| pandemic spread of cholera: genetic diversity and relationships within the seventh pandemic clone of vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism. | the seventh cholera pandemic started in 1961 and continues today. a collection of 45 seventh pandemic isolates of v. cholerae sampled over a 33-year period were analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) fingerprinting. all but four pairs and one set of three isolates were distinguished. aflp revealed far more variation than ribotyping, which was until now the most useful method of revealing variation within the pandemic clone. unfortunately, the ribotype variation observed is mai ... | 2002 | 11773113 |
| [a new look at the mechanism of cholera endemicity caused by vibrio cholerae biotype eltor]. | cholera caused by vibrio cholerae biotype eltor (evc) is an endemic disease, subsiding in winter and reappearing in spring and summer. investigating the state of evc during the intermittent time is of crucial importance in controlling this disease. | 2000 | 11775883 |
| base frequencies at the second codon position of vibrio cholerae genes connect with protein function. | in this paper, the base frequency at the second codon position of the 3839 open reading frames (orfs) in the vibrio cholerae genome is analyzed. it is shown that according to the base content at this codon site, the orfs can be divided into two clusters, each containing 673 and 3166 orfs, respectively. orfs in the smaller cluster usually have significantly higher t frequency than that of a at the second codon position. for the two clusters of orfs, there are significant differences in the freque ... | 2002 | 11779136 |
| structures of two o-chain polysaccharides of citrobacter gillenii o9a,9b lipopolysaccharide. a new homopolymer of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-mannose (perosamine). | mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of citro- bacter gillenii o9a,9b released a polysaccharide (ps), which was found to consist of a single monosaccharide, 4- acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-d-mannose (d-rha4nac, n-acetyl-d-perosamine). ps was studied by methylation analysis and (1)h-nmr and (13)c-nmr spectroscopy, using two-dimensional (1)h,(1)h cosy, tocsy, noesy, and h-detected (1)h,(13)c heteronuclear correlation experiments. it was found that ps includes two structurally different polysac ... | 2002 | 11784302 |
| cholera in indonesia in 1993-1999. | cholera-specific surveillance in indonesia was initiated to identify the introduction of the newly recognized vibrio cholerae non-o1, o139 serotype. findings from seven years (1993-1999) of surveillance efforts also yielded regional profiles of the importance of cholera in both epidemic and sporadic diarrheal disease occurrence throughout the archipelago. a two-fold surveillance strategy was pursued involving 1) outbreak investigations, and 2) hospital-based case recognition. rectal swabs were t ... | 2001 | 11791976 |
| viable but nonculturable bacteria: a survival strategy. | when bacteria are introduced into a new environment, environmental changes with which they are confronted may include temperature, nutrient concentration, salinity, osmotic pressure, and ph. bacterial cells dynamically adapt to these shifts in their environment, employing a variety of genetic mechanisms. bacteria, with the ability to utilize constitutive and inducible enzyme synthesis, can accommodate to growth-limiting nutrients and adjust or reroute metabolic pathways to avoid metabolic and/or ... | 2000 | 11810550 |
| [ultrastructure of renal cortex in suckling rabbits with experimental cholera]. | development of experimental cholera in suckling rabbits is associated with appearance of alterations in glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption of renal cortex. ultrastructural changes of nephrons appear in the adhesion period and progress 24 hours later. in this case, particular vulnerability of the kidneys is associated with insufficient development of principal stages both in the cavity and membrane digestion in the gut, therefore, the kidney plays a role of one of the components of th ... | 2001 | 11810923 |
| comparative analysis of fur regulons in gamma-proteobacteria. | iron is an essential element for the survival and pathogenesis of bacteria. the strict control of iron homeostasis is mediated by the fur repressor, which is highly conserved among various bacterial species. here we apply the comparative genomics approach to analyze candidate fur-binding sites in the genomes of escherichia coli (k12 and o157:h7), salmonella typhi, yersinia pestis and vibrio cholerae. we describe a number of new loci encoding siderophore biosynthesis and transport proteins. a new ... | 2001 | 11812853 |
| [molecular genetic features of vibrio cholerae classica strains, that caused the asiatic cholera epidemic in russian in 1942]. | molecular genetic features of vibrio cholerae classical strains which caused an epidemic of asian cholera in russia in 1942 have been studied for the first time. these strains had a high level of choleric toxin production and toxin-coregulated adhesion piles, the main virulence factors; all the strains were auxotrophs and needed purine and/or amino acids for growth in minimal medium. moreover, having hapa structural gene in the chromosome (according to polymerase chain reaction), they did not pr ... | 2001 | 11816113 |
| response and tolerance of toxigenic vibro cholerae o1 to cold temperatures. | survival and tolerance at cold temperatures, the differentially expressed cellular proteins, and cholera toxin (ctx) production were evaluated in vibrio cholerae o1. rapid loss of culturability and change to distinct coccoid morphology occurred when cultures of v cholerae 01 were exposed to 5 degrees c directly from 35 degrees c. also, cultures of v. cholerae first exposed to 15 degrees c for 2 h and then maintained at 5 degrees c failed to exhibit an adaptive response, instead a rapid loss of v ... | 2001 | 11816983 |
| comparative genomic analysis of vibrio cholerae: genes that correlate with cholera endemic and pandemic disease. | historically, the first six recorded cholera pandemics occurred between 1817 and 1923 and were caused by vibrio cholerae o1 serogroup strains of the classical biotype. although strains of the el tor biotype caused sporadic infections and cholera epidemics as early as 1910, it was not until 1961 that this biotype emerged to cause the 7th pandemic, eventually resulting in the global elimination of classical biotype strains as a cause of disease. the completed genome sequence of 7th pandemic el tor ... | 2002 | 11818571 |
