| does infection with specific clostridium difficile strains or clades influence clinical outcome? | | 2013 | 23463642 |
| relationship between bacterial strain type, host biomarkers, and mortality in clostridium difficile infection. | despite substantial interest in biomarkers, their impact on clinical outcomes and variation with bacterial strain has rarely been explored using integrated databases. | 2013 | 23463640 |
| successful use of fidaxomicin in recurrent clostridium difficile infection in a child. | | 2013 | 23463209 |
| clostridium difficile infection in children. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of health care-associated diarrhea among adults in the united states and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. during the past decade, the epidemiology of c difficile infection (cdi) has changed, including a rise in the rate and severity of infection related to the emergence of a hypervirulent strain as well as an increase in disease among outpatients in community settings. although less is known about cdi among pediatric patients, ... | 2013 | 23460123 |
| in vitro activity of cadazolid against clostridium difficile strains isolated from primary and recurrent infections in stockholm, sweden. | one hundred thirty-three clostridium difficile strains were collected from 71 patients and analyzed for the presence of c. difficile toxin b by the cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay, genes for toxin a, toxin b, binary toxin and tcdc deletion by pcr. all strains were also pcr-ribotyped and analyzed for sporulation frequency. the mics of the isolates were determined against cadazolid and seven other antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. all isolates were positive for toxin b by th ... | 2013 | 23454525 |
| statewide costs of health care-associated infections: estimates for acute care hospitals in north carolina. | state-specific, health care-associated infection (hai) cost estimates have not been calculated to guide department of public health efforts and investments. | 2013 | 23453162 |
| detection of a/b toxin and isolation of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from foals. | toxin detection and screening could contribute to knowledge of the transmission patterns, risk factors and epidemiology of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens. | 2013 | 23452044 |
| clostridium difficile infection of a prosthetic knee joint requiring amputation. | | 2013 | 23451730 |
| [clostridium difficile infection as interdisciplinary challenge. current discussions in respect to epidemiology, diagnostic methods, risk classification as well as treatment options]. | within the last decade, the incidence ofclostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased in many regions all over the world including the highly virulent b1/nap1/027 strain. meanwhile, the value of predisposing risk factors and diagnostic measures as well as the spectrum of therapeutic options has been elucidated in more detail. most commonly applied antiinfective agents include metronidazole, vancomycin and fidaxomicin, however, several questions remain unanswered in respect to their optimiz ... | 2013 | 23451705 |
| contamination of ready-to-eat raw vegetables with clostridium difficile in france. | the presence of clostridium difficile in food like shellfish, vegetables and meat has been reported in several publications during the past few years. the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of ready-to-eat raw vegetables contaminated with c. difficile in france. one hundred and four ready-to-eat salads and vegetables were studied. toxigenic c. difficile strains were isolated in three samples (2.9 %): two ready-to-eat salads (one heart of lettuce and one lamb's lettuce salad) an ... | 2013 | 23449876 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection and risk factors for unfavorable clinical outcomes: results of a hospital-based study in barcelona, spain. | prospective hospital-based surveillance for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) was conducted in barcelona (spain) to describe the epidemiology of this condition and investigate the risk factors for an unfavorable outcome. all patients diagnosed with cdad during 2009 were included. using logistic regression modeling, we analyzed the potential risk factors associated with recurrent and complicated cdad, defined as a need for colectomy or death within 30 days. there were 365 episodes o ... | 2013 | 23447638 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in dialysis patients. | dialysis patients have impaired host defense mechanisms and frequently require antibiotics for various infective complications. in this study, we investigated whether dialysis patients have greater risk for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2013 | 26889434 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infections have increased over the past few decades. new challenges have developed in the treatment and prevention of both hospital- and community-acquired disease. as mentioned by tamma and sandora [ 1] in their recent review, many questions about c difficile management in children remain unanswered, forcing pediatricians to rely on adult studies for guidance. the following is a brief synopsis of a few recent publications that focused on c dif ... | 2013 | 26619449 |
| emergence of clostridium difficile infection in tuberculosis patients due to a highly rifampicin-resistant pcr ribotype 046 clone in poland. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a major cause of nosocomial diarrhea. cdi is known to develop after antibiotic administration, but anti-tuberculosis agents have rarely been implicated. we documented an outbreak caused by a highly rifampicin-resistant c. difficile strain of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotype 046 in patients with active tuberculosis. | 2013 | 23443474 |
