months were equally likely to test positive for rsv. although cases of rsv infection could be detected t ... | 2013 | 24265477 |
| importance of global surveillance for respiratory syncytial virus. | | 2013 | 24265473 |
| respiratory syncytial virus induced type i ifn production by pdc is regulated by rsv-infected airway epithelial cells, rsv-exposed monocytes and virus specific antibodies. | innate immune responses elicited upon virus exposure are crucial for the effective eradication of viruses, the onset of adaptive immune responses and for establishing proper immune memory. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is responsible for a high disease burden in neonates and immune compromised individuals, causing severe lower respiratory tract infections. during primary infections exuberant innate immune responses may contribute to disease severity. furthermore, immune memory is often insuf ... | 2013 | 24303065 |
| clinical course of community-acquired respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in newborns hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of pneumonia in infants worldwide. we aimed to evaluate the clinical course of community-acquired rsv pneumonia in newborns hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit. | 2013 | 24298966 |
| detection of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein variants between 2009 and 2012 in china. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes respiratory tract infection, particularly acute lower respiratory tract infection (alrti), in early childhood. the rsv fusion protein (f protein) is an important surface protein, and it is the target of both cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) and neutralizing antibodies; thus, it may be useful as a candidate for vaccine research. this study investigated the genetic diversity of the rsv f protein. to this end, a total of 1800 nasopharyngeal aspirates from hospi ... | 2014 | 24297488 |
| unmet needs in respiratory diseases : "you can't know where you are going until you know where you have been"--anonymous. | the care of patients with respiratory diseases has improved vastly in the past 50 years. in spite of that, there are still massive challenges that have not been resolved. although the incidence of tuberculosis has decreased in the developed world, it is still a significant public health problem in the rest of the world. there are still over 2 million deaths annually from tuberculosis, with most of these occurring in the developing world. even with the development of new pharmaceuticals to treat ... | 2013 | 24293395 |
| a recombinant influenza virus vaccine expressing the f protein of respiratory syncytial virus. | infections with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) rank high among the most common human respiratory diseases worldwide. previously, we developed a replication-incompetent influenza virus by replacing the coding sequence of the pb2 gene, which encodes one of the viral rna polymerase subunits, with that of a reporter gene. here, we generated a pb2-knockout recombinant influenza virus expressing the f protein of rsv (pb2-rsvf virus) and tested its potential as a bivalent vaccine. in m ... | 2014 | 24292020 |
| asthma across the ages: knowledge gaps in childhood asthma. | the eunice kennedy shriver national institute of child health and human development convened an asthma group in response to the best pharmaceuticals for children act. the overall goal of the best pharmaceuticals for children act program is to improve pediatric therapeutics through preclinical and clinical drug trials that lead to drug-labeling changes. although significant advances have been made in the understanding and management of asthma in adults with appropriately labeled medications, less ... | 2014 | 24290281 |
| prolonged respiratory viral shedding in transplant patients. | respiratory viral infections are frequent causes of morbidity in transplant patients. we screened symptomatic adult transplant recipients for respiratory viruses in a cohort of patients attending a referral medical center in brazil. the duration of viral shedding and the prevalence of viral codetections were also determined. during a 1-year period (2011-2012), swabs were obtained from 50 patients. an in-house polymerase chain reaction panel designed to detect 10 viruses was used. viruses were id ... | 2014 | 24289829 |
| targeting cd137 enhances vaccine-elicited anti-respiratory syncytial virus cd8+ t cell responses in aged mice. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes significant morbidity and mortality in children and the elderly. no vaccines for rsv are in use. because of immunosenescence, the immunologic requirements for a successful rsv vaccine in the elderly might differ from a rsv vaccine for young children. using an aged mouse model of rsv pathogenesis, we found that aged mice had impaired ag-specific cd8(+) t cell responses and delayed rsv clearance compared with young mice. to study vaccine-elicited rsv-specif ... | 2014 | 24285837 |
| epidemiology and risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus infections requiring pediatric intensive care admission in hong kong children. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children. however, there are limited data on severe rsv infection requiring pediatric intensive care unit (picu) admission. this retrospective study described features of rsv-associated picu admissions in hong kong and investigated factors for mortality and duration of picu stay. | 2014 | 24277597 |
| community household income and resource utilization for common inpatient pediatric conditions. | child health is influenced by biomedical and socioeconomic factors. few studies have explored the relationship between community-level income and inpatient resource utilization for children. our objective was to analyze inpatient costs for children hospitalized with common conditions in relation to zip code-based median annual household income (hhi). | 2013 | 24276839 |
| a gene expression signature for rsv: clinical implications and limitations. | peter openshaw discusses the challenges in advancing respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) treatments and the implications of a study by mejias and colleagues using a newly identified gene signature for diagnosis and prediction of rsv severity. please see later in the article for the editors' summary. | 2013 | 24265600 |
| whole blood gene expression profiles to assess pathogenesis and disease severity in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of viral lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) and hospitalization in infants. mostly because of the incomplete understanding of the disease pathogenesis, there is no licensed vaccine, and treatment remains symptomatic. we analyzed whole blood transcriptional profiles to characterize the global host immune response to acute rsv lrti in infants, to characterize its specificity compared with influenza and human rhinovirus (hrv) lrti, and to ... | 2013 | 24265599 |
| medically attended respiratory syncytial virus infections in adults aged ≥ 50 years: clinical characteristics and outcomes. | few studies have examined respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in adults. we assessed the characteristics and outcomes of rsv relative to other viral infections. | 2014 | 24265361 |
