| comparison of mucosal and systemic humoral immune responses after transcutaneous and oral immunization strategies. | in order to compare the ability of transcutaneous and oral immunization strategies to induce mucosal and systemic immune responses, we inoculated mice transcutaneously with cholera toxin (ct) or the non-toxic b subunit of cholera toxin (ctxb), or orally with peru2(petr1), an attenuated vaccine strain of vibrio cholerae expressing ctxb. in addition, we also evaluated dual immunization regimens (oral inoculation with transcutaneous boosting, and transcutaneous immunization with oral boosting) in a ... | 2002 | 12034098 |
| examination for intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria in the wastewater and treated wastewater from the city of chiang mai, thailand. | an attempt to use treated wastewater for agriculture in the chiang mai area was made, but the re-use process had to be performed under a condition that limited the risks liable to leave pathogens present in the water. the objective of our study was to examine the intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria in the wastewater and treated wastewater from the chiang mai university campus as well as the treated wastewater from the chiang mai municipality. the raw wastewater (rw), primary treatment effl ... | 2001 | 12041597 |
| parasitic and bacterial contamination in collards using effluent from treated domestic wastewater in chiang mai, thailand. | thailand often has inadequate water supply for agriculture during the dry season. the reuse of treated wastewater treatment plants could solve this problem. treatment of domestic wastewater of chiang mai municipality by the aerated lagoon system (al) releases more than 25,000 m3 of treated water everyday. the reuse of wastewater in agriculture is an efficient use of water, especially in tropical countries or in drought zones. the objective of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of using ... | 2001 | 12041598 |
| bacterial adhesion to mucosal surfaces. | bacteria utilize one or more of several mechanisms to adhere to mucosal surfaces. members of the enterobacteriaceae and related bacteria typically elaborate adhesive filamentous appendages from their surfaces termed fimbriae (or pili). vibrio cholerae expresses at least three types of these structures that are likely involved in various stages of colonizing the intestine. so far one of these, termed tcp for toxin coregulated pilus, has been shown to be essential for colonization and virulence in ... | 1991 | 12041763 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of a unique beta-glucosidase from vibrio cholerae. | we have recently reported the molecular cloning of a gene, gspk, in vibrio cholerae that encodes a specific glucosamine kinase. we describe here the identification of bgla, a gene contiguous to gspk in a presumptive large chitin catabolic operon. bgla was molecularly cloned into escherichia coli, and the protein bgla was overexpressed and purified to apparent homogeneity. bgla is 65 kda (574 amino acids) with an n-terminal amino acid sequence predicted by the gene sequence, suggesting that the e ... | 2002 | 12042307 |
| [aspects of vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide]. | in this review information on the chemical structure, biosynthesis, antigenic and biological properties of v. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (lps) is presented. the specific structural feature of this lps is a small size of the polysaccharide chain of o-antigen. in vibrios of serogroup o 139 it is oligosaccharide. the modification of the o-chain (methylation of individual sugars, shortened chain, etc.) plays an essential role in the antigenic specificity of v. cholerae lps. all these factors affect ... | 2002 | 12043141 |
| [vibrio cholerae 01, variant eltor, in the environment]. | the possibilities of the autochthonous existence of v. cholerae in open water reservoirs, depending on the combined effect of different biotic and abiotic factors are considered. the role of adaptive variability of v. cholerae o1, biovar eltor for its preservation in the environment is emphasized. the data on the duration of the v. cholerae o1 isolation from different environmental objects in some regions of ukraine are presented. | 2002 | 12043145 |
| [cholera in kazan. organization and implementation of cholera control interventions]. | data on emergent epidemiological analysis of the cholera outbreak in kazan are presented. a version of the cholera focus emergence was confirmed, namely water route of transmission as a result of bathing in a water reservoir where sewage waters had penetrated. the outbreak had local and acute character. the complex of cholera control interventions aimed at localization and liquidation of the focus proved to be effective. | 2002 | 12043146 |
| [characterization of vibrio cholerae eltor in the city of kazan in 2001]. | information on v. cholerae eltor isolated in the focus of cholera in kazan in 2001 at different periods of the outbreak is presented. the identity of strains isolated from patients, vibriocarriers and environmental objects, including their antibioticograms (sensitivity to cyprofloxacin and resistance to trimethoprim--sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, furazolidone and nalidixic acid, which may be regarded as markers), is shown. variable tandem repetitions in the dna of 30 isolates strains of differ ... | 2002 | 12043149 |
| [cholera toxin as vibrio cholera superantigen]. | experimental data confirming our earlier suggestion, that cholerae toxin (ct) possesses superantigen (sa) properties are presented. when used in very small doses, ct has been found to induce polyclonal activation of t lymphocytes, essentially exceeding that observed in classical t mitogens characteristic of sa. ct, in contrast to mitogens and similarly to other sa, is shown to display this activity only in the presence of antigen-presenting cells. experiments with the use of monoclonal antibodie ... | 2002 | 12043153 |
| the contribution of accessory toxins of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor to the proinflammatory response in a murine pulmonary cholera model. | the contribution of accessory toxins to the acute inflammatory response to vibrio cholerae was assessed in a murine pulmonary model. intranasal administration of an el tor o1 v. cholerae strain deleted of cholera toxin genes (ctxab) caused diffuse pneumonia characterized by infiltration of pmns, tissue damage, and hemorrhage. by contrast, the ctxab mutant with an additional deletion in the actin-cross-linking repeats-in-toxin (rtx) toxin gene (rtxa) caused a less severe pathology and decreased s ... | 2002 | 12045243 |
| host-induced epidemic spread of the cholera bacterium. | the factors that enhance the transmission of pathogens during epidemic spread are ill defined. water-borne spread of the diarrhoeal disease cholera occurs rapidly in nature, whereas infection of human volunteers with bacteria grown in vitro is difficult in the absence of stomach acid buffering. it is unclear, however, whether stomach acidity is a principal factor contributing to epidemic spread. here we report that characterization of vibrio cholerae from human stools supports a model whereby hu ... | 2002 | 12050664 |
