| [characteristics of the cholera epidemic of 1998 in ecuador during el niño]. | to describe the outbreak of cholera that occurred in ecuador in 1998 during the el nino weather phenomenon, to present data on the resistance of the circulating strains of vibrio cholerae to antimicrobial drugs, and to describe the preventive measures taken by health authorities in order to reduce the impact of the disease. | 2002 | 12396633 |
| expression of vibrio cholerae virulence genes in response to environmental signals. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of asiatic cholera, is a gram-negative motile bacterial species acquired via oral ingestion of contaminated food or water sources. the o1 serogroup of v. cholerae is responsible for pandemic cholera and is divided into two biotypes, classical and el tor (butterton and calderwood, 1995; mekalanos, 1985). the el tor biotype is responsible for the current cholera pandemic. in the absence of disease, the vibrio life cycle consists of a free-swimming phase in mari ... | 2002 | 12400636 |
| preferential association of the heat-stable enterotoxin gene (stn) with environmental strains of vibrio cholerae belonging to the o14 serogroup. | toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 serogroups have the capacity of causing epidemic and pandemic cholera but are infrequently found in the environment. the other serogroups are abundant in aquatic environments but do not possess the virulence genes necessary for causing the disease. of the 559 environmental strains of v. cholerae, collected during different periods from environmental samples in calcutta, 9 (1.6%) harboured the heat-stable enterotoxin gene (stn). six of the 9 strains belonged ... | 2002 | 12403100 |
| interaction of the vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) with cholesterol, some cholesterol esters, and cholesterol derivatives: a tem study. | the vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) 63-kda monomer has been shown to interact in aqueous suspension with cholesterol microcystals to produce a ring/pore-like heptameric oligomer approximately 8 nm in outer diameter. transmission electron microscopy data were produced from cholesterol samples adsorbed to carbon support films, spread across the holes of holey carbon films, and negatively stained with ammonium molybdate. the vcc oligomers initially attach to the edge of the stacked cholesterol bila ... | 2002 | 12406694 |
| seasonality of chesapeake bay bacterioplankton species. | bacteria, gamma-subclass of proteobacteria, vibrio-photobacterium, vibrio vulnificus, vibrio cholerae-vibrio mimicus, and vibrio cincinnatiensis in water samples collected from the choptank river in chesapeake bay from 15 april to 16 december 1996 were enumerated using a fluorescent oligonucleotide direct-counting (fodc) procedure. fodc results obtained using a bacteria taxon-specific probe ranged from one-third the number of to the same number as that obtained by the acridine orange direct coun ... | 2002 | 12406742 |
| bacteria of the gamma-subclass proteobacteria associated with zooplankton in chesapeake bay. | the seasonal abundance of gamma-subclass proteobacteria, vibrio-photobacterium, vibrio cholerae-vibrio mimicus, vibrio cincinnatiensis, and vibrio vulnificus in the choptank river of chesapeake bay associated with zooplankton was monitored from april to december 1996. large (>202- microm) and small (64- to 202- microm) size classes of zooplankton were collected, and the bacteria associated with each of the zooplankton size classes were enumerated by fluorescent oligonucleotide direct count. larg ... | 2002 | 12406743 |
| high-frequency rugose exopolysaccharide production by vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae can shift to a "rugose" phenotype, thereby producing copious exopolysaccharide (eps), which promotes its environmental survival and persistence. we report conditions that promote high-frequency rugose eps production (hfrp), whereby cells switch at high frequency (up to 80%) to rugose eps production. hfrp appeared to be more common in clinical strains, as hfrp was found in 6 of 19 clinical strains (32%) (including classical, el tor, and non-o1 strains) but in only 1 of 16 environm ... | 2002 | 12406780 |
| development of a hexaplex pcr assay for rapid detection of virulence and regulatory genes in vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus. | we have developed a hexaplex pcr assay for rapid detection of the virulence and regulatory genes for cholera toxin enzymatic subunit a (ctxa), zonula occludens toxin (zot), accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace), toxin-coregulated pilus (tcpa), outer membrane protein (ompu), and central regulatory protein toxr (toxr) in vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus. this hexaplex pcr proved successful in screening pathogenic-toxigenic and nonpathogenic-nontoxigenic v. cholerae and v. mimicus strains from both ... | 2002 | 12409420 |
| efficacy of atovaquone/proguanil for malaria prophylaxis in children and its effect on the immunogenicity of live oral typhoid and cholera vaccines. | a double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to measure the impact of malaria prophylaxis with atovaquone/proguanil (a-p) on the immunogenicity of vaccines against typhoid fever and cholera, salmonella serotype typhi ty21a and vibrio cholerae cvd103-hgr, respectively. a total of 330 gabonese schoolchildren were assigned to receive either a-p or placebo for 12 weeks. vaccination occurred 3 weeks after the start of prophylaxis, and immunogenicity was assessed 4 weeks after vaccination. t ... | 2002 | 12410473 |
| [a study on genetic polymorphism of rrna gene pattern of vibrio cholerae o139 in china]. | to investigated the genetic polymorphism of the isolated strains using ribotyping method. | 2002 | 12411090 |
| efficacy of oral administration and oral intake of edible vaccines. | to evaluate whether vaccine administration via intragastric gavage is indicative for the outcome of edible vaccines, mice were orally immunised with ovalbumin (ova) mixed with or without vibrio cholerae toxin (ct) in various compositions via various routes: (1) ova dissolved in saline and intragastrically (ig) administered ('ig'); (2) ova mixed with food extract and administered ig ('food ig'); (3) food chow absorbed with ova dissolved in saline and fed to the animals ('food'); and (4) ova disso ... | 2002 | 12413735 |
| regulation of virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae by quorum sensing: hapr functions at the apha promoter. | quorum sensing negatively influences virulence gene expression in certain toxigenic vibrio cholerae strains. at high cell densities, the response regulator luxo fails to reduce the expression of hapr, which, in turn, represses the expression of the virulence cascade. a critical regulatory step in the cascade is activation of tcpph expression by apha and aphb. we show here that hapr influences the virulence cascade by directly repressing apha expression. in strain c6706, apha expression was incre ... | 2002 | 12421317 |
