molecular mechanism of respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitors. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in young children and the elderly. therapeutic small molecules have been developed that bind the rsv f glycoprotein and inhibit membrane fusion, yet their binding sites and molecular mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. here we show that these inhibitors bind to a three-fold-symmetric pocket within the central cavity of the metastable prefusion conformation of rsv f. inhibitor binding stabilizes this conf ... | 2016 | 26641933 |
understanding respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine development and aspects of disease pathogenesis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infections causing bronchiolitis and some mortality in young children and the elderly. despite decades of research there is no licensed rsv vaccine. although significant advances have been made in understanding the immune factors responsible for inducing vaccine-enhanced disease in animal models, less information is available for humans. in this review, we discuss the different types of rsv vaccines and thei ... | 2016 | 26641318 |
rsv vaccine use--the missing data. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is the most important cause of hospitalization in infants and is one of the leading global causes of infant mortality and as such its prevention through vaccination is a public health priority. while essential for the successful implementation of vaccine programs, there remains a paucity of data on the epidemiology of the virus in different settings and age groups and limited knowledge about virus transmission and the health-care costs of the disease. ... | 2016 | 26636902 |
effectiveness of palivizumab in children with childhood interstitial lung disease: the french experience. | there is a lack of evidence concerning the effectiveness of immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab in children with childhood interstitial lung disease (child). in this retrospective study, we evaluated the effectiveness of palivizumab for decreasing the rate of rsv-related hospitalizations in children under the age of 24 months with child treated with corticosteroids. | 2016 | 26636747 |
[usefulness of a newly developed immunochromatographic assay kit for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus]. | we evaluated the usefulness of immunocatch-rsv (eiken chemical co., ltd.) (ic-a), a newly developed immunochromatographic assay kit for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). for the clinical study, 210 nasal swabs and 134 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from pediatric patients with acute respiratory tract infections in 2013. three immunochromatographic assay kits (ic-a, ic-b and ic-c), and the rt-pcr method were used for the detection of rsv. the detection times for ic-a, ic-b ... | 2015 | 26630788 |
clinical utility of a near patient care microarray based diagnostic test for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections. | in primary care medicine, establishing a diagnosis of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections is usually based on clinical history and physical examination as well as a consideration of time of the year and circulating respiratory viruses in the community. | 2015 | 26629177 |
high burden of rsv hospitalization in very young children: a data linkage study. | linked administrative population data were used to estimate the burden of childhood respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalization in an australian cohort aged <5 years. rsv-coded hospitalizations data were extracted for all children aged <5 years born in new south wales (nsw), australia between 2001 and 2010. incidence was calculated as the total number of new episodes of rsv hospitalization divided by the child-years at risk. mean cost per episode of rsv hospitalization was estimated using ... | 2016 | 26626237 |
maternal immunization with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant provides protection from rsv in newborn lambs. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the causative agent of serious upper and lower respiratory tract infections in newborns and infants. protection from rsv is crucial for neonates, and maternal immunization is one approach that holds promise for providing immediate protection to young infants against severe rsv infection. we previously reported efficacy of a subunit vaccine consisting of the fusion (f) protein formulated with a novel adjuvant (δf/triadj) in neonates. the goal of the current st ... | 2016 | 26616551 |
characterization of acute respiratory infections among 340 infants in wuxi, jiangsu province. | to investigate the etiological and epidemiological features of acute respiratory infections among children in wuxi, jiangsu province. | 2015 | 26605310 |
respiratory macrophages and dendritic cells mediate respiratory syncytial virus-induced il-33 production in tlr3- or tlr7-dependent manner. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection can increase the production of il-33 in lungs of mice. however, little is known about cellular source of il-33, particularly the types of il-33-producing cells in innate immune cells during rsv infection. in this study, by using balb/c mice that were infected intranasally with rsv, it became clear that rsv infection can enhance not only the number of il-33(+)-alveolar macrophages (ams) and dendritic cells (dcs), but also the expression of il-33 mrna in ... | 2015 | 26603638 |
immunomodulator plasmid projected by systems biology as a candidate for the development of adjunctive therapy for respiratory syncytial virus infection. | an imbalance in th1/th2 cytokine immune response has been described to influence the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) acute bronchiolitis and the severity of infection. th2-driven response has been well described under first rsv vaccine (formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine antigens) and replicated in some conditions for rsv-infected mice, in which a th2-dependent lung eosinophilia increases illness severity, accompanied of tissue damage. currently, several prototypes of rsv vaccine ... | 2016 | 26601594 |
humidity: a review and primer on atmospheric moisture and human health. | research examining associations between weather and human health frequently includes the effects of atmospheric humidity. a large number of humidity variables have been developed for numerous purposes, but little guidance is available to health researchers regarding appropriate variable selection. we examine a suite of commonly used humidity variables and summarize both the medical and biometeorological literature on associations between humidity and human health. as an example of the importance ... | 2016 | 26599589 |