| viability of the nonculturable vibrio cholerae o1 and o139. | vibrio cholerae is capable of transforming into a viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state, and, in doing so, undergoes alteration in cell morphology. in the study reported here, vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 cells were maintained in laboratory microcosms prepared with 1% instant ocean and incubated at 4 degrees c, i.e., conditions which induce the vbnc state. cells were fixed at different stages during entry into the vbnc state and, when no growth was detectable on solid or in liquid media, the ultr ... | 2001 | 11822667 |
| marine bacteria cause false-positive results in the colilert-18 rapid identification test for escherichia coli in florida waters. | the colilert-18 system for enumeration of total coliforms and escherichia coli is approved by the u.s. environmental protection agency for use in drinking water analysis and is also used by various agencies and research studies for enumeration of indicator organisms in fresh and saline waters. during monitoring of pinellas county, fla., marine waters, estimates of e. coli numbers (by colilert-18) frequently exceeded fecal coliform counts (by membrane filtration) by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude. sa ... | 2002 | 11823188 |
| simple procedure for rapid identification of vibrio cholerae from the aquatic environment. | biochemical tests commonly used to screen for vibrio cholerae in environmental samples were evaluated, and we found that a combination of alkaline peptone enrichment followed by streaking on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar and testing for arginine dihydrolase activity and esculin hydrolysis was an effective rapid technique to screen for aquatic environmental v. cholerae. this technique provided 100% sensitivity and > or =70% specificity. | 2002 | 11823252 |
| microbial compounds selectively induce th1 cell-promoting or th2 cell-promoting dendritic cells in vitro with diverse th cell-polarizing signals. | upon microbial infection, specific th1 or th2 responses develop depending on the type of microbe. here, we demonstrate that different microbial compounds polarize the maturation of human myeloid dendritic cells (dcs) into stably committed th1 cell-promoting (dc1) or th2 cell-promoting (dc2) effector dcs that polarize th cells via different mechanisms. protein extract derived from the helminth schistosoma mansoni induced the development of dc2s that promote the development of th2 cells via the en ... | 2002 | 11823500 |
| acid tolerance of gastrointestinal pathogens. | the ability of pathogenic bacteria to survive in the face of host defense systems is intimately linked to virulence. this is exemplified by gastrointestinal pathogens that must survive exposure to extreme acid conditions within the stomach and organic acid conditions within the small intestine. these organisms have evolved complex systems to respond to acid stress, and recent work has revealed new genetic components involved in survival and virulence. here, we review recent work on four gastroin ... | 2002 | 11834369 |
| locating probable genes using fourier transform approach. | ftg is a web server for analyzing nucleotide sequences to predict the genes using fourier transform techniques. this server implements the existing fourier transform algorithms for gene prediction and allows the rapid visualization of analysis by output in gif format. | 2002 | 11836230 |
| [strategies of adaptive changes in vibrio cholerae in natural water reservoirs]. | the currently available data on different variations in cholera vibrio habiting in water reservoirs are summarized. the pattern of variations of the main signs of vibrions is discussed in the context of "typical-atypical-inactive-resting (uncultivable) forms". emphasis is placed on the reversible pattern and adaptive essence of variation whose basis is clonal and selective processes in the heterogeneous bacterial population. possible populational mechanisms responsible for the development of epi ... | 2001 | 11837201 |
| virulence genes in halophilic vibrio spp. isolated in common mussels. | twenty-five vibrio strains belonging to nine different species, isolated in common mussels, were examined for the presence of different virulence genes: ctxa, tcpa, toxr, toxs, ace, zot and vpi previously found in pathogenic vibrio cholerae strains. our results suggest that there is a wide dissemination of vibrio cholerae virulence genes among the various vibrio species tested. this finding raises the question of whether a different approach should be taken to study "environmental" vibrio strain ... | 2002 | 11837398 |
| vibrio cholerae-loaded poly(dl lactide co-glycolide) microparticles. | vibrio cholerae (vc)-loaded microparticles were prepared using poly(dl lactide-co-glycolide) with a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion/solvent extraction technique. particle characteristics including size distribution, vc-loading efficiencies, and in-vitro release pattern were investigated. the dispersed phase was plg dissolved in dichloromethane, and the continuous phase was water containing pvp as a stabilizer with varied sodium chloride concentrations. vc was successfully entrapped in the micropa ... | 2002 | 11837975 |
| allelic diversity and population structure in vibrio cholerae o139 bengal based on nucleotide sequence analysis. | comparative analysis of gene fragments of six housekeeping loci, distributed around the two chromosomes of vibrio cholerae, has been carried out for a collection of 29 v. cholerae o139 bengal strains isolated from india during the first epidemic period (1992 to 1993). a toxigenic o1 eltor strain from the seventh pandemic and an environmental non-o1/non-o139 strain were also included in this study. all loci studied were polymorphic, with a small number of polymorphic sites in the sequenced fragme ... | 2002 | 11844759 |
| regulation of gene expression in vibrio cholerae by toxt involves both antirepression and rna polymerase stimulation. | co-ordinate expression of many virulence genes in the human pathogen vibrio cholerae is under the direct control of the toxt protein, including genes whose products are required for the biogenesis of the toxin-co-regulated pilus (tcp) and cholera toxin (ctx). this work examined interactions between toxt and the promoters of ctx and tcpa genes. we found that a minimum of three direct repeats of the sequence ttttgat is required for toxt-dependent activation of the ctx promoter, and that the region ... | 2002 | 11849541 |
| isolation of a glucosamine-specific kinase, a unique enzyme of vibrio cholerae. | we showed previously that chitin catabolism by the marine bacterium vibrio furnissii involves at least three signal transduction systems and many genes, several of which were molecularly cloned, and the corresponding proteins were characterized. the predicted amino acid sequences of these proteins showed a high degree of identity to the corresponding proteins from vibrio cholerae, whose complete genomic sequence has recently been determined. we have therefore initiated studies with v. cholerae. ... | 2002 | 11850417 |