| vibrio cholerae phage k139: complete genome sequence and comparative genomics of related phages. | in this report, we characterize the complete genome sequence of the temperate phage k139, which morphologically belongs to the myoviridae phage family (p2 and 186). the prophage genome consists of 33,106 bp, and the overall gc content is 48.9%. forty-four open reading frames were identified. homology analysis and motif search were used to assign possible functions for the genes, revealing a close relationship to p2-like phages. by southern blot screening of a vibrio cholerae strain collection, t ... | 2002 | 12426348 |
| characterization of a novel vibrio pathogenicity island (vpi-2) encoding neuraminidase (nanh) among toxigenic vibrio cholerae isolates. | acquisition of virulence genes encoded on mobile genetic elements has played an important role in the emergence of pathogenic isolates of vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the diarrhoeal disease cholera. the genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxab), the main cause of profuse secretory diarrhoea in cholera, are encoded on a filamentous bacteriophage ctxphi. the toxin coregulated pilus (tcp), an essential intestinal colonization factor, was originally designated as part of a pathogenicity island ... | 2002 | 12427958 |
| the wavb gene of vibrio cholerae and the waae of klebsiella pneumoniae codify for a beta-1,4-glucosyltransferase involved in the transfer of a glucose residue to the l-glycero-d-manno-heptose i in the lipopolysaccharide inner core. | vibrio cholerae wavb protein showed some similarity to waae of klebsiella pneumoniae and serratia marcescens. from previous data obtained by us and by chemical analyses of a k. pneumoniae non-polar waae mutant from strain 889 (08:k69), its lipopolysaccharide (lps) core structure has recently been elucidated. we demonstrated that waae is a beta-1,4-glucosyltransferase involved in the transfer of a glucose residue to the l-glycero-d-manno-heptose i in the lps inner core. complementation of this k. ... | 2002 | 12435504 |
| commentary: dr john sutherland, vibrio cholerae and 'predisposing causes'. | | 2002 | 12435759 |
| expression of cholera toxin b subunit in transgenic tomato plants. | cholera toxin, secreted by vibrio cholerae, consists of a and b subunits. the latter binds to g(m1)-ganglioside receptors as a pentamer (approximately 55 kda). tomato plants were transformed with the gene encoding cholera toxin b subunit (ctxb) along with an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (sekdel) under the control of the camv 35s promoter via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. pcr and southern analysis confirmed the presence of the ctxb gene in transformed tomato plants. northern an ... | 2002 | 12437076 |
| calibrated serological techniques demonstrate significant different serum response rates to an oral killed cholera vaccine between swedish and nicaraguan children. | serum responses to oral cholera vaccines were assessed in three paediatric vaccine trials, two in león, nicaragua and one in stockholm, sweden. a calibrated anti-cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) iga elisa was used together with an assay for vibriocidal antibodies. swedish children had lower pre-vaccination levels of antibody, but serum responses were more pronounced in swedish children than in nicaraguan children. post-vaccination levels of anti-toxin antibody were generally above those found after ... | 2002 | 12443672 |
| [listeria monocytogenes in vegetables minimally processed]. | the demand of vegetables minimally processed (ready-to-use) has increased partly due to the frequent use of the food services, where the salads are always included in the daily menus. the use of new technologies for processing and packaging has made possible to obtain a product ready to serve. nevertheless the associated risk of the presence of emergent pathogens, such as listeria monocytogenes seems to be involved. the aim of this work was to assess the microbiological quality of this kind of f ... | 2002 | 12448343 |
| [evaluation of polysaccharide antigens of vibrio cholerae o139 of different origin by monoclonal antibodies]. | the epitope composition of o-polysaccharides in the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of v. cholerae, serogroup o139, isolated from clinical material and water of surface reservoirs was analyzed with the use of monoclonal antibodies. the analysis demonstrated that these o-polysaccharides were similar in their structure and chemical composition. in lps of v. cholerae o139 clinical strains o-polysaccharide determinants occurred more often. among v. cholerae isolated from water strains on whose surface indi ... | 2002 | 12449693 |
| non-01 vibrio cholerae septicemia and meningitis in a neonate. | non-o1 vibrio cholerae is known to cause diarrhoea as well as extra-intestinal infections in adults and children. however meningitis in children is a rare occurrence. we report a neonate who developed septicemia and meningitis due to non-o1 vibrio cholerae. | 2002 | 12450305 |
| severe cholera outbreak following floods in a northern district of west bengal. | an explosive epidemic of cholera in the district of malda in the state of west bengal, was induced by devastating floods resulting from overflowing of the two main rivers of the district, at the end of july 1998, affecting 15 blocks and 2 municipalities. diarrhoeal outbreak occurred around the middle of august after receding of the flood waters. within two weeks of its onset, the outbreak spread throughout the district. an investigation was conducted to understand the epidemiological characteris ... | 2000 | 12452126 |
| characterization of a toxigenic vibrio cholerae o139 strain belonging to a new ribotype and isolated from a diarrheal patient. | we characterized a vibrio cholerae o139 strain isolated from a diarrheal patient admitted to taluk hospital, cherthala, alleppey, kerala, india, on 9 june 2000. the v. cholerae o139 strain possesses the core of the ctx genetic element, colonization toxin-coregulated pilus, the adherence outer membrane protein, and the central regulatory protein encoded by toxr and produces cholera toxin (200 pg/ml). we provide molecular evidence showing that toxigenic v. cholerae o139 strain alo95 belongs to a d ... | 2002 | 12454195 |
| involvement of the hap gene (mucinase) in the survival of vibrio cholerae o1 in association with the blue-green alga, anabaena sp. | mucinase is a soluble haemagglutinin protease, which may be important for the survival of vibrio cholerae in association with mucilaginous blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). a comparative survival study was carried out with an anabaena sp. and a wild-type v. cholerae o1 strain hap+ gene (haemagglutinin-protease), together with its isogenic mutant hap (hap-deleted gene). a simple spread plate technique was followed to count culturable v. cholerae o1 on taurocholate tellurite gelatin agar plate. th ... | 2002 | 12455611 |