etiology of pneumonia in a pediatric population with high pneumococcal vaccine coverage: a prospective study. | improved childhood immunizations programs, especially the introduction of pneumococcal vaccination, better diagnostic methods and the importance of reduced antibiotic misuse, make this a critical time to increase knowledge on the etiology of pediatric pneumonia. our main objective was to identify the contribution of various microbiological species that causes pneumonia in previously healthy children and adolescents in a population with high pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage. | 2016 | 26599568 |
agonistic 4-1bb antibody fails to reduce disease burden during acute respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) remains a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. despite this, there are limited therapeutic options. cd8 t cells have an integral role in controlling viral infections; strategies to enhance these responses may be clinically relevant. the t cell costimulatory receptor, 4-1bb, is known to play a role in expansion of antiviral cd8 t cells. in this study, we examined the effect of agonistic 4-1bb antibody at the time of rsv infection in mice. we ... | 2016 | 26597692 |
tlr3 activation increases chemokine expression in human fetal airway smooth muscle cells. | viral infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus, adversely affect neonatal and pediatric populations, resulting in significant lung morbidity, including acute asthma exacerbation. studies in adults have demonstrated that human airway smooth muscle (asm) cells modulate inflammation through their ability to secrete inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. the role of asm in the developing airway during infection remains undefined. in our study, we used human fetal asm cells as a ... | 2016 | 26589477 |
respiratory syncytial virus shedding by children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection. | children with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection shed virus for variable periods. the aim of this study was to quantify the viral load in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children with rsv throughout their hospitalization. this study included 37 children who were admitted with a diagnosis of rsv infection based on a positive rapid diagnostic test. nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from patients every day, from admission to discharge. viral detection and quantification were performed us ... | 2016 | 26588816 |
pooled sequencing of candidate genes implicates rare variants in the development of asthma following severe rsv bronchiolitis in infancy. | severe infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) during infancy is strongly associated with the development of asthma. to identify genetic variation that contributes to asthma following severe rsv bronchiolitis during infancy, we sequenced the coding exons of 131 asthma candidate genes in 182 european and african american children with severe rsv bronchiolitis in infancy using anonymous pools for variant discovery, and then directly genotyped a set of 190 nonsynonymous variants. associati ... | 2015 | 26587832 |
prematurity and the burden of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus disease. | respiratory morbidity of former preterm infants and especially those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd) is high during infancy and early childhood. | 2016 | 26582294 |
preventing cleavage of the respiratory syncytial virus attachment protein in vero cells rescues the infectivity of progeny virus for primary human airway cultures. | all live attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccines that have advanced to clinical trials have been produced in vero cells. the attachment (g) glycoprotein in virions produced in these cells is smaller than that produced in other immortalized cells due to cleavage. these virions are 5-fold less infectious for primary well-differentiated human airway epithelial (hae) cell cultures. because hae cells are isolated directly from human airways, vero cell-grown vaccine virus would very like ... | 2015 | 26581976 |
activity of oral als-008176 in a respiratory syncytial virus challenge study. | background respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a cause of substantial morbidity and mortality. there is no known effective therapy. methods we conducted a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial in healthy adults inoculated with rsv. participants received the oral nucleoside analogue als-008176 or placebo 12 hours after confirmation of rsv infection or 6 days after inoculation. treatment was administered every 12 hours for 5 days. viral load, disease severity, resistance, and safety ... | 2015 | 26580997 |
respiratory syncytial virus activity and climate parameters during a 12-year period. | the epidemic pattern of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection during long periods and the factors that determine seasonality are not well studied. in order to correlate the rsv epidemic activity with climate parameters, we conducted a retrospective study of children (0-14 year) who were hospitalized because of respiratory tract infection and had an rsv test performed in the major tertiary pediatric hospital of greece during a 12-year period (2002-2013). daily data regarding temperature and ... | 2016 | 26575521 |
use of medical resources by preterm infants born at less than 33 weeks' gestation following discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit in korea. | this study was aimed to provide data on the use of medical resources by preterm infants following discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (nicu). the cohort included preterm infants (n=2,351) born at 22-32 weeks' gestation who were discharged from the nicus of 44 korean hospitals between april 2009 to march 2010. mean duration of post-discharge follow-up was 425±237 days. after discharge from the nicu, 94.5% of total infants visited a pediatric outpatient clinic (11.5±9.8 mean visits), 4 ... | 2015 | 26566364 |
respiratory syncytial virus related readmission in preterm infants less than 34 weeks' gestation following discharge from a neonatal intensive care unit in korea. | this study was done to evaluate respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) related readmission (rrr) and risk factors of rrr in preterm infants < 34 weeks gestational age (ga) within 1 yr following discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (nicu). infants (n = 1,140) who were born and admitted to the nicus of 46 hospitals in korea from april to september 2012, and followed up for > 1 yr after discharge from the nicu, were enrolled. the average ga and birth weight of the infants was 30(+5) ± 2(+5) w ... | 2015 | 26566351 |
recombinant measles aik-c vaccine strain expressing heterologous virus antigens. | further attenuated measles vaccines were developed more than 50 years ago and have been used throughout the world. recombinant measles vaccine candidates have been developed and express several heterologous virus protective antigens. immunogenicity and protective actions were confirmed using experimental animals: transgenic mice, cotton rats, and primates. the recent development of measles vaccine-based vectored vaccine candidates has been reviewed and some information on recombinant measles vac ... | 2016 | 26562316 |
respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural proteins upregulate socs1 and socs3 in the different manner from endogenous ifn signaling. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection upregulates genes of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs) family, which utilize a feedback loop to inhibit type i interferon dependent antiviral signaling pathway. here, we reconstituted rsv nonstructural (ns) protein expression plasmids (pns1, pns2, and pns1/2) and tested whether ns1 or ns2 would trigger socs1 and socs3 protein expression. these ns proteins inhibited interferon- (ifn-) α signaling through a mechanism involving the induction of ... | 2015 | 26557722 |
prenatal versus postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and intensive care use in children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. | among children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, we examined the associations between in utero exposure to maternal cigarette smoking, postnatal tobacco smoke exposure, and risk of admission to the intensive care unit (icu). | 2016 | 26555856 |
rsv infections: state of the art. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common lower respiratory disease in infants and young children worldwide. despite its long history, a safe and effective cure for rsv remains elusive. nonetheless, further understanding of rsv pathogenesis and risk factors have led to advances in prophylaxis and management. the leading risk factor for rsv is premature birth, primarily because fewer protective antibodies are transmitted from the mother to the infant. for full-term born infants, ... | 2015 | 26555808 |
depletion of regulatory t-cells leads to moderate b-cell antigenicity in respiratory syncytial virus infection. | the regulation of the immunopathology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) by regulatory t-cells (cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+); tregs) is not understood. | 2015 | 26555647 |
downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase‑19 induced by respiratory syncytial viral infection affects the interaction between epithelial cells and fibroblasts. | the present study was designed to examine the expression and function of matrix metalloproteinase‑19 (mmp‑19), which is downregulated following respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. the diverse expression levels of mmp were examined using a designed cdna expression array. the expression and secretion of mmp‑19 was examined using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt‑qpcr) analysis and elisa, respectively. the proliferation of epithelial cells and lung fibroblast ... | 2016 | 26548962 |
maternal high-fat hypercaloric diet during pregnancy results in persistent metabolic and respiratory abnormalities in offspring. | we have shown in a previous population-based study significant correlation between childhood asthma and early abnormalities of lipid and glucose metabolism. this study's specific aim was to determine whether maternal nutrition in pregnancy affects postnatal metabolic and respiratory outcomes in the offspring. | 2016 | 26539661 |
a gene deletion that up-regulates viral gene expression yields an attenuated rsv vaccine with improved antibody responses in children. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading viral cause of severe pediatric respiratory illness, and a safe and effective vaccine for use in infancy and early childhood is needed. we previously showed that deletion of the coding sequence for the viral m2-2 protein (δm2-2) down-regulated viral rna replication and up-regulated gene transcription and antigen synthesis, raising the possibility of development of an attenuated vaccine with enhanced immunogenicity. rsv medi δm2-2 was therefore eva ... | 2015 | 26537255 |
[the level of rorγt increases in rat lung tissues of bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus]. | to study the level of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt (rorγt) in rat lung tissues of bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and its implication. | 2015 | 26522358 |
respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants with acute leukemia: a retrospective survey of the japanese pediatric leukemia/lymphoma study group. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can cause life-threatening complications of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in young children with malignancies, but reports remain limited. we performed a retrospective nationwide survey to clarify the current status of rsv disease among infants with hematological malignancies. clinical course, treatment, and outcome of patients with hematological malignancies who suffered from rsv infections at the age of <24 months during anti-tumor therapy from apri ... | 2015 | 26520649 |
the preventive effect of vaccine prophylaxis on severe respiratory syncytial virus infection: a meta-analysis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the key underlying cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants; however, no licensed vaccine against rsv infection is currently available. this study was undertaken to assess the preventive effect of vaccine on rsv infection. in this metaanalysis, 1,792 published randomized clinical trials of rsv vaccines from jan 1973 to sep 2015 were examined. among thirteen studies that met the inclusion criteria, eleven studies estimated the impact of rsv ... | 2015 | 26511990 |
respiratory syncytial virus trials and beyond. | | 2015 | 26511957 |
efficacy of motavizumab for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus disease in healthy native american infants: a phase 3 randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children. we aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of an anti-rsv monoclonal antibody (motavizumab) in healthy term (≥36 weeks' gestational age) infants for the prevention of medically attended rsv acute lower respiratory tract infections. | 2015 | 26511956 |
where are we with rsv prophylaxis? | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a predictable, seasonal disease with significant morbidity and mortality in children below 24 months. prophylaxis, which decreases hospitalisation in those most vulnerable to the disease, has been available since 1998. pharmacological prophylaxis is however, expensive and requires good infrastructure to deliver. it is out of reach for many patients in low-income and middle-income countries where mortality is highest. this article looks at the pathophysiology ... | 2016 | 26510447 |
application of rt-bst to enhance detection of pathogenic viruses of the respiratory tract. | inefficiency of rt-pcr can be associated with the suboptimal process of reverse transcription as only 40-80% of rna is converted to cdna. we employed a novel method, rt-bst, to enrich the concentration of cdna for subsequent multiplex pcr detection of selected rna viruses. the rt-bst method amplifies cdna through reverse transcription of viral rna using reverse transcriptase and amplification of cdna using bst dna polymerase. viral rna was extracted from 25 nasopharyngeal samples for detection o ... | 2015 | 26510269 |