| filamentous phage integration requires the host recombinases xerc and xerd. | many bacteriophages and animal viruses integrate their genomes into the chromosomal dna of their hosts as a method of promoting vertical transmission. phages that integrate in a site-specific fashion encode an integrase enzyme that catalyses recombination between the phage and host genomes. ctx phi is a filamentous bacteriophage that contains the genes encoding cholera toxin, the principal virulence factor of the diarrhoea-causing gram-negative bacterium vibrio cholerae. ctx phi integrates into ... | 2002 | 12050668 |
| infectious disease. cholera strengthened by trip through gut. | | 2002 | 12052928 |
| evolutionary and functional analyses of variants of the toxin-coregulated pilus protein tcpa from toxigenic vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 serogroup isolates. | the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) is a critical determinant of the pathogenicity of vibrio cholerae. this bundle-forming pilus is an essential intestinal colonization factor and also serves as a receptor for ctxphi, the filamentous phage that encodes cholera toxin (ct). tcp is a polymer of repeating subunits of the major pilin protein tcpa and tcpa is found within the vibrio pathogenicity island (vpi). in this study genetic variation at the tcpa locus in toxigenic isolates of v. cholerae was inv ... | 2002 | 12055286 |
| role of the legionella pneumophila rtxa gene in amoebae. | legionella pneumophila infects humans, causing legionnaires' disease, from aerosols generated by domestic and environmental water sources. in aquatic environments l. pneumophila is thought to replicate primarily in protozoa. a 'repeats in structural toxin' (rtx) gene, rtxa, from l. pneumophila was identified recently that plays a role in entry and replication in human macrophages and also has the ability to infect mice. however, the role of this gene in the interaction of l. pneumophila with env ... | 2002 | 12055287 |
| the structure of vibh represents nonribosomal peptide synthetase condensation, cyclization and epimerization domains. | nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss) are large, multidomain enzymes that biosynthesize medically important natural products. we report the crystal structure of the free-standing nrps condensation (c) domain vibh, which catalyzes amide bond formation in the synthesis of vibriobactin, a vibrio cholerae siderophore. despite low sequence identity, nrps condensation enzymes are structurally related to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) and dihydrolipoamide acyltransferases. however, although ... | 2002 | 12055621 |
| toxic waste disposal in escherichia coli. | about 10% of the nalidixic acid-resistant (nal(r)) mutants in a transposition-induced library exhibited a growth factor requirement as the result of cysh, icda, mete, or purb mutation. resistance in all of these mutants required a functional acrab-tolc efflux pump, but the emrab-tolc pump played no obvious role. transcription of acrab was increased in each type of nal(r) mutant. in the icda and purb mutants, each of the known signaling pathways appeared to be used in activating the acrab-tolc pu ... | 2002 | 12057966 |
| inhibition by apple polyphenols of adp-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and toxin-induced fluid accumulation in mice. | the effects of crude polyphenol extracted from immature apples on the enzymatic and biological activities of a cholera toxin (ct) were investigated. when the apple polyphenol extract (ape) was examined for properties to inhibit ct-catalyzed adp-ribosylation of agmatine, it was found that ape inhibited it in a dose-dependent manner. the concentration of ape to inhibit 50% of the enzymatic activity of ct (15 microg/ml) was approximately 8.7 microg/ml. the ape also diminished ct-induced fluid accum ... | 2002 | 12061627 |
| rotavirus and enteric pathogens in infantile diarrhoea in manipal, south india. | the etiology of rotavirus in acute diarrhoeal illness in children 0-5 years of age, admitted to the pediatric wards of kasturba medical college hospital, manipal was studied over a period of 5 years. rotavirus in the faeces detected by latex agglutination test accounted for 19.56% of the diarrhoea with maximum incidence (65%) in the 7-12 months of age group. bacterial aetiological agents continued to play a significant role (69.6%) in diarrhoeal diseases. enteroaggregative e. coli was common in ... | 2002 | 12061671 |
| identification of the vibrio cholerae enterobactin receptors vcta and irga: irga is not required for virulence. | the gram-negative enteric pathogen vibrio cholerae requires iron for growth. v. cholerae has multiple iron acquisition systems, including utilization of heme and hemoglobin, synthesis and transport of the catechol siderophore vibriobactin, and transport of several siderophores that it does not itself make. one siderophore that v. cholerae transports, but does not make, is enterobactin. enterobactin transport requires tonb and is independent of the vibriobactin receptor viua. in this study, two c ... | 2002 | 12065481 |
| experimental effects of saccharomyces boulardii on diarrheal pathogens. | saccharomyces boulardii is a selected strain of yeast that may have applications in the prevention and treatment of intestinal infections. the animal models and in vitro studies developed to elucidate the mechanisms of this protection are reviewed and discussed. | 2002 | 12067833 |
| vibrio cholerae and cholera: out of the water and into the host. | the facultative human pathogen vibrio cholerae can be isolated from estuarine and aquatic environments. v. cholerae is well recognized and extensively studied as the causative agent of the human intestinal disease cholera. in former centuries cholera was a permanent threat even to the highly developed populations of europe, north america, and the northern part of asia. today, cholera still remains a burden mainly for underdeveloped countries, which cannot afford to establish or to maintain neces ... | 2002 | 12069878 |
| new carbenicillin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase (carb-7) from vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 strains encoded by the vcr region of the v. cholerae genome. | in a previous study, an analysis of 77 ampicillin-nonsusceptible (resistant plus intermediate categories) strains of vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139, isolated from aquatic environment and diarrheal stool, showed that all of them produced a beta-lactamase with a pi of 5.4. hybridization or amplification by pcr with a probe for bla(tem) or primers for bla(carb) gene families was negative. in this work, an environmental ampicillin-resistant strain from this sample, me11762, isolated from a waterwa ... | 2002 | 12069969 |
| the family of toxin-related ecto-adp-ribosyltransferases in humans and the mouse. | adp-ribosyltransferases including toxins secreted by vibrio cholera, pseudomonas aerurginosa, and other pathogenic bacteria inactivate the function of human target proteins by attaching adp-ribose onto a critical amino acid residue. cross-species polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and database mining identified the orthologs of these adp-ribosylating toxins in humans and the mouse. the human genome contains four functional toxin-related adp-ribosyltransferase genes (arts) and two related intron-con ... | 2002 | 12070318 |