| diverticular disease of the colon does not increase risk of repeat c. difficile infection. | studies have suggested that colonic diverticulosis might increase the likelihood of repeat clostridium difficile infection (cdi). our study was designed to compare rates of repeat infection in patients with and without colon diverticula. | 2016 | 23442832 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile acquisition in infants: importance of study design. | | 2013 | 23442761 |
| mortality in clostridium difficile infection: a prospective analysis of risk predictors. | to date, the vast majority of studies investigating risk factors for mortality in clostridium difficile infection (cdi) have been based on retrospective, routinely collected data, and have not specifically tested the capacity of risk factors to predict outcome. we aimed to prospectively evaluate predictors of mortality in patients with cdi, utilizing established metrics of risk prediction to assess their ability to prognosticate. | 2013 | 23442414 |
| guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a leading cause of hospital-associated gastrointestinal illness and places a high burden on our health-care system. patients with cdi typically have extended lengths-of-stay in hospitals, and cdi is a frequent cause of large hospital outbreaks of disease. this guideline provides recommendations for the diagnosis and management of patients with cdi as well as for the prevention and control of outbreaks while supplementing previously published guidelines. n ... | 2013 | 23439232 |
| using phenotype microarrays to determine culture conditions that induce or repress toxin production by clostridium difficile and other microorganisms. | toxin production is a central issue in the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile and many other pathogenic microorganisms. toxin synthesis is influenced by a variety of known and unknown factors of genetics, physiology, and environment. to facilitate the study of toxin production by c. difficile, we have developed a new, reliable, quantitative, and robust cell-based cytotoxicity assay. then we combined this new assay with phenotype microarrays (pm) technology which provides high throughput testi ... | 2013 | 23437164 |
| comparative analysis of different methods to detect clostridium difficile infection. | the increased incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection, particularly in north america and europe, have brought renewed focus on the most appropriate method to detect c. difficile and/or its toxins in stools. this prospective study evaluated the usefulness of the illumigene tm c. difficile assay in diagnostic practice for the detection of toxigenic c. difficile dna in clinical samples. a total of 88 out of 306 stool samples analysed were positive both by illumigene and the combin ... | 2013 | 23435816 |
| hyperimmune bovine colostrum for treatment of gi infections: a review and update on clostridium difficile. | hyperimmune bovine colostrum (hbc), produced by vaccination of a cow during gestation, is rich in targeted immunoglobulins, and can be used to treat a variety of diseases. the published history of hbc use for treating gastrointestinal infections in humans has developed over the past several decades and demonstrates the promise of this type of therapeutic for gi infectious disease. hbc, or purified derivative products, have been used successfully for treatment or prevention of cryptosporidiosis, ... | 2013 | 23435084 |
| probiotics in clostridium difficile infection: reviewing the need for a multistrain probiotic. | in the past two years an enormous amount of molecular, genetic, metabolomic and mechanistic data on the host-bacterium interaction, a healthy gut microbiota and a possible role for probiotics in clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been accumulated. also, new hypervirulent strains of c. difficile have emerged. yet, clinical trials in cdi have been less promising than in antibiotic associated diarrhoea in general, with more meta-analysis than primary papers on cdi-clinical-trials. the fact t ... | 2013 | 23434948 |
| defining acute renal dysfunction as a criterion for the severity of clostridium difficile infection in patients with community-onset vs hospital-onset infection. | acute renal dysfunction can be used to define severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi). the society for healthcare epidemiology of america (shea) and infectious disease society of america (idsa) guidelines define acute renal dysfunction as serum creatinine (srcr) ≥1.5 times the premorbid level. | 2013 | 23433867 |
| isolation of a toxigenic and clinical genotype of clostridium difficile in retail meats in costa rica. | we isolated a regional toxigenic genotype of clostridium difficile, previously found in human infection in 4 of 200 (2%) samples of retail meats for human consumption: 1 of 67 samples of beef, 2 of 66 of pork, and 1 of 67 of poultry meat. these four isolates were positive for the tcda and tcdb genes but negative for deletion of the tcdc and cdtb genes. all strains induced cytopathic effects in hela cells. however, they were susceptible to some antibiotics to which clinical isolates are often res ... | 2013 | 23433387 |
| isolation and characterization of clostridium difficile associated with beef cattle and commercially produced ground beef. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection has recently increased in north american and european countries. this pathogen has been isolated from retail pork, turkey, and beef products and reported associated with human illness. this increase in infections has been attributed to the emergence of a toxigenic strain designated north america pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 (nap1). the nap1 strain has been isolated from calves as well as ground meat products, leading to speculation of i ... | 2013 | 23433373 |