| stimulation of mucosal immune response following oral administration of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli fimbriae (cfa/i) entrapped in liposomes in conjunction with inactivated whole-cell vibrio cholerae vaccine. | in this study, we have searched for an effective mucosal vaccine. an oral enterotoxigenic e. coli vaccine containing colonization factor antigen (cfa/i) associated with inactivated whole-cell v. cholerae vaccine (wcv) has been tested for safety and immunogenicity in animals. five groups of animals were used. the results showed the following: (a) vaccine containing cfa/i antigen entrapped in liposomes and associated with wcv (batch c) had increased titers of specific antibodies to cfa/i antigen i ... | 2001 | 11850896 |
| biological warfare: implications for antimicrobial use. | biological warfare is intended to incapacitate a large number of individuals at a single exposure, creating epidemic-type disease, death, and social chaos. the organisms with potential for immediate use as bacteriologic weapons are bacillus anthracis, brucella melitensis, yersinia pestis, and vibrio cholera, all necessitating antibiotic therapy for a cure. it is reasonable, therefore, to assume that a biological attack, or even a hoax, would requiure thousands of individuals over a large area to ... | 2002 | 11853654 |
| quorum-sensing regulators control virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. | the production of virulence factors including cholera toxin and the toxin-coregulated pilus in the human pathogen vibrio cholerae is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. the well-characterized toxr signal transduction cascade is responsible for sensing and integrating the environmental information and controlling the virulence regulon. we show here that, in addition to the known components of the toxr signaling circuit, quorum-sensing regulators are involved in regulation of v. chole ... | 2002 | 11854465 |
| identification in traditional herbal medications and confirmation by synthesis of factors that inhibit cholera toxin-induced fluid accumulation. | kampo formulations are traditional herbal medications used in china and japan for many centuries to treat diarrheal diseases such as cholera. our studies were undertaken to identify and verify by chemical synthesis the active components that inhibited cholera toxin (ct), the virulence factor secreted by vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. the kampo formulation, daio-kanzo-to, inhibited ct activities (i.e., adp-ribosylation, chinese hamster ovary cell elongation); in daio-kanzo-to, d ... | 2002 | 11854470 |
| polarized secretion. | | 2002 | 11864814 |
| transfer of multiple drug resistance plasmids between bacteria of diverse origins in natural microenvironments. | plasmids harboring multiple antimicrobial-resistance determinants (r plasmids) were transferred in simulated natural microenvironments from various bacterial pathogens of human, animal, or fish origin to susceptible strains isolated from a different ecological niche. r plasmids in a strain of the human pathogen vibrio cholerae o1 e1 tor and a bovine escherichia coli strain were conjugated to a susceptible strain of the fish pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in marine ... | 1994 | 11865872 |
| epidemiological investigation of a fatal case of cholera in japan by phenotypic techniques and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | a fatal case of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae 01 el tor serotype ogawa occurred in aichi prefecture, japan in 1995. the patient was identified locally, but the route of the infection was unknown. the causative isolate and 38 other domestic and imported v. cholerae o1 isolates, obtained between 1984 and 1997, were analysed by prophage typing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). this was done to determine whether the isolate from this case differed ... | 2002 | 11871621 |
| effects of depuration of molluscs experimentally contaminated with escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae 01 and vibrio parahaemolyticus. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the behaviour of two pathogenic vibrios (vibrio cholerae o1 and vibrio parahaemolyticus) during depuration and to compare it with that of escherichia coli, used as an indicator of suitability for consumption. | 2002 | 11872121 |
| vant, a homologue of vibrio harveyi luxr, regulates serine, metalloprotease, pigment, and biofilm production in vibrio anguillarum. | vibrio anguillarum possesses at least two n-acylhomoserine lactone (ahl) quorum-sensing circuits, one of which is related to the luxmn system of vibrio harveyi. in this study, we have cloned an additional gene of this circuit, vant, encoding a v. harveyi luxr-like transcriptional regulator. a v. anguillarum delta vant null mutation resulted in a significant decrease in total protease activity due to loss of expression of the metalloprotease empa, but no changes in either ahl production or virule ... | 2002 | 11872713 |
| a toxr homolog from vibrio anguillarum serotype o1 regulates its own production, bile resistance, and biofilm formation. | toxr, a transmembrane regulatory protein, has been shown to respond to environmental stimuli. to better understand how the aquatic bacterium vibrio anguillarum, a fish pathogen, responds to environmental signals that may be necessary for survival in the aquatic and fish environment, toxr and toxs from v. anguillarum serotype o1 were cloned. the deduced protein sequences were 59 and 67% identical to the vibrio cholerae toxr and toxs proteins, respectively. deletion mutations were made in each gen ... | 2002 | 11872714 |
| analyses of the roles of the three chea homologs in chemotaxis of vibrio cholerae. | the vibrio cholerae genome revealed the presence of multiple sets of chemotaxis genes, including three chea gene homologs. we found that the chea-2, but not chea-1 or chea-3, gene is essential for chemotaxis under standard conditions. loss of chemotaxis had no effect on virulence factor expression in vitro. | 2002 | 11872729 |
| modification of the multiplex pcr for unambiguous differentiation of the el tor & classical biotypes of vibrio cholerae o1. | biotyping of vibrio cholerae o1 using multiplex pcr (ctxa-tcpa) exploits the nucleotide sequence differences of the major subunit protein of the toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp) gene (tcpa) to differentiate between the classical and el tor biotypes. however, the presence of classical biotype specific tcpa amplicon with the el tor strains often complicates the interpretation. the effect of pcr variables on the amplification of biotype specific tcpa in the multiplex pcr has been investigated. | 2001 | 11873401 |
