| respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major public health burden worldwide. we aimed to review the current literature on the incidence and mortality of severe rsv in children globally. | 2017 | 27740723 |
| detection of airborne respiratory syncytial virus in a pediatric acute care clinic. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of respiratory illness in infants and young children, but this virus is also capable of re-infecting adults throughout life. universal precautions to prevent its transmission consist of gown and glove use, but masks and goggles are not routinely required because it is believed that rsv is unlikely to be transmitted by the airborne route. our hypothesis was that rsv is present in respirable-size particles aerosolized by patients seen in a ... | 2017 | 27740722 |
| the outpatient burden of respiratory syncytial virus infections in older children. | | 2017 | 27738053 |
| clinical and socioeconomic burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. | vaccines and antivirals against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are being developed, but there are scarce data on the full impact of rsv infection on outpatient children. | 2017 | 27738052 |
| respiratory rna viruses. | acute upper and lower respiratory infections are a major public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. at greatest risk are young children, the elderly, the chronically ill, and those with suppressed or compromised immune systems. viruses are the predominant cause of respiratory tract illnesses and include rna viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, and coronavirus. laboratory testing is req ... | 2016 | 27726802 |
| prevalence and risk factors of respiratory viral infections in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) lead to high morbidity and mortality. respiratory virus infection is considered as one of the important causes of copd exacerbations. the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of respiratory virus infection in copd exacerbations and to find the factors associated with susceptibility to viral infections. furthermore, we tried to examine if copd exacerbations caused by viral infections have more severe clinical outcomes in comp ... | 2016 | 27725531 |
| a four year seasonal survey of the relationship between outdoor climate and epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in a temperate climate. | the relation between weather conditions, viral transmission and seasonal activity of respiratory viruses is not fully understood. | 2016 | 27723525 |
| retrospective multicenter study of respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in korean children with congenital heart diseases. | we conducted a review of current data on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis with palivizumab, in korean children with congenital heart diseases (chd). in 2009, the korean guideline for rsv prophylaxis had established up to five shots monthly per rsv season, only for children <1 year of age with hemodynamic significance chd (hs-chd). | 2016 | 27721865 |
| a single intranasal immunization with a subunit vaccine formulation induces higher mucosal iga production than live respiratory syncytial virus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes serious respiratory illness in infants and elderly. rsv infection induces short-lived immunity, which leaves people prone to re-infection. in contrast, the rsv fusion (f) protein formulated with a novel adjuvant (∆f/triadj) elicits long term protective immunity. a comparison of rsv-immunized mice to mice vaccinated with a single dose of ∆f/triadj showed no difference in igg1 and igg2a production; however, local iga secreting memory b cell development and ... | 2016 | 27721128 |
| retrospective parameter estimation and forecast of respiratory syncytial virus in the united states. | recent studies have shown that systems combining mathematical modeling and bayesian inference methods can be used to generate real-time forecasts of future infectious disease incidence. here we develop such a system to study and forecast respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). rsv is the most common cause of acute lower respiratory infection and bronchiolitis. advanced warning of the epidemic timing and volume of rsv patient surges has the potential to reduce well-documented delays of treatment in em ... | 2016 | 27716828 |
| circulation of respiratory syncytial virus in morocco during 2014-2016: findings from a sentinel-based virological surveillance system for influenza. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young infants, little was known on its circulation types and patterns in morocco. we conducted a prospective study using sentinel-based influenza surveillance to detect rsv by real time pcr in patients with acute respiratory infections, enrolled during two seasons (2014/15, 2015/16). during september 2014-april 2016, we obtained 1450 specimens, of which 267(18.4%) tested positive for rsv. the proportion of positiv ... | 2016 | 27714743 |
| bronchiolitis. | in england last year, nearly 40,000 babies and young children with bronchiolitis were admitted to hospital. this infection is usually caused by the respiratory syncytial virus, and in most cases symptoms are mild and last only a few days. however, a quality standard published in the summer by the national institute for health and care excellence (nice) states that admissions for bronchiolitis are rising. nice quality standards describe high-priority areas for improvement in a defined field of ca ... | 2016 | 27712322 |
| epidemiology, clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and severity of respiratory syncytial virus acute lower respiratory infection in malaysian children, 2008-2013. | the aim of this study is to describe epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory data and severity of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) acute lower respiratory infection (alri) in malaysian children and to determine risk factors associated with prolonged hospital stay, paediatric intensive care unit (picu) admission and mortality. | 2017 | 27704652 |
| insurance status and the risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus disease in united states preterm infants born at 32-35 weeks gestational age. | background. database studies have identified that public health insurance status is associated with an increased risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease in us infants. however, these studies did not adjust for the presence of other risk factors and did not evaluate the risk in preterm infants. methods. in this study, we evaluate the independent association between public insurance and severe rsv disease outcomes adjusting for other risk factors. the prospective, observational ... | 2016 | 27704018 |