| expression and purification of aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase from infectious microorganisms. | l-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asa dh) lies at the first branch point in the aspartate metabolic pathway that leads to the formation of the amino acids lysine, isoleucine, methionine, and threonine in most plants, bacteria, and fungi. since the aspartate pathway is not found in humans, but is necessary for bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, the enzymes in this pathway are potential targets for the development of new antibiotics. the asd gene that encodes for asa dh has been obtained ... | 2002 | 12071715 |
| [the current status of infectious enteritis in japan--reports of the "research group for infectious enteric diseases, japan" in the last 5 years (1996-2000)]. | the patients or carriers with infectious enteritis admitted to the hospitals for infectious diseases in the last 5 years (1996-2000) were studied. the total number of cases admitted in each year were 969, 1,113, 981, 637 and 573 respectively. a total of 1,527 shigella spp. strains including 1,078 strains from overseas travelers' cases were isolated. the isolates of salmonella spp. excluding s. typhi and s. paratyphi a were 562 in number. a total of 61 vibrio cholerae o1 strains including 44 stra ... | 2002 | 12073571 |
| [development of vaccine for enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli infection]. | efforts on the development of vaccines against enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) infection has been described in this review. two kinds of vaccines were developed and these have been targeted for in humans and cattle. one vaccine candidate is toxoid, which uses an inactive form of shiga toxin(stx). a part of b subunit, each b or a subunit or one or two amino acid mutated holotoxin were developed as a toxoid vaccine candidate. the other candidate was bacterial surface antigen such as a li ... | 2002 | 12078077 |
| cloning, expression and characterization of the cho cell elongating factor (cef) from vibrio cholerae o1. | cho cell-elongating factor (cef) is a recently identified putative virulence factor of vibrio cholerae. our previous studies show that this 85 kda protein elongates cho cells, causes fluid accumulation in suckling mice and has esterase activity. in this study, the cef gene was cloned in escherichia coli using a yeast vector and subsequently expressed in the yeast pichia pastoris. the cef genes from v. cholerae candidate vaccine strains jbk 70 and cvd 103-hgr were sequenced and found to be nearly ... | 2002 | 12079406 |
| silkworm larvae as an animal model of bacterial infection pathogenic to humans. | silkworm larvae, bombyx mori, were examined as an animal model of human infection with pathogenic bacteria. when 3 x 10(7) cells of staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus), pseudomonas aeruginosa, or vibrio cholerae were injected into the blood of fifth instar silkworm larvae, over 90% of the larvae died within 2 days, whereas over 90% survived for 5 days after injection of the same amount of escherichia coli. growth of s. aureus was observed in larvae blood and tissues. immunostaining analysis reveal ... | 2002 | 12079408 |
| spectrum of vibrio species associated with acute diarrhea in north jakarta, indonesia. | vibrio spp was isolated from 1024 (21.2%) of 4820 diarrhea patients admitted to a community hospital in north jakarta from 1996 through 1998. vibrio cholerae o1 (49.5%) and v. parahaemolyticus (30.1%) comprised the major species isolated, followed by v. cholerae non-o1 (16.9%), and v. fluvialis (9.4%). in 938 (19.4%) patients, vibrio was found as single isolate. multiple infections were detected in 86 (1.8%) patients. a small number of v. furnisii, v. metschnikovii, v. mimicus and v. hollisae we ... | 2002 | 12088614 |
| molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 outbreak strains in miri, sarawak (malaysia). | bacterial resistance to various antimicrobial agents is common in area with high usage of antibiotics. in this study, the data on antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of vibrio cholerae o1 from patients during an outbreak period was found to be high but variable rates of multidrug resistance. thirty-two of 33 v. cholerae isolates harboured the tcp, ctx, zot and ace genes, suggesting their possible roles in the outbreak cases. we analyzed the molecular diversity of a total of 33 strains of v. ch ... | 2002 | 12088858 |
| detoxification of cholera toxin without removal of its immunoadjuvanticity by the addition of (sta-related) peptides to the catalytic subunit. a potential new strategy to generate immunostimulants for vaccination. | peptides related to the heat-stable enterotoxin sta were fused to the n terminus of the a-subunit of cholera toxin (cta) to explore whether peptide additions could help generate detoxified cholera toxin (ct) derivatives. proteins carrying aprpgp (6-cta), asrcaelccnpacpap (16-cta), or anssnyccelccnpactgcypgp (23-cta) were genetically constructed. using a two-plasmid system these derivatives were co-expressed in vibrio cholerae with cholera toxin b-subunit (ctb) to allow formation and secretion of ... | 2002 | 12089141 |
| escalating association of vibrio cholerae o139 with cholera outbreaks in india. | between december 1999 and december 2000, teams from the national institute of cholera and enteric diseases, calcutta, india, examined eight outbreaks of cholera, which occurred in different parts of the country distant from each other. in two of these outbreaks each, only v. cholerae o1 biotype eltor or v. cholerae o139 could be isolated, while in the remaining four outbreaks, both o1 and o139 were isolated. the interesting feature is the escalating association of v. cholerae o139 with outbreaks ... | 2002 | 12089294 |
| interferon-gamma increases the expression of glycosylated cd95 in b-leukemic cells: an inducible model to study the role of glycosylation in cd95-signalling and trafficking. | b-lineage acute leukaemia cells are generally resistant to cd95-mediated apoptosis. in this report, the cd95-resistant b-leukaemia lines sem, rs4;11, and reh were used to investigate the mechanisms of resistance to cd95-signalling. we found that interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) treatment increased the presence of high molecular weight forms of cd95 in these cells as judged by western analysis, and treatment of protein extracts with peptide: n -glycosidase f indicated that the majority of high molecu ... | 2002 | 12096925 |
| cloning of the ctxb gene of vibrio cholerae and its expression in e.coli. | the ctxb gene encoding cholerae toxin subunit b was amplified from vibrio cholerae genomic dna by pcr. the result of sequencing indicated that ctxb gene encodes 124 amino acid residues. the sequence of ctxb gene was almost the same as that of reported except for the codon of thr 62. the expression plasmid pgex-ctxb was constructed by inserting ctxb gene into plasmid pgex-4t-2, containing gst gene, immediately downstream of the t7 promoter. the expressed plasmid was introduced into e.coli bl21(de ... | 2000 | 12098792 |
| litr, a new transcriptional activator in vibrio fischeri, regulates luminescence and symbiotic light organ colonization. | vibrio fischeri is the bacterial symbiont within the light-emitting organ of the sepiolid squid euprymna scolopes. upon colonizing juvenile squids, bacterial symbionts grow on host-supplied nutrients, while providing a bioluminescence that the host uses during its nocturnal activities. mutant bacterial strains that are unable to emit light have been shown to be defective in normal colonization. a 606 bp open reading frame was cloned from v. fischeri that encoded a protein, which we named litr, t ... | 2002 | 12100554 |