| molecular comparison of toxigenic clinical & non-toxigenic environmental strains of vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa isolated during an outbreak of cholera in south india. | while investigating a cholera outbreak in south india, toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of vibrio cholerae o1 were isolated from patients and from the environment, respectively. this study was performed to compare the genetic relatedness of the patient and environmental strains to determine clonal relationships among these strains and thereby determine the source of the cholera outbreak. | 2001 | 11873402 |
| increased levels of inflammatory mediators in children and adults infected with vibrio cholerae o1 and o139. | investigations were carried out to study the production of factors associated with the innate immune response in the systemic and mucosal compartments in adults and children infected with vibrio cholerae o1 and v. cholerae o139. the levels of nonspecific mediators of the innate defense system, i.e., prostaglandin e(2) (pge(2)), leukotriene b(4) (ltb(4)), and lactoferrin (lf), as well as myeloperoxidase (mpo), were elevated at the acute stage of the disease in stools obtained from both o1- and o1 ... | 2002 | 11874856 |
| sensitive microplate assay for detection of bactericidal antibodies to vibrio cholerae o139. | a microplate assay for the detection of bactericidal antibodies to vibrio cholerae o139 is described. the assay is sensitive, highly reproducible, specific, and convenient to perform. it has been used to demonstrate the induction of serum bactericidal antibodies in vietnamese recipients of an oral, inactivated, bivalent o1/o139 vaccine, as well as in bangladeshi patients with o139 disease. in both study groups there was a significant inverse correlation between the preexposure level of antibodie ... | 2002 | 11874883 |
| a kinetic model of intermediate formation during assembly of cholera toxin b-subunit pentamers. | cholera toxin is the most important virulence factor produced by vibrio cholerae. the pentameric b-subunit of the toxin can bind to gm1-ganglioside receptors, leading to toxin entry into mammalian cells. here, the in vitro disassembly and reassembly of ctxb(5) (the b subunit pentamer of cholera toxin) is investigated. when ctxb(5) was acidified at ph 1.0 and then neutralized, the b-subunits disassembled and could no longer migrate as sds-stable pentamers on polyacrylamide gels or be captured by ... | 2002 | 11877421 |
| [ultrastructural changes of epitheliocytes and vessels of the small intestinal microcirculatory system in rabbit pups infected with cholera vibrions]. | 10-12 days old suckling rabbits-pups were infected by cholera vibrions of 01329 serogroup (16063 and m045 strains). ultrastructural changes in small intestinal epitheliocytes and microcirculatory vessels were studied. both strains caused typical cholerogenic syndrome, dystrophic and necrotic changes in epitheliocytes, epitheliocytes and lymphocytes, increase of vessel permeability, rheological disorders. focal cytoplasmic were formed, widening of intercellular spaces were observed, although the ... | 2001 | 11878240 |
| [characterization of vibrio cholerae eltor isolates according to their epidemic potential using new diagnostic cholera bacteriophages eltor ctx+ and ctx- and by the polymerase chain reaction]. | the epidemic potential of 113 v. cholerae eltor strains of different origin was determined with new diagnostic cholera bacteriophages eltor ctx+ and ctx-, as well as the test for hemolytic activity. of these strains 50 were epidemically safe and 51 were epidemically dangerous, while the epidemic potential of 12 other strains could not be detected. determination of genes ctxa, tcpa and toxr in the strains under study by means of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) revealed that epidemically dange ... | 2001 | 11881484 |
| contribution of the adp-ribosylating and receptor-binding properties of cholera-like enterotoxins in modulating cytokine secretion by human intestinal epithelial cells. | when epithelial cells first encounter cholera toxin (ctx) produced by vibrio cholerae they secrete not only chloride ions responsible for causing diarrhoea, but also a number of cytokines that may contribute to the toxin's potent immunomodulatory properties. much less is known about the ability of the heat-labile enterotoxin of escherichia coli (etx), a close homologue of ctx, to elicit cytokine secretion by epithelial cells. this study shows that treatment of human intestinal epithelial t84 cel ... | 2002 | 11882700 |
| rapid diagnosis of cholera by coagglutination test. | in this study the coagglutination test for the rapid diagnosis of cholera is evaluated in comparison with the conventional culture method. a total of 553 stool specimens were processed from cases of acute gastro-enteritis. the sensitivity and specificity of coagglutination test was 92.77% and 95.65% respectively. the coagglutination test is found to be simple, reliable and rapid method for the diagnosis of cholera. | 2001 | 11883125 |
| emergence of vibrio cholerae 0139 in manipal-coastal karnataka-south india. | | 2001 | 11883141 |
| investigations into the safety and immunogenicity of a killed oral cholera vaccine developed in viet nam. | to evaluate a killed oral cholera vaccine produced in viet nam, and to compare the vietnamese vaccine with one that is licensed internationally. | 2002 | 11884967 |
| purification and characterization of the recombinant na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae. | the nqr operon from vibrio cholerae, encoding the entire six-subunit, membrane-associated, na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr), was cloned under the regulation of the p(bad) promoter. the enzyme was successfully expressed in v. cholerae. to facilitate molecular genetics studies of this sodium-pumping enzyme, a host strain of v. cholerae was constructed in which the genomic copy of the nqr operon was deleted. by using a vector containing a six-histidine tag on the carboxy ... | 2002 | 11888296 |
| randomized, controlled human challenge study of the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of a single dose of peru-15, a live attenuated oral cholera vaccine. | peru-15 is a live attenuated oral vaccine derived from a vibrio cholerae o1 el tor inaba strain by a series of deletions and modifications, including deletion of the entire ct genetic element. peru-15 is also a stable, motility-defective strain and is unable to recombine with homologous dna. we wished to determine whether a single oral dose of peru-15 was safe and immunogenic and whether it would provide significant protection against moderate and severe diarrhea in a randomized, double-blind, p ... | 2002 | 11895960 |