| concurrent outbreaks with co-infection of norovirus and clostridium difficile in a long-term-care facility. | we describe an outbreak of simultaneous clostridium difficile and norovirus infections in a long-term-care facility. thirty patients experienced acute gastroenteritis, and four had co-infection with identical c. difficile 027 and genotype ii.4 new orleans norovirus strains. co-occurring infection requires improved understanding of risk factors, clinical impact, and testing strategies. | 2013 | 23433360 |
| clostridium difficile outcomes difficult to generalize. | | 2013 | 23433315 |
| effects of ciprofloxacin on the expression and production of exotoxins by clostridium difficile. | hypervirulent bi/nap1/027 strains of clostridium difficile have been associated with increased mortality of c. difficile infection (cdi). the emergence of highly fluoroquinolone (flq)-resistant bi/nap1/027 strains suggests that flq exposure may be a risk factor for cdi development. however, the mechanism for this is not clear. we compared the effects of subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin on toxin a and b gene expression and protein production in recent (strain 039) and historical (str ... | 2013 | 23429695 |
| [risk factors for relapsing and severe colitis caused by clostridium difficile infection]. | describe risk factors for relapsing and severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in a set of patients hospitalized at the clinic of infectious diseases the university hospital brno. | 2013 | 23427999 |
| novel avenues for clostridium difficile infection drug discovery. | clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of nosocomial and community-acquired diarrhea associated with exposure to antibiotics that disrupt the normal colonic flora. as antibacterials currently used for primary c. difficile infections favor recurrences, new agents able to neutralize the bacterium without affecting the gut microbiota are badly needed. | 2013 | 23427910 |
| a new strategy for the prevention of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the infective form of c. difficile is the spore, but the vegetative bacterium causes the disease. because c. difficile spore germination is required for symptomatic infection, antigermination approaches could lead to the prevention of cdi. we recently reported that camsa, a bile salt analog, inhibits c. difficile spore germination in vitro. | 2013 | 23420906 |
| a potential new tool for managing clostridium difficile infection. | | 2013 | 23420904 |
| antimicrobial activity of lff571 and three treatment agents against clostridium difficile isolates collected for a pan-european survey in 2008: clinical and therapeutic implications. | in november 2008, a study was performed with support from the european centre for disease prevention and control (ecdc) to obtain an overview of clostridium difficile infections (cdis) in european hospitals. a collection of 398 c. difficile isolates obtained from this hospital-based survey was utilized to identify antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of common c. difficile pcr ribotypes across europe. | 2013 | 23420839 |
| regarding "clostridium difficile ribotype does not predict severe infection". | | 2013 | 23420817 |
| secular trends in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi): relationship with alcohol gel and antimicrobial usage in a hospital. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has shown increasing incidence, morbidity, and mortality in recent years. we assessed the number of cdad tests requested, cdad positivity rates, the use of alcohol-based hand rubs, and antimicrobial utilization. | 2013 | 23419978 |
| improved detection of clostridium difficile in animals by using enrichment culture followed by lightcycler real-time pcr. | the performance of our previously published taqman real-time pcr (tmrtpcr) for the detection of clostridium difficile directly from animal faeces was found to be inadequate due to tmrtpcr false negative results. therefore, we developed a new internally controlled lightcycler real-time pcr (lc rtpcr) capable of detecting variant strains in diarrhoeic and subclinical animals by using two hybridisation probes instead of one hydrolysis probe used in tmrtpcr. while lc rtpcr did not provide better res ... | 2013 | 23419821 |
| [probiotics in gastroenterology -- from a different angle]. | after a short overview of the history of probiotics, the author presents the development of human intestinal microflora based on the newest genetic data and the microbiological features of main probiotics. the indications of probiotic administration have been defined and extended in recent years. the author reviews significant results of probiotic treatment in some gastrointestinal diseases based on meta-analytical data. probiotics are useful in preventing and treating diarrhoea caused by antibi ... | 2013 | 23419530 |
| clostridium-dt(db): a comprehensive database for potential drug targets of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is considered to be one of the most important causes of health care-associated infections currently. the prevalence and severity of c. difficile infection have increased significantly worldwide in the past decade which has led to the increased research interest. here, using comparative genomics strategy coupled with bioinformatics tools we have identified potential drug targets in c. difficile and determined their three-dimensional structures in order to develop a database, ... | 2013 | 23415847 |
| prospective comparison of a commercial multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction and an enzyme immunoassay with toxigenic culture in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated infections. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) is a leading cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. the changes in the epidemiology of cdi during the past years, including the appearance of new epidemic strains of c. difficile that cause cdi episodes with increased severity, have led to the development of molecular methods with improved sensitivity and specificity. this study was designed to compare the performances of one antigen assay (vidas, biomérieux) and one molecular assay (genexpert, cepheid). ... | 2013 | 23415540 |