| diversity of dna sequences among vibrio cholerae o1 and non-o1 isolates detected by whole-cell repetitive element sequence-based polymerase chain reaction. | vibrio cholerae strains isolated from patient, food and environmental sources in taiwan and reference v. cholerae strains were examined by repetitive element sequence-based pcr (rep-pcr). specimens from broth cultures were used directly in the pcr mixture with three different primers. the pcr fingerprinting profiles of toxigenic 01 isolates were not only homogeneous with primers from enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric) sequences, but also allowed the differentiation from non-t ... | 1997 | 12455897 |
| enhanced permeability of molecular weight markers and poorly bioavailable compounds across caco-2 cell monolayers using the absorption enhancer, zonula occludens toxin. | zonula occludens toxin (zot), a protein elaborated from vibrio cholerae, has been shown to be capable of reversibly opening tight junctions. the objective of this work was to determine the stability of zot and to examine the permeability of a series of molecular weight hydrophilic markers and therapeutic agents in the presence of zot. | 2002 | 12458674 |
| involvement of in vivo induced chey-4 gene of vibrio cholerae in motility, early adherence to intestinal epithelial cells and regulation of virulence factors. | using a global transcription profile approach chey-4 of vibrio cholerae was identified as an in vivo induced gene. in the present study, duplication of the gene in the chromosome resulted in increased motility, increased chemotactic response towards isolated intestinal mucus layer and stronger adhesion to human intestinal epithelial cell line at an early phase of infection compared to wild type and a null mutant strain. in contrast to the chey-4 null mutant, duplication of chey-4 gene resulted i ... | 2002 | 12459494 |
| domestic cholera in germany associated with fresh fish imported from nigeria. | | 2002 | 12461596 |
| alive but non-infectious. | | 2002 | 12467699 |
| [vibrio cholerae in madagascar: study of a multiresistant strain]. | madagascar was cholera free until march 1999. the first case was reported in mahajanga, a north west coast harbor. ten months later and despite a massive use of tetracycline as prophylactic drug, cholera had reached every region of the island. all suspected cholera samples were analysed at the pasteur institute of madagascar where susceptibility to tetracycline was systematically performed. on february 2000, a multidrug resistant strain of v. cholerae was isolated. we studied this strain by perf ... | 2001 | 12471739 |
| [first cases of cholera observed in children at the befelatanana general hospital--antananarivo university hospital center (madagascar)]. | ravages caused by cholera among children are well known. the disease invaded madagascar in 1999 may. this retrospective study reported the first childhood cholera cases. the survey was carried out at the befelatanana hospital during the period of cholera outbreak from april 23th to july 31st. the purpose of the study was to specify clinical, epidemiological and bacteriological characteristics of the disease. 5 out of 178 suspected cholera cases were less than 15 years old. 2 young girls out thes ... | 1999 | 12478963 |
| comparison of single-dose azithromycin and 12-dose, 3-day erythromycin for childhood cholera: a randomised, double-blind trial. | cholera is a major public-health problem, with children most affected. however, effective single-dose antimicrobial regimens have been identified only for adults. our aim was to compare the efficacy of azithromycin and erythromycin regimens in the treatment of children. | 2002 | 12480424 |
| drug sensitivity pattern of cholera in children. | to study the drug sensitivity pattern of cholera in children. | 2002 | 12481672 |
| the binding of synthetic analogs of the upstream, terminal residue of the o-polysaccharides (o-ps) of vibrio cholerae o:1 serotypes ogawa and inaba to two murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for the ogawa lipopolysaccharide (lps). | the binding of nineteen analogues of the upstream, terminal, monosaccharide residue of each of the o-polysaccharide (o-ps) of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype ogawa and inaba, with two murine monoclonal igg antibodies both specific for the ogawa lps were measured using fluorescence spectroscopy. the use of the deoxy and the deoxyfluoro analogs allowed further refinement of the hydrogen-bonding pattern involved in the binding. based on the binding characteristics observed for some of the ligands in ... | 2002 | 12493228 |
| a structural basis for the mechanism of aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase from vibrio cholerae. | l-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asadh) catalyzes the reductive dephosphorylation of beta-aspartyl phosphate to l-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde in the aspartate biosynthetic pathway of plants and micro-organisms. the aspartate pathway produces fully one-quarter of the naturally occurring amino acids, but is not found in humans or other eukaryotic organisms, making asadh an attractive target for the development of new antibacterial, fungicidal, or herbicidal compounds. we have determine ... | 2003 | 12493825 |
| the vibrio pathogenicity island-encoded mop protein modulates the pathogenesis and reactogenicity of epidemic vibrio cholerae. | epidemic vibrio cholerae possess the vpi (vibrio pathogenicity island) essential virulence gene cluster. the vpi is 41.2 kb in size and encodes 29 potential proteins, several of which have no known function. we show that the vpi-encoded orf4 is a predicted 34-kda periplasmic protein containing a zinc metalloprotease motif. v. cholerae seventh-pandemic (el tor) strain n16961 carrying an orf4 mutation showed no obvious difference relative to its parent in the production of cholera toxin and the to ... | 2003 | 12496202 |
| [variable tandem repeat vca of vibrio cholerae]. | computer analysis revealed seven potential variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) loci in the vibrio cholerae genome. specific primers were designed to amplify locus vca located on chromosome 2 and containing a tgctgt repeat. the locus was found in all tested strains from a v. cholerae strain collection, the repeat number varying 3 to 23. in total, 14 vca alleles were observed. the vca locus was proposed as a marker for the molecular typing of v. cholerae strains. | 2002 | 12500547 |
| differences among marine and hospital strains of vibrio cholerae during peruvian epidemic. | during a period of 18 months of an epidemic of vibrio cholerae, cultures from 450 samples of fish, shellfish and seawater were isolated. the highest frequencies of occurrence observed were 5.2% in fish from inshore waters, 3.9% in marine snails, and 1.8% in mussels and crabs. no incidents were isolated from cultures of fish in the open seas or cultures from frozen shrimp. cultures of marine origin were compared with cultures from hospitalized patients, and these revealed marked serological and t ... | 1998 | 12501290 |