| respiratory and enteric virus detection in children. | the majority of children with febrile seizures have viral infections and viruses were detected in 22% to 63% of children in published studies. using molecular methods, viruses were also detected in asymptomatic persons. a prospective study was conducted to detect respiratory and enteric viruses in 192 children with febrile seizures and compare the detection rates to those found in 156 healthy age-matched controls. a respiratory or enteric virus was detected in 72.9% of children with febrile seiz ... | 2017 | 27698149 |
| respiratory syncytial virus-infected mesenchymal stem cells regulate immunity via interferon beta and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been reported to infect human mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) but the consequences are poorly understood. mscs are present in nearly every organ including the nasal mucosa and the lung and play a role in regulating immune responses and mediating tissue repair. we sought to determine whether rsv infection of mscs enhances their immune regulatory functions and contributes to rsv-associated lung disease. rsv was shown to replicate in human mscs by fluorescence mi ... | 2016 | 27695127 |
| vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus: the time has come. | | 2017 | 27694634 |
| a randomized, controlled, observer-blinded phase 1 study of the safety and immunogenicity of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine with or without alum adjuvant. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of childhood bronchiolitis and pneumonia, particularly in early infancy. immunization of pregnant women could boost preexisting immune responses, providing passive protection to newborns through placental transfer of anti-rsv antibody. | 2017 | 27694633 |
| development and clinical applications of novel antibodies for prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children, immunocompromised patients and the elderly. despite the high disease burden, an effective and safe vaccine is lacking, although several candidates are currently in development. current treatment for rsv infection remains largely supportive and rsv-specific options for prophylaxis are limited to palivizumab. in the past few years, novel therapeutic options including nanobodies, ... | 2017 | 27692523 |
| potential cost-effectiveness of rsv vaccination of infants and pregnant women in turkey: an illustration based on bursa data. | worldwide, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is considered to be the most important viral cause of respiratory morbidity and mortality among infants and young children. although no active vaccine is available on the market yet, there are several active vaccine development programs in various stages. to assess whether one of these vaccines might be a future asset for national immunization programs, modeling the costs and benefits of various vaccination strategies is needed. | 2017 | 27689356 |
| application of traditional chinese medical herbs in prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common viral pathogen of the lower respiratory tract, which, in the absence of effective management, causes millions of cases of severe illness per year. many of these infections develop into fatal pneumonia. in a review of english and chinese medical literature, recent traditional chinese medical herb- (tcmh-) based progress in the area of prevention and treatment was identified, and the potential anti-rsv compounds, herbs, and formulas were explored. trad ... | 2016 | 27688789 |
| immunogenicity of rsv f dna vaccine in balb/c mice. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe acute lower respiratory tract disease leading to numerous hospitalizations and deaths among the infant and elderly populations worldwide. there is no vaccine or a less effective drug available against rsv infections. natural rsv infection stimulates the th1 immune response and activates the production of neutralizing antibodies, while earlier vaccine trials that used uv-inactivated rsv exacerbated the disease due to the activation of the allergic t ... | 2016 | 27688769 |
| the innate immune response to rsv: advances in our understanding of critical viral and host factors. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes mild to severe respiratory illness in humans and is a major cause of hospitalizations of infants and the elderly. both the innate and the adaptive immune responses contribute to the control of rsv infection, but despite successful viral clearance, protective immunity against rsv re-infection is usually suboptimal and infections recur. poor understanding of the mechanisms limiting the induction of long-lasting immunity has delayed the development of an eff ... | 2017 | 27686836 |
| pre-fusion f is absent on the surface of formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus. | the lack of a licensed vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can be partly attributed to regulatory hurdles resulting from vaccine enhanced respiratory disease (erd) subsequent to natural rsv infection that was observed in clinical trials of formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) in antigen-naïve infants. to develop an effective vaccine that does not enhance rsv illness, it is important to understand how formalin and heat inactivation affected the antigenicity and immunogenicity of fi-rsv com ... | 2016 | 27682426 |
| seasonal variability of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the top end of the northern territory (2012-2014). | to determine the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in the top end of the northern territory and investigate potential drivers of seasonality including rainfall and humidex (humidity and heat index). | 2017 | 27671992 |
| host cytoskeleton in respiratory syncytial virus assembly and budding. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the major pathogens responsible for lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) in young children, the elderly, and the immunosuppressed. currently, there are no antiviral drugs or vaccines available that effectively target rsv infections, proving a significant challenge in regards to prevention and treatment. an in-depth understanding of the host-virus interactions that underlie assembly and budding would inform new targets for antiviral development.cur ... | 2016 | 27670781 |
| palivizumab exposure and the risk of autoimmune disease: a cross-national cohort study. | treatment with biologic pharmaceuticals may be associated with an increased risk of immune-mediated disease. palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody designed to provide passive immunity against respiratory syncytial virus infection. palivizumab is primarily used in preterm children known to be immunologically immature. the long-term effect of palivizumab in terms of autoimmune diseases has not yet been investigated. | 2016 | 27665287 |