| adhesion and colonization of vibrio cholerae o1 on shrimp and crab carapaces. | the potential of vibrio cholerae o1 to attach to and colonize the carapaces of shrimp and crabs was evaluated. one million cells of v. cholerae o1 were spread within a circle on the external surfaces of separated carapaces and stored at 22 +/- 0.2 degrees c in a moist environment to permit adherence. attached vibrios were counted directly by an immunofluorescence technique and by the pour plate technique after detachment of the cells. to study the colonization process, rifampicin-resistant strai ... | 2002 | 11899048 |
| characterization of the outermembrane proteins of vibrio cholerae expressed in in vivo culture. | two outer membrane proteins (omps) of vibrio cholerae o1, expressed in the intestine (in vivo) but not in culture media (in vitro), were investigated. the molecular masses of those proteins were 116 kda and 15 kda, and they were not associated with iron-regulated proteins. convalescent cholera patients' sera reacted with the 15 kda protein but not with the 116 kda protein. the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the 15 kda protein was homologous to v. cholerae ompt. anti-serum to the 15 kda protei ... | 2002 | 11911188 |
| the extracellular transport signal of the vibrio cholerae endochitinase (chia) is a structural motif located between amino acids 75 and 555. | chia, an 88-kda endochitinase encoded by the chia gene of the gram-negative enteropathogen vibrio cholerae, is secreted via the eps-encoded main terminal branch of the general secretory pathway (gsp), a mechanism which also transports cholera toxin. to localize the extracellular transport signal of chia that initiates transport of the protein through the gsp, a chimera comprised of chia fused at the n terminus with the maltose-binding protein (male) of escherichia coli and fused at the c terminu ... | 2002 | 11914354 |
| type 4 pilus biogenesis and type ii-mediated protein secretion by vibrio cholerae occur independently of the tonb-facilitated proton motive force. | in vibrio cholerae, elaboration of toxin-coregulated pilus and protein secretion by the extracellular protein secretion apparatus occurred in the absence of both tonb systems. in contrast, the cognate putative atpases were required for each process and could not substitute for each other. | 2002 | 11914364 |
| the genome of bacteriophage phikz of pseudomonas aeruginosa. | bacteriophage phikz is a giant virus that efficiently infects pseudomonas aeruginosa strains pathogenic to human and, therefore, it is attractive for phage therapy. we present here the complete phikz genome sequence and a preliminary analysis of its genome structure. the 280,334 bp genome is a linear, circularly permutated and terminally redundant, a+t-rich double-stranded dna molecule. the phikz dna has no detectable sequence homology to other viruses and microorganisms, and it does not contain ... | 2002 | 11916376 |
| induction of protective immunity by synthetic vibrio cholerae hexasaccharide derived from v. cholerae o1 ogawa lipopolysaccharide bound to a protein carrier. | synthetic antigens that mimic the terminal hexasaccharide epitope of the o-specific polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o1, serotype ogawa, were conjugated to bovine serum albumin (bsa). conjugates with carbohydrate-to-carrier molar ratios of 15.5:1, 9.2:1, and 4.6:1 were tested for immunogenicity and efficacy in mice. the role of preimmunity to bsa and the use of adjuvant in the generation of the serologic response to the o-specific polysaccharide and protection against virulent v. cholerae was e ... | 2002 | 11920320 |
| reactivity of convalescent-phase hemolytic-uremic syndrome patient sera with the megaplasmid-encoded taga protein of shiga toxigenic escherichia coli o157. | a cosmid library of shiga toxigenic escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7 strain edl933 dna was screened for clones capable of reacting with convalescent-phase serum from a patient with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus), in an attempt to identify candidate virulence genes. one of the immunoreactive clones contained a portion of the large plasmid po157, and the immunoreactive gene product was identified as taga. the function of this 898-amino-acid protein is unknown, but it exhibits 42% amino acid sequen ... | 2002 | 11923363 |
| characteristics of a cholera outbreak, patterns of vibrio cholerae and antibiotic susceptibility testing in rural malawi. | the cumulative cholera attack rate in an epidemic in malawi in 1999/2000 was 59/100,000 population, case-fatality rate 4%, and 98% of all cases presenting to health facilities required intravenous therapy. microbiological studies showed high resistance of vibrio cholerae to commonly recommended antibiotics, predominant ogawa serotypes and no o139 isolates. | 2002 | 11925988 |
| emergence and rapid spread of tetracycline-resistant vibrio cholerae strains, madagascar. | | 2002 | 11927038 |
| compatible bacterial plasmids are targeted to independent cellular locations in escherichia coli. | targeting of dna molecules to specific subcellular positions is essential for efficient segregation, but the mechanisms underlying these processes are poorly understood. in escherichia coli, several plasmids belonging to different incompatibility groups (f, p1 and rk2) localize preferentially near the midcell and quartercell positions. here we compare the relative positions of these three plasmids using fluorescence in situ hybridization. when plasmids f and p1 were localized simultaneously usin ... | 2002 | 11927570 |
| haemophilus influenzae and vibrio cholerae genes for muth are able to fully complement a muth defect in escherichia coli. | muth, mutl and muts are essential components of the mismatch repair system in escherichia coli. whereas muts and mutl genes are found in most organisms, the muth gene is limited to some proteobacteria. we show here that the cloned genes of muth from vibrio cholerae and haemophilus influenzae are able to fully complement a muth defect in e. coli. moreover, the purified proteins were shown to be dam methylation sensitive endonucleases, which can be activated by the e. coli mutl protein. these resu ... | 2002 | 11934505 |
| n-acetyl-d-glucosamine specific hemagglutinin receptor of vibrio cholerae o1 in chicken erythrocyte membranes. | n-acetyl-d-glucosamine specific cell-associated hemagglutinin (ha)/lectin, previously purified from a strain of vibrio cholerae o1, had been established as an adhesin molecule of v. cholerae o1 cells. this communication records the isolation and purification of the glycoprotein receptor of the n-acetyl-d-glucosamine specific ha of the v. cholerae o1 strain from chicken erythrocyte membranes. the most salient feature of this study is that the pretreatment of partially purified glycoprotein with p ... | 2002 | 11934562 |