| [pcr amplification and cloning of virulence expression regulatory gene toxr of vibrio cholerae]. | in order to construct a genomic bivalent oral vaccine of leishmania donovani and vibrio cholerae, we amplified a 1.3 kb dna fragment from 7 strains of vibrio cholerae with primers p1 and p2. restriction endonuclease analysis of pcr amplified products from 9 strains of vibrio cholerae was performed by digestion with ecor i. the results revealed an ecor i site in the central part of toxr gene. the entire toxr gene of vibrio cholerae non-ct strain 7743 was amplified by pcr with primers p1 and p2, d ... | 2000 | 12501605 |
| [characterization of vibrio cholerae cultures isolated in foci of cholera in the city of kazan]. | during the period of the registered outbreak of cholera in 2001 in kazan 171 v. cholerae cultures were isolated in the focus of the infection (from patients, carriers and 7 environmental objects). the use of the basic and additional tests, including the polymerase chain reaction, made it possible to establish the circulation of v. cholerae, phagovar 15, in the focus of the infection. the strain isolated from the water reservoir azino-1 in kazan was identical in its properties to the epidemically ... | 2002 | 12506636 |
| a 4-year study of the epidemiology of vibrio cholerae in four rural areas of bangladesh. | how vibrio cholerae spreads around the world and what determines its seasonal peaks in endemic areas are not known. these features of cholera have been hypothesized to be primarily the result of environmental factors associated with aquatic habitats that can now be identified. since 1997, fortnightly surveillance in 4 widely separated geographic locations in bangladesh has been performed to identify patients with cholera and to collect environmental data. a total of 5670 patients (53% <5 years o ... | 2003 | 12508151 |
| experimental verification of a sequence-based prediction: f(1)f(0)-type atpase of vibrio cholerae transports protons, not na(+) ions. | the membrane energetics of the intestinal pathogen vibrio cholerae involves both h(+) and na(+) as coupling ions. the sequence of the c subunit of v. cholerae f(0)f(1) atpase suggested that this enzyme is h(+) specific, in contrast to the results of previous studies on the na(+)-dependent atp synthesis in closely related vibrio spp. measurements of the ph gradient and membrane potential in membrane vesicles isolated from wild-type and deltaatpe mutant v. cholerae show that the f(1)f(0) atpase of ... | 2003 | 12511516 |
| x- and w-band epr and q-band endor studies of the flavin radical in the na+ -translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae. | na(+)-nqr is the entry point for electrons into the respiratory chain of vibrio cholerae. it oxidizes nadh, reduces ubiquinone, and uses the free energy of this redox reaction to translocate sodium across the cell membrane. the enzyme is a membrane complex of six subunits that accommodates a 2fe-2s center and several flavins. both the oxidized and reduced forms of na(+)-nqr exhibit a radical epr signal. here, we present epr and endor data that demonstrate that, in both forms of the enzyme, the r ... | 2003 | 12515529 |
| genetic diversity of vibrio cholerae o1 in argentina and emergence of a new variant. | the genetic diversity of vibrio cholerae o1 strains from argentina was estimated by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). twenty-nine isolates carrying the virulence genes ctxa, zot, ace, and tcpa appeared to represent a single clone by both typing methods; while 11 strains lacking these virulence genes exhibited several heterogeneous rapd and pfge patterns. among the last group, a set of isolates from the province tucumán showed a single r ... | 2003 | 12517837 |
| [hemolytic activity and toxigenicity of vibrio cholerae of different serogroups]. | experimental data on the comparative evaluation of the hemolytic activity of ctx+ hly- and ctx- hly+ v. cholerae, serogroups o1 and o139, in the process of their cultivation in different nutrient media are presented. the capacity of ctx+ v. cholerae of both serogroups cultivated under the conditions of iron deficiency, for the production of hemolysin capable of lyzing sheep red blood cells was shown. hemolysin produced by ctx- strains of v. cholerae was synthesized under any conditions. the stud ... | 2002 | 12524992 |
| [morphology and enzyme activity of nonculturable forms of vibrio cholerae]. | the transition of v. cholerae into the uncultivable state under experimental conditions was accompanied by gradual changes in their morphology, motility and metabolic activity. the vibrios took the oval form, lost their flagellum, motility and enzyme activity on diagnostic media. dehydrogenase activity tested by reduction of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, increased at the initial stages and dropped to the initial level or even lower by the end of the observation period (10 months). similar dyna ... | 2002 | 12524994 |
| effect of the biologically active fragment of zonula occludens toxin, delta g, on the intestinal paracellular transport and oral absorption of mannitol. | many therapeutically active agents experience low bioavailability upon oral administration due to low permeability, low solubility, interaction with efflux transporters or first pass metabolism. in general, absorption enhancers are agents that can modulate the paracellular permeability of drugs, thus, potentially increasing oral bioavailability. the objective of this study was to examine the effect of the active fragment of zonula occludens toxin (zot), deltag, on the transport of a paracellular ... | 2003 | 12527181 |
| ctxphi-independent production of the rs1 satellite phage by vibrio cholerae. | the cholera toxin genes of vibrio cholerae are encoded by the filamentous phage, ctxphi. chromosomal ctxphi prophage dna is often found flanked by copies of a related genetic element designated rs1, and rs1 dna can be packaged into filamentous phage particles (designated rs1phi) by using the ctxphi morphogenesis genes. rs1phi is a satellite phage that further controls expression and dissemination of ctxphi. here we describe a ctxphi-independent mechanism for production of rs1phi. a nontoxigenic ... | 2003 | 12529504 |
| reduction of cholera in bangladeshi villages by simple filtration. | based on results of ecological studies demonstrating that vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of epidemic cholera, is commensal to zooplankton, notably copepods, a simple filtration procedure was developed whereby zooplankton, most phytoplankton, and particulates >20 microm were removed from water before use. effective deployment of this filtration procedure, from september 1999 through july 2002 in 65 villages of rural bangladesh, of which the total population for the entire study comprised ... | 2003 | 12529505 |
| experience with registered mucosal vaccines. | most pathogens gain access to their host through mucosal surfaces. it is therefore desirable to develop vaccination strategies that lead to mucosal immune responses. ideally, a vaccine should be administered mucosally in order to elicit mucosal protection. several attenuated live viral and bacterial pathogens are registered as oral vaccines for human use, including the oral polio vaccine (sabin) as well as attenuated strains of salmonella typhi and vibrio cholerae. these attenuated bacterial liv ... | 2003 | 12531339 |