| gu-ben-fang-xiao decoction attenuates sustained airway inflammation by suppressing er stress response in a murine asthma remission model of respiratory syncytial virus infection. | in recent years, asthma has increased dramatically in prevalence with a considerable economic burden all over the world. long-term remission should be regarded as the promising and meaningful therapeutic goal in asthma management. however, the precise definition criteria and rational therapies for asthma remission have not been well-established. in academia, there is a consensus that even in those who develop asymptomatic remission of asthma, persistent airway inflammation is ubiquitous. gubenfa ... | 2016 | 27660012 |
| drug candidates and model systems in respiratory syncytial virus antiviral drug discovery. | the development of antiviral strategies to prevent or treat respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections is of great importance, especially considering the fact that rsv is one of the most important causes of pediatric respiratory infections. however, despite intense efforts, there is no antiviral or vaccine approved for the prevention or treatment of rsv infections. several inhibitors, targeting different rsv proteins have been discovered over the past decade. we here review the most important ... | 2017 | 27659812 |
| bromodomain and extra terminal (bet) inhibitor suppresses macrophage-driven steroid-resistant exacerbations of airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation. | exacerbations of asthma are linked to significant decline in lung function and are often poorly controlled by corticosteroid treatment. clinical investigations indicate that viral and bacterial infections play crucial roles in the onset of steroid-resistant inflammation and airways hyperresponsiveness (ahr) that are hallmark features of exacerbations. we have previously shown that interferon γ (ifnγ) and lipopolysaccharide (lps) cooperatively activate pulmonary macrophages and induce steroid-res ... | 2017 | 27657907 |
| clinical predictors of critical lower respiratory tract illness due to respiratory syncytial virus in infants and children: data to inform case definitions for efficacy trials. | we analyzed data from 524 argentinean infants hospitalized with lower respiratory tract illness (lrti) due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) to inform selection of clinical end points for rsv vaccine efficacy trials. cases of lrti due to rsv that required a mask, continuous or bilevel positive airway pressure, or mechanical ventilation were classified as critical. oxygen saturation of ≤90%, tachypnea, and tachycardia were each associated with an increased odds of critical lrti due to rsv (adj ... | 2016 | 27655869 |
| outcomes of infants receiving palivizumab prophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus in canada and italy: an international, prospective cohort study. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection frequently results in rsv-related hospitalization (rsvh) in young infants. we examined the outcomes of palivizumab recipients within the canadian registry (caress) and the torino-verona italian registry over the 2002-2014 rsv seasons. | 2017 | 27649365 |
| anti-inflammatory effect of prophylactic macrolides on children with chronic lung disease: a protocol for a double-blinded randomised controlled trial. | recent studies suggest that the high mortality rate of respiratory viral infections is a result of an overactive neutrophilic inflammatory response. macrolides have anti-inflammatory properties, including the ability to downregulate the inflammatory cascade, attenuate excessive cytokine production in viral infections, and may reduce virus-related exacerbations. in this study, we will test the hypothesis that prophylactic macrolides will reduce the severity of respiratory viral illness in childre ... | 2016 | 27638496 |
| analytical characterization of an oil-in-water adjuvant emulsion. | adjuvants are typically used in subunit vaccine formulations to enhance immune responses elicited by individual antigens. physical chemical characterization of novel adjuvants is an important step in ensuring their effective use in vaccine formulations. this paper reports application of a panel of quantitative assays developed to analyze and characterize an oil-in-water adjuvant emulsion, which contains glucopyranosyl lipid a (gla) and is a squalene-based emulsion. gla is a fully synthetic analo ... | 2017 | 27628187 |
| defining the risk and associated morbidity and mortality of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among preterm infants without chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease. | the regal (rsv evidence-a geographical archive of the literature) series provide a comprehensive review of the published evidence in the field of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in western countries over the last 20 years. this second publication covers the risk and burden of rsv infection in preterm infants born at <37 weeks' gestational age (wga) without chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease. | 2016 | 27628014 |
| consensus conference on the appropriateness of palivizumab prophylaxis in respiratory syncytial virus disease. | respiratory syncytial virus infection represents a clinical burden among young children under 24 months. palivizumab is the only drug licensed in italy for the prevention of serious lower respiratory tract disease requiring hospitalization caused by respiratory syncytial virus in children at high risk. however recommendations for palivizumab prophylaxis are heterogeneous. not all the published documents agree about the clinical indications of palivizumab; this could lead to different clinical pr ... | 2016 | 27618642 |
| in utero alcohol effects on foetal, neonatal and childhood lung disease. | maternal alcohol use during pregnancy exposes both premature and term newborns to the toxicity of alcohol and its metabolites. foetal alcohol exposure adversely effects the lung. in contrast to the adult "alcoholic lung" phenotype, an inability to identify the newborn exposed to alcohol in utero has limited our understanding of its effect on adverse pulmonary outcomes. this paper will review advances in biomarker development of in utero alcohol exposure. we will highlight the current understandi ... | 2017 | 27613232 |
| down syndrome as risk factor for respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization: a prospective multicenter epidemiological study. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in childhood, particularly in premature infants, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. | 2017 | 27611835 |