| asp(344) and thr(345) are critical for cation exchange mediated by nhad, na(+)/h(+) antiporter of vibrio cholerae. | the vc-nhad is an na(+)/h(+) antiporter from vibrio cholerae belonging to a new family of bacterial na(+)/h(+) antiporters, the nhad family. in the present work we mutagenized five conserved asp and glu residues and one conserved thr residue to ala in order to identify amino acids that are critical for the antiport activity. all mutations fall into two distinct groups: (i) four variants, glu(100)ala, glu(251)ala, glu(342)ala, and asp(393)ala, did not abolish antiport activity but shifted the ph ... | 2002 | 12101001 |
| cloning and characterization of a novel haemolysin in vibrio cholerae o1 that does not directly contribute to the virulence of the organism. | a previously undescribed haemolysin, distinct from the major vibrio cholerae o1 el tor haemolysin, hlya, was cloned from the o1 classical biotype strain z17561. this novel haemolysin showed 71.5% overall similarity to the delta-thermostable direct haemolysin of vibrio parahaemolyticus, and so it has been termed v. cholerae delta-thermostable haemolysin (vc-deltath, encoded by the dth gene). an orf found immediately downstream, which appears to be transcriptionally and translationally linked to d ... | 2002 | 12101305 |
| the vibrio cholerae haemolysin anion channel is required for cell vacuolation and death. | several strains of vibrio cholerae secrete a haemolytic toxin of 63 kda, termed v. cholerae cytolysin (vcc). this toxin causes extensive vacuolation and death of cells in culture and forms an anion-selective channel in planar lipid bilayers and in cells. here, we identify inhibitors of the vcc anion channel and show that the formation of the anion channel is necessary for the development of the vacuoles and for the cell death induced by this toxin. using markers of cell organelles, we show that ... | 2002 | 12102686 |
| the vibrio cholerae viesab locus encodes a pathway contributing to cholera toxin production. | the genes encoding cholera toxin (ct), ctxab, are coregulated with those for other vibrio cholerae virulence factors by a cascade of transcriptional activators, including toxr, tcpp, and toxt. additional regulators that modulate expression of ctxab during infection were recently identified in a genetic selection. a transposon insertion in vies, the sensor kinase of the viesab three-component signal transduction system, resulted in failure to induce expression of a ctxa-recombinase fusion during ... | 2002 | 12107127 |
| genomic and functional analyses of sxt, an integrating antibiotic resistance gene transfer element derived from vibrio cholerae. | sxt is representative of a family of conjugative-transposon-like mobile genetic elements that encode multiple antibiotic resistance genes. in recent years, sxt-related conjugative, self-transmissible integrating elements have become widespread in asian vibrio cholerae. we have determined the 100-kb dna sequence of sxt. this element appears to be a chimera composed of transposon-associated antibiotic resistance genes linked to a variety of plasmid- and phage-related genes, as well as to many gene ... | 2002 | 12107144 |
| vibrio pathogenicity island and cholera toxin genetic element-associated virulence genes and their expression in non-o1 non-o139 strains of vibrio cholerae. | a non-o1 non-o139 vibrio cholerae strain, 10259, belonging to the serogroup o53 was shown to harbor genes related to the vibrio pathogenicity island (vpi) and a cholera toxin (ct) genetic element called ctx. while the nucleotide sequence of the strain 10259 tcpa gene differed significantly (26 and 28%) from those of o1 classical and el tor biotype strains, respectively, partial sequence analysis data of certain other vpi-associated genes (alda, taga, tcpp/h, toxt, acfb/c, and int) and intergenic ... | 2002 | 12117994 |
| the zymovars of vibrio cholerae: multilocus enzyme electrophoresis of vibrio cholerae. | zymovars analysis also known as multilocus enzyme electrophoresis is applied here to investigate the genetic variation of vibrio cholerae strains and characterise strains or group of strains of medical and epidemiological interest. fourteen loci were analyzed in 171 strains of non-o1 non-o139, 32 classical and 61 el tor from america, africa, europe and asia. the mean genetic diversity was 0.339. it is shown that the same o antigen (both o1 and non-o1) may be present in several genetically divers ... | 2002 | 12118282 |
| chemiosmotic mechanism of antimicrobial activity of ag(+) in vibrio cholerae. | although the antimicrobial effects of silver salts were noticed long ago, the molecular mechanism of the bactericidal action of ag(+) in low concentrations has not been elucidated. here, we show that low concentrations of ag(+) induce a massive proton leakage through the vibrio cholerae membrane, which results in complete deenergization and, with a high degree of probability, cell death. | 2002 | 12121953 |
| role of active efflux in association with target gene mutations in fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of vibrio cholerae. | quinolones are among the drugs of choice in the management of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae. in this study, we demonstrate that, in addition to mutations detected in the target genes gyra and parc, proton motive force-dependent efflux is involved in quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of v. cholerae. | 2002 | 12121955 |
| riboflavin is a component of the na+-pumping nadh-quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae. | flavins are cofactors in many electron-transfer enzymes. typically, two types of flavins perform this role: 5'-phosphoriboflavin (fmn) and flavin-adenine dinucleotide (fad). both of these are riboflavin derivatives, but riboflavin itself has never been reported to be an enzyme-bound component. we now report that tightly bound riboflavin is a component of the nadh-driven sodium pump from vibrio cholerae. | 2002 | 12122213 |
| vibrio cholerae cytr is a repressor of biofilm development. | vibrio cholerae is both a human pathogen and a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments. in the aquatic environment, microorganisms are found attached to surfaces in structures known as biofilms. we have identified a transcriptional repressor in v. cholerae that inhibits exopolysaccharide synthesis and biofilm development. our studies show that this repressor is the v. cholerae homologue of escherichia coli cytr, a protein that represses nucleoside uptake and catabolism when nucleosides are sc ... | 2002 | 12123457 |
| involvement of in vivo induced icmf gene of vibrio cholerae in motility, adherence to epithelial cells, and conjugation frequency. | previously, using global transcription profile approach icmf gene of vibrio cholerae was identified as an in vivo induced gene. in the present study, the icmf gene of v. cholerae o395 was cloned, sequenced, and used to construct an icmf insertion mutant. this icmf is homologous to legionella pneumophila icmf, belonging to the icm cassette responsible for macrophage killing and intracellular survival of the organism. the icmf insertion mutant exhibited reduced motility and increased adherence to ... | 2002 | 12127983 |
| the inherent characteristics and dna polymorphism of vibrio cholerae and other vibrios. | to investigate the inherent characteristics of vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) and other vibrios and their relationship. | 2002 | 12133305 |