| [infections caused by clostridium difficile]. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infections (cdis) has dramatically changed over the last decade in both north america and europe, and it has become more frequent, more severe, more refractory to standard therapy, and more likely to relapse. these changes have been associated with the emergence of a "hypervirulent" strain known as bi/nap1/027 which has become endemic in some areas, although, other hypervirulent genotypes (e.g. pcr ribotype 078) have also been described. to reduce the in ... | 2013 | 23411363 |
| structural and functional analysis of the cspb protease required for clostridium spore germination. | spores are the major transmissive form of the nosocomial pathogen clostridium difficile, a leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea worldwide. successful transmission of c. difficile requires that its hardy, resistant spores germinate into vegetative cells in the gastrointestinal tract. a critical step during this process is the degradation of the spore cortex, a thick layer of peptidoglycan surrounding the spore core. in clostridium sp., cortex degradation depends on the proteolytic acti ... | 2013 | 23408892 |
| the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in children: a population-based study. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasing, even in populations previously thought to be at low risk, including children. most incidence studies have included only hospitalized patients and are thus potentially influenced by referral or hospitalization biases. | 2013 | 23408679 |
| correlation between coinfection with parasites, cytomegalovirus, and clostridium difficile and disease severity in patients with ulcerative colitis. | a cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine whether there was any association between intestinal infection (with parasites, cytomegalovirus, or clostridium difficile) and clinical disease severity in patients with ulcerative colitis (uc). consecutive cases of uc were enrolled after history and clinical examination, evaluated for presence of stool parasites (routine/special stains) and c. difficile toxins a and b (cdt) in stools. segmental biopsies at colonoscopy were assessed for cytopat ... | 2013 | 23408260 |
| expanding the repertoire of gene tools for precise manipulation of the clostridium difficile genome: allelic exchange using pyre alleles. | sophisticated genetic tools to modify essential biological processes at the molecular level are pivotal in elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of clostridium difficile, a major cause of healthcare associated disease. here we have developed an efficient procedure for making precise alterations to the c. difficile genome by pyre-based allelic exchange. the robustness and reliability of the method was demonstrated through the creation of in-frame deletions in three genes (spo0a, cwp84, and mtld) ... | 2013 | 23405251 |
| [long-term use of proton pump inhibitors: who needs prophylaxis?]. | proton pump inhibitors (ppi) are among the most frequently prescribed drugs worldwide. recently, several side effects of chronic ppi therapy have been identified. reduced intestinal absorption of vitamin b12 or calcium, an increased rate of bone fractures, an interference with the metabolism of other drugs (e.g., clopidogrel), and an increased incidence of clostridium difficile-associated colitis are discussed. so far, data on such side effects of ppi are mainly supported by retrospective and/or ... | 2013 | 23404267 |
| community-associated clostridium difficile infection: how real is it? | community-associated clostridium difficile infection (ca-cdi) represents 32% of all cdi cases based on u.s. population-based data. the current epidemic strain, nap1, is the most prevalent strain causing these infections. although complications, recurrence and death are uncommon, one-fourth of the ca-cdi patients are hospitalized within 7 days after the diagnosis. | 2013 | 23403280 |
| s-adenosyl-l-methionine protects the probiotic yeast, saccharomyces boulardii, from acid-induced cell death. | saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic yeast routinely used to prevent and to treat gastrointestinal disorders, including the antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile infections. however, only 1-3% of the yeast administered orally is recovered alive in the feces suggesting that this yeast is unable to survive the acidic environment of the gastrointestinal tract. | 2013 | 23402325 |
| gut microbiota of healthy canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months. | the gut microbiota is essential to human health throughout life, yet the acquisition and development of this microbial community during infancy remains poorly understood. meanwhile, there is increasing concern over rising rates of cesarean delivery and insufficient exclusive breastfeeding of infants in developed countries. in this article, we characterize the gut microbiota of healthy canadian infants and describe the influence of cesarean delivery and formula feeding. | 2013 | 23401405 |
| two-stage algorithm for clostridium difficile: glutamate-dehydrogenase-positive toxin-negative enzyme immunoassay results may require further testing. | this study investigated 102 episodes in which a glutamate dehydrogenase-positive enzyme immunoassay (eia)-toxin-negative result was obtained with a c. difficile testing protocol. of these 102 stool samples, 46% were culture positive with a toxigenic strain and nine were followed by an eia-toxin-positive result within 2-32 days. the data accord with our policy of keeping these patients in side-rooms until asymptomatic and of encouraging treatment of those with otherwise unexplained persistent dia ... | 2013 | 23399483 |