| zonula occludens toxin increases the permeability of molecular weight markers and chemotherapeutic agents across the bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells. | the purpose of this study was to examine the ability of zonula occludens toxin (zot) to reversibly open tight junctions in bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells (bbmecs) to enhance drug delivery via the paracellular pathway. transport across bbmec monolayers was examined for molecular weight markers and chemotherapeutic agents ([(14)c]sucrose, [(14)c]inulin, [(3)h]propranolol, [(3)h]doxorubicin, and [(14)c]paclitaxel) with zot (0.0-4.0 microg/ml). teer of monolayers was measured to assess e ... | 2003 | 12532391 |
| elucidation of the vibrio anguillarum genetic response to the potential fish probiont pseudomonas fluorescens ah2, using rna-arbitrarily primed pcr. | the antagonistic interaction between a potential fish probiont, pseudomonas fluorescens strain ah2, and its target organism, vibrio anguillarum, was investigated by studying the genetic response of the target organism when it was exposed to the antagonist. we compared the differential display of arbitrarily pcr-amplified gene transcripts in v. anguillarum serotype o1 when it was exposed to ah2 supernatant with the display of transcripts in nonexposed control cultures. growth of v. anguillarum wa ... | 2003 | 12533458 |
| piiictx, a predicted ctxphi minor coat protein, can expand the host range of coliphage fd to include vibrio cholerae. | ctxphi is a filamentous bacteriophage that encodes cholera toxin. ctxphi infection of its host bacterium, vibrio cholerae, requires the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) and the products of the v. cholerae tolqra genes. here, we have explored the role of orfu, a predicted ctxphi minor coat protein, in ctxphi infection. prior to the discovery that it was part of a prophage, orfu was initially described as an open reading frame of unknown function that lacked similarity to known protein sequences. bas ... | 2003 | 12533480 |
| [differences in virulence genes in vibrio cholerae eltor strains isolated from different sources in turkmenistan territory]. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detected the presence of various genes associated with virulence in genome of strains v. cholerae eltor isolated in turkmenistan territory during epidemic and epidemic-free perios. it was found that a complete set of virulence genes (ctxa+, tcpa+ and toxr+) contained strains isolated from patients, carriers and environment only in cholera epidemics. strains isolated from the environment in the period free of epidemics did not contain ctxa and tcpa in 78.2% of case ... | 2002 | 12534264 |
| emergence and evolution of vibrio cholerae o139. | the emergence of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal during 1992-1993 was associated with large epidemics of cholera in india and bangladesh and, initially, with a total displacement of the existing v. cholerae o1 strains. however, the o1 strains reemerged in 1994 and initiated a series of disappearance and reemergence of either of the two serogroups that was associated with temporal genetic and phenotypic changes sustained by the strains. since the initial emergence of the o139 vibrios, new variants of ... | 2003 | 12538850 |
| vibrio cholerae cytolysin is composed of an alpha-hemolysin-like core. | the enteric pathogen vibrio cholerae secretes a water-soluble 80-kd cytolysin, vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) that assembles into pentameric channels following proteolytic activation by exogenous proteases. until now, vcc has been placed in a unique class of pore-forming toxins, distinct from paradigms such as staphyloccal alpha-hemolysin. however, as reported here, amino acid sequence analysis and three-dimensional structure modeling indicate that the core component of the vcc toxin is related ... | 2003 | 12538902 |
| pathogenic potential of environmental vibrio cholerae strains carrying genetic variants of the toxin-coregulated pilus pathogenicity island. | the major virulence factors of toxigenic vibrio cholerae are cholera toxin (ct), which is encoded by a lysogenic bacteriophage (ctxphi), and toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp), an essential colonization factor which is also the receptor for ctxphi. the genes for the biosynthesis of tcp are part of a larger genetic element known as the tcp pathogenicity island. to assess their pathogenic potential, we analyzed environmental strains of v. cholerae carrying genetic variants of the tcp pathogenicity isla ... | 2003 | 12540588 |
| enlightening cholera bug reveals new virulence system. | | 2002 | 12546909 |
| [construction of plasmid gene bank of v. cholerae o139 and detection of o-antigen genes]. | because o-antigen biosynthesis genes are a tandem gene cluster. gnomic fragments of 4-20 kilobases (kb) were obtained by digesting genomic dna of v. cholerae o139 with restriction endonuclease ecori, then plasmid gene bank was constructed. recombinant colony, e. coli dh5 alpha (pmg320), expressing o-antigen of v. cholerae o139 was detected from the bank by immunological agglutinative reaction. the futher analysis showed o-antigen expressed by recombinant colony had both immunogenicity and reacto ... | 2001 | 12549191 |
| determination of the transcriptome of vibrio cholerae during intraintestinal growth and midexponential phase in vitro. | vibrio cholerae is the etiologic bacterial agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease endemic in much of the developing world. the v. cholerae genome contains 3,890 genes distributed between a large and a small chromosome. although the large chromosome encodes the majority of recognizable gene products and virulence determinants, the small chromosome carries a disproportionate number of hypothetical genes. thus, little is known about the role of the small chromosome in the biology of this orga ... | 2003 | 12552086 |
| [vibrio cholerae vpi phi/ctx phi/tcp: interactions of phage-phage-bacterium]. | | 2001 | 12552921 |
| construction and characterisation of o139 cholera vaccine candidates. | the hemagglutinin/protease (ha/p) seems to be an attractive locus for the insertion of heterologous tags in live cholera vaccine strains. a deltactxphi spontaneous mutant derived from a pathogenic strain of o139 vibrio cholerae was sequentially manipulated to obtain hapa colon, two colons cela derivatives which were later improved in their environmental safety by means of a thya mutation. all the strains here obtained showed similar phenotypes in traits known to be remarkable for live cholera va ... | 2003 | 12559810 |