| epidemic and endemic cholera trends over a 33-year period in bangladesh. | despite nearly 200 years of study, the mechanisms contributing to the maintenance of endemic cholera and the causes of periodic epidemics remain poorly understood. to investigate these patterns, cholera data collected over 33 years (1966-1998) in matlab, bangladesh, were analyzed. time-lagged autocorrelations were stratified by vibrio cholerae serogroup, serotype, and biotype. both classical and el tor biotypes alternated and persisted between 1966 and 1988; the classical biotype disappeared by ... | 2002 | 12134262 |
| [invasive properties of toxigenic and nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae of different serogroups]. | experimental data on the comparative study of the invasive properties of vct+ hly- and vct- hly+ v. cholerae of serogroups 01 and 0139 are presented. both vct- hly+ and vct+ hly- v. cholerae of serogroups 01 and 0139 have been shown to be capable of dissemination into internal organs. no differences in the dissemination of v. cholerae of different serogroups in both immunologically immature and mature experimental animals have been detected. | 2002 | 12141041 |
| comparison of genome structures of vibrios, bacteria possessing two chromosomes. | vibrios are gram-negative gamma-proteobacteria which are ubiquitous in marine and estuarine environments. recently, we demonstrated that some, if not all, vibrio species have two circular chromosomes. the whole genome sequence of vibrio cholerae n16961 has been reported. in this study, we constructed a physical and genetic map of the genome of kanagawa phenomenon-positive vibrio parahaemolyticus strain kx-v237 and compared it with those of v. parahaemolyticus aq4673 and v. cholerae n16961. the g ... | 2002 | 12142404 |
| the npta gene of vibrio cholerae encodes a functional sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter homologous to the type ii cotransporters of eukaryotes. | the npta gene of vibrio cholerae has significant protein sequence homology with type ii sodium-dependent phosphate (p(i)) cotransporters found in animals but not previously identified in prokaryotes. the phylogeny of known type ii cotransporter sequences indicates that npta may be either an ancestral gene or a gene acquired from a higher eukaryotic source. the gene was cloned into an expression vector under the control of an inducible promoter and expressed in escherichia coli. the results demon ... | 2002 | 12142417 |
| rapid detection of six types of bacterial pathogens in marine waters by multiplex pcr. | a rapid multiplex pcr (m-pcr) method that allows the simultaneous detection, in a single tube, of six commonly encountered waterborne pathogens is developed. the target genes used were: the aerolysin (aero) gene of aeromonas hydrophila, the invasion plasmid antigen h (ipah) gene of shigella flexneri, the attachment invasion locus (ail) gene of yersinia enterocolitca, the invasion plasmid antigen b (ipab) gene of salmonella typhimurium, the enterotoxin extracellular secretion protein (epsm) gene ... | 2002 | 12146868 |
| splenic abscess with vibrio cholerae masking pancreatic cancer. | a 77-year-old man presented to our hospital with a clinical scenario suspicious for endocarditis with septic emboli to the lungs and splenic abscess. vibrio cholerae was isolated from purulent material aspirated from the abscess. medical therapy and percutaneous drainage of the abscess were unsuccessful. the patient underwent splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy revealing a pancreatic tail carcinoma involving the spleen and colon. the patient later expired secondary to metastatic disease. this ... | 2002 | 12151192 |
| preparation of a subcellular conjugate with the lipopolysaccharide from vibrio cholerae 01 using beta-d-glucan as matrix. | a conjugate consisting of detoxified lipopolysaccharide of vibrio cholerae, a carrier polysaccharide matrix and an immunogenic protein has been synthesised and the reaction conditions have been optimised for obtaining a high degree of conjugation. the obtained construct showed reactivity with the antibodies against v. cholerae and can serve as a prospective candidate for preparation of subcellular anti-cholera vaccine. | 2002 | 12161065 |
| persistent diarrhoea: associated infection and response to a low lactose diet. | children aged 4-23 months with persistent diarrhoea received a low lactose diet, multivitamins, minerals and antibiotics for infection. sixty-one (57 per cent) children improved with low lactose diet while 46 (43 per cent) failed. children who failed were younger (8.9 +/- 3.5 vs. 11.3 +/- 4.4 months), had higher initial purging rate (146 +/- 102 vs. 109 +/- 102 g/kg/day) and consumed more ors (138 +/- 77 vs. 95 +/- 79 g/kg/day). a higher proportion of children in the failure group needed unsched ... | 2002 | 12164597 |
| a satellite phage-encoded antirepressor induces repressor aggregation and cholera toxin gene transfer. | ctxphi is a filamentous bacteriophage whose genome encodes cholera toxin, the principal virulence factor of vibrio cholerae. we have found that the ctxphi-related element rs1 is a satellite phage whose transmission depends upon proteins produced from a ctx prophage (its helper phage). however, unlike other satellite phages and satellite animal viruses, rs1 can aid the ctx prophage as well as exploit it, due to the rs1-encoded protein rstc. rstc, whose function previously was unknown, is an antir ... | 2002 | 12169626 |
| single-tube, nested pcr for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in kuwait. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) offers a sensitive and specific way of detecting microbial dna in clinical samples. the aims of the present study were to develop an assay, based on a single-tube, nested pcr, for identifying brucella in samples of human blood and then to explore the use of this test in diagnosis. the primers chosen were derived from is711, the insertion sequence gene found in all species of brucella. the assay amplified a 52-bp final product which was detected colorimetricall ... | 2002 | 12171621 |
| oral immunogenicity of the inactivated vibrio cholerae whole-cell vaccine encapsulated in biodegradable microparticles. | vibrio cholerae (vc)-loaded microparticles as an oral vaccine delivery system were prepared with 6% w/v poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide)(plg) in the oil phase as well as 10% w/v pvp and 5% w/v nacl in the aqueous phase, by an water-in-oil-in-water emulsion/solvent extraction technique. vc was successfully entrapped in the microparticles with trapping efficiencies up to 97.8% and a loading level of 55.4+/-6.9 microg/mg. the microparticle delivery system with a particle size of 3.8 microm had differe ... | 2002 | 12175740 |
| parallel quorum sensing systems converge to regulate virulence in vibrio cholerae. | the marine bacterium vibrio harveyi possesses two quorum sensing systems (system 1 and system 2) that regulate bioluminescence. although the vibrio cholerae genome sequence reveals that a v. harveyi-like system 2 exists, it does not predict the existence of a v. harveyi-like system 1 or any obvious quorum sensing-controlled target genes. in this report we identify and characterize the genes encoding an additional v. cholerae autoinducer synthase and its cognate sensor. analysis of double mutants ... | 2002 | 12176318 |