| formulation of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with a polymer-based combination adjuvant promotes transient and local innate immune responses and leads to improved adaptive immunity. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes serious upper and lower respiratory tract infections in newborns and infants. presently, there is no licensed vaccine against rsv. we previously reported the safety and efficacy of a novel vaccine candidate (δf/triadj) in rodent and lamb models following intranasal immunization. however, the effects of the vaccine on the innate immune system in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, when delivered intranasally, have not been characterized. in the present ... | 2016 | 27591951 |
| analysis of immune epitopes of respiratory syncytial virus for designing of vectored vaccines based on influenza virus platform. | the immunoepitope database was used for analysis of experimentally detected epitopes of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) proteins and for selection of the epitope combinations for subsequent designing of recombinant vectored anti-rsv vaccines based on attenuated influenza viruses. three cassettes containing the most promising b- and t-cell rsv epitopes were selected: peptide f (243-294) supporting the formation of humoral immunity in animals; fragment m2-1 (70-101+114-146) containing two mh ... | 2016 | 27590768 |
| a distinct low lung function trajectory from childhood to the fourth decade of life. | low maximally attained lung function increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease irrespective of the subsequent rate of lung function decline. | 2016 | 27585385 |
| new antiviral approaches for respiratory syncytial virus and other mononegaviruses: inhibiting the rna polymerase. | worldwide, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised people. no vaccine or effective antiviral treatment is available. rsv is a member of the non-segmented, negative-strand (nns) group of rna viruses and relies on its rna-dependent rna polymerase to transcribe and replicate its genome. because of its essential nature and unique properties, the rsv polymerase has proven to be a good target for antiviral drugs, with one compound, als-817 ... | 2016 | 27575793 |
| neutrophil extracellular traps in pulmonary diseases: too much of a good thing? | neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) arise from the release of granular and nuclear contents of neutrophils in the extracellular space in response to different classes of microorganisms, soluble factors, and host molecules. nets are composed by decondensed chromatin fibers coated with antimicrobial granular and cytoplasmic proteins, such as myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase (ne), and α-defensins. besides being expressed on net fibers, ne and mpo also regulate net formation. furthermore, hist ... | 2016 | 27574522 |
| evolution and transmission of respiratory syncytial group a (rsv-a) viruses in guangdong, china 2008-2015. | respiratory syncytial viruses (rsvs) including subgroups a (rsv-a) and b (rsv-b) are an important cause of acute respiratory tract infections worldwide. rsv-a include major epidemic strains. fundamental questions concerning the evolution, persistence and transmission of rsv-a are critical for disease control and prevention, yet remain unanswered. in this study, we generated 64 complete g gene sequences of rsv-a strains collected between 2008 and 2015 in guangdong, china. phylogenetic analysis wa ... | 2016 | 27574518 |
| challenges and opportunities in rsv vaccine development: meeting report from fda/nih workshop. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of serious acute lower respiratory illness in infants and young children and a significant cause of disease burden in the elderly and immunocompromised. there are no licensed rsv vaccines to address this significant public health need. while advances in vaccine technologies have led to a recent resurgence in rsv vaccine development, the immune correlates of protection against rsv and the immunology of vaccine-associated enhanced respirat ... | 2016 | 27566900 |
| stat6 inhibitory peptide given during rsv infection of neonatal mice reduces exacerbated airway responses upon adult reinfection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-related hospitalization during infancy is strongly associated with the subsequent development of asthma. early life rsv infection results in a th2-biased immune response, which is also typical of asthma. murine models of neonatal rsv infection have been developed to examine the possible contribution of rsv-driven th2 responses to the development of airway hyper-responsiveness later in childhood. we have investigated the ability of a cell-penetrating stat6 inhibi ... | 2017 | 27566834 |
| pfkfb3-driven macrophage glycolytic metabolism is a crucial component of innate antiviral defense. | signaling by viral nucleic acids and subsequently by type i ifn is central to antiviral innate immunity. these signaling events are also likely to engage metabolic changes in immune and nonimmune cells to support antiviral defense. in this study, we show that cytosolic viral recognition, by way of secondary ifn signaling, leads to upregulation of glycolysis preferentially in macrophages. this metabolic switch involves induction of glycolytic activator 6-phosphofructose-2-kinase and fructose-2,6- ... | 2016 | 27566823 |
| the helminth-derived immunomodulator avcystatin reduces virus enhanced inflammation by induction of regulatory il-10+ t cells. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major pathogen causing low respiratory tract disease (bronchiolitis), primarily in infants. helminthic infections may alter host immune responses to both helminths and to unrelated immune triggers. for example, we have previously shown that filarial cystatin (avcystatin/av17) ameliorates allergic airway inflammation. however, helminthic immunomodulators have so far not been tested in virus-induced disease. we now report that avcystatin prevents th2-based im ... | 2016 | 27560829 |
| association of a pai-1 gene polymorphism and early life infections with asthma risk, exacerbations, and reduced lung function. | plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (pai-1) is induced in airways by virus and may mediate asthmatic airway remodeling. we sought to evaluate if genetic variants and early life lower respiratory infections jointly affect asthma risk. | 2016 | 27556405 |
