| genetic organization and iron-responsive regulation of the brucella abortus 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid biosynthesis operon, a cluster of genes required for wild-type virulence in pregnant cattle. | brucella abortus reportedly produces the monocatechol siderophore 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-dhba) in response to iron limitation. nucleotide sequence analysis of the cloned dhba biosynthesis locus from virulent b. abortus 2308 and genetic complementation of defined escherichia coli mutants were used to identify the b. abortus genes (designated dhbc, -b, and -a) responsible for synthesis of this siderophore. reverse transcriptase pcr analysis of total rna with dhb-specific primers demonstrat ... | 2003 | 12654793 |
| zonula occludens toxin acts as an adjuvant through different mucosal routes and induces protective immune responses. | zonula occludens toxin (zot) is produced by vibrio cholerae and has the ability to increase mucosal permeability by reversibly affecting the structure of tight junctions. because of this property, zot is a promising tool for mucosal drug and antigen (ag) delivery. here we show that zot acts as a mucosal adjuvant to induce long-lasting and protective immune responses upon mucosal immunization of mice. indeed, the intranasal delivery of ovalbumin with two different recombinant forms of zot in balb ... | 2003 | 12654806 |
| [genodiagnosis and molecular typing of the pathogens for plague, cholera, and anthrax]. | the paper contains a survey of published data about the use of dna-diagnostics in indicating and identifying the causative agents of highly dangerous infections like plague, cholera and anthrax. a discussion of data about the genetic relationship between strains of the mentioned causative agents isolated from different sources by using the molecular-typing methods as well as about the evolution ties between strains of different origins is in the focus of attention. results of comparative studies ... | 2003 | 12656042 |
| supplementation with zinc, but not vitamin a, improves seroconversion to vibriocidal antibody in children given an oral cholera vaccine. | to investigate whether micronutrient supplementation could improve the vibriocidal antibody response of children to a killed oral cholera vaccine, 2-5-year-old children were randomly assigned to receive vitamin a and zinc (az group), vitamin a and a placebo (a group), zinc and a placebo (z group), or both placebos (p group). all children received 2 doses of the vaccine. the number of children who had a > or = 4-fold increase in vibriocidal antibody was significantly greater in the az group than ... | 2003 | 12660937 |
| conformation of the hexasaccharide repeating subunit from the vibrio cholerae o139 capsular polysaccharide. | in the past decade, several outbreaks of cholera have been reported to be caused by vibrio cholerae o139, a strain which differs from the more common o1 strain in that the former is encapsulated. the hexasaccharide repeating subunit has been isolated from the v. cholerae o139 capsular polysaccharide by digestion with a recently discovered polysaccharide lyase derived from a bacteriophage specific for this serogroup. it specifically cleaves at a single position of the 4-linked galacturonic acid p ... | 2003 | 12667089 |
| differential oxidative damage and expression of stress defence regulons in culturable and non-culturable escherichia coli cells. | potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae, become non-culturable during stasis. the analysis of such cells has been hampered by difficulties in studying bacterial population heterogeneity. using in situ detection of protein oxidation in single e. coli cells, and using a density-gradient centrifugation technique to separate culturable and non-culturable cells, we show that the proteins in non-culturable cells show increased and irreversible oxidative damage, wh ... | 2003 | 12671690 |
| characterization of a clinical vibrio cholerae o139 isolate from mexico. | pathogenic strains of vibrio cholerae o139 possess the cholera toxin a subunit (ctxa) gene as well as the gene for toxin co-regulated pili (tcpa). we report the isolation of a ctxa-negative, tcpa-negative v. cholerae o139 strain (indrei) from a patient in mexico diagnosed with gastrointestinal illness. certain phenotypic characteristics of this strain were identical to those of v. cholerae o1 biotype el tor. unlike ctxa-positive v. cholerae o139 strains, this strain was sensitive to a wide panel ... | 2003 | 12674350 |
| luxo controls luxr expression in vibrio harveyi: evidence for a common regulatory mechanism in vibrio. | quorum-sensing control of luminescence in vibrio harveyi, which involves an indirect autoinducer-mediated phosphorelay signal transduction system, contrasts with the prototypical quorum-sensing system of vibrio fischeri, in which the autoinducer and the transcriptional activator luxr directly activate lux operon expression. in v. harveyi, a regulator not homologous to v. fischeri luxr and also designated luxr (luxrvh), binds specifically to the lux operon promoter region and activates the expres ... | 2003 | 12675810 |
| molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal isolated from water and the aquatic plant eichhornia crassipes in the river ganga, varanasi, india. | a collection of ten strains of vibrio cholerae o139, comprising six isolates from eichhornia crassipes, two from water of the river ganga, and one each from a well and a hand pump, were characterized. all the strains carried the ctx genetic element (ctxa, zot, and ace) except for the st gene and carried structural and regulatory genes for toxin-coregulated pilus (tcpa, tcpi, and toxr), adherence factor (ompu), and accessory colonization factor (acfb); all produced cholera toxin (ct). these strai ... | 2003 | 12676727 |
| molecular analysis of vcfq protein involved in vibrio cholerae type iv pilus biogenesis. | the nucleotide sequence of an orf (vcfq) within the type iv pilus gene cluster of vibrio cholerae o34 strain nagv14 was determined, thereby completing the sequence analysis of the structural operon. the vcfq gene showed homology to the mshq gene of the mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin pilus gene cluster. the vcfq was 651 bp larger than mshq, and the g+c content of the extra 651 bp portion (35.6 mol%) was lower than that of the overall vcfq gene (42.5 mol%). except for the first 270 aa residues, ... | 2003 | 12676865 |
| emerging water-borne pathogens. | emerging water-borne pathogens constitute a major health hazard in both developed and developing nations. a new dimension to the global epidemiology of cholera-an ancient scourge-was provided by the emergence of vibrio cholerae o139. also, water-borne enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli ( e. coli o157:h7), although regarded as a problem of the industrialized west, has recently caused outbreaks in africa. outbreaks of chlorine-resistant cryptosporidium have motivated water authorities to reassess ... | 2003 | 12684849 |