| [alteration of cholera toxin biosynthesis in vibrio cholerae 01 as a result of temperate phage 139 integration into bacterial chromosome]. | infection of v. cholerae 01 (classical and eltor biovars) cells with the temperate cholera phage 139 derived from v. cholerae serogroup 0139 followed by integration of the phage genome into the bacterial chromosome significantly increased the production of cholera toxin, the main virulence factor. the level of toxin biosynthesis in the lysogenic v. cholerae classical strain increased 3-fold and that in v. eltor thirty times in comparison with the parental strains. increased production of cholera ... | 2002 | 12180025 |
| synthesis of cholera toxin b subunit gene: cloning and expression of a functional 6xhis-tagged protein in escherichia coli. | cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) has been extensively studied as immunogen, adjuvant, and oral tolerance inductor depending on the antigen conjugated or coadministered. it has been already expressed in several bacterial and yeast systems. in this study, we synthesized a versatile gene coding a 6xhis-tagged ctb (359bp). the sequence was designed according to codon usage of escherichia coli, lactobacillus casei, and salmonella typhimurium. the gene assembly was based on a polymerase chain reaction, i ... | 2002 | 12182829 |
| occurrence of antibiotic resistance gene cassettes aac(6')-ib, dfra5, dfra12, and erea2 in class i integrons in non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae strains in india. | molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance in vibrio cholerae belonging to non-o1, non-o139 serogroups isolated during 1997 to 1998 in calcutta, india, were investigated. out of the 94 strains examined, 22 strains were found to have class i integrons. the gene cassettes identified were dfra1, dfra15, dfra5, and dfra12 for trimethoprim; aac(6')-ib for amikacin and tobramycin; aada1 and aada2 for streptomycin and spectinomycin; and erea2 for erythromycin resistance. to our knowledge, this is the ... | 2002 | 12183252 |
| r391: a conjugative integrating mosaic comprised of phage, plasmid, and transposon elements. | the conjugative, chromosomally integrating element r391 is the archetype of the incj class of mobile genetic elements. originally found in a south african providencia rettgeri strain, r391 carries antibiotic and mercury resistance traits, as well as genes involved in mutagenic dna repair. while initially described as a plasmid, r391 has subsequently been shown to be integrated into the bacterial chromosome, employing a phage-like integration mechanism closely related to that of the sxt element f ... | 2002 | 12193633 |
| vibrio cholerae hemolysin. implication of amphiphilicity and lipid-induced conformational change for its pore-forming activity. | vibrio cholerae hemolysin (hlya), a water-soluble protein with a native monomeric relative molecular mass of 65 000, forms transmembrane pentameric channels in target biomembranes. the hlya binds to lipid vesicles nonspecifically and without saturation; however, self-assembly is triggered specifically by cholesterol. here we show that the hlya partitioned quantitatively to amphiphilic media irrespective of their compositions, indicating that the toxin had an amphiphilic surface. asialofetuin, a ... | 2002 | 12199714 |
| new variants of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor with attributes of the classical biotype from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in bangladesh. | the sixth pandemic of cholera and, presumably, the earlier pandemics were caused by the classical biotype of vibrio cholerae o1, which was progressively replaced by the el tor biotype representing the seventh cholera pandemic. although the classical biotype of v. cholerae o1 is extinct, even in southern bangladesh, the last of the niches where this biotype prevailed, we have identified new varieties of v. cholerae o1, of the el tor biotype with attributes of the classical biotype, from hospitali ... | 2002 | 12202569 |
| genomic profiles of clinical and environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 in cholera-endemic areas of bangladesh. | diversity, relatedness, and ecological interactions of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 populations in two distinctive habitats, the human intestine and the aquatic environment, were analyzed. twenty environmental isolates and 42 clinical isolates were selected for study by matching serotype, geographic location of isolation in bangladesh, and season of isolation. genetic profiling was done by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-pcr, optimized for profiling by using the fully se ... | 2002 | 12205294 |
| [purification and identification of pili of vibrio cholera o139]. | to provide the base of manufacturing v. cholera o139 subunit vaccine, purification and identification methods of v. cholera o139 toxin-coregulated pili (tcp) were studied. the results showed the optimal expressing condition of tcp was in aki or cfa medium, at 30 c for 24-36 h with stationary cultivation. the molecular weight of the tcp subunit protein measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis was about 20.5 kd. by using mouse anti-tcp monoclone antibody and sheep ant ... | 1999 | 12205915 |
| [preparation of oral microspheres carrying v. cholera vaccine and its target's distribution]. | to prepare oral biodegradable microspheres carrying v. cholera vaccine, the major outer membrane protein (omp, mw = 41 kd) as a common antigen of cholera vibriae was obtained from the classical strain inaba 569 b, and the omp was encapsulated in the biodegradable delivery system comprising poly (dl-lactide)-co-poly(ethylene glycol)microspheres. the average size of the microspheres was less than 5 microns, the amount of omp encapsulated in microspheres was 15.3%. it was found that microspheres we ... | 1999 | 12205916 |
| the spatial epidemiology of cholera in an endemic area of bangladesh. | this paper defines high-risk areas of cholera based on environmental risk factors of the disease in an endemic area of bangladesh. the risk factors include proximity to surface water, high population density, and low educational status, which were identified in an earlier study by the authors. cholera data were analyzed by spatially referenced extended household units for two time periods, 1983-1987 and 1992-1996. these periods were chosen because they had different dominant cholera agents. from ... | 2002 | 12220086 |
| survival and growth of shigella flexneri, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, and vibrio cholerae o1 in reconstituted infant formula. | formula feeding is an alternative method to prevent mother-to-child infection with human immunodeficiency virus through breast-feeding in developing countries. growth of bacterial pathogens in reconstituted infant formula has become a health hazard when contaminated water is used for rehydration. this study was conducted to assess bacterial safety risk of using contaminated water to reconstitute infant formula. survival and growth characteristics were determined for three bacterial pathogens, vi ... | 2002 | 12224592 |