| an improved qpcr protocol for rapid detection and quantification of clostridium difficile in cattle feces. | clostridium difficile (cd) can cause a significant and transmissible disease in animals and humans, with poorly understood epidemiology. animals have been suggested as a possible source of infection and environment contamination. it is necessary that a precise and rapid diagnostic tool is available for the detection of cd from clinical and/or environmental samples. a quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) protocol for cd detection defined by penders et al. (fems microbiol lett, 243, 2005, 141-147) wa ... | 2013 | 23397963 |
| cross-sectional study reveals high prevalence of clostridium difficile non-pcr ribotype 078 strains in australian veal calves at slaughter. | recent reports in north america and europe of clostridium difficile being isolated from livestock and retail meats of bovine origin have raised concerns about the risk to public health. to assess the situation in australia, we investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of c. difficile in adult cattle and calves at slaughter. carcass washings, gastrointestinal contents, and feces were collected from abattoirs across five australian states. selective culture, toxin profiling, and pcr riboty ... | 2013 | 23396338 |
| significance of proton pump inhibitor types for clostridium difficile infection. | | 2013 | 23391870 |
| development and optimization of a novel assay to measure neutralizing antibodies against clostridium difficile toxins. | clostridium difficile produces two major virulence toxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). antitoxin antibodies, especially neutralizing antibodies, have been shown to be associated with a lower incidence of c. difficile infection (cdi) recurrence, and antibody levels are predictive of asymptomatic colonization. the development of an assay to detect the presence of neutralizing antibodies in animal and human sera for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy is highly desired. we have developed such ... | 2013 | 23389929 |
| potential for transmission of spores by patients awaiting laboratory testing to confirm suspected clostridium difficile infection. | in a prospective study of inpatients tested for clostridium difficile infection (cdi), skin and environmental contamination were common at the time of the order for cdi testing, and there were often delays in completion of testing. preemptive isolation of patients with suspected cdi may reduce the risk of transmission. | 2013 | 23388367 |
| effectiveness of hand hygiene for removal of clostridium difficile spores from hands. | this study determined whether surrogate organisms can predict activity against clostridium difficile spores and compared the efficacy of hand hygiene preparations against c. difficile. our data suggest that surrogate organisms were not predictive of c. difficile spore removal. four preparations were significantly more effective than tap water at removing c. difficile. | 2013 | 23388366 |
| comparison of 2 clostridium difficile surveillance methods: national healthcare safety network's laboratory-identified event reporting module versus clinical infection surveillance. | to determine whether the centers for disease control and prevention's national healthcare safety network (nhsn) laboratory-identified (labid) event reporting module for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an adequate proxy measure of clinical cdi for public reporting purposes by comparing the 2 surveillance methods. | 2013 | 23388363 |
| substrate specificity of clostridial glucosylating toxins and their function on colonocytes analyzed by proteomics techniques. | clostridium difficile is the major cause of intestinal infections in hospitals. the major virulence factors are toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb), which belong to the group of clostridial glucosylating toxins (cgt) that inactivate small gtpases. after a 24 h incubation period with tcda or a glucosyltransferase-deficient mutant tcda (gdtcda), quantitative changes in the proteome of colonic cells (caco-2) were analyzed using high-resolution lc-ms/ms and the silac technique. the changes in abundanc ... | 2013 | 23387933 |
| fidaxomicin in the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | | 2013 | 23386229 |
| phylogenetic analysis of dysbiosis in ulcerative colitis during remission. | presence of intestinal microbes is a prerequisite for the development of ulcerative colitis (uc), although deviation of the normal intestinal microbiota composition, dysbiosis, is presumably implicated in the etiology of uc. | 2013 | 23385241 |
| proteases and sonication specifically remove the exosporium layer of spores of clostridium difficile strain 630. | clostridium difficile spores are the means through which this anaerobic pathogen may persist in hospital surfaces and in the host. there is a lack of knowledge in the proteins that localize to the surface of c. difficile spores primarily due to the lack of established methods to efficiently separate the outermost layer, the exosporium. in this work, we propose methods to remove the exosporium layer of c. difficile spores through either protease digestion or sonication treatment leaving the spore ... | 2013 | 23384826 |
| does confounding explain the association between ppis and clostridium difficile-related diarrhea? | | 2013 | 23381076 |
| risk of clostridium difficile infection with acid-suppressive therapy; pitfalls in accurate estimation. | | 2013 | 23381074 |
| bacterial infections of the small intestine. | the purpose of this study is to summarize the recent developments in small intestinal bacterial infections. | 2013 | 23380575 |
| effect of age on treatment outcomes in clostridium difficile infection. | to determine the effect of advancing age on the clinical outcomes of clostridium difficile (cdi) treatment. | 2013 | 23379974 |