| the d-glucosaminate dehydratase alpha-subunit from pseudomonas fluorescens exhibits thioredoxin reductase activity. | the complete amino acid sequence of the d-glucosaminate dehydratase (gadh) alpha-subunit from pseudomonas fluorescens was determined by pcr using genomic dna from p. fluorescens as a template. the alpha-subunit comprises 320 amino acids and has a molecular mass of about 33.9 kda. the primary structure of the alpha-subunit demonstrates a high similarity to the structures of thioredoxin reductase (trxr) from many prokaryotes, especially pseudomonas aeruginosa (identity 85%, positive 91%), vibrio c ... | 2003 | 12686150 |
| genetic modulation of shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide o antigen modal chain length reveals that it has been optimized for virulence. | the lipopolysaccharide (lps) molecules of shigella flexneri 2a have o antigen (oag) polysaccharides with two modal chain length distributions. the chromosomal wzz(sf) gene results in short (s) type oag chains [11-17 oag repeat units (rus)], and the phs-2 plasmid-located wzz(phs2) gene results in very long (vl) type oag chains (>90 oag rus). s. flexneri wzz(sf) mutants are unable to form plaques on hela cell monolayers and f-actin comet tails, indicating that icsa/virg function in actin-based mot ... | 2003 | 12686635 |
| role for the major outer-membrane protein from vibrio anguillarum in bile resistance and biofilm formation. | vibrio anguillarum, a fish pathogen, produces a 38 kda major outer-membrane porin, which may be involved in environmental adaptation. the gene encoding the 38 kda porin was cloned and deleted. the deduced protein sequence was 75 % identical to that of the major outer-membrane protein (omp), ompu, from vibrio cholerae. lacz expression from an ompu : : lacz transcriptional gene fusion was increased 1.5-fold in the presence of bile salts and was decreased 50- to 100-fold in a toxr mutant compared t ... | 2003 | 12686648 |
| a murine model of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 infection to assess immunopotentiating activity of drugs on mucosal immunity: effect of drugs. | an enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157 oral infection murine model was established to examine the potentiating activity of drugs on mucosal immune responses. groups of icr mice inoculated intragastrically with 10(11) cfu/kg ehec o157 showed chronic intestinal infection with the pathogen that persisted over 3 weeks and resulted in the synthesis of relatively high levels of antigen specific fecal iga antibody. intraperitoneal administration of 80 nu/kg neurotropin, an immunopotentiator, ... | 2003 | 12686745 |
| [microtest systems in the diagnosis of cholera]. | micro test systems for the biochemical identification of comma bacilli (mts-v) and for a rapid determination of their groups according heiberg (mts-h) were designed and commissioned into medical practice. the micro test systems showed their advantages before the control media of hiss and bacterium incubation media at studying the museum-kept and freely-obtained vibrio strains as well as at studying the concomitant microflora and clinical materials taken from ill people and vibrio-carriers during ... | 2003 | 12688218 |
| identification of a novel type iv pilus gene cluster required for gastrointestinal colonization of citrobacter rodentium. | citrobacter rodentium is used as an in vivo model system for clinically significant enteric pathogens such as enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) and enteropathogenic e. coli (epec). these pathogens all colonize the lumen side of the host gastrointestinal tract via attaching and effacing (a/e) lesion formation. in order to identify genes required for the colonization of a/e-forming pathogens, a library of signature-tagged transposon mutants of c. rodentium was constructed and screened in ... | 2003 | 12694622 |
| [anticholera vaccines and vaccination]. | cholera is still an important diarrhoeal disease in developing countries. the impact of cholera out-break is tremendous for a country at human and economic level. who estimates that diarrhoeal diseases cause about 2.8 million deaths per year in developing countries. officially, cholera is causing around 120,000 deaths per year. the poorest population (from slums and refugee camps) are the most vulnerable target for cholera infection. development of simple cheap and effective vaccine is highly re ... | 2002 | 12696375 |
| use of telemedicine in evading cholera outbreak in mahakumbh mela, prayag, up, india: an encouraging experience. | telemedicine (tm) services a process in which expert medical advice from afar is provided using electronic signals to transfer the medical data from one site to another. as a pilot project to assess the efficacy of tm in developing countries like india, a telemedicine center was set up at the main hospital of mahakumbh mela--a grand religious fair, at prayag, a city in north india. the daily reporting of the in-patient and outpatient cases at the fair revealed a surge of diarrhea cases among the ... | 2003 | 12699612 |
| class i integrons and sxt elements in el tor strains isolated before and after 1992 vibrio cholerae o139 outbreak, calcutta, india. | we examined the distribution of class i integrons and sxt elements in vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains, isolated in calcutta, india, before and after the v. cholerae o139 outbreak in 1992. class i integrons, with aada1 gene cassette, were detected primarily in the pre-o139 strains; the sxt element was found mainly in the post-o139 strains. | 2003 | 12702236 |
| a constitutively active variant of the quorum-sensing regulator luxo affects protease production and biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae normally inhabits aquatic habitats but can cause a severe diarrheal illness in humans. its arsenal of virulence factors includes a secreted hemagglutinin (ha) protease. an ha protease-deficient mutant of v. cholerae was isolated and designated e7946 mpc. e7946 mpc was found to contain a point mutation in the luxo quorum-sensing regulator. in accordance with this finding, e7946 mpc exhibits a defect in quorum sensing. the mutant luxo allele [luxo(con)] produces a protein with a le ... | 2003 | 12704130 |
| vibrio cholerae o139 bengal: odyssey of a fortuitous variant. | vibrio cholerae o139, the new serogroup associated with epidemic cholera, came into being in the second half of the year 1992 in an explosive fashion and was responsible for several outbreaks in india and other neighbouring countries. this was an unprecedented event in the history of cholera and the genesis of the o139 serogroup was, at that time, thought to be the beginning of the next or the eighth pandemic of cholera. however, with the passage of time, the o1 serogroup of the el tor biotype a ... | 2003 | 12706446 |