| the alternative sigma factor sigma(e) plays an important role in intestinal survival and virulence in vibrio cholerae. | the alternative sigma factor sigma(e) (rpoe) is involved in the response to extracytoplasmic stress and plays a role in the virulence of a variety of different bacteria. to assess the role of sigma(e) in vibrio cholerae pathogenesis, a deltarpoe mutant was constructed and analyzed using the infant mouse model. the results here show that sigma(e) contributes significantly to the virulence of v. cholerae. the deltarpoe mutant was highly attenuated with a 50% lethal dose more than 3 logs higher tha ... | 2002 | 12228259 |
| infectious diseases in mexico. a survey from 1995-2000. | data obtained at a central laboratory for emerging, re-emerging, and other infectious diseases in mexico from 1995-2000 are presented. an outstanding increase of den-3 circulation was identified. aedes aegypti, the dengue vector, is widely distributed. leptospirosis has become the most important differential diagnosis for dengue. identification of rabies virus variants allowed cataloging of new transmitters of rabies. rotavirus showed a clear seasonal distribution, while different proportions of ... | 2002 | 12234523 |
| a localised outbreak of vibrio cholerae o139 in kolkata, west bengal. | an explosive outbreak of diarrhoeal disease which occurred in the baishnabghata, patuli area of kolkata municipal corporation during september 28 to october 12, 2000, was investigated by a team from the national institute of cholera and enteric diseases, kolkata, to identify the causative agent and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. | 2002 | 12239837 |
| [cholera pathogens from the new serogroup o139: molecular-genetic features and origin]. | the analysis of modern data concerning new genes of vibrio cholerae of o139 serogroup and genetic control of their biosynthesis is represented. the special attention is paid to description of molecular genetic events induced the derivation the cholera causative agent of new serogroup. the structure of the moderate phages of v. cholerae o139 and their role in virulence of the cholera causative agent of the new serogroup and variability of its genome are discussed. | 2002 | 12243062 |
| [viability of vibrio cholerae o1 in different types of water under experimental conditions]. | the endemic and seasonal nature of cholera depends upon the survival of vibrio cholerae o1 in a viable but not necessarily culturable state in ecological niches in aquatic environments during inter-epidemic periods, and investigation on the survival of this microorganism in such sites is therefore of the utmost importance. weekly water aliquots were thus taken from 2 ponds and 2 rivers in the state of rio de janeiro. the samples were divided into two identical portions, one of which was autoclav ... | 2002 | 12244367 |
| [microbial warfare and bioterrorism]. | infectious diseases have been used as warfares since ancient times. since the 1920s military organizations have studied bacteria of anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulism, brucelloses, glander, q-fever, and smallpox virus, filo-, arena-, bunyaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever or alphaviruses eliciting encephalitis. these can be dispersed by aerosol. salmonellae, shigellae, vibrio cholerae, distinguished escherichia coli strains are suitable to contaminate food, water, pharmaceutical products. fana ... | 2002 | 12244657 |
| mechanism of toxt-dependent transcriptional activation at the vibrio cholerae tcpa promoter. | the arac homolog toxt coordinately regulates virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. toxt is required for transcriptional activation of the genes encoding cholera toxin and the toxin coregulated pilus, among others. in this work we focused on the interaction of toxt with the tcpa promoter and investigated the mechanism of toxt-dependent transcriptional activation at tcpa. deletion analysis showed that a region from -95 to +2 was sufficient for toxt binding and activation, both of which wer ... | 2002 | 12270810 |
| mechanisms of diarrhoea and why they matter. | diarrhea involves a significant increase in excreted fluid volume, due either to a failure of the bowel to reabsorb or absorb fluid or to a great increase in fluid secreted into the bowel. to cause diarrhea, pathogenic organisms must be swallowed, survive the acid in the stomach, colonize the small bowel, and stick to the enterocytes. in secretory diarrhea, vibrio cholerae bacteria and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli enter the enterocytes, stimulate adenylatecyclase, and cause a chain of reac ... | 1988 | 12281645 |
| cholera epidemic among rwandan refugees: experience of icddr,b in goma, zaire. | in july 1994, one of the worst cholera epidemics broke out among the nearly a million rwandan refugees in goma, eastern zaire. the united nations high commission for refugees estimated that nearly 12,000 people died during the epidemic. the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr,b) sent an eight-member medical team to goma headed by dr ak siddique, a senior scientist of the center and head of the epidemic control preparedness program, dacca, bangladesh. during th ... | 1994 | 12288419 |
| cholera: ancient scourge on the rise. who announces global plan for cholera control. (25 april 1991). | vibrio cholerae spreads quickly via contaminated water and food, especially in areas with a poor health and sanitation infrastructure. its enterotoxin induces vomiting and huge amounts of watery diarrhea leading to severe dehydration. 80-90% of cholera victims during an epidemic can use oral rehydration salts. a cholera epidemic is now spreading through latin america threatening 90-120 million people (started in january 1991), particularly those in urban slums and rural/mountainous areas. as ... | 1991 | 12317930 |
| sanitation in the time of cholera. | cholera, identified by violent diarrhea, cramps, vomiting, and dehydration, is spreading through peru into colombia, ecuador, child, and brazil. water contaminated with vibrio cholerae is used for washing food and/or drinking thereby transmitting the disease. paho estimates 6 million people in south america may get cholera within the next 3 years. this cholera epidemic is the result of unsanitary conditions in which the urban poor in south america live. in fact, in lima, peru, 40% of the peo ... | 1991 | 12343751 |
| scientific achievements of the centre, 1991-1995, in research on child survival. | as a dissemination strategy in its outreach program, the icddr,b: center for health and population research presented the output of important studies with an introductory narrative on those studies. the first volume came out in 1991, covering important studies conducted over the period 1979-90. the second and most recent volume covers the studies conducted during 1991-95. important research findings of the center over the latter period are described and discussed. on average, 86 papers were ... | 1997 | 12348202 |
| mobilization of the vibrio pathogenicity island between vibrio cholerae isolates mediated by cp-t1 generalized transduction. | pathogenicity islands are large chromosomal regions encoding virulence genes that were acquired by horizontal gene transfer and are found in a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. in toxigenic vibrio cholerae isolates the receptor for the cholera toxin encoding filamentous phage ctxphi, the toxin-coregulated pilus, is part of the vibrio pathogenicity island (vpi). in this paper, we show that the vpi can be transferred between o1 serogroup strains, the predominant cause of epidemic cholera, via a g ... | 2002 | 12351223 |
| quorum sensing in vibrio cholerae. | | 2002 | 12355076 |