| [dificid: fewer recurrences of clostridium difficile]. | | 2015 | 23379054 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent c difficile infection: ready for prime time? | recurrent clostridium difficile infection has been a major challenge for patients and clinicians. recurrence of infection after treatment with standard antibiotics is becoming more common with the emergence of more-resistant strains of c difficile. fecal microbiota transplantation is an alternative treatment for recurrent c difficile infection, but it is not yet widely used. | 2013 | 23376915 |
| preoperative risk factors for postoperative clostridium difficile infection in colectomy patients. | wide variation among hospitals in the rate of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) after surgery was hypothesized to be related to different prophylactic antibiotic practices. | 2013 | 23375705 |
| surgical treatment of clostridium colitides. | infection with clostridium difficile (cdi) is the most frequent cause of nosocomial diarrhoeas. most cases are successfully treated by antibiotic therapy, but nearly 10% may progress to the fulminative form of this condition. the objective of the work is retrospective evaluation of the results of surgical treatment in patients with the fulminative form of clostridium colitis with revealing of risk factors leading to serious post-operative morbidity and mortality. | 2012 | 23373360 |
| coinfection in acute gastroenteritis predicts a more severe clinical course in children. | the objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of enteric pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis (age) among hospitalized children in a large italian hospital, to measure the incidence of coinfections, and to compare the clinical characteristics of those infected with one versus multiple agents. a prospective study was conducted from march 2010 to april 2011 at the bambino gesù pediatric hospital in rome, italy. all patients between 1 month and 16 years of age admitted to the pedi ... | 2013 | 23370970 |
| clostridium difficile outbreak in costa rica: control actions and associated factors. | to describe interventions implemented during a nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile in a general hospital in costa rica from december 2009 to april 2010 in order to achieve outbreak control and the factors determined to be associated with c. difficile infection. | 2012 | 23370184 |
| current application and future perspectives of molecular typing methods to study clostridium difficile infections. | molecular typing is an essential tool to monitor clostridium difficile infections and outbreaks within healthcare facilities. molecular typing also plays a key role in defining the regional and global changes in circulating c. difficile types. the patterns of c. difficile types circulating within europe (and globally) remain poorly understood, although international efforts are under way to understand the spatial and temporal patterns of c. difficile types. a complete picture is essential to pro ... | 2013 | 23369393 |
| clostridium difficile infection and fecal bacteriotherapy. | clostridium difficile, also called "c. diff," is a gram-positive bacillus associated with nosocomial infections involving diarrhea, most often seen in developing countries. the severity of c. diff-associated diarrhea varies tremendously from mild and self-limiting to fulminant and life-threatening. c. diff has become an extremely important pathogen in community health but can be minimized with attention to proper hygiene. this article presents a case study regarding the treatment and management ... | 2013 | 23364365 |
| evaluation of an algorithmic approach in comparison with the illumigene assay for laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | the following three diagnostic algorithms were evaluated in comparison with the illumigene assay as a stand-alone test for clostridium difficile detection: glutamate dehydrogenase antigen screen (gdh) followed by toxin a/b antigen testing (tox a/b) with the cell cytotoxicity assay for discordant specimens (algorithm 1), gdh followed by the illumigene (algorithm 2), and gdh followed by tox a/b with the illumigene for discordant specimens (algorithm 3). a total of 428 stool specimens submitted to ... | 2013 | 23363829 |
| the host immune response to clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common infectious cause of healthcare-acquired diarrhoea. outcomes of c. difficile colonization are varied, from asymptomatic carriage to fulminant colitis and death, due in part to the interplay between the pathogenic virulence factors of the bacterium and the counteractive immune responses of the host. secreted toxins a and b are the major virulence factors of c. difficile and induce a profound inflammatory response by intoxicating intestinal e ... | 2013 | 25165542 |
| probiotics for the prevention of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | antibiotic treatment may disturb the resistance of gastrointestinal flora to colonization. this may result in complications, the most serious of which is clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2012 | 23362517 |
| pseudomembranous colitis within radiotherapy field following concurrent chemoradiation therapy: a case report. | development of nonantibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis has been reported in patients receiving chemotherapy. herein, we report a case of a 70-year-old man with diabetes mellitus and hypertension who received concurrent chemoradiation therapy after surgery for stage iii pt3n1m0 rectal cancer. after completion of the therapy, the patient presented with a 2-week history of intermittent watery diarrhea (seven to nine times per day). however, the patient was afebrile and laboratory examinat ... | 2013 | 23359785 |