| modelling and estimation of physical parameters in a sludge drying system. | in this paper is presented the study of a sludge drying system used to kill pathogenic organisms living in sludge. the system is modeled and the physical parameters thermal capacity, thermal resistance and thermal time constant are estimated using conventional estimation methods. | 2002 | 11936658 |
| cloning, functional expression in escherichia coli and primary characterization of a new na+/h+ antiporter, nhad, of vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae is the infectious agent of the deadly diarrheal disease, cholera. na+ ion homeostasis is believed to play a key role in both physiology and pathogenicity of this bacterium. however, molecular mechanisms of sodium exchange in v. cholerae are still poorly understood. in the present work a gene encoding an unusual na+/h+ antiporter, nhad, was identified in the v. cholerae genome. nhad was cloned from vibrio cholerae and expressed in escherichia coli. the antiporter functioned in an ... | 2002 | 11936836 |
| home-grown vietnamese cholera vaccine "completely safe". | | 2002 | 11937407 |
| molecular ecology of toxigenic vibrio cholerae. | toxigenic vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera, an acute dehydrating diarrhea that occurs in epidemic form in many developing countries. although v. cholerae is a human pathogen, aquatic ecosystems are major habitats of vibrio species, which includes both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains that vary in their virulence gene content. v. cholerae belonging to the 01 and 0139 serogroups is commonly known to carry a set of virulence genes necessary for pathogenesis in humans. recent ... | 2002 | 11939579 |
| what makes a vibrio cholerae pandemic? | | 2002 | 11944178 |
| paula i watnick--elucidating the role of biofilms. interview by pam das. | | 2002 | 11944189 |
| immunochemical studies of the o-antigens of vibrio cholerae. the constitution of a lipopolysaccharide from v. cholerae 569b (inaba). | | 1971 | 11945645 |
| on the specificity of neuraminidase the carboxymethyl alpha-ketoside of n-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid, a vibrio cholerae neuraminidase substrate having two anionic sites. | | 1972 | 11946557 |
| synthetic inhibitors of vibrio cholerae neuraminidase and neuraminidases of some influenza virus strains. | | 1970 | 11947521 |
| zonula occludens toxin (zot) interferes with the induction of nasal tolerance to gliadin. | both nasal and oral administration of soluble protein antigens (ags) induce tolerance, a phenomenon that has hampered mucosal vaccine design. to produce active immunity the use of adjuvants co-administered with soluble ags is required. cholera toxin (ct) and escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) were found to be powerful mucosal adjuvants, but they are not suitable for clinical use because of their associated toxicity. therefore, there is the need to develop alternative strategies to del ... | 2002 | 11947928 |
| misidentification of vibrio cholerae o155 isolated from imported shrimp as o serogroup o139 due to cross-agglutination with commercial o139 antisera. | fish and shellfish products imported into denmark are routinely analyzed for pathogenic vibrio spp., particularly vibrio cholerae, if products originate from subtropical or tropical areas. a v. cholerae strain that agglutinated commercial o139 antiserum but not the o1, inaba, or ogawa antisera was isolated from imported raw frozen shrimp. the toxigenicity of the strain was analyzed, and the results of a polymerase chain reaction showed that the v. cholerae strain did not contain the virulence ge ... | 2002 | 11952217 |
| identification of novel factors involved in colonization and acid tolerance of vibrio cholerae. | despite over 100 years of study, the intestinal pathogen vibrio cholerae still causes epidemic disease in areas of the world where there is poor sanitation. while cholera toxin and the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) are known to be essential for full virulence, the role that other factors play has remained ill-defined. herein, we describe a large-scale signature-tagged mutagenesis (stm) screen utilizing 100 pools of 96 mutants each to identify factors involved in colonization of the infant mouse ... | 2002 | 11952899 |
| toxr interferes with crp-dependent transcriptional activation of ompt in vibrio cholerae. | in pathogenic vibrio cholerae, the transmembrane dna-binding protein toxr co-ordinates the expression of over 20 genes, including those encoding important virulence factors such as cholera toxin and the toxin-co-regulated pilus. the outer membrane protein ompt is the only member of the toxr regulon known to be repressed by toxr. in this study, we examined the environmental conditions that regulate ompt expression and demonstrated that ompt transcription is upregulated 14-fold when the bacteria e ... | 2002 | 11952906 |
| bacterial resistance evolution by recruitment of super-integron gene cassettes. | the capture and spread of antibiotic resistance determinants by integrons underlies the rapid evolution of multiple antibiotic resistance among diverse gram-negative clinical isolates. the association of multiple resistance integrons (mris) with mobile dna elements facilitates their transit across phylogenetic boundaries and augments the potential impact of integrons on bacterial evolution. recently, ancestral chromosomal versions, the super-integrons (sis), were found to be genuine components o ... | 2002 | 11952913 |
| are the environmental niches of vibrio cholerae o139 different from those of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor? | vibrio cholerae are known to be normal inhabitants of surface water. however, the environmental niches of the different strains of cholera are not well known, and therefore, populations at risk for cholera outbreaks cannot be clearly identified. | 2001 | 11953220 |
| comparative and genetic analyses of the putative vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharide biosynthesis (wav) gene cluster. | we identified five different putative wav gene cluster types, which are responsible for the synthesis of the core oligosaccharide (os) region of vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide. preliminary evidence that the genes encoded by this cluster are involved in core os biosynthesis came from analysis of the recently released o1 el tor v. cholerae genome sequence and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of o1 el tor mutant strains defective in three genes (waaf, waal, and ... | 2002 | 11953379 |
| evidence for the emergence of non-o1 and non-o139 vibrio cholerae strains with pathogenic potential by exchange of o-antigen biosynthesis regions. | the novel epidemic strain vibrio cholerae o139 bengal originated from a seventh-pandemic o1 el tor strain by antigenic shift resulting from homologous recombination-mediated exchange of o-antigen biosynthesis (wb*) clusters. conservation of the genetic organization of wb* regions seen in other serogroups raised the possibility of the existence of pathogenic non-o1 and non-o139 v. cholerae strains that emerged by similar events. to test this hypothesis, 300 v. cholerae isolates of non-o1 and non- ... | 2002 | 11953381 |