pneumomediastinum, pneumorrhachis and subcutaneous emphysema associated with viral infections: report of three cases. | spontaneous pneumomediastinum is usually secondary to alveolar rupture in the pulmonary interstitium, associated with subcutaneous emphysema and occasionally with pneumothorax, but is rarely associated with pneumorrhachis. the leaked air into the pulmonary perivascular interstitium follows the path of least resistance from the mediastinum to the fascial planes of the neck. air freely communicates via the neural foramina and collects in the epidural space. pneumorrhachis is defined as the presenc ... | 2015 | 26508192 |
eligibility for palivizumab prophylaxis in a cohort of children with severe bronchiolitis. | in 2014, the american academy of pediatrics (aap) updated their recommendations for palivizumab prophylaxis for children who are at high risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. to investigate the potential impact of the more restrictive 2014 criteria on the eligibility for palivizumab prophylaxis, we applied the 2012 and 2014 aap recommendations for palivizumab prophylaxis to a multicenter cohort of 2207 us children hospitalized for bronchiolitis. according to the 2012 aap r ... | 2015 | 26508190 |
virus type and genomic load in acute bronchiolitis: severity and treatment response with inhaled adrenaline. | acute bronchiolitis frequently causes infant hospitalization. studies on different viruses or viral genomic load and disease severity or treatment effect have had conflicting results. we aimed to investigate whether the presence or concentration of individual or multiple viruses were associated with disease severity in acute bronchiolitis and to evaluate whether detected viruses modified the response to inhaled racemic adrenaline. | 2016 | 26508124 |
recent advances in the development of subunit-based rsv vaccines. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections causing pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants. rsv also causes serious illness in elderly populations, immunocompromised patients and individuals with pulmonary or cardiac problems. the significant morbidity and mortality associated with rsv infection have prompted interest in rsv vaccine development. in the 1960s, a formalin-inactivated vaccine trial failed to protect children, and indeed enhanced patholog ... | 2016 | 26506139 |
respiratory syncytial virus persistence in murine macrophages impairs ifn-β response but not synthesis. | type-i interferon (ifn-i) production is an early response to viral infection and pathogenic viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade this cellular defense. some viruses can establish and maintain persistent infections by altering the ifn-i signaling pathway. here, we studied ifn-i synthesis and response in an in vitro model of persistent infection by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in a murine macrophage-like cell line. in this model, interferon regulatory factor 3 was constitutively ... | 2015 | 26501312 |
modeling the potential impact of the 2014 american academy of pediatrics respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis guidance on preterm infant rsv outcomes. | the american academy of pediatrics (aap) committee on infectious diseases issued updated guidance on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis in 2014. this report models the potential impact of the new guidance on rsv outcomes in preterm infants 29-34 weeks' gestational age (wga) without chronic lung disease in the united states. | 2015 | 26499122 |
modelling estimates of the burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults and the elderly in the united kingdom. | growing evidence suggests respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of respiratory disease in adults. however, the adult burden remains largely uncharacterized as most rsv studies focus on children, and population-based studies with laboratory-confirmation of infection are difficult to implement. indirect modelling methods, long used for influenza, can further our understanding of rsv burden by circumventing some limitations of traditional surveillance studies that rely on direct l ... | 2015 | 26497750 |
respiratory syncytial virus coinfections with rhinovirus and human bocavirus in hospitalized children. | it is not clearly established if coinfections are more severe than single viral respiratory infections.the aim of the study was to study and to compare simple infections and viral coinfections of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in hospitalized children.from september 2005 to august 2013, a prospective study was conducted on children younger than 14 years of age, admitted with respiratory infection to the pediatric department of the severo ochoa hospital, in spain. specimens of nasopharyngeal a ... | 2015 | 26496310 |
mip-1α level in nasopharyngeal aspirates at the first wheezing episode predicts recurrent wheezing. | respiratory virus-induced wheezing, such as that induced by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human rhinovirus, is an important risk factor for recurrent wheezing and childhood asthma. however, no biomarkers for predicting recurrent wheezing have been identified. | 2016 | 26494023 |
interference between respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus in respiratory tract infections in children. | an acute viral respiratory tract infection might prevent infections by other viruses because of the antiviral innate immune response. however, with the use of pcr methods, simultaneous detection of two or more respiratory viruses is frequent. we analysed the effect of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection on the occurrence of simultaneous rhinovirus (rv) infection in children within a birth cohort study setting. we used pcr for virus detection in nasal swabs collected from children with an ... | 2016 | 26482269 |
genes associated with rsv lower respiratory tract infection and asthma: the application of genetic epidemiological methods to understand causality. | infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infections (lris) are at increased risk for childhood asthma. the objectives of this article are to review the genes associated with both rsv lri and asthma, review analytic approaches to assessing shared genetic risk and propose a future perspective on how these approaches can help us to understand the role of infant rsv infection as both an important risk factor for asthma and marker of shared genetic etiology between the t ... | 2015 | 26478738 |
differential neutrophil activation in viral infections: enhanced tlr-7/8-mediated cxcl8 release in asthma. | respiratory viral infections are a major cause of asthma exacerbations. neutrophils accumulate in the airways and the mechanisms that link neutrophilic inflammation, viral infections and exacerbations are unclear. this study aims to investigate anti-viral responses in neutrophils from patients with and without asthma and to investigate if neutrophils can be directly activated by respiratory viruses. | 2016 | 26477783 |