| intestinal epithelial restitution after tcdb challenge and recovery from clostridium difficile infection in mice with alanyl-glutamine treatment. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic bacterium that causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea. it produces toxin a and toxin b (tcdb), which cause injury to the gut epithelium. glutamine is a fundamental fuel for enterocytes, maintaining intestinal mucosal health. alanyl-glutamine (aq) is a highly soluble dipeptide derivative of glutamine. we studied whether administration of aq ameliorates the effects of tcdb in the intestinal cells and improves the outcome of c. difficile infection in mice. | 2013 | 23359592 |
| clostridium difficile infection: real or fake--faecal matter does the trick for recurrent cdi. | | 2013 | 23358398 |
| length of stay and hospital costs among high-risk patients with hospital-origin clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | hospital-onset clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (ho-cdad) has been associated with longer length of stay (los) and higher hospital costs among patients in general. the burden of ho-cdad is unknown among patients who may be at particular risk of poor outcomes: older patients, those with complex or chronic conditions (renal disease, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease [ibd]), and those with concomitant antibiotic (cabx) use during treatment for cdad. | 2013 | 23356421 |
| mixed infection by clostridium difficile in an in vitro model of the human gut. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is still a major clinical challenge. previous studies have demonstrated multiple distinct c. difficile strains in the faeces of patients with cdi; yet whether true mixed cdi occurs in vivo is unclear. in this study we evaluated whether two distinct c. difficile strains could co-germinate and co-proliferate in an in vitro human gut model. | 2013 | 23354280 |
| is colectomy for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis life saving? a systematic review. | it is unclear whether colectomy for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis (fcdc) leads to a improvement in survival compared with continued medical therapy for this moribund population. | 2013 | 23350898 |
| activate to eradicate: inhibition of clostridium difficile spore outgrowth by the synergistic effects of osmotic activation and nisin. | germination is the irreversible loss of spore-specific properties prior to outgrowth. because germinating spores become more susceptible to killing by stressors, induction of germination has been proposed as a spore control strategy. however, this strategy is limited by superdormant spores that remain unaffected by germinants. harsh chemicals and heat activation are effective for stimulating germination of superdormant spores but are impractical for use in a hospital setting, where clostridium d ... | 2013 | 23349961 |
| characterization of a stable, metronidazole-resistant clostridium difficile clinical isolate. | clostridium difficile are gram-positive, spore forming anaerobic bacteria that are the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea, usually associated with antibiotic usage. metronidazole is currently the first-line treatment for mild to moderate c. difficile diarrhea however recurrence occurs at rates of 15-35%. there are few reports of c. difficile metronidazole resistance in the literature, and when observed, the phenotype has been transient and lost after storage or exposure of the bacte ... | 2013 | 23349739 |
| atypical presentation of pseudomembranous colitis localized in adenomatous polyps. | the most frequent cause of pseudomembranous colitis is clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection. this type of colitis is characterized by an endoscopic pattern of numerous small, yellowish or whitish plaques diffusely distributed, which typically compromises the rectum extending to proximal colon. occasionally, the pseudomembranes compromise only the transverse or right colon, but their exclusive localization over polyps has not been reported. in this case report we have described a patien ... | 2013 | 23345958 |
| pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile as a cause of perineal necrotising fasciitis. | although rare, pseudomembranous colitis may be a cause of perineal necrotising fasciitis in a context of immunosuppression, as in the case we report. this origin must be quickly identified because the therapeutic management, especially surgery, is unlikely to be the same as usual. similarly, antibiotic treatment is also a matter of discussion due to the potential deleterious role of antibiotics in pseudomembranous colitis. | 2013 | 23345501 |
| an unexpected ct finding in a patient with abdominal pain. | a fit and well 16-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with signs and symptoms suggestive of appendicitis. a transabdominal ultrasound scan revealed a normal appendix but there was significant free fluid in the pelvis. consequently, a ct scan of her abdomen was performed which showed mucosal oedema and inflammation involving virtually the entire length of her large bowel (the 'accordion sign'). clostridium difficile colitis was thus suspected; however, the toxin was not detected i ... | 2013 | 23345475 |
| difference in f-actin depolymerization induced by toxin b from the clostridium difficile strain vpi 10463 and toxin b from the variant clostridium difficile serotype f strain 1470. | clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) are the causative agent of the c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and its severe form, the pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). tcdb from the c. difficile strain vpi10463 mono-glucosylates (thereby inactivates) the small gtpases rho, rac, and cdc42, while toxin b from the variant c. difficile strain serotype f 1470 (tcdbf) specifically mono-glucosylates rac but not rho(a/b/c). tcdbf is related to lethal toxin from c. sordellii (tcsl) that g ... | 2013 | 23344455 |
| donor faeces for recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhoea? | | 2013 | 23344312 |
| inpatient diarrhoea and clostridium difficile infection. | | 2012 | 23342416 |