| endotoxins of enteric pathogens are chemotactic factors for human neutrophils. | early activation of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils is characterized by their morphological changes from spherical to polarized shapes. the endotoxins from enteric pathogens (s. dysenteriae type 1, v. cholerae inaba 569b, s. typhimurium, and k. pneumoniae) were assessed by their ability to induce morphological polarization of the neutrophils as measures of early activation. phagocytic activity, adhesion, chemokinetic locomotion, and nitroblue tetrazolium (nbt) dye-reduction ... | 2002 | 12359090 |
| effects of global climate on infectious disease: the cholera model. | recently, the role of the environment and climate in disease dynamics has become a subject of increasing interest to microbiologists, clinicians, epidemiologists, and ecologists. much of the interest has been stimulated by the growing problems of antibiotic resistance among pathogens, emergence and/or reemergence of infectious diseases worldwide, the potential of bioterrorism, and the debate concerning climate change. cholera, caused by vibrio cholerae, lends itself to analyses of the role of cl ... | 2002 | 12364378 |
| pro-inflammatory effects of cholera toxin: role of tumor necrosis factor alpha. | cholera toxin has been traditionally described as the one that does not induce inflammation. it has, however, potent adjuvant and immuno-modulatory activities. since the adjuvanticity of other compounds is linked to their capacity to induce inflammation, in the present study the pro-inflammatory activity of cholera toxin was investigated. we studied this activity in the following rat models of inflammation: paw edema and neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity, and evaluated cholera toxi ... | 2002 | 12368119 |
| asymmetric directional mutation pressures in bacteria. | when there are no strand-specific biases in mutation and selection rates (that is, in the substitution rates) between the two strands of dna, the average nucleotide composition is theoretically expected to be a = t and g = c within each strand. deviations from these equalities are therefore evidence for an asymmetry in selection and/or mutation between the two strands. by focusing on weakly selected regions that could be oriented with respect to replication in 43 out of 51 completely sequenced b ... | 2002 | 12372146 |
| vibrio cholerae bacteremia in a neutropenic patient with non-small-cell lung carcinoma. | vibrio cholerae was isolated from the blood cultures of a neutropenic patient treated with chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. attempts to isolate vibrio spp. from a rectal swab and stool were unsuccessful. piperacillin/tazobactam treatment resulted in eradication of the microorganism from the patient's blood. although vibrio spp. have occasionally been the source of infection in immunocompromised patients, this report describes the first case of non-0:1 vibrio cholerae bacteremia in a ... | 2002 | 12373501 |
| role of vibrio cholerae o139 surface polysaccharides in intestinal colonization. | since the first occurrence of o139 vibrio cholerae as a cause of cholera epidemics, this serogroup has been investigated intensively, and it has been found that its pathogenicity is comparable to that of o1 el tor strains. o139 isolates express a thin capsule, composed of a polymer of repeating units structurally identical to the lipopolysaccharide (lps) o side chain. in this study, we investigated the role of lps o side chain and capsular polysaccharide (cps) in intestinal colonization by with ... | 2002 | 12379674 |
| enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in community and hospital patients in jakarta, indonesia. | the prevalence of bacteria, parasite and viral pathogens in 3875 patients with diarrhea in community and hospital settings from march 1997 through august 1999 in jakarta, indonesia was determined using routine bacteriology and molecular assay techniques. bacterial pathogens isolated from hospital patients were, in decreasing frequency, vibrio cholerae o1, shigella flexneri, salmonella spp. and campylobacter jejuni, while s. flexneri, v. cholerae o1, salmonella spp. and c. jejuni were isolated fr ... | 2002 | 12381465 |
| characterization of vibrio mimicus phospholipase a (phla) and cytotoxicity on fish cell. | vibrio mimicus is a typical strain of vibrio cholerae and produces a phospholipase (phla) which shares a highly conserved amino acid sequence with the lecithinase (lec) of v. cholerae. the recombinant protein (rphla) produced from the phla gene of v. mimicus was expressed in escherichia coli as his-tag fused protein. the rphla was purified by gel filtration and ni-metal affinity chromatographies. when the action mode was investigated by tlc and gc-ms, the purified rphla protein showed a phosphol ... | 2002 | 12387827 |
| combating cholera epidemics by targeting reservoirs of infection and transmission routes: a review. | to determine the parameters which can be investigated for prevention and effective control of cholera. | 2002 | 12389962 |
| [purine regulon of gamma-proteobacteria: a detailed description]. | the structure of the purine regulon was studied by a comparative genomic approach in seven genomes of gamma-proteobacteria: escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, yersinia pestis, haemophilus influenzae, pasteurella multocida, actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and vibrio cholerae. the palindromic binding site of the purine repressor (consensus acgcaaacgtttgcgt) is fairly well retained of genes encoding enzymes that participate in the synthesis of inosinemonophosphate from phosphoribozylpyrophos ... | 2002 | 12391881 |
| [vibrio cholerae sepsis in the neonate]. | vibrio cholerae sepsis is infrequent, especially in neonates although sporadic cases have been reported in older patients. we report the case of a neonate who was admitted to the intensive care unit for hypovolemic shock secondary to diarrhea caused by v. cholerae that developed into bacteremia. the predisposing factors were low socioeconomic status, home delivery, delayed presentation at the health center, and active maternal gastrointestinal infection with v. cholerae. the organism identified ... | 2002 | 12392671 |
| prevalence of virulence-associated genes in clinical and environmental vibrio cholerae strains isolated in brazil between 1991 and 1999. | genes located on the ctx element and the vibrio cholerae pathogenicity island (vpi) were investigated in 297 clinical v. cholerae o1 and 76 environmental o1 and non-o1 isolates from brazil between 1991 and 1999. rapd analysis suggested that serogroup o1 strains regardless of clinical or environmental source were clonal while non-o1 strains showed greater diversity. pcr analysis showed that 71% of o1 clinical isolates had a complete set of ctx element target genes (ctxa, ctxb, zot and ace) and 68 ... | 2002 | 12393195 |
| ilg1 : a new integrase-like gene that is a marker of bacterial contamination by the laboratory escherichia coli strain top10f'. | identification of differentially expressed genes between normal and diseased states is an area of intense current medical research that can lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets. however, isolation of differentially expressed genes by subtraction often suffers from unreported contamination of the resulting subtraction library with clones containing dna sequences not from the original rna samples. | 2002 | 12393938 |