layer-by-layer nanoparticle vaccines carrying the g protein cx3c motif protect against rsv infection and disease. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children; however no effective treatment or vaccine is currently available. previous studies have shown that therapeutic treatment with a monoclonal antibody (clone 131-2g) specific to the rsv g glycoprotein cx3c motif, mediates virus clearance and decreases leukocyte trafficking to the lungs of rsv-infected mice. in this study, we show that vaccination with layer-by-layer ... | 2015 | 26473935 |
respiratory syncytial virus disease is mediated by age-variable il-33. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of infant hospitalizations and severe rsv infections are a significant risk factor for childhood asthma. the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for rsv induced immunopathophysiology remain elusive. using an age-appropriate mouse model of rsv, we show that il-33 plays a critical role in the immunopathogenesis of severe rsv, which is associated with higher group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ilc2s) specifically in neonates. infection with rsv in ... | 2015 | 26473724 |
viral specific factors contribute to clinical respiratory syncytial virus disease severity differences in infants. | there is a wide range of severity of respiratory syncytial viral (rsv) disease in previously healthy infants. host factors have been well demonstrated to contribute to disease severity differences. however the possibility of disease severity differences being produced by factors intrinsic to the virus itself has rarely been studied. | 2015 | 26473163 |
alum adjuvant enhances protection against respiratory syncytial virus but exacerbates pulmonary inflammation by modulating multiple innate and adaptive immune cells. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is well-known for inducing vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease after vaccination of young children with formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) in alum formulation. here, we investigated alum adjuvant effects on protection and disease after fi-rsv immunization with or without alum in comparison with live rsv reinfections. despite viral clearance, live rsv reinfections caused weight loss and substantial pulmonary inflammation probably due to high levels of rsv specifi ... | 2015 | 26468884 |
prefusion f-specific antibodies determine the magnitude of rsv neutralizing activity in human sera. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is estimated to claim more lives among infants <1 year old than any other single pathogen, except malaria, and poses a substantial global health burden. viral entry is mediated by a type i fusion glycoprotein (f) that transitions from a metastable prefusion (pre-f) to a stable postfusion (post-f) trimer. a highly neutralization-sensitive epitope, antigenic site ø, is found only on pre-f. we determined what fraction of neutralizing (nt) activity in human sera is ... | 2015 | 26468324 |
viral etiology of acute respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children and adults in shandong province, china. | the dominant viral etiologies responsible for acute respiratory infections (aris) are poorly understood, particularly among hospitalized patients. improved etiological insight is needed to improve clinical management and prevention of aris. | 2015 | 26467854 |
human polyomavirus type six in respiratory samples from hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections in beijing, china. | hpyv6 is a novel human polyomavirus (hpyv), and neither its natural history nor its prevalence in human disease is well known. therefore, the epidemiology and phylogenetic status of hpyv6 must be systematically characterized. | 2015 | 26463646 |
risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in preterm infants: reviewing the need for prevention. | premature infants are at substantial risk for a spectrum of morbidities that are gestational age dependent. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is most common in the first two years of life with the highest burden in children aged <6 months. preterm infants ≤35 weeks' gestation are handicapped by incomplete immunological and pulmonary maturation and immature premorbid lung function with the added risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. superimposed rsv infection incites marked neutrophilic a ... | 2015 | 26457970 |
aln-rsv01 for prevention of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after respiratory syncytial virus infection in lung transplant recipients. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in lung transplant (ltx) patients is associated with an increased incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (bos). aln-rsv01 is a small interfering rna targeting rsv replication that was shown in an earlier phase 2a trial to be safe and to reduce the incidence of bos when compared with placebo. | 2016 | 26452996 |
assessing uncertainty in a2 respiratory syncytial virus viral dynamics. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children younger than 1 year of age in the united states. moreover, rsv is being recognized more often as a significant cause of respiratory illness in older adults. although rsv has been studied both clinically and in vitro, a quantitative understanding of the infection dynamics is still lacking. in this paper, we study the effect of uncertainty in the main parameters of a viral kinetics model of rsv. w ... | 2015 | 26451163 |
crawling with virus: translational insights from a neonatal mouse model on the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus in infants. | the infant immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) remains incompletely understood. here we review the use of a neonatal mouse model of rsv infection to mimic severe infection in human infants. we describe numerous age-specific responses, organized by cell type, observed in rsv-infected neonatal mice and draw comparisons (when possible) to human infants. | 2015 | 26446604 |
emerging roles of trna-derived fragments in viral infections: the case of respiratory syncytial virus. | | 2015 | 26442802 |
generation and characterization of alx-0171, a potent novel therapeutic nanobody for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important causative agent of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and elderly individuals. its fusion (f) protein is critical for virus infection. it is targeted by several investigational antivirals and by palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody used prophylactically in infants considered at high risk of severe rsv disease. alx-0171 is a trimeric nanobody that binds the antigenic site ii of rsv f protein with subnanomolar affinity. alx-0171 ... | 2015 | 26438495 |