| multiple pulmonary nodules: a complex case of wegener's granulomatosis. | wegener's granulomatosis is a granulomatous vasculitis that can present with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. this disease entity predominantly affects the respiratory tract and the kidneys. two forms of wegener's granulomatosis have been recognized: systemic and limited. it has not been established if the two forms represent separate disease entities or different stages of the same condition. in the limited form of wegener's granulomatosis there is no immediate threat to the function ... | 2013 | 24765494 |
| rifaximin in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: is there a high risk for development of antimicrobial resistance? | irritable bowel syndrome (ibs), a chronic, nonfatal illness is commonly encountered in clinical practice; however, treatment options are limited and often ineffectual. despite this, there is increasing evidence that bacterial overgrowth in the bowel (dysbiosis) may be an etiological factor in ibs. this has lead to studies in which the antibiotic agent rifaximin has been used to reduce the microbial burden in the bowel, to some extent alleviating the symptoms of ibs. rifaximin is a member of the ... | 2013 | 23340064 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities of clostridium difficile isolated in japan. | clostridium difficile is a common causative organism of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea and is often responsible for nosocomial infection. c. difficile infection has traditionally been treated with metronidazole (mnz) or vancomycin (vcm); however, mnz-resistant strains have reported in some countries. in this study the broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of 15 drugs against 157 clinical isolates of c. difficile in japan. all c. difficil ... | 2013 | 23338015 |
| length of stay and mortality due to clostridium difficile infection acquired in the intensive care unit. | the purpose of this study was to determine the attributable intensive care unit (icu) and hospital length of stay and mortality of icu-acquired clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2013 | 23337482 |
| impact of clostridium difficile colitis following closure of a diverting loop ileostomy: results of a matched cohort study. | previous reports describing clostridium difficile colitis (cdc) developing after the closure of a loop ileostomy suggest it is severe. in this study the incidence of cdc following ileostomy closure and its effect on the postoperative outcome have been studied. | 2013 | 23336347 |
| functional characterization of clostridium difficile spore coat proteins. | spores of clostridium difficile play a key role in the dissemination of this important human pathogen, and until recently little has been known of their functional characteristics. genes encoding six spore coat proteins (cota, cotb, cotcb, cotd, cote, and soda) were disrupted by clostron insertional mutagenesis. mutation of one gene, cota, presented a major structural defect in spore assembly, with a clear misassembly of the outermost layers of the spore coat. the cota protein is most probably s ... | 2013 | 23335421 |
| high-throughput dna sequence analysis reveals stable engraftment of gut microbiota following transplantation of previously frozen fecal bacteria. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is becoming a more widely used technology for treatment of recurrent clostridum difficile infection (cdi). while previous treatments used fresh fecal slurries as a source of microbiota for fmt, we recently reported the successful use of standardized, partially purified and frozen fecal microbiota to treat cdi. here we report that high-throughput 16s rrna gene sequencing showed stable engraftment of gut microbiota following fmt using frozen fecal bacteria fr ... | 2016 | 23333862 |
| ecological impact of doxycycline at low dose on normal oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora. | this study included 34 healthy volunteers (16 male and 18 female) aged 19-37 years, of whom 17 received doxycycline 40 mg capsules orally once daily (o.d.) and 17 received placebo 40 mg capsules orally o.d. for 16 weeks. plasma, saliva and faecal samples were collected before drug administration and at 4, 8, 16 and 20 weeks. plasma samples were assayed for doxycycline concentrations, and saliva and faecal samples were investigated for doxycycline concentrations and microbiological analyses. plas ... | 2013 | 23332619 |
| [the effect of clostridium difficile infection on length of hospital stay. a cohort study]. | clostridium difficile is responsible for a spectrum of diseases known as "clostridium difficile infection" (cdi). it is currently the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in developed countries. this infection has been associated with both increased hospital stay and mortality, and to a greater likelihood of readmission. in our country these undesirable effects have not yet been characterized. our objective was to quantify the increase in hospital stay attributable to infection by c.difficile. | 2013 | 23332449 |
| risk factors and outcome of pcr-detected clostridium difficile infection in ileal pouch patients. | the clinical implication of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (ipaa) for underlying inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) has not been well studied. this study was designed to investigate the cumulative incidence, risk factors, and outcome of cdi in patients with ileal pouches. | 2013 | 23328770 |
| postoperative antibacterial prophylaxis for the prevention of infectious complications associated with tube thoracostomy in patients undergoing elective general thoracic surgery: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. | to determine whether extended postoperative antibacterial prophylaxis for patients undergoing elective thoracic surgery with tube thoracostomy reduces the risk of infectious complications compared with preoperative prophylaxis only. | 2013 | 23325435 |