| plasmidic extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in vibrio cholerae o1 el tor isolates in argentina. | since 1992 there have been seven major outbreaks of cholera in argentina. susceptibility analysis of 1,947 isolates (40% of reported cases) of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor suggested the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) in 28 isolates. because of their different susceptibility profiles, v. cholerae isolates m1502, m1516, m1573, and m3030 (all of which are of the ogawa serotype) were selected for the present study. by susceptibility analysis, isoelectric focusing, and pcr ... | 2002 | 11959583 |
| role of the neuroendocrine system in pathogenesis of gastroenteritis. | the concept of neuroendocrine modulation of infectious gastroenteritis adds another dimension to the pathophysiology of diarrhoeal diseases. furthermore it opens up new avenues for therapeutic intervention. until now, most interest has been directed at enterotoxin-producing bacteria, notably vibrio cholerae and the enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. however, more recently neuroendocrine recruitment has been implicated by other pathogens. the roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide, 5-hydroxytrypta ... | 2000 | 11964824 |
| recent developments in cholera. | cholera continues to be an important public health problem among many poorer communities in africa, asia and south america, despite the bacteriology and epidemiology of the disease having been described over a century ago. molecular techniques have enabled current researchers to gain new insights into pathogenicity, into the relationships between environmental and clinical strains, and into new strategies for vaccine development. the description of non-culturable 'dormant' strains in the environ ... | 2001 | 11964875 |
| global aspects of antimicrobial-resistant enteric bacteria. | antibiotics have been considered to be safe and effective 'magic bullets', with no disadvantages to their widespread use. this has been proven to be a complacent attitude, with ever-increasing prevalences of resistance now evident. the present review covers aspects of the development, mechanisms and genetics of antimicrobial resistance in enteric commensals and pathogens. | 2001 | 11964879 |
| ygbq, a cell division protein in escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae, localizes in codependent fashion with ftsl to the division site. | ygbq is a cell division protein in escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae. in e. coli the ygbq gene was discovered as a result of a computer search of the e. coli genome designed to find potential interacting partners for cell division protein ftsl. in v. cholerae, ygbq was identified as an essential gene by using a transposon that fuses genes to an arabinose promoter. the role of ygbq in cell division is supported by the following. cells depleted of ygbq in both organisms form long filaments, but ... | 2002 | 11972052 |
| a voyage of discovery: cholera, climate and complexity. | | 2002 | 11972615 |
| binding site requirements of the virulence gene regulator aphb: differential affinities for the vibrio cholerae classical and el tor tcpph promoters. | the differential expression of virulence genes be-tween the two disease-causing biotypes of vibrio cholerae, classical and el tor, is primarily due to a single basepair change in the tcpph promoter, which strongly influences the ability of the lysr regulator aphb to activate transcription in response to environmental conditions. we show here that this single basepair change influences virulence gene expression by dramatically altering the affinity of aphb for its recognition site in the tcpph pr ... | 2002 | 11972789 |
| model of vibrio cholerae toxin coregulated pilin capable of filament formation. | a complete three-dimensional model (rcsb001169; pdb code 1qqz ) for the vibrio cholerae toxin coregulated pilus protein (tcpa), including residues 1-197, is presented. we have used the crystal structure of the neisseria gonorrhoeae pilin (pile), available biochemical data about tcpa, variations in the primary sequences of tcpa among various vibrio cholerae strains and secondary structure prediction, hydrophilicity, surface probability and antigenicity plots for tcpa to build our model. in our tc ... | 2002 | 11983930 |
| minor pilin subunits are conserved in vibrio cholerae type iv pili. | the nucleotide sequences of five open reading frames within the vibrio cholerae nagv14 type iv pilus gene cluster were determined. the genes showed high homology to the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) pilus genes mshb, mshc, mshd, msho and mshp. pcr analysis showed that a msha-like gene cluster is highly conserved among different v. cholerae strains, with the exception of the previously reported major pilin subunit. recombinant mshb and msho proteins were purified and specific antiserum w ... | 2002 | 11985966 |
| effect of mild acid ph on the functioning of bacterial membranes in vibrio cholerae. | in this paper, we initiated the first two-dimensional electrophoresis map of vibrio cholerae, the aetiological agent of cholera disease. in this pathogen the efficient adaptation to detrimental conditions plays an important role in its survival in both the aquatic reservoir and human intestine. by proteome analysis we investigated the effect of mild acid treatment on the physiology of v. cholerae. more than 50 proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight ... | 2002 | 11987131 |
| a molecular and phenotypic study of vibrio cholerae in iran. | vibrio cholerae is again the subject of attention on account of the current increase in the world-wide incidence of cholera. in this study, 200 clinical isolates of v. cholerae serotypes o1 and non-o1, non-o139, were collected from different provinces in iran. the isolates were subjected to biochemical analysis, antibiogram, pcr of toxin genes, plasmid profile, ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the analysis of plasmid content showed that 33-96% of v. cholerae isolated from ... | 2002 | 11990491 |
| molecular epidemiology of 3 putative virulence genes for escherichia coli urinary tract infection-usp, iha, and iron(e. coli). | this study describes the epidemiological association of 3 putative genes for virulence of uropathogenic escherichia coli; uropathogenic specific protein (usp), a vibrio cholerae zot gene homologue; irga homologue adhesin (iha), a nonhemagglutinating adhesin; and iron(e. coli), a catechole siderophore receptor homologue. we compared the relative frequency in urinary tract infection (uti) isolates (n=508), compared with non-uti isolates (n=416). iron(e. coli) occurred 2.1-3.6 times more frequently ... | 2002 | 11992291 |