| enhanced mucosal and systemic immune responses to a vaginal vaccine coadministered with rantes-expressing plasmid dna using in situ-gelling mucoadhesive delivery system. | to develop more potent and convenient mucosal vaccines, we investigated the effect of an in situ-gelling mucoadhesive vaginal vaccine delivery system and a genetic chemokine adjuvant on the local and systemic immune responses. the in situ-gelling mucoadhesive delivery system of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), composed of poloxamers and polycarbophil, showed the prolonged retention at the vaginal tissues. following intravaginal administration to mice, hbsag-specific iga was induced in the va ... | 2003 | 12706687 |
| characterization of a vibrio cholerae phage isolated from the coastal water of peru. | a vibrio cholerae bacteriophage, family myoviridae, was isolated from seawater collected from the coastal water of lima, peru. genome size was estimated to be 29 kbp. the temperate phage was specific to v. cholerae and infected 12/13 v. cholerae o1 strains and half of the four non-o1/non-o139 strains tested in this study. vibrio cholerae o139 strains were resistant to infection and highest infection rates were obtained in low nutrient media amended with nacl or prepared using seawater as diluent ... | 2003 | 12713461 |
| acute gastroenteritis in children : what role for antibacterials? | the aim of this article is to define the currently accepted role of antibacterials in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. most cases of acute gastroenteritis in children are viral, self-limited, and need only supportive treatment. appropriate fluid and electrolyte therapy, with close attention to nutrition, remain central to therapy.antibacterial therapy serves as an adjunct, to shorten the clinical course, eradicate causative organisms, reduce transmission, and prevent invasive ... | 2003 | 12716215 |
| [vibrios (vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus)]. | | 2003 | 12718054 |
| [cholera]. | | 2003 | 12718067 |
| [laboratory diagnostics of acute enteric infections under the conditions of the work of the specialized epidemic brigade during liquidation of the consequences of the emergency situations]. | the scheme of the complex microbiological diagnostics of cholera, dysentery, salmonellosis and escherichiosis has been developed. the scheme includes the introduction of material taken from a patient with acute enteric infection into 1% peptone water (ph 8.0), followed by inoculation into endo medium (ph 7.4-8.0) and the selection of colonies on mc-agar with the subsequent final identification of bacteria with the use of biochemical, serological and genetic methods of investigation. this scheme ... | 2001 | 12718172 |
| [comparative characterization of vibrio cholerae o1, isolated from surface water reservoirs in grozny in 1995 and 2000]. | the results of complete identification revealed the phenotypical similarity of v. cholerae strains isolated from surface water reservoirs im grozny in 1995 and 2000. the strains under study proved to be atoxigenic, hemolysis-positive and phage resistant. the modified method of subculturing from peptone water 1 to peptone water 2 was more labor-consuming, but it was used in the bacteriological laboratory of the specialized antiepidemic brigade with the aim of more profound study of open reservoir ... | 2001 | 12718174 |
| [cholera in the republic of azerbaijan]. | the data characterizing the epidemiological aspects of cholera in azerbaijan at the period of pandemics i-vi are presented and the specific epidemiological features of pandemic vii of this infection are considered. the study revealed that cholera repeatedly penetrated russia through the territory of azerbaijan. the existence of two variants of vibrio cholerae eltor was substantiated: the epidemic variant having the gene of cholera toxin and the nonepidemic variant having no such gene, which caus ... | 2001 | 12718175 |
| an iron-regulated gene required for utilization of aerobactin as an exogenous siderophore in vibrio parahaemolyticus. | a previous investigation using the fur titration assay system showed that vibrio parahaemolyticus possesses a gene encoding a protein homologous to iuta, the outer-membrane receptor for ferric aerobactin in escherichia coli. in this study, a 5.6 kb dna region from the v. parahaemolyticus wp1 genome was cloned and two entire genes, iuta and alcd homologues, were identified which are absent from vibrio cholerae genomic sequences. the v. parahaemolyticus iuta and alcd proteins share 43 % identity w ... | 2003 | 12724383 |
| molecular organization of exopolysaccharide (eps) encoding genes on the lactococcal bacteriophage adsorption blocking plasmid, pci658. | the lactococcal plasmid pci658 (58 kb) isolated from lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris ho2 encodes the production of a hydrophilic exopolysaccharide (eps) which consists primarily of galactose and glucuronic acid and which interferes with adsorption of phages ø712 and øc2 to cell surface receptors. examination of the nucleotide sequence of a 21.8-kb region of the plasmid revealed a large genetic cluster consisting of at least 23 putative eps biosynthetic determinants in addition to the presence o ... | 2003 | 12726766 |
| enteric pathogens and soil: a short review. | it is known that soil is a recipient of solid wastes able to contain enteric pathogens in high concentrations. although the role of soil as a reservoir of certain bacterial pathogens is not in question, recent findings show that soil may have a larger role in the transmission of enteric diseases than previously thought. many of the diseases caused by agents from soil have been well characterized, although enteric diseases and their link to soil have not been so well studied. gastrointestinal inf ... | 2003 | 12730707 |
| from motility to virulence: sensing and responding to environmental signals in vibrio cholerae. | sensing its changing environment is key for vibrio cholerae when making the transition from an aquatic lifestyle to one more suited to a human host. an inverse correlation between motility and virulence gene expression has been reported, with the nadh : ubiquinone oxidoreductase system which powers motility by generating a sodium-motive force, playing a pivotal role. recent studies have demonstrated that bile inhibits activity of the transcription factor toxt, a protein responsible for direct ac ... | 2003 | 12732310 |
| predictability of vibrio cholerae in chesapeake bay. | vibrio cholerae is autochthonous to natural waters and can pose a health risk when it is consumed via untreated water or contaminated shellfish. the correlation between the occurrence of v. cholerae in chesapeake bay and environmental factors was investigated over a 3-year period. water and plankton samples were collected monthly from five shore sampling sites in northern chesapeake bay (january 1998 to february 2000) and from research cruise stations on a north-south transect (summers of 1999 a ... | 2003 | 12732548 |
| genomic diversity of clinical and environmental vibrio cholerae strains isolated in brazil between 1991 and 2001 as revealed by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. | vibrio cholerae is a ubiquitous and abundant organism in aquatic environments, particularly in coastal areas, estuaries, and rivers. this organism was the cause of a considerable number of deaths in brazil during the last decade. in this study we applied the genomic fingerprinting technique fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (faflp) to analyze 106 v. cholerae o1 and non-o1 and non-o139 strains isolated from clinical specimens and the environment between 1991 and 2001. numerical a ... | 2003 | 12734232 |