| rsv n-nanorings fused to palivizumab-targeted neutralizing epitope as a nanoparticle rsv vaccine. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of acute respiratory infections in children, yet no vaccine is available. the sole licensed preventive treatment against rsv is composed of a monoclonal neutralizing antibody (palivizumab), which targets a conformational epitope located on the fusion protein (f). palivizumab reduces the burden of bronchiolitis but does not prevent infection. thus, the development of rsv vaccines remains a priority. we previously evaluated nanorings formed by ... | 2017 | 27553073 |
| diagnosing and treating respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the major causes of respiratory tract illness in children and can lead to significant infection and death. this article discusses the incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, current treatment, and prevention options to successfully diagnose and treat infections caused by rsv. | 2016 | 27552683 |
| development and validation of a score to predict mortality in children undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure: pediatric pulmonary rescue with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation prediction score. | our objective was to develop and validate a prognostic score for predicting mortality at the time of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation for children with respiratory failure. preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation mortality prediction is important for determining center-specific risk-adjusted outcomes and counseling families. | 2017 | 27548818 |
| medication management of the extremely premature neonate - the impact of a specialist pharmacist. | to present a case of an extremely premature infant and the role that the specialist neonatal pharmacist has on the quality of care of these patients. | 2016 | 27540237 |
| down's syndrome is a risk factor for severe lower respiratory tract infection due to respiratory syncytial virus. | previous studies have suggested that down's syndrome is an independent risk factor for severe respiratory infection due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). we compared the clinical characteristics of children with and without down's syndrome hospitalised due to rsv. | 2016 | 27537430 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection triggers epithelial hmgb1 release as a damage-associated molecular pattern promoting a monocytic inflammatory response. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infant and elderly populations worldwide. currently, there is no efficacious vaccine or therapy available for rsv infection. the molecular mechanisms underlying rsv-induced acute airway disease and associated long-term consequences remain largely unknown; however, experimental evidence suggests that the lung inflammatory response plays a fundamental role in the outcome of rsv infection. high-mobility ... | 2016 | 27535058 |
| investigation of respiratory syncytial virus-associated deaths among us children aged <2 years, 2004-2007. | we validated the respiratory syncytial virus-coded deaths of children aged <2 years in 2004-2007 using national/state death data and medical records. there were 48 deaths in 4 states, and hospital records for 32 of them were available; 26 of those 32 (81%) had a laboratory finding of respiratory syncytial virus, and 21 of those 26 (81%) had a potential high-risk condition, most commonly preterm birth (35%). | 2016 | 27534673 |
| differential lower airway dendritic cell patterns may reveal distinct endotypes of rsv bronchiolitis. | the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in infants remains poorly understood. mouse models implicate pulmonary t cells in the development of rsv disease. t cell responses are initiated by dendritic cells (dcs), which accumulate in lungs of rsv-infected mice. in infants with rsv bronchiolitis, previous reports have shown that dcs are mobilised to the nasal mucosa, but data on lower airway dc responses are lacking. | 2017 | 27531529 |
| cohort study of severe bronchiolitis during infancy and risk of asthma by age 5 years. | severe bronchiolitis (ie, bronchiolitis requiring hospital admission) is thought to markedly increase asthma risk, with 30%-50% developing asthma by age 5 years. to date, studies of this association are small, and most are from outside the united states. | 2017 | 27523277 |
| patterns in bacterial- and viral-induced immunosuppression and secondary infections in the icu. | immunosuppression renders the host increased susceptible for secondary infections. it is becoming increasingly clear that not only bacterial sepsis, but also respiratory viruses with both severe and mild disease courses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and the human rhinovirus may induce immunosuppression. in this review, the current knowledge on (mechanisms of) bacterial- and virus-induced immunosuppression and the accompanying susceptibility toward various secondary infections i ... | 2017 | 27517143 |
| viruses are frequently present as the infecting agent in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients presenting to hospital. | viral causes of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd) are well recognised but only recently have rapid tests become available. | 2016 | 27515577 |
| [infection prevention in newborns through maternal vaccination: current insights and developments]. | - in the first few months of life, newborns are vulnerable to infections.- vaccination of the pregnant mother leads to transplacental antibody transfer, resulting in the best possible protection of the newborn.- maternal vaccination has long been given for the prevention of tetanus in developing countries, and for the prevention of pertussis and influenza in developed countries, such as the united states, england and belgium. these vaccinations give newborns good protection and, to date, no adve ... | 2016 | 27507412 |
| detection of respiratory syncytial virus using direct fluorescent antibody assay in paediatric patients with acute respiratory tract infection. | severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pulmonary disease manifesting as bronchiolitis and pneumonia continues to play a major role in the childhood mortality and morbidity. hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of rsv among hospitalized children presenting with acute respiratory tract infection (arti) and its correlation with risk factors. | 2016 | 27504285 |
| tlr2 activation limits rhinovirus-stimulated cxcl-10 by attenuating irak-1-dependent il-33 receptor signaling in human bronchial epithelial cells. | airway epithelial cells are the major target for rhinovirus (rv) infection and express proinflammatory chemokines and antiviral cytokines that play a role in innate immunity. previously, we demonstrated that rv interaction with tlr2 causes ilr-associated kinase-1 (irak-1) depletion in both airway epithelial cells and macrophages. further, irak-1 degradation caused by tlr2 activation was shown to inhibit ssrna-induced ifn expression in dendritic cells. therefore, in this study, we examined the ro ... | 2016 | 27503209 |