alveolar macrophages support interferon gamma-mediated viral clearance in rsv-infected neonatal mice. | poor interferon gamma (ifnγ) production during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is associated with prolonged viral clearance and increased disease severity in neonatal mice and humans. we previously showed that intra-nasal delivery of ifnγ significantly enhances rsv clearance from neonatal lungs prior to observed t-lymphocyte recruitment or activation, suggesting an innate immune mechanism of viral clearance. we further showed that alveolar macrophages dominate the rsv-infected neonatal airways ... | 2015 | 26438053 |
respiratory syncytial virus induces phosphorylation of mtor at ser2448 in cd8 t cells from nasal washes of infected infants. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-specific cd8(+) t cell responses do not protect against reinfection. activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) impairs memory cd8(+) t cell differentiation. our hypothesis was that rsv inhibits the formation of cd8(+) t cells memory responses through mtor activation. to explore this, human and mouse t cells were used. rsv induced mtor phosphorylation at ser2448 in cd8 t cells. mtor activation by rsv was completely inhibited using rapamycin. rsv-infected ... | 2016 | 26437614 |
spatial clusters of child lower respiratory illnesses associated with community-level risk factors. | identifying geographic areas with increased incidence of disease may elucidate community-level risk factors for intervention development. lower respiratory illnesses (lris) are the leading cause of death in children and are associated with other morbidities. we assessed geographic clustering of lris and evaluated if these spatial patterns and associated risk factors differed by phenotype. participants enrolled at birth in the tucson children's respiratory study were followed through age three fo ... | 2016 | 26436763 |
preventing hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus infection. | respiratory syncytial virus infection is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in young children. palivizumab has minimal impact on rsv hospitilization rates as it is only practical to offer it to the highest risk groups. the present statement reviews the published literature and provides updated recommendations regarding palivizumab use in children in canada. | 2017 | 26435673 |
an epitope-specific respiratory syncytial virus vaccine based on an antibody scaffold. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. we have generated an epitope-specific rsv vaccine by grafting a neutralizing epitope (f-epitope) in its native conformation into an immunoglobulin scaffold. the resulting antibody fusion exhibited strong binding affinity to motavizumab, an rsv neutralizing antibody, and effectively induced potent neutralizing antibodies in mice. this work illustrates the potential of the immunoglobulin molecul ... | 2015 | 26434555 |
adenovirus infection in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in beijing, china, 2007 to 2012. | human adenoviruses (hadv) play a significant role in pediatric respiratory tract infections. to date, over 60 types of hadv have been identified. here, hadv types are characterized in children in the beijing area with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrtis) and the clinical features and laboratory findings of hospitalized hadv-infected cases are described. | 2015 | 26429778 |
pro-inflammatory cytokines in nasopharyngeal aspirate from hospitalized children with respiratory syncytial virus infection with or without rhinovirus bronchiolitis, and use of the cytokines as predictors of illness severity. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human rhinovirus (hrv) respiratory infection in children induce production of inflammatory interleukins (ils) in the respiratory epithelium. as il(s) determine the severity of illness, the purpose of this study was to identify the pro-inflammatory il(s) that could be predictor(s) of clinical severity. one hundred and fifteen patients <2 years old with bronchiolitis due to rsv and /or hrv and 38 controls were selected from a hospital and an outpatient clinic. ... | 2015 | 26426613 |
induction and antagonism of antiviral responses in respiratory syncytial virus-infected pediatric airway epithelium. | airway epithelium is the primary target of many respiratory viruses. however, virus induction and antagonism of host responses by human airway epithelium remains poorly understood. to address this, we developed a model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection based on well-differentiated pediatric primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures (wd-pbecs) that mimics hallmarks of rsv disease in infants. rsv is the most important respiratory viral pathogen in young infants worldwide. we found th ... | 2015 | 26423940 |
emergency department syndromic surveillance providing early warning of seasonal respiratory activity in england. | seasonal respiratory infections place an increased burden on health services annually. we used a sentinel emergency department syndromic surveillance system to understand the factors driving respiratory attendances at emergency departments (eds) in england. trends in different respiratory indicators were observed to peak at different points during winter, with further variation observed in the distribution of attendances by age. multiple linear regression analysis revealed acute respiratory infe ... | 2016 | 26415918 |
lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus: current management and new therapeutics. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age. evidence-based management guidelines suggest that there is no effective treatment for rsv lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) and that supportive care, ie, hydration and oxygenation, remains the cornerstone of clinical management. however, rsv treatments in development in the past decade include 10 vaccines and 11 therapeutic agents in active clinical trials. maternal ... | 2015 | 26411809 |
predictors of severe disease in a hospitalized population of children with acute viral lower respiratory tract infections. | although predictors of severe viral acute lower respiratory infections (alris) in children have been reported, there have been few research studies performed in low- and middle-income countries (lmic). the aim of the present study was to determine predictors of disease severity in a population of colombian children <5 years of age with alri. in a prospective cohort study, we determined independent predictors of severe alri in a hospitalized population of children under 5 years old with alri duri ... | 2016 | 26403374 |
perceived risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus disease and immunoprophylaxis use among us pediatric specialists. | this study was conducted to assess the perception of us pediatric specialists of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease risk and determine their clinical practices regarding immunoprophylaxis for high-risk children. separate surveys were sent to neonatologists, pediatricians, pediatric pulmonologists, and pediatric cardiologists. data were collected using structured questions requiring quantitative responses. most neonatologists and pediatricians (>82.7%) reported a high clinical need for rsv ... | 2016 | 26400767 |