| multilocus sequence typing has better discriminatory ability for typing vibrio cholerae than does pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and provides a measure of phylogenetic relatedness. | twenty-two vibrio cholerae isolates, including some from "epidemic" (o1 and o139) and "nonepidemic" serogroups, were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multilocus sequence typing (mlst) by using three housekeeping genes, gyrb, pgm, and reca; sequence data were also obtained for the virulence-associated genes tcpa, ctxa, and ctxb. even with the small number of loci used, mlst had better discriminatory ability than did pfge. on mlst analysis, there was clear clustering of ... | 2003 | 12734277 |
| one-step immunochromatographic dipstick tests for rapid detection of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 in stool samples. | we describe the development and evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 based on lipopolysaccharide detection using gold particles. the specificity ranged between 84 and 100%. the sensitivity of the dipsticks ranged from 94.2 to 100% when evaluated with stool samples obtained in madagascar and bangladesh. the dipstick can provide a simple tool for epidemiological surveys. | 2003 | 12738652 |
| [increasing drug resistance in vibrio cholerae o1 and non-o1 strains isolated from diarrheal cases in japan]. | drug resistance trends were investigated for 271 vibrio cholerae o1 (v.c o1) and 401 v. cholerae non-o1 (v.c non-o1) strains isolated from mainly imported diarrheal cases during 1981-2001 in japan. the results of drug resistance test using 8 drugs (cp, tc, sm, km, abpc, st, na, and nflx) showed that 34.7% of the v. c o1 strains and 15.7% of v.c non-o1 strains were multi-drug or mono-drug resistant. the incidence of drug resistant strains has increased since 1991, and it has been remarkable in v. ... | 2003 | 12739372 |
| peh production, flagellum synthesis, and virulence reduced in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora by mutation in a homologue of cytr. | erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora is a causal agent of soft-rot diseases in a wide variety of plants. here, we have isolated a new regulatory factor involved in the virulence of e. carotovora subsp. carotovora by in vivo insertional mutagenesis using a transposon tn5. the gene was homologous to cytr encoding a transcriptional repressor of nucleoside uptake and catabolism genes in escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, and vibrio cholerae. phenotypic characterization of a nonpolar deletion ... | 2003 | 12744509 |
| antibacterial efficacy of rumex nepalensis spreng. roots. | the antibacterial property of rumex nepalensis spreng. was evaluated against some strains of bacteria. the methanol extract of the roots (tested at 200-1000 micro g/disc) showed significant concentration-dependent antibacterial activity. | 2003 | 12748999 |
| tetracycline in the treatment of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 resistant to the drug in vitro. | | 2003 | 12751678 |
| role of secretory antibodies in the defence against infections. | adaptive immunity mediated by secretory antibodies is important in the defence against mucosal infections. specific secretory immunoglobulin a (siga) can inhibit initial pathogen colonization by performing immune exclusion both on the mucosal surface and within virus-infected secretory epithelial cells without causing tissue damage. resistance against toxin-producing bacteria such as vibrio cholerae appears to be particularly dependent on siga antibodies. like natural infections, live topical va ... | 2003 | 12755363 |
| bacteriophage and the evolution of epidemic cholera. | | 2003 | 12761073 |
| examination of diverse toxin-coregulated pilus-positive vibrio cholerae strains fails to demonstrate evidence for vibrio pathogenicity island phage. | the major virulence factors of toxigenic vibrio cholerae are cholera toxin, which is encoded by a lysogenic filamentous bacteriophage (ctxphi), and toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp), an essential colonization factor that is also the receptor for ctxphi. the genes involved in the biosynthesis of tcp reside in a pathogenicity island, which has been reported to correspond to the genome of another filamentous phage (designated vpiphi) and to encode functions necessary for the production of infectious vp ... | 2003 | 12761075 |
| purification and characterization of enterotoxigenic el tor-like hemolysin produced by vibrio fluvialis. | the halophilic bacterium vibrio fluvialis is an enteric pathogen that produces an extracellular hemolysin. this hemolysin was purified to homogeneity by using sequential hydrophobic-interaction chromatography with phenyl-sepharose cl-4b and gel filtration with sephacryl s-200. it has a molecular weight of 63,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.6, and its hemolytic activity is sensitive to heat, proteases, and preincubation with zinc ions. the hemolysin lyses erythrocytes of the eight different ani ... | 2003 | 12761101 |
| type iv pilin structure and assembly: x-ray and em analyses of vibrio cholerae toxin-coregulated pilus and pseudomonas aeruginosa pak pilin. | pilin assembly into type iv pili is required for virulence by bacterial pathogens that cause diseases such as cholera, pneumonia, gonorrhea, and meningitis. crystal structures of soluble, n-terminally truncated pilin from vibrio cholera toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) and full-length pak pilin from pseudomonas aeruginosa reveal a novel tcp fold, yet a shared architecture for the type iv pilins. in each pilin subunit a conserved, extended, n-terminal alpha helix wrapped by beta strands anchors the ... | 2003 | 12769840 |
| flra, a sigma54-dependent transcriptional activator in vibrio fischeri, is required for motility and symbiotic light-organ colonization. | flagellum-mediated motility of vibrio fischeri is an essential factor in the bacterium's ability to colonize its host, the hawaiian squid euprymna scolopes. to begin characterizing the nature of the flagellar regulon, we have cloned a gene, designated flra, from v. fischeri that encodes a putative sigma(54)-dependent transcriptional activator. genetic arrangement of the flra locus in v. fischeri is similar to motility master-regulator operons of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus. in ad ... | 2003 | 12775692 |
| infectious diseases. taming pathogens: an elegant idea, but does it work? | | 2003 | 12775814 |