| respiratory syncytial virus and other viral infections among children under two years old in southern vietnam 2009-2010: clinical characteristics and disease severity. | despite a high burden of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections among children, data on demographic and clinical characteristics of rsv are scarce in low and middle income countries. this study aims to describe the viral etiologies, the demographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of children under two years of age who were hospitalized with a lower respiratory tract infections (lrti), focusing on rsv (prevalence, seasonality, subgroups, viral load) and its association with d ... | 2016 | 27500954 |
| advances in asthma 2015: across the lifespan. | in 2015, progress in understanding asthma ranged from insights to asthma inception, exacerbations, and severity to advancements that will improve disease management throughout the lifespan. 2015's insights to asthma inception included how the intestinal microbiome affects asthma expression with the identification of specific gastrointestinal bacterial taxa in early infancy associated with less asthma risk, possibly by promoting regulatory immune development at a critical early age. the relevance ... | 2016 | 27497278 |
| defining the epidemiology and burden of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among infants and children in western countries. | the regal (rsv [respiratory syncytial virus] evidence-a geographical archive of the literature) series provides a comprehensive review of the published evidence in the field of rsv in western countries over the last 20 years. this first of seven publications covers the epidemiology and burden of rsv infection. | 2016 | 27480325 |
| epidemiology and etiology of influenza-like-illness in households in vietnam; it's not all about the kids! | household studies provide opportunities to understand influenza-like-illness (ili) transmission, but data from (sub)tropical developing countries are scarce. | 2016 | 27479176 |
| iterative structure-based improvement of a fusion-glycoprotein vaccine against rsv. | structure-based design of vaccines, particularly the iterative optimization used so successfully in the structure-based design of drugs, has been a long-sought goal. we previously developed a first-generation vaccine antigen called ds-cav1, comprising a prefusion-stabilized form of the fusion (f) glycoprotein, which elicits high-titer protective responses against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in mice and macaques. here we report the improvement of ds-cav1 through iterative cycles of structur ... | 2016 | 27478931 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults diagnosed in valencian region of spain. | | 2016 | 27478055 |
| bacterial and viral contamination of breathing circuits after extended use - an aspect of patient safety? | in the past, anaesthetic breathing circuits were identified as a source of pathogen transmission. it is still debated, whether breathing circuits combined with breathing system filters can be safely used for more than 1 day. the aim of this study was to evaluate the transmission risk of bacteria and also viruses via breathing circuits after extended use. | 2016 | 27470996 |
| rapamycin increases rsv rna levels and survival of rsv-infected dendritic cell depending on t cell contact. | the macrolide rapamycin inhibits mtor (mechanist target of rapamycin) function and has been broadly used to unveil the role of mtor in immune responses. inhibition of mtor on dendritic cells (dc) can influence cellular immune response and the survival of dc. rsv is the most common cause of hospitalization in infants and is a high priority candidate to vaccine development. in this study we showed that rapamycin treatment on rsv-infected murine bone marrow-derived dc (bmdc) decreases the frequency ... | 2016 | 27466155 |
| evaluation of the adaptive immune response to respiratory syncytial virus. | evaluation of the adaptive immune response is critical to the advancement of our basic knowledge and understanding of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the cellular composition in the lung following rsv infection is often evaluated using flow cytometry. however, a limitation of this approach has been the inability to readily distinguish cells that are within the lung parenchyma from cells that remain in the pulmonary blood vessels. herein, we detail a procedure to evaluate the adaptive immune r ... | 2016 | 27464699 |
| microrna profiling from rsv-infected biofluids, whole blood, and tissue samples. | several studies have shown that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can modulate the host innate immune response by dysregulation of host micrornas (mirnas) related to the antiviral response, a feature that also affects the memory immune response to rsv (thornburg et al. mbio 3(6), 2012). mirnas are small, endogenous, noncoding rnas that function in posttranscriptional gene regulation. here, we explain a compilation of methods for the purification, quantification, and characterization of mirna exp ... | 2016 | 27464696 |
| a proteomic-based workflow using purified respiratory syncytial virus particles to identify cellular factors as drug targets. | the identification of cellular factors that play a role in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) replication is an alternative strategy in the identification of druggable cellular protein that are essential for rsv replication. in this regard experimental strategies that are able to screen relevant proteins from the vast array of proteins in the cellular milieu will facilitate the identification of potential drug targets. in this chapter we describe a procedure where rsv particles are purified from ... | 2016 | 27464695 |
| screening for host factors directly interacting with rsv protein: microfluidics. | we present a high-throughput microfluidics platform to identify novel host cell binding partners of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) matrix (m) protein. the device consists of thousands of reaction chambers controlled by micro-mechanical valves. the microfluidic device is mated to a microarray-printed custom-made gene library. these genes are then transcribed and translated on-chip, resulting in a protein array ready for binding to rsv m protein.even small viral proteome, such as that of rsv, p ... | 2016 | 27464694 |