| viral agents causing acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children at a tertiary care center in saudi arabia. | to determine the load and importance of respiratory viruses in hospitalized saudi children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alris). | 2013 | 24252893 |
| a recombinant anchorless respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion (f) protein/monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl) vaccine protects against rsv-induced replication and lung pathology. | we previously demonstrated that the severe cytokine storm and pathology associated with rsv infection following intramuscular vaccination of cotton rats with fi-rsv lot 100 could be completely abolished by formulating the vaccine with the mild tlr4 agonist and adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl). despite this significant improvement, the vaccine failed to blunt viral replication in the lungs. since mpl is a weak tlr4 agonist, we hypothesized that its adjuvant activity was mediated by modulati ... | 2014 | 24252693 |
| atomic force microscopic investigation of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hep-2 cells. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) primarily causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. in spite of intense research, no safe and effective vaccine has been developed yet. for understanding its pathogenesis and development of anti-rsv drugs/therapeutics, it is indispensable to study the rsv-host interaction. although, there are limited studies using electron microscopy to elucidate the infection process of rsv, to our knowledge, no study has reported the morphological impact of rsv infection ... | 2014 | 24251370 |
| effect of brazilian propolis on exacerbation of respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice exposed to tetrabromobisphenol a, a brominated flame retardant. | tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa), a brominated flame retardant, has been found to exacerbate pneumonia in respiratory syncytial virus- (rsv-) infected mice. we examined the effect of brazilian propolis (af-08) on the exacerbation of rsv infection by tbbpa exposure in mice. mice were fed a powdered diet mixed with 1% tbbpa alone, 0.02% af-08 alone, or 1% tbbpa and 0.02% af-08 for four weeks and then intranasally infected with rsv. tbbpa exposure increased the pulmonary virus titer and level of ifn- ... | 2013 | 24250719 |
| development of a high-throughput replicon assay for the identification of respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) drug discovery has been hindered by the lack of good chemistry starting points and would benefit from robust and convenient assays for high-throughput screening (hts). in this paper, we present the development and optimization of a 384-well rsv replicon assay that enabled hts for rsv replication inhibitors with a low bio-containment requirement. the established replicon assay was successfully implemented for high-throughput screening. a validation screen was per ... | 2014 | 24246168 |
| exhaled nitric oxide is related to atopy, but not asthma in adolescents with bronchiolitis in infancy. | the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (feno) has been suggested as a non-invasive marker of eosinophilic inflammation in asthma, but lately rather as a biomarker of atopy than of asthma itself. asthma after bronchiolitis is common up to early adolescence, but the inflammation and pathophysiology may differ from other phenotypes of childhood asthma. we aimed to assess if feno was different in children with former hospitalization for bronchiolitis and a control group, and to explore whether the rol ... | 2013 | 24237793 |
| is palivizumab effective as a prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus infections in cystic fibrosis patients? a meta-analysis. | infections by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are more severe in patients with cystic fibrosis (cf), and many cf units use palivizumab as prophylaxis; however, information about palivizumab efficacy in cf patients is almost lacking. | 2015 | 24231153 |
| fc gamma receptors in respiratory syncytial virus infections: implications for innate immunity. | rsv infections are a major burden in infants less than 3 months of age. newborns and infants express a distinct immune system that is largely dependent on innate immunity and passive immunity from maternal antibodies. antibodies can regulate immune responses against viruses through interaction with fc gamma receptors leading to enhancement or neutralization of viral infections. the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effect of fc gamma receptors on viral infections have yet to be elucidat ... | 2014 | 24227634 |
| imbalance between pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity in acute respiratory distress syndrome. | angiotensin-converting enzyme and its effector peptide angiotensin ii have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. recently, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 was identified as the counter-regulatory enzyme of angiotensin-converting enzyme that converts angiotensin ii into angiotensin-(1-7). the aim of this study was to determine pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity in patients with acute respiratory distress syndr ... | 2013 | 24226567 |
| advances in antivirals for non-influenza respiratory virus infections. | progress in the development of antivirals for non-influenza respiratory viruses has been slow with the result that many unmet medical needs and few approved agents currently exist. this commentary selectively reviews examples of where specific agents have provided promising clinical benefits in selected target populations and also considers potential therapeutics for emerging threats like the sars and middle east respiratory syndrome coronaviruses. recent studies have provided encouraging result ... | 2013 | 24215380 |
| respiratory syncytial virus induces leukotriene c4 synthase expression in bronchial epithelial cells. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) results in acute wheezing in infants and is frequently associated with recurrent wheezing. although rsv-induced wheezing clinically resembles that of asthma, corticosteroids are not equivalently effective in rsv-associated wheezing. the study sought to determine the mechanisms of rsv-induced wheezing by establishing an in vitro model of rsv-infected human bronchial epithelial cells (16-hbec). | 2013 | 24188202 |
| discovery of a potent respiratory syncytial virus rna polymerase inhibitor. | targeting viral polymerases has been a proven and attractive strategy for antiviral drug discovery. herein we describe our effort in improving the antiviral activity and physical properties of a series of benzothienoazepine compounds as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) rna polymerase inhibitors. the antiviral activity and spectrum of this class was significantly improved by exploring the amino substitution of the pyridine ring, resulting in the discovery of the most potent rsv a polymerase inhi ... | 2013 | 24211022 |
| respiratory syncytial virus-associated intensive care unit admission in children in southern china. | there are incomplete data on the global burden of viral lower respiratory tract infection, in particular the role of respiratory syncytial virus, in children requiring health services. | 2013 | 24206961 |