| characterization of four orthologs of stringent starvation protein a. | orthologous proteins can be beneficial for x-ray crystallographic studies when a protein from an organism of choice fails to crystallize or the crystals are not suitable for structure determination. their amino-acid sequences should be similar enough that they will share the same fold, but different enough so that they may crystallize under alternative conditions and diffract to higher resolution. this multi-species approach was employed to obtain diffraction-quality crystals of the rna polymera ... | 2003 | 12777805 |
| seasonal variation in bacterial pathogens isolated from stool samples in karachi, pakistan. | to determine the seasonal variation of the commonly isolated bacterial pathogens in stool samples. | 2003 | 12779031 |
| antibacterial activity of pulicaria dysenterica extracts. | aqueous, methanolic and chloroformic extracts of pulicaria dysenterica aerial parts were tested for their antibacterial activity using the disc-diffusion assay technique. the methanolic extract was found to be the most effective extract against three out of six tested bacteria. all of the extracts were active against vibrio cholera. | 2003 | 12781813 |
| direct detection of vibrio cholerae and ctxa in peruvian coastal water and plankton by pcr. | seawater and plankton samples were collected over a period of 17 months from november 1998 to march 2000 along the coast of peru. total dna was extracted from water and from plankton grouped by size into two fractions (64 micro m to 202 micro m and >202 micro m). all samples were assayed for vibrio cholerae, v. cholerae o1, v. cholerae o139, and ctxa by pcr. of 50 samples collected and tested, 33 (66.0%) were positive for v. cholerae in at least one of the three fractions. of these, 62.5% (n = 3 ... | 2003 | 12788781 |
| molecular epidemiology of vibrio cholerae o139 in china: polymorphism of ribotypes and ctx elements. | vibrio cholerae o139, the second etiological serogroup of cholera, triggered the first outbreak of o139 cholera in china in 1993. to analyze the clone polymorphism of o139 isolates in china, 117 strains of v. cholerae o139, isolated from different areas in china between 1993 and 1999, were selected to characterize the phylogenetic relationships by molecular techniques. analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism in the conserved 16s rrna gene revealed seven different ribotypes within th ... | 2003 | 12791841 |
| [validation of clinical and epidemiological diagnosis criterion for confirming cholera]. | to validate the clinical and epidemiological diagnosis criterion for confirming cholera suspect cases. | 2003 | 12792678 |
| bacteremic cellulitis caused by non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae in a patient following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. | | 2003 | 12796802 |
| multivalency and the mode of action of bacterial sialidases. | although complex modular proteins are encountered frequently in a variety of biological systems, their occurrence in biocatalysis has not been widely appreciated. here, we describe that bacterial sialidases, which have both a catalytic and carbohydrate-binding domain, can hydrolyze polyvalent substrates with much greater catalytic efficiency than their monovalent counterparts. the enhancement of catalytic efficiency was due to a much smaller michaelis constant and rationalized by a model in whic ... | 2003 | 12797770 |
| the escherichia fergusonii iucabcd iuta genes are located within a larger chromosomal region similar to pathogenicity islands. | three strains of escherichia fergusonii (ef873, ef1496, ef939) of 50 strains tested produced the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin. screening of a cosmid library of the strain ef873 chromosomal dna (in aerobactin nonproducing escherichia coli vcs257) for aerobactin production identified iucabcd and iuta gene orthologues. the predicted iucabcd and iuta proteins showed 59-65% identity to the corresponding proteins of shigella flexneri and e. coli. aerobactin molecules synthesized by e. fergusonii ... | 2003 | 12800494 |
| bacteriological profile of cholera in tamil nadu (1980-2001). | in addition to vibrio cholerae o1, a recently emerged non-o1 serotype, v. cholerae o139 has also been found to be responsible for epidemics of cholera. in the context of the changing etiology of cholera, the occurrence of different serotypes, biotypes and phage types of v. cholerae in tamil nadu is presented. | 2002 | 12807153 |
| quorum sensing and expression of virulence in escherichia coli o157:h7. | enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 causes a characteristic histopathology in intestinal cells known as attaching and effacing lesion. the genes for the lesion are encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) pathogenicity island, that encodes a type iii secretion system, the intimin intestinal colonization factor, and the translocated intimin receptor protein that is translocated from the bacterium to the host epithelial cells. expression of the operons encoded within lee is comp ... | 2003 | 12810266 |
| progress in the prevention and control of diarrhoeal diseases since independence. | acute diarrhoeal diseases constitute one of the major health problems among young children in india. it was estimated in 1978 that 1.5 million children under the age of 5 years die due to diarrhoea every year, which declined to 0.6-0.7 million in the estimate revised in 1992. a similar declining trend has also been noted in hospitalized cases in calcutta (present kolkata) during 1980-95 as well as from other parts of india. even today, cholera epidemics occur regularly in india. the cholera epid ... | 2003 | 12816201 |
| nasally administered cholera toxin a-subunit acts as a mucosal adjuvant. | it is well established that cholera toxin (ct) produced by vibrio cholerae acts as a potent mucosal adjuvant; however, the native form of this molecule causes severe diarrhea. furthermore, both native ct and its b-subunit derivative bind to monosialogangliosides (gm1) in membrane raft micro-domains on neural tissues and are thus unsuitable for use in humans. in this study, we evaluated the adjuvanticity of the ct a-subunit (ct-a) administered with ovalbumin (ova) by the nasal route. we found tha ... | 2003 | 12816361 |
| deletion of a vibrio cholerae clc channel results in acid sensitivity and enhanced intestinal colonization. | clc chloride channels are found in all three kingdoms of life though little is known about their functions in prokaryotes. here we investigated the role of a vibrio cholerae clc channel in acid resistance and intestinal colonization. the putative v. cholerae clc channel was found to confer mild resistance to acid when ph was adjusted with hcl, but not with other acids. surprisingly, a clc channel deletion mutant exhibited enhanced intestinal colonization in infant mice. | 2003 | 12819118 |
| [indicator strains of cholera vibrions for detection and primary identification of cholera phages]. | a set of test-strains is suggested; it comprises v. eltor p-13169 and v. cholerae 163-0139 designed for the primary identification of unknown previously choleraic bacteriophages. | 2003 | 12822308 |