| use of minigenome systems to study rsv transcription. | minigenome assays have been essential tools in the understanding of viral transcription and rna replication for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). here, we describe the rsv minigenome assay for determining transcription by the viral polymerase in the absence of infection. we detail two different methods of detecting viral rna synthesis: a firefly luciferase assay for rapid and sensitive measurement of rsv polymerase activity; and a real-time quantitative pcr method for determination of specific ... | 2016 | 27464693 |
| reverse genetics of respiratory syncytial virus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a negative-strand rna virus that is associated with severe lower respiratory tract infections in young infants and the elderly. rsv remains a leading cause worldwide of infant mortality, and despite the high clinical and economic burden of the virus there are currently no available vaccines. here, we describe the methods for recovery of recombinant rsv viruses using a bacterial artificial chromosome and methods related to procurement and expansion of stocks o ... | 2016 | 27464692 |
| host factors modulating rsv infection: use of small interfering rnas to probe functional importance. | although respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and the elderly worldwide [1], the protein-protein interactions between the host cell and virus remain poorly understood. we have used a focused small interfering rna (sirna) approach to knock-down and examine the role(s) of various host cell proteins. here, we describe approaches for casein kinase 2α (ck2α) as a key example. we show how to study the effect of host gene (ck2α) knockdown usin ... | 2016 | 27464690 |
| respiratory syncytial virus (rsv): neutralizing antibody, a correlate of immune protection. | assays that measure rsv-specific neutralizing antibody activity are very useful for evaluating vaccine candidates, performing seroprevalence studies, and detecting infection. neutralizing antibody activity is normally measured by a plaque reduction neutralization assay or by a microneutralization assay with or without complement. these assays measure the functional capacity of serum (or other fluids) to neutralize virus infectivity in cells as compared to elisa assays that only measure the bindi ... | 2016 | 27464689 |
| development of human monoclonal antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus using a high efficiency human hybridoma technique. | human monoclonal antibodies against rsv have high potential for use as prophylaxis or therapeutic molecules, and they also can be used to define the structure of protective epitopes for rational vaccine design. in the past, however, isolation of human monoclonal antibodies was difficult and inefficient. here, we describe contemporary methods for activation and proliferation of primary human memory b cells followed by cytofusion to non-secreting myeloma cells by dielectrophoresis to generate huma ... | 2016 | 27464688 |
| secretory expression and purification of respiratory syncytial virus g and f proteins in human cells. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the leading causes of range of symptoms from mild upper to serious lower respiratory virus infections in infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. despite many decades of research and development, a licensed rsv vaccine is not available for use in human. since the rsv f and g proteins induce neutralizing antibodies and confer protection from infection, they are important for understanding disease and for developing vaccines and access to ... | 2016 | 27464687 |
| detection of rsv antibodies in human plasma by enzyme immunoassays. | enzyme immunoassays (eias) to detect and quantify antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and rsv proteins in human plasma or sera are described. the first eia uses rsv lysate antigens produced in hep-2 cell line. the second eia uses rsv f or g gene-expressed antigen in hep-2 cells. the third eia uses 30-amino acid synthetic peptides from central conserved region of g protein of rsv a2 or rsv b1 virus and a peptide from the sars cov nucleoprotein as a negative control peptide. all t ... | 2016 | 27464686 |
| rsv growth and quantification by microtitration and qrt-pcr assays. | defective interfering viral particles have been reported as important determinants of the course of viral infection, and they can markedly temper the virulence of the infection. here, we describe a simple method, based on limiting dilution, for the removal of defective interfering particles from rsv. this method results in a high-titer viral preparation from both hep-2 and vero cell lines. we evaluated two concentrations of sucrose to stabilize the virus preparation, and demonstrate that rsv is ... | 2016 | 27464684 |
| structure-based design of head-only fusion glycoprotein immunogens for respiratory syncytial virus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a significant cause of severe respiratory illness worldwide, particularly in infants, young children, and the elderly. although no licensed vaccine is currently available, an engineered version of the metastable rsv fusion (f) surface glycoprotein-stabilized in the pre-fusion (pre-f) conformation by "ds-cav1" mutations-elicits high titer rsv-neutralizing responses. moreover, pre-f-specific antibodies, often against the neutralization-sensitive antigenic site ... | 2016 | 27463224 |
| histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress rsv infection and alleviate virus-induced airway inflammation. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. however, the majority of rsv-infected patients only show mild symptoms. different severities of infection and responses among the rsv-infected population indicate that epigenetic regulation as well as personal genetic background may affect rsv infectivity. histone deacetylase (hdac) is an important epigenetic regulator in lung diseases. the present study aimed to explore th ... | 2016 | 27460781 |
| aqueous solutions of didecyldimethylammonium chloride and octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether: toward synergistic formulations against enveloped viruses. | micellization of di-n-decyldimethylammonium chloride, [dic10][cl], and octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, c12e8, mixtures have been investigated by surface tension and conductivity measurements. from these results, various physicochemical and thermodynamic key parameters (e.g. micellar mole fraction of [dic10][cl], interaction parameter, free energy of micellization, etc.) have been evaluated and discussed in detail. the results prove high synergistic effect between the two surfactants. base ... | 2016 | 27452423 |
| human amniotic fluid antibodies protect the neonate against respiratory syncytial virus infection. | | 2016 | 27448445 |