| [analysis of gene cluster of tat-dependent protein export system of vibrio cholerae and its function]. | the tat (twin-arginine translocatin) system is a recently defined protein export pathway that serves to translocate folded proteins. the substrates of the tat pathway contain specific amino-terminal signal peptides that exhibit a conserved amino acid consensus motif-s/t-r-r-x-f-l-x. here is the report of knocked out the tata, tatb and tatc genes of the v. cholerae by suicide plasmid homologous recombination technology. mutant strains showed obvious changes of growth characteristics. the transpor ... | 2002 | 12561481 |
| epidemiology of cholera--a five year study. | a total of 286 strains of vibro cholerae were isolated and tested over a period of five years. the strains were identified by standard methods and confirmed by slide agglutination tests with polyvalent, ogawa and inaba antisera. the non-agglutinating strains were tested with o-139 antisera. the maximum number of cases were found in the age group of 0-10 years. the number of females affected was more than the males. v. cholerae o-139 was isolated in the year 1998 and then again in 2000. v. choler ... | 2001 | 12561506 |
| an evaluation of current cholera treatment. | cholera, caused by vibrio cholerae o1 and o139, is characterised by profuse purging of watery stools, and vomiting and dehydration. the mainstay of therapy of cholera patients is rehydration with oral rehydration salt solution or intravenous ringer's lactate depending upon the degree of dehydration. antibiotics such as tetracycline, doxycycline, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and furazolidone may be used as an adjunct to rehydration therapy for severely purging cholera patients to reduce the rate of ... | 2003 | 12562304 |
| analysis of residues determining specificity of vibrio cholerae tonb1 for its receptors. | in gram-negative organisms, high-affinity transport of iron substrates requires energy transduction to specific outer membrane receptors by the tonb-exbb-exbd complex. vibrio cholerae encodes two tonb proteins, one of which, tonb1, recognizes only a subset of v. cholerae tonb-dependent receptors and does not facilitate transport through escherichia coli receptors. to investigate the receptor specificity exhibited by v. cholerae tonb1, chimeras were created between v. cholerae tonb1 and e. coli t ... | 2003 | 12562789 |
| roles of nhaa, nhab, and nhad na+/h+ antiporters in survival of vibrio cholerae in a saline environment. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a normal inhabitant of aquatic environments, where it survives in a wide range of conditions of ph and salinity. in this work, we investigated the role of three na+/h+ antiporters on the survival of v. cholerae in a saline environment. we have previously cloned the vc-nhaa gene encoding the v. cholerae homolog of escherichia coli. here we identified two additional antiporter genes, designated vc-nhab and vc-nhad, encoding two putative proteins ... | 2003 | 12562793 |
| identification and characterization of a vibrio cholerae gene, mbaa, involved in maintenance of biofilm architecture. | the formation of biofilms is thought to play a key role in the environmental survival of the marine bacterium vibrio cholerae. although the factors involved in v. cholerae attachment to abiotic surfaces have been extensively studied, relatively little is known about the mechanisms involved in the subsequent maturation of the biofilms. here we report the identification of a novel gene, which we have named mbaa (for maintenance of biofilm architecture), that plays a role in the formation and maint ... | 2003 | 12562809 |
| information overload: assigning genetic functionality in the age of genomics and large-scale screening. | as more and more genome sequences are completed, it is becoming increasingly evident that our understanding of the function of most bacterial gene products is lacking. this is frustrating, particularly in the study of pathogens, where an understanding of the role of individual gene products would probably facilitate the development of novel antimicrobials and vaccines. recently, we devised a technique known as virulence-attenuated pool (vap) screening to help assign genetic functionality to gene ... | 2002 | 12564993 |
| comparison of sxt and r391, two conjugative integrating elements: definition of a genetic backbone for the mobilization of resistance determinants. | the sxt element (sxt) is becoming an increasingly prevalent vector for the dissemination of antibiotic resistances in vibrio cholerae. sxt is a member of a larger family of elements, formerly defined as incj plasmids, that are self-transmissible by conjugation and integrate site-specifically into the host chromosome. comparison of the dna sequences of sxt and r391, an incj element from providencia rettgeri, indicate that these elements consist of a conserved backbone that mediates the regulation ... | 2002 | 12568332 |
| contribution of pila to competitive colonization of the squid euprymna scolopes by vibrio fischeri. | vibrio fischeri colonizes the squid euprymna scolopes in a mutualistic symbiosis. hatchling squid lack these bacterial symbionts, and v. fischeri strains must compete to occupy this privileged niche. we cloned a v. fischeri gene, designated pila, that contributes to colonization competitiveness and encodes a protein similar to type iv-a pilins. unlike its closest known relatives, vibrio cholerae msha and vcfa, pila is monocistronic and not clustered with genes associated with pilin export or ass ... | 2003 | 12571000 |
| biosynthesis of 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-l-hexoses in bacteria follows a pattern distinct from those of the pathways of 6-deoxy-l-hexoses. | 6-deoxy-l-hexoses have been shown to be synthesized from dtdp-d-glucose or gdp-d-mannose so that the gluco/galacto-configuration is converted into the manno/talo-configuration, and manno/talo is switched to gluco/galacto. our laboratory has been investigating the biosynthesis of 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-l-hexoses in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and in a recent paper we described the biosynthesis of the talo (pneumosamine) and galacto (fucosamine) derivatives from udp-d-n-acetylg ... | 2003 | 12575896 |
| genesis of variants of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor: role of the ctxphi array and its position in the genome. | the gene encoding cholera toxin, the principal virulence factor of vibrio cholerae, is encoded by a filamentous, lysogenic bacteriophage known as ctxphi. the genome of v. cholerae, the host for ctxphi, consists of two chromosomes, one large and one small. here, it is shown that localization and array of ctx prophage dna in either the large or small chromosome of v. cholerae is likely to be one of the reasons for the emergence of o1 biotype el tor variants isolated just before and after the v. ch ... | 2003 | 12576583 |
| infection-blocking genes of a symbiotic rhizobium leguminosarum strain that are involved in temperature-dependent protein secretion. | rhizobium leguminosarum strain rbl5523 is able to form nodules on pea, but these nodules are ineffective for nitrogen fixation. the impairment in nitrogen fixation appears to be caused by a defective infection of the host plant and is host specific for pea. a tn5 mutant of this strain, rbl5787, is able to form effective nodules on pea. we have sequenced a 33-kb region around the phage-transductable tn5 insertion. the tn5 insertion was localized to the 10th gene of a putative operon of 14 genes t ... | 2003 | 12580282 |