| method of dna extraction and application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 from aquatic ecosystems. | vibrio cholerae is a free-living bacterium found in water and in association with plankton. v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139 strains are frequently isolated from aquatic ecosystems worldwide. less frequently isolated are v. cholerae o1 and v. cholerae o139, the aetiological agents of cholera. these strains have two main virulence-associated factors, cholera toxin (ct) and toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp). by extracting total dna from aquatic samples, the presence of pathogenic strains can be determined ... | 2003 | 12823192 |
| secretion of a soluble colonization factor by the tcp type 4 pilus biogenesis pathway in vibrio cholerae. | colonization of the human small intestine by vibrio cholerae requires the type 4 toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp). genes encoding the structure and biogenesis functions of tcp are organized within an operon located on the vibrio pathogenicity island (vpi). in an effort to elucidate the functions of proteins involved in tcp biogenesis, in frame deletions of all of the genes within the tcp operon coding for putative pilus biogenesis proteins have been constructed and the resulting mutants characteri ... | 2003 | 12823812 |
| structure of msba from vibrio cholera: a multidrug resistance abc transporter homolog in a closed conformation. | the spread of multidrug resistance (mdr) is a world health crisis that presents a significant challenge to the treatment of cancer and infection. mdr can be caused by a group of abc (mdr-abc) transporters that move hydrophobic drug molecules and lipids across the cell membrane. to gain insight into the conformational changes these transporters undergo when flipping hydrophobic substrates across the lipid bilayer, we have determined the structure of the lipid flippase msba from vibrio cholera (vc ... | 2003 | 12823979 |
| solution structure of vibrio cholerae protein vc0424: a variation of the ferredoxin-like fold. | the structure of vibrio cholerae protein vc0424 was determined by nmr spectroscopy. vc0424 belongs to a conserved family of bacterial proteins of unknown function (cog 3076). the structure has an alpha-beta sandwich architecture consisting of two layers: a four-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet and three side-by-side alpha-helices. the secondary structure elements have the order alphabetaalphabetabetaalphabeta along the sequence. this fold is the same as the ferredoxin-like fold, except with an a ... | 2003 | 12824501 |
| use of in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat) to identify genes uniquely expressed during human infection with vibrio cholerae. | in vivo-induced antigen technology is a method to identify proteins expressed by pathogenic bacteria during human infection. sera from 10 patients convalescing from cholera infection in bangladesh were pooled, adsorbed against in vitro-grown el tor vibrio cholerae o1, and used to probe a genomic expression library in escherichia coli constructed from el tor v. cholerae o1 strain n16961. we identified 38 positive clones in the screen, encoding pili (pila and tcpa), cell membrane proteins (pilq, m ... | 2003 | 12826608 |
| susceptibility to rifaximin of vibrio cholerae strains from different geographical areas. | four hundred and eight clinical strains of vibrio cholerae isolated from different geographical areas and with different antimicrobial resistance patterns were tested for susceptibility to rifaximin, a non-absorbable antibiotic active in vitro against gram-negative bacteria. the mics ranged from 0.5 to 4 mg/l for all strains. these values and the pharmacokinetic properties suggest rifaximin as an attractive antimicrobial agent for cholera. | 2003 | 12837732 |
| freshwater bacteria can methylate selenium through the thiopurine methyltransferase pathway. | involvement of the bacterial thiopurine methyltransferase (btpmt) in natural selenium methylation by freshwater was investigated. a freshwater environment that had no known selenium contamination but exhibited reproducible emission of dimethyl selenide (dmse) or dimethyl diselenide (dmdse) when it was supplemented with an organic form of selenium [(methyl)selenocysteine] or an inorganic form of selenium (sodium selenite) was used. the distribution of the btpmt gene (tpm) in the microflora was st ... | 2003 | 12839745 |
| vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin/protease degrades chironomid egg masses. | cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by specific serogroups of vibrio cholerae that are pathogenic to humans. the disease does not persist in a chronic state in humans or animals. the pathogen is naturally present as a free-living organism in the environment. recently, it was suggested that egg masses of the nonbiting midge chironomus sp. (diptera) harbor and serve as a nutritive source for v. cholerae, thereby providing a natural reservoir for the organism. here we report that v. choler ... | 2003 | 12839800 |
| septicaemia and liver abscesses secondary to non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae colitis. | | 2003 | 12840683 |
| the atp binding cassette multidrug transporter lmra and lipid transporter msba have overlapping substrate specificities. | lmra is an atp binding cassette (abc) multidrug transporter in lactococcus lactis that is a structural and functional homologue of the human multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein mdr1 (abcb1). lmra is also homologous to msba, an essential abc transporter in escherichia coli involved in the trafficking of lipids, including lipid a. we have compared the substrate specificities of lmra and msba in detail. surprisingly, lmra was able to functionally substitute for a temperature-sensitive mutant msba i ... | 2003 | 12842882 |
| haemagglutinin/protease expression and mucin gel penetration in el tor biotype vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae of both biotypes produce a soluble zn(2+)-dependent metalloprotease: haemagglutinin/protease (hap), encoded by hapa. hap has been shown to have mucinolytic and cytotoxic activity. these activities are likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cholera and the reactogenicity of attenuated vaccine strains. production of hap requires transcriptional activation by the hapr regulator and is repressed by glucose. the present study shows that mucin purified from two sources ... | 2003 | 12855739 |
| cholera and other types of vibriosis: a story of human pandemics and oysters on the half shell. | vibrios are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and are commonly present in or on shellfish and other seafood. a small subset of strains/species are able to cause human disease, including the cholera toxin-producing strains of vibrio cholerae that are responsible for epidemic/pandemic cholera; thermostable direct hemolysin-producing strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus; and vibrio vulnificus, which can cause fulminant sepsis. cholera outbreaks can be initiated by transmission of "epidemic" v. ch ... | 2003 | 12856219 |