risk factors for hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection: a population-based cohort study of danish children. | the aim of this study is to identify the risk factors for hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in danish children. | 2016 | 26398871 |
vaccine induced herd immunity for control of respiratory syncytial virus disease in a low-income country setting. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is globally ubiquitous, and infection during the first six months of life is a major risk for severe disease and hospital admission; consequently rsv is the most important viral cause of respiratory morbidity and mortality in young children. development of vaccines for young infants is complicated by the presence of maternal antibodies and immunological immaturity, but vaccines targeted at older children avoid these problems. vaccine development for young infant ... | 2015 | 26390032 |
toward antiviral therapy/prophylaxis for rhinovirus-induced exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: challenges, opportunities, and strategies. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a life-threatening lung illness characterized by persistent and progressive airflow limitation. exacerbations of copd contribute to the severity of this pathology and accelerate disease progression. to date, pharmacological treatment of both stable copd patients and patients experiencing exacerbations is mainly symptomatic with bronchodilators and steroids as the mainstay of therapy. bacteria trigger such exacerbations in a number of cases; hence, ... | 2015 | 26388447 |
heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants. | bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalisation among infants in high-income countries. acute viral bronchiolitis is associated with airway obstruction and turbulent gas flow. heliox, a mixture of oxygen and the inert gas helium, may improve gas flow through high-resistance airways and decrease the work of breathing. in this review, we selected trials that objectively assessed the effect of the addition of heliox to standard medical care for acute bronchiolitis. | 2015 | 26384333 |
therapeutic immunoglobulin selected for high antibody titer to rsv also contains high antibody titers to other respiratory viruses. | specific antibodies against infections most relevant to patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases are not routinely evaluated in commercial polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations. a polyclonal immunoglobulin prepared from plasma of donors having high neutralizing antibody titers to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was studied for the presence of antibody titers against seven additional respiratory viruses. while donors were not selected for antibody titers other than against rsv, the immu ... | 2015 | 26379667 |
respiratory syncytial virus preterm (32-36 completed weeks of gestation) risk estimation measure for rsv hospitalization in ireland: a prospective study. | in several countries, respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis is offered to late preterm infants who are at escalated risk of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization (rsvh). however, targeted prophylaxis should be informed by country-specific data. this study, which uniquely includes 36 weeks of gestational age (ga) infants, aims to establish the risk factors for rsvh in 32-36 weeks of ga infants in ireland. | 2016 | 26379160 |
understanding the association of human rhinovirus with asthma. | human rhinoviruses are ubiquitous seasonal pathogens. they have known associations with first onset of wheezing illnesses in children and with asthma exacerbations in patients of all ages. it is not yet certain whether human rhinoviruses play a direct role in the pathogenesis of asthma by activating deleterious inflammatory responses or if they only serve as a catalyst to accelerate the disease in genetically predisposed individuals. there have been previously demonstrated reductions in the deve ... | 2015 | 26376925 |
clinical and laboratory characteristics of viral lower respiratory tract infections in preschool children. | viral lower respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of hospitalizations in preschool children. clinical pictures of different viral causes are not well characterized. the aim of this study was to establish the differences in clinical and laboratory characteristics between the different viral causes of lower respiratory tract infections in preschool children. | 2015 | 26373742 |
proteomic profiling of a respiratory syncytial virus-infected rat pneumonia model. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract disease in pediatric patients. our goal was to obtain a detailed understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of rsv infections by studying the protein expression profiles in rats with pneumonia. first, we successfully established a pneumonia rat model by intranasally injecting rsv. the differentially expressed proteins in lung tissues of rsv-infected rats compared with those of the controls were analyzed by using 2-dim ... | 2016 | 26370426 |
treatment with novel rsv ig ri-002 controls viral replication and reduces pulmonary damage in immunocompromised sigmodon hispidus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a significant cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in several high health risk populations, including infants, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with lower respiratory tract rsv infection can exceed 80%. it has been shown that rsv replication in immunosuppressed individuals is significantly prolonged, but the contribution of pulmonary damage, if any, to the pathogenesis of rsv disease in this ... | 2016 | 26367224 |
two cases of pneumatoceles in mechanically ventilated infants. | pulmonary pneumatocele is a thin-walled, gas-filled space within the lung that usually occurs in association with bacterial pneumonia and is usually transient. the majority of pneumatoceles resolve spontaneously without active intervention, but in some cases they might lead to pneumothorax with subsequent hemodynamic instability. we report two cases presented to the pediatric intensive care unit at the royal hospital, oman with pneumatoceles. the first was a 14-day-old baby who underwent surgica ... | 2015 | 26366266 |
outcome of the respiratory syncytial virus related acute lower respiratory tract infection among hospitalized newborns: a prospective multicenter study. | to determine the incidence and outcomes of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-related acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri) including morbidity, nosocomial infection and mortality among newborn infants who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care units (nicus). | 2016 | 26365531 |