| cholera epidemic in and around loni a rural area in western maharashtra. | | 2000 | 12583433 |
| [obtaining diagnostic fluorescent monoclonal immunoglobulins against the v. cholerae 0139-serovar]. | below is given a procedure of the obtaining diagnostic fluorescent monoclonal immunoglobulin to detect cholera vibrios of o139 serovar. while obtaining preparations it was managed to determine optimal ftts-mka ratio, duration of their conjugation, series of fluorochrome. test specimens of fluorescent monoclonal immunoglobulin provides intensive glow of v cholerae o139 cells in the working dilution 1:16-1:32. tests of diagnostic ftts-mka on the great number of homologic and heterologic strains sh ... | 2002 | 12587559 |
| purification and renaturation of membrane neuraminidase from haemophilus parasuis. | haemophilus parasuis, which causes polyserositis, polysynovitis, meningitis, septicemia, and pneumonia in pigs, has emerged as an increasing problem in modern swine production systems. co-factors for and the pathogenesis of h. parasuis disease are not defined. one of the potential virulence factors of h. parasuis is its neuraminidase (sialidase). while purifying the h. parasuis neuraminidase from the membrane fraction, we developed a protocol to renature enzymatic activity after enzyme preparati ... | 2003 | 12591209 |
| rpod promoters in campylobacter jejuni exhibit a strong periodic signal instead of a -35 box. | we have used a hidden markov model (hmm) to identify the consensus sequence of the rpod promoters in the genome of campylobacter jejuni. the identified promoter consensus sequence is unusual compared to other bacteria, in that the region upstream of the tata-box does not contain a conserved -35 region, but shows a very strong periodic variation in the at-content and semi-conserved t-stretches, with a period of 10-11 nucleotides. the tata-box is in some, but not all cases, preceded by a tgx, simi ... | 2003 | 12595250 |
| antimicrobial potentiality of a phenothiazine group of antipsychotic drug-prochlorperazine. | the antipsychotic drug, prochlorperazine (pcp), was tested for its antimicrobial efficacy against 103 strains belonging to both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. the drug was found to possess maximum activity against staphylococcus aureus, vibrio cholerae and shigella spp. pcp was moderately active against e. coli but most of the strains belonging to bacillus spp, klebsiella spp, salmonella spp and lactobacillus spp were found to be resistant to this drug. the drug was tested for its mod ... | 2002 | 12597553 |
| synergistic effect of ayurvedic pearl preparation on enhancing effectiveness of antibiotics. | studies were carried out with ayurvedic preparations derived from pearl, which include preparations bhasma and pishti. the synergistic effect to reduce the dose of antibiotic was tested against e. coli the test bacterium with ampicillin antibiotic by bore well and disks diffusion methods. it was observed that pearl preparations do not show any antibacterial activity but when used at 200 microg/ml concentration with antibiotics, then even at sub-lethal dose, the antibiotic has effectively shown t ... | 2002 | 12597554 |
| toxigenic vibrio cholerae serogroup o141-associated cholera-like diarrhea and bloodstream infection in the united states. | toxigenic vibrio cholerae serogroup o141 has been associated with sporadic cholera-like diarrhea and bloodstream infection in the united states. consumption of seafood and proximity to the coast may increase the risk of infection. all v. cholerae isolates recovered from stool samples of patients with diarrhea or from a normally sterile site should be serogrouped and assessed for cholera toxin production. improved surveillance and case-control studies are needed to further characterize illness an ... | 2003 | 12599062 |
| toxr regulon of vibrio cholerae and its expression in vibrios shed by cholera patients. | toxigenic vibrio cholerae cause cholera, a severe diarrheal disease responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. two determinants, cholera enterotoxin (ct) and toxin coregulated pilus (tcp) are critical factors responsible for this organism's virulence. the genes for these virulence determinants belong to a network of genes (the toxr regulon) whose expression is modulated by transcriptional regulators encoded by the toxrs, tcpph, and toxt genes. to define the toxr regulon more ... | 2003 | 12601157 |
| membrane localization of the toxr winged-helix domain is required for tcpp-mediated virulence gene activation in vibrio cholerae. | toxr is a bitopic membrane protein that controls virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. its cytoplasmic domain is homologous to the winged helix-turn-helix ('winged helix') dna-binding/transcription activation domain found in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic regulators, whereas its periplasmic domain is of ill-defined function. several genes in v. cholerae are regulated by toxr, but by apparently different mechanisms. whereas toxr directly controls the transcription of genes encodi ... | 2003 | 12603748 |
| maltodextrin-binding proteins from diverse bacteria and archaea are potent solubility enhancers. | escherichia coli maltose-binding protein (mbp) is frequently used as an affinity tag to facilitate the purification of recombinant proteins. an important additional attribute of mbp is its remarkable ability to enhance the solubility of its fusion partners. mbps are present in a wide variety of microorganisms including both mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria and archaea. in the present study, we compared the ability of mbps from six diverse microorganisms (e. coli, pyrococcus furiosus, thermoc ... | 2003 | 12606030 |
| the vibrio cholerae porins ompu and ompt have distinct channel properties. | numerous environmental signals regulate the production of virulence factors and the composition of the outer membrane of vibrio cholerae. in particular, bile promotes the toxr-dependent expression of the porin ompu. strains expressing solely ompu are more resistant to bile, are better able to colonize the intestine, and produce more cholera toxin than strains expressing solely the ompt porin. to gain some understanding in the physiological relevance and the molecular mechanism underlying these p ... | 2003 | 12606562 |
| filamentous phages linked to virulence of vibrio cholerae. | the pathogenicity of vibrio cholerae depends upon its production of two key virulence factors: the toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp), a colonization factor, and cholera toxin, an exotoxin. genes encoding both virulence factors were introduced into v. cholerae by horizontal gene transfer. the toxin genes are contained within the genome of ctxphi, an integrated filamentous phage identified in 1996. in the past few years, it has been shown that ctxphi relies on novel processes for phage dna integratio ... | 2003 | 12615217 |