| azithromycin in the treatment of cholera in children. | to evaluate the efficacy of azithromycin in the treatment of cholera in children. | 2003 | 12856976 |
| ompu genes in non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae associated with aquaculture. | the study was undertaken with the objective of understanding the virulence-associated genes of the ctx and tcp gene clusters in environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae, an important human pathogen, isolated from the aquaculture environment. the involvement of the ompu gene in conferring bile resistance in these isolates was also evaluated. | 2003 | 12859767 |
| problems and perspectives of molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases. | current tendencies and problems of molecular biology and its application in infectious diseases are discussed. basic stages of the development of molecular epidemiology as a leading tool for epidemiological studies are reviewed. more than 30 years ago, molecular epidemiology was first used to study nosocomial infections. special attention is given to the achievements of russian scientists, especially in the discovery of astrakhan spotted fever rickettsia, noncultured forms of vibrio cholerae, an ... | 2003 | 12860718 |
| epidemiology of cholera outbreak in kampala, uganda. | to provide epidemiological description of the cholera outbreak which occurred in kampala between december 1997 and march 1998. | 2000 | 12862150 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of vibrio cholerae o1 strains during two cholera outbreaks in dar es salaam, tanzania. | to determine and compare the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of vibrio cholerae 01 strains, which were isolated in two cholera epidemics in 1997 and 1999 in dar es salaam. | 2000 | 12862151 |
| characterization of the novel factor paa involved in the early steps of the adhesion mechanism of attaching and effacing escherichia coli. | nonenterotoxigenic porcine escherichia coli strains belonging to the serogroup o45 have been associated with postweaning diarrhea in swine and adhere to intestinal epithelial cells in a characteristic attaching and effacing (a/e) pattern. o45 porcine enteropathogenic e. coli (pepec) strain 86-1390 induces typical a/e lesions in a pig ileal explant model. using tnphoa transposon insertion mutagenesis on strain 86-1390, we found a mutant that did not induce a/e lesions. the insertion was identifie ... | 2003 | 12874331 |
| antigen-specific immunoglobulin a antibodies secreted from circulating b cells are an effective marker for recent local immune responses in patients with cholera: comparison to antibody-secreting cell responses and other immunological markers. | gut-derived lymphocytes transiently migrate through the peripheral circulation before homing back to mucosal sites and can be detected using an elispot-based antibody secreting cell (asc) assay. alternatively, transiently circulating lymphocytes may be cultured in vitro, and culture supernatants may be assayed for antigen-specific responses (antibody in lymphocyte supernatant [als] assay). the als assay has not been validated extensively in natural mucosal infection, nor has the als response bee ... | 2003 | 12874365 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of an abc multidrug efflux pump, vcam, in non-o1 vibrio cholerae. | a gene responsible for multidrug resistance was cloned from the chromosomal dna of non-o1 vibrio cholerae nctc 4716 by using as a host drug-hypersensitive escherichia coli strain kam32, which lacks major multidrug efflux pumps. e. coli cells transformed with the gene showed elevated levels of resistance to a number of structurally dissimilar drugs, such as tetracycline, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, doxorubicin, daunomycin, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, and hoechst 33342. we determined the nucleo ... | 2003 | 12878498 |
| unfolding of vibrio cholerae hemolysin induces oligomerization of the toxin monomer. | vibrio cholerae hemolysin (hlya) is a pore-forming toxin that exists in two stable forms: a hemolytically active water-soluble monomer with a native molecular weight of 65,000 and a hemolytically inactive sds-stable heptamer with the configuration of a transmembrane diffusion channel. transformation of the monomer into the oligomer is spontaneous but very slow in the absence of interaction with specific membrane components like cholesterol and sphingolipids. in this report, we show that mild dis ... | 2003 | 12878594 |
| purification and characterization of three members of the photolyase/cryptochrome family blue-light photoreceptors from vibrio cholerae. | the sequence of vibrio cholerae genome revealed three genes belonging to the photolyase/cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptor family. the proteins encoded by the three genes were purified and characterized. all three proteins contain folate and flavin cofactors and have absorption peaks in the range of 350-500 nm. only one of the three, vcphr, is a photolyase specific for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. the other two are cryptochromes and were designated vccry1 and vccry2, respectively. mutation ... | 2003 | 12878596 |
| [dr. d. nicasio landa, official epidemic doctor during the cholera epidemic of 1854-1855]. | in this unpublished work from 1861, which we have transcribed, dr. nicasio landa (1830-1891) is revealed to have been at the forefront in carrying out epidemiological studies in spain. he traced the medical topography, or geographical pathology, of cholera by provinces, by means of calculating the incidence rate ("millesimal proportion of those infected") and lethality rates ("millesimal proportion of the dead") using the official data on the sick and deceased in the cholera epidemic of 1854-185 ... | 2000 | 12886322 |
| [dynamics of the isolation and biological properties of vibrio cholerae cultures, serogroups 01 and 0139, isolated from water reservoirs and sewage water on the territory of the city of rostov-on-don]. | the dynamics of the isolation of v. cholerae cultures from various water objects on the territory of rostov-on-don during the period of 1994-2001 was analyzed and biological properties of 14 such cultures were studied. in the absence of epidemic complications during the above-mentioned period, a growth in the amount of v. cholerae isolates, serogroups 01 and 0139, including toxigenic v. cholerae 01, was registered. the microbiological and epidemiological aspects of the monitoring of surface rese ... | 2003 | 12886601 |
| [effect of various amino acids and ammonium salts in a synthetic culture media on the cholera enterotoxin production]. | the influence of amino acids and ammonium salts on the production of cholera enterotoxin (ct) by 3 vibrio cholerae strains of different biovars and serogroups was evaluated. as revealed in this study, toxin formation in each of the strains was quantitatively and qualitatively determined by their individual sets of amino acids. the amino acid compositions ensuring the maximum production of ct by the v. cholerae strains under study were formed. the use of ammonium salts as the only source of nitro ... | 2003 | 12886625 |