| influenza-like illness-related emergency department visits: christmas and new year holiday peaks and relationships with laboratory-confirmed respiratory virus detections, edmonton, alberta, 2004-2014. | emergency department (ed) visit volumes can be especially high during the christmas-new year holidays, a period occurring during the influenza season in canada. | 2017 | 27442911 |
| viral etiology and the impact of codetection in young children presenting with influenza-like illness. | children frequently had multiple respiratory viruses detected. although common, children with multiple viruses more frequently had cough and rhinorrhea. children with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus were hospitalized most frequently. routine screening and cohorting are recommended only for those with common respiratory pathogens. | 2016 | 27440506 |
| haze is a risk factor contributing to the rapid spread of respiratory syncytial virus in children. | this study investigated whether respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in children was associated with ambient temperature and air pollutants in hangzhou, china. a distributed lag non-linear model (dlnm) was used to estimate the effects of daily meteorological data and air pollutants on the incidence of rsv infection among children. a total of 3650 childhood rsv infection cases were included in the study. the highest air pollutant concentrations were in january to may and october to decembe ... | 2016 | 27439752 |
| palivizumab for prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with cystic fibrosis. | respiratory syncytial virus infection causes acute lung infection in infants and young children worldwide, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. children with cystic fibrosis are prone to recurrent lung inflammation, bacterial colonisation and subsequent chronic airway disease, putting them at risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus infections requiring intensive care and respiratory support. no treatment currently exists, hence prevention is important. palivizumab is effective ... | 2016 | 27439110 |
| pulmonary interstitial emphysema due to respiratory syncytial virus infection. | pulmonary interstitial emphysema (pie) primarily affects premature infants on positive pressure ventilation. pie is rarely reported in infants and children in the absence of mechanical ventilation and/or associated respiratory infection. we report a case of pie in a 22-month-old girl who had severe respiratory distress due to respiratory syncytial virus infection. chest computed tomography showed cystic lung lesions mimicking congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. the cystic lesions spontan ... | 2016 | 27435178 |
| observed effectiveness of palivizumab for 29-36-week gestation infants. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common reason for hospitalization of infants. in clinical trials, palivizumab reduced rsv hospitalization rates for premature infants. the 2014 american academy of pediatrics clinical practice guideline advised against use of palivizumab for otherwise healthy infants ≥29 weeks' gestation. the aim of this study was to determine the effect of palivizumab administration on hospitalization rates for rsv and bronchiolitis without rsv diagnosis among infants 29 t ... | 2016 | 27432850 |
| respiratory syncytial virus outbreak on an adult stem cell transplant unit. | an increase in respiratory syncytial virus type b (rsv-b) infections was detected on an adult hematology/oncology and stem cell transplant unit during march 2015. this prompted an outbreak investigation. | 2016 | 27430734 |
| alveolar macrophages can control respiratory syncytial virus infection in the absence of type i interferons. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections. immunity to rsv is initiated upon detection of the virus by pattern recognition receptors, such as rig-i-like receptors. rig-i-like receptors signal via mavs to induce the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators, including type i interferons (ifns), which trigger and shape antiviral responses and protect cells from infection. alveolar macrophages (ams) are amongst the first cells to encounter invading virus ... | 2016 | 27423203 |
| restrictive palivizumab use does not lead to increased morbidity and mortality in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of infection in immunocompromised patients and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) patients and patients with a primary immune deficiency (pid). palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the f glycoprotein on the surface of the rsv virus, preventing rsv replication. palivizumab was initially licensed for the prevention of rsv infections in children at high ... | 2016 | 27422147 |
| incidence of medically attended respiratory syncytial virus and influenza illnesses in children 6-59 months old during four seasons. | background. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza are significant causes of seasonal respiratory illness in children. the incidence of influenza and rsv hospitalization is well documented, but the incidence of medically attended, laboratory-confirmed illness has not been assessed in a well defined community cohort. methods. children aged 6-59 months with medically attended acute respiratory illness were prospectively enrolled during the 2006-2007 through 2009-2010 influenza seasons i ... | 2016 | 27419158 |
| gold nanorods inhibit respiratory syncytial virus by stimulating the innate immune response. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants, children and older adults. the use of metallic nanoparticles as potential therapeutics is being explored against respiratory viruses like influenza, parainfluenza and adenovirus. in this study, we showed that gold nanorods (gnrs) inhibit rsv in hep-2 cells and balb/c mice by 82% and 56%, respectively. the rsv inhibition correlated with marked upregulated antiviral genes due to gnr mediated tlr, nod-like recep ... | 2016 | 27381068 |
| nanobodies® as inhaled biotherapeutics for lung diseases. | local pulmonary delivery of biotherapeutics may offer advantages for the treatment of lung diseases. delivery of the therapeutic entity directly to the lung has the potential for a rapid onset of action, reduced systemic exposure and the need for a lower dose, as well as needleless administration. however, formulation of a protein for inhaled delivery is challenging and requires proteins with favorable biophysical properties suitable to withstand the forces associated with formulation, delivery, ... | 2017 | 27373507 |
| ct findings in viral lower respiratory tract infections caused by parainfluenza virus, influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus. | viral