| [a cholera epidemic in dijibouti (may 2000-january 2001)]. | the purpose of this report is to describe a cholera outbreak that occurred in the republic of djibouti from may 2000 to january 2001. because the somalian index cases involved were identified, this outbreak can be used as a model for imported epidemics. development of the disease in the djibouti city is promoted by a combination of poor living conditions and inadequate water supply. unlike in previous epidemics in djibouti, bacteriological study demonstrated the emergence of vibrio cholerae stra ... | 2002 | 12616941 |
| quinolone susceptibility of vibrio cholerae o1 & o139 isolates from vellore. | vellore is an endemic area for cholera. the relative prevalence of clinical cases of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 has been fluctuating. few studies have examined the susceptibility of local isolates to quinolones. the objective of the present study was to look at quinolone susceptibility and determine mic of ciprofloxacin to representative clinical isolates of v. cholerae o1 and o139 in vellore, obtained between 1997 and 1999. | 2002 | 12619447 |
| genome sequence of vibrio parahaemolyticus: a pathogenic mechanism distinct from that of v cholerae. | vibrio parahaemolyticus, a gram-negative marine bacterium, is a worldwide cause of food-borne gastroenteritis. v parahaemolyticus strains of a few specific serotypes, probably derived from a common clonal ancestor, have lately caused a pandemic of gastroenteritis. the organism is phylogenetically close to v cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. | 2003 | 12620739 |
| comparative genomic analyses of the vibrio pathogenicity island and cholera toxin prophage regions in nonepidemic serogroup strains of vibrio cholerae. | two major virulence factors are associated with epidemic strains (o1 and o139 serogroups) of vibrio cholerae: cholera toxin encoded by the ctxab genes and toxin-coregulated pilus encoded by the tcpa gene. the ctx genes reside in the genome of a filamentous phage (ctxphi), and the tcpa gene resides in a vibrio pathogenicity island (vpi) which has also been proposed to be a filamentous phage designated vpiphi. in order to determine the prevalence of horizontal transfer of vpi and ctxphi among none ... | 2003 | 12620865 |
| potentiality of a new compound for in vitro differentiation between halophilic and non-halophilic vibrios. | sensitivity of 21 halophilic vibrios and 16 clinical isolates of non-halophilic vibrios was determined against a new possible antivibrio agent, a pyrimidine analogue, 4, 6-dimethylpyrimidine -2-thiol (4,6-dmpt). it appeared to be a vibriocidal agent, having a mean mic and mbc of 32 microg/ml for halophilic strains and 64 microg/ml for non-halophilic strains and an ld50 of 300 mg/kg body weight of mice. thus, 4,6-dmpt may help an in vitro distinction between halophilic and non-halophilic vibrios. ... | 2002 | 12622188 |
| humoral immune response of carp (cyprinus carpio) induced by oral immunization with liposome-entrapped antigen. | to study the value of liposomes as carriers of antigens for oral vaccination in fish, humoral immune responses were analyzed after immunizing carp (cyprinus carpio) with liposome-entrapped bovine serum albumin (bsa) as a model antigen. oral immunization of bsa (100 microg)-containing liposomes that were stable in carp bile induced significant antibody responses against bsa in serum as well as in intestinal mucus and bile. by contrast, no serum antibody responses were observed when fish were oral ... | 2003 | 12631523 |
| cholera in the mediterranean: outbreak in albania. | in the 1990s, an epidemic of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae 01 el tor has spread from northern pakistan to the mediterranean. in 1993 sporadic cases of cholera, and epidemic foci, were recorded in many countries of the southern part of eastern europe. | 1995 | 12631749 |
| vibrio cholerae 01 strain resistant to vibriostatic compound 0/129 isolated from cholera cases in kilifi, kenya. | | 2002 | 12635766 |
| lack of polymorphism in a vibrio cholerae o139-specific dna region encoding the somatic antigen in strains isolated during 1993-1998. | vibrio cholerae o139 bengal emerged as a second aetiologic agent of cholera in south asia in late 1992. this new serogroup arose from a vibrio cholerae o1 strain by deletion of the chromosomal region encoding o1 specificity and acquisition of a novel 35-kb region encoding the o139 specificity. previous studies indicated significant phenotypic and genotypic changes in o139 isolates over the years since its first appearance. this prompted us to study possible polymorphism in the 35-kb novel region ... | 2003 | 12635933 |
| scope of potential bacterial agents of diarrhoea and microbial assessment of quality of river water sources in rural venda communities in south africa. | the microbial quality of several, usually untreated, surface domestic water sources, used by rural communities in the venda region of south africa, was assessed to gauge their fitness for human consumption and to highlight the possible impact of waterborne diseases. the water sources studied were six points on the levubu river and the rivers mutale, ngwedi, tshinane, makonde, mutshindudi and mudaswali. total and faecal coliform, heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and coliphage counts were used ... | 2003 | 12639006 |
| recombinant vibrio cholerae ghosts as a delivery vehicle for vaccinating against chlamydia trachomatis. | an efficacious vaccine is needed to control the morbidity and burden of rising healthcare costs associated with genital chlamydia trachomatis infection. despite considerable efforts, the development of reliable chlamydial vaccines using conventional strategies has proven to be elusive. the 40kda major outer membrane protein (momp) of c. trachomatis is so far the most promising candidate for a subunit vaccine. the lack of satisfactory protective immunity with momp-based vaccine regimens to date w ... | 2003 | 12639492 |
| [cloning, expression and identification of escherichia coli ltb gene and vibrio cholerae ctb gene]. | to clone the ltb gene of e.coli and the ctb gene of v.cholerae, and to construct expression vectors of these genes. | 2003 | 12640703 |
| detection of pathogenic bacteria in shellfish using multiplex pcr followed by covalink nh microwell plate sandwich hybridization. | outbreak of diseases associated with consumption of raw shellfish especially oysters is a major concern to the seafood industry and public health agencies. a multiplex pcr amplification of targeted gene segments followed by dna-dna sandwich hybridization was optimized to detect the etiologic agents. first, a multiplex pcr amplification of hns, spvb, vvh, ctx and tl was developed enabling simultaneous detection of total salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, vibrio vulnificus, vibrio cholerae ... | 2003 | 12654491 |
| can etest be used to determine vibrio cholerae susceptibility to erythromycin? | | 2003 | 12654699 |