| intestinal coinfection with numerous giardia trophozoites and vibrio cholerae in hospitalized children with watery diarrhea. | during the recent cholera epidemic which affected peru and other latin american countries, fresh stool samples of 100 hospitalized children were assessed february through april 1991. the children had been admitted because of profuse watery diarrhea. the microbiologic study of wet mount preparations showed curved bacteria suspicious for cholera agent and confirmed afterward to be vibrio cholerae 01 scrotype inaba. in 30% of such cases, besides the curved bacteria, a strikingly large number of tro ... | 1995 | 11995904 |
| structure of the o-polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide from vibrio cholerae o6. | the o-polysaccharide from vibrio cholerae o6 was isolated from the lps by mild-acid hydrolysis and has been investigated by sugar and methylation analysis and nmr spectroscopy. the polysaccharide was also depolymerized with aqueous hydrofluoric acid to give the repeating unit and multiples thereof. the o-polysaccharide had the following tetrasaccharide repeating unit. two o-acetyl groups are present, one of them making the glcnac residue fully substituted and the steric crowding considerable at ... | 2002 | 11996834 |
| incidence and molecular analysis of vibrio cholerae associated with cholera outbreak subsequent to the super cyclone in orissa, india. | an epidemiological study was carried out to find out the aetiological agent for diarrhoeal disorders in the cyclone and flood affected areas of orissa, india. rectal swabs collected from 107 hospitalized diarrhoea patients were bacteriologically analysed to isolate and identify the various enteropathogens. detection of toxic genes among e. coli and v. cholerae was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. of the 107 rectal swabs analysed, 72.3% were positive for v. cholerae o1 ogawa, ... | 2002 | 12002529 |
| an investigation into the changed physiological state of vibrio bacteria as a survival mechanism in response to cold temperatures and studies on their sensitivity to heating and freezing. | to induce pathogenic vibrio bacteria into a changed physiological state, in response to cold temperatures in sea water, and assess their sensitivity to heating and freezing, as compared with normal cells. | 2002 | 12010547 |
| occurrence of pathogenic vibrios in coastal areas of france. | this study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of vibrio in french marine and estuarine environments. | 2002 | 12010553 |
| quorum-sensing escherichia coli regulator a: a regulator of the lysr family involved in the regulation of the locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island in enterohemorrhagic e. coli. | the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) is a chromosomal pathogenicity island that encodes the proteins involved in the formation of the attaching and effacing lesions by enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) and enteropathogenic e. coli (epec). the lee comprises 41 open reading frames organized in five major operons, lee1, lee2, lee3, tir (lee5), and lee4, which encode a type iii secretion system, the intimin adhesin, the translocated intimin receptor (tir), and other effector proteins. th ... | 2002 | 12011002 |
| identification of a protein secretory pathway for the secretion of heat-labile enterotoxin by an enterotoxigenic strain of escherichia coli. | enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is an enteric pathogen that causes cholera-like diarrhea in humans and animals. etec secretes a heat-labile enterotoxin (lt), which resembles cholera toxin, but the actual mechanism of lt secretion is presently unknown. we have identified a previously unrecognized type ii protein secretion pathway in the prototypic human etec strain, h10407 (serotype o78:h11). the genes for this pathway are absent from e. coli k-12, although examination of the k-12 genome ... | 2002 | 12011463 |
| [soybean bacteriological culture media and prospects for their use in clinical bacteriology]. | agar bacteriological nutrient media are suggested, based on soybean extract subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis and lyophilized native. the growth of test strains, number of grown colonies and their size were virtually the same as after inoculation of these strains in control nutrient media. soybean salt medium with yolk suspension was tried with good results as elective medium for isolation of staphylococci from clinical material. commercial manufacture of these media mainly from native soybean e ... | 2001 | 12014082 |
| tetracycline in the treatment of severe cholera due to vibrio cholerae o139 bengal. | vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal, recognized in 1993, is the second member in the list of about 200 serogroups of v. cholerae with epidemic and pandemic potential. although replacement of fluids and electrolytes remains the cornerstone in the management of cholera, antimicrobial therapy can significantly shorten the duration of diarrhoea, and reduce stool volume and requirements ofrehydration fluids. the role of antimicrobial therapy on the natural course of the disease caused by this relativ ... | 2002 | 12022154 |
| vibrio cholerae el tor, ogawa o1, as the main aetiological agent of two major outbreaks of gastroenteritis in northern pakistan. | | 2002 | 12022166 |
| seasonal abundance and distribution of vibrio cholerae in coastal waters quantified by a 16s-23s intergenic spacer probe. | vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera and is indigenous to brackish waters. to advance our understanding of the ecology of this bacterium, we have developed a molecular probing method for detection of v. cholerae in coastal waters. water samples from 7 locations in the newport bay watershed, california were sampled monthly for a whole year. v. cholerae concentrations were determined by membrane filtration-colony hybridization using an oligonucleotide prob ... | 2001 | 12024237 |
| activity of ocimum sanctum (the traditional indian medicinal plant) against the enteric pathogens. | aqueous & alcoholic extracts of o. sanctum were prepared. two concentrations of these extracts (30 mg & 60 mg) were tried against the enteric pathogens & candida albicans by agar diffusion method. wide zones of inhibition were observed at 60 mg concentration of extract. aqeous extract showed wider zone of inhibition when compared to alcoholic extract. aqueous extract showed wider zones of inhibition for klebisella, e. coil, proteus & staphylococcus aureus. alcoholic extract showed wider zone for ... | 2001 | 12026506 |