| [dependence of the expression of the biological features of vibrio cholerae on the conditions of their cultivation]. | the biological activity of toxigenic and non-toxigenic v. cholerae supernatants was found to depend on the cultivation medium. the use of iron-free tryptone medium made it possible to obtain supernatants of toxigenic v. cholerae with haemolytic activity and destructive action on passaged cell cultures. in the experimental infection of suckling rabbits the influence of the cultivation conditions of v. cholerae on the character and expression of their pathogenic properties was determined. the diss ... | 2003 | 12886638 |
| [antigenic specificity of vibrio cholerae o139 nitrosoguanidine mutants]. | the action of nitrosoguanidine (ng) on the culture of v. cholerae o139 p-16064 resulted in the appearance of mutant 16064 ng6, not agglutinating with commercial diagnostic serum o139. its incapacity of agglutination was due to the sorption of the specific serum with strains v. cholerae o22 and r-variant rca-385, which caused the loss of antibodies to common determinants. experiments with the sorption of immune sera made it possible to suggest that one of the determinants of lps o139, phosphate-g ... | 2003 | 12886640 |
| independent prognostic factors for fatality in patients with invasive vibrio cholerae non-o1 infections. | to identify independent prognostic factors for fatality, 73 patients with a total of 75 episodes of invasive vibrio. cholerae non-o1 infections treated from july 1998 through october 2001 at 2 medical centers were retrospectively studied. the demographic, laboratory, and clinical information of these patients were collected and analyzed. the overall mortality rate was 36%. multivariate analysis revealed that severe liver cirrhosis (p=0.003; odds ratio [or], 14.12, with 95% confidence interval [c ... | 2003 | 12886963 |
| antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens associated with diarrheal patients in indonesia. | the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for 2,812 bacterial pathogens isolated from diarrheal patients admitted to hospitals in several provinces in the cities of jakarta, padang, medan, denpasar, pontianak, makassar, and batam, indonesia were analyzed from 1995 to 2001 to determine their changing trends in response to eight antibiotics: ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cephalothin, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. vibrio cholerae o1 (37.1%) ... | 2003 | 12887025 |
| dna binding and toxr responsiveness by the wing domain of tcpp, an activator of virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. | virulence in vibrio cholerae requires activation of toxt by two membrane-localized activators, tcpp and toxr. we isolated 12 tcpp activation mutants that fell into two classes: class i mutants were inactive irrespective of the presence of toxr, and class ii mutants exhibited near wild-type activity when coexpressed with toxr. most class i mutants had lesions in the wing domain predicted by homology with the winged helix-turn-helix family of activators. class i mutants bound promoter dna poorly a ... | 2003 | 12887901 |
| sialic acids linked to glycoconjugates of fas regulate the caspase-9-dependent and mitochondria-mediated pathway of fas-induced apoptosis in jurkat t cell lymphoma. | to clarify the functions of sialic acids linked to glycoconjugates of fas in fas-induced apoptosis, jurkat t cells, untreated and treated with neuraminidase, were incubated with anti-fas monoclonal antibody, ch11. apoptosis of jurkat t cells induced by incubation with ch11 was enhanced by the pre-treatment with neuraminidase. by flow cytometry sialylated glycoconjugates were detected on the cell surface of jurkat t cells using lfa lectin, which specifically reacts with sialic acid, and pre-treat ... | 2003 | 12888916 |
| molecular epidemiology of o139 vibrio cholerae: mutation, lateral gene transfer, and founder flush. | vibrio cholerae in o-group 139 was first isolated in 1992 and by 1993 had been found throughout the indian subcontinent. this epidemic expansion probably resulted from a single source after a lateral gene transfer (lgt) event that changed the serotype of an epidemic v. cholerae o1 el tor strain to o139. however, some studies found substantial genetic diversity, perhaps caused by multiple origins. to further explore the relatedness of o139 strains, we analyzed nine sequenced loci from 96 isolates ... | 2003 | 12890320 |
| epidemiology of sporadic bloody diarrhea in rural western kenya. | we conducted laboratory-based surveillance and a case-control study to characterize the epidemiology of bloody diarrhea in rural western kenya. from may 1997 through april 2001, we collected stool from 451 persons with bloody diarrhea presenting to four rural clinics. cultures of 231 (51%) specimens yielded 247 bacterial pathogens: 198 shigella (97 s. flexneri, 41 s. dysenteriae type 1, 39 s. dysenteriae type non-1, 13 s. boydii, 8 s. sonnei), 33 campylobacter, 15 non-typhoidal salmonella, and 1 ... | 2003 | 12892051 |
| mutation in the rela gene of vibrio cholerae affects in vitro and in vivo expression of virulence factors. | the rela gene product determines the level of (p)ppgpp, the effector nucleotides of the bacterial stringent response that are also involved in the regulation of other functions, like antibiotic production and quorum sensing. in order to explore the possible involvement of rela in the regulation of virulence of vibrio cholerae, a rela homolog from the organism (rela(vch)) was cloned and sequenced. the rela(vch) gene encodes a 738-amino-acid protein having functions similar to those of other gram- ... | 2003 | 12896985 |
| the virulence activator apha links quorum sensing to pathogenesis and physiology in vibrio cholerae by repressing the expression of a penicillin amidase gene on the small chromosome. | activation of the tcpph promoter on the vibrio pathogenicity island by apha and aphb initiates the vibrio cholerae virulence cascade and is regulated by quorum sensing through the repressive action of hapr on apha expression. to further understand how the chromosomally encoded apha protein activates tcpph expression, site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify the base pairs critical for apha binding and transcriptional activation. this analysis revealed a region of partial dyad symmetry, tat ... | 2003 | 12897002 |
| haemophilus influenzae rd lacks a stringently conserved fatty acid biosynthetic enzyme and thermal control of membrane lipid composition. | the organization of the fatty acid synthetic genes of haemophilus influenzae rd is remarkably similar to that of the paradigm organism, escherichia coli k-12, except that no homologue of the e. coli fabf gene is present. this finding is unexpected, since fabf is very widely distributed among bacteria and is thought to be the generic 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (acp) synthase active on long-chain-length substrates. however, h. influenzae rd contains a homologue of the e. coli fabb gene, which ... | 2003 | 12897013 |