virus-like particle vaccine containing the f protein of respiratory syncytial virus confers protection without pulmonary disease by modulating specific subsets of dendritic cells and effector t cells. | there is no licensed vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) since the failure of formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) due to its vaccine-enhanced disease. we investigated immune correlates conferring protection without causing disease after intranasal immunization with virus-like particle vaccine containing the rsv fusion protein (f vlp) in comparison to fi-rsv and live rsv. upon rsv challenge, fi-rsv immune mice showed severe weight loss, eosinophilia, and histopathology, and rsv reinfe ... | 2015 | 26355098 |
successive respiratory syncytial virus epidemics in local populations arise from multiple variant introductions, providing insights into virus persistence. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a global respiratory pathogen of humans, with infection occurring characteristically as recurrent seasonal epidemics. unlike influenza viruses, little attention has been paid to the mechanism underlying worldwide spread and persistence of rsv and how this may be discerned through an improved understanding of the introduction and persistence of rsv in local communities. we analyzed 651 attachment (g) glycoprotein nucleotide sequences of rsv b collected over 11 ... | 2015 | 26355091 |
diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen detection tests for respiratory syncytial virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) rapid antigen detection tests (radt) are extensively used in clinical laboratories. we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the accuracy of radts for diagnosis of rsv infection and to determine factors associated with accuracy estimates. we searched embase and pubmed for diagnostic-accuracy studies of commercialized rsv radts. studies reporting sensitivity and specificity data compared to a reference standard (reverse transcriptase pcr [rt ... | 2015 | 26354816 |
vitamin d levels are unrelated to the severity of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis among hospitalized infants. | vitamin d deficiency at birth has been reported as a risk factor for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infection during the first year of life. limited data are available on whether an infant's vitamin d status is associated with the severity of acute rsv bronchiolitis. | 2015 | 26336601 |
use of qualitative integrative cycler pcr (qicpcr) to identify optimal therapeutic dosing time-points in a respiratory syncytial virus human viral challenge model (hvcm). | retroscreen (hvivo) have developed an rsv human viral challenge model (hvcm) for testing the efficacy of novel antiviral therapies by monitoring changes in viral load and symptoms. the integrated cycler technology and simplexa™ kits (focus diagnostics) currently provide fast, qualitative and sensitive diagnostic testing in hospitals and other healthcare facilities for patients with well-established respiratory illness. we have developed a novel use of qualitative integrated cycler pcr (qicpcr) t ... | 2015 | 26335961 |
maternal transfer of rsv immunity in cotton rats vaccinated during pregnancy. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. there is currently no rsv vaccine. although maternal serum antibodies against rsv are efficiently transferred through placenta protecting human infants from rsv-induced disease, this protection is short-lived and the methods for extending and augmenting protection are not known. the objective of this study was to develop an animal model of ... | 2015 | 26335771 |
a highly stable prefusion rsv f vaccine derived from structural analysis of the fusion mechanism. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes acute lower respiratory tract infections and is the leading cause of infant hospitalizations. recently, a promising vaccine antigen based on the rsv fusion protein (rsv f) stabilized in the native prefusion conformation has been described. here we report alternative strategies to arrest rsv f in the prefusion conformation based on the prevention of hinge movements in the first refolding region and the elimination of proteolytic exposure of the fusion pept ... | 2015 | 26333350 |
viral co-infections in pediatric patients hospitalized with lower tract acute respiratory infections. | molecular techniques can often reveal a broader range of pathogens in respiratory infections. we aim to investigate the prevalence and age pattern of viral co-infection in children hospitalized with lower tract acute respiratory infection (lt-ari), using molecular techniques. | 2015 | 26332375 |
respiratory virus modulation of host nucleocytoplasmic transport; target for therapeutic intervention? | the respiratory diseases caused by rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza virus represent a large social and financial burden on healthcare worldwide. although all three viruses have distinctly unique properties in terms of infection and replication, they share the ability to exploit/manipulate the host-cell nucleocytoplasmic transport system in order to replicate effectively and efficiently. this review outlines the various ways in which infection by these viruses impacts on the ... | 2015 | 26322040 |
recombinant low-seroprevalent adenoviral vectors ad26 and ad35 expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion protein induce protective immunity against rsv infection in cotton rats. | rsv is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children, the elderly and in those with underlying medical conditions. although the high disease burden indicates an urgent need for a vaccine against rsv, no licensed rsv vaccine is currently available. we developed an rsv vaccine candidate based on the low-seroprevalent human adenovirus serotypes 26 and 35 (ad26 and ad35) encoding the rsv fusion (f) gene. single immunization of mice with either one of these vectors induced high ... | 2015 | 26319741 |
protein conformation in a vaccine matters. | | 2015 | 26318167 |
high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in pediatric acute lung injury: a multicenter international experience. | we aim to describe current clinical practice, the past decade of experience and factors related to improved outcomes for pediatric patients receiving high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. we have also modeled predictive factors that could help stratify mortality risk and guide future high-frequency oscillatory ventilation practice. | 2015 | 26317570 |
path to impact: a report from the bill and melinda gates foundation convening on maternal immunization in resource-limited settings; berlin - january 29-30, 2015. | global initiatives such as the millennium development goals have led to major improvements in the health of women and children, and significant reductions in childhood mortality. worldwide, maternal mortality has decreased by 45% and under-five mortality has fallen by over 50% over the past two decades [1]. however, improvements have not been achieved evenly across all ages; since 1990, under-five mortality has declined by ∼5% annually, but the average decrease in neonatal mortality is only ∼3% ... | 2015 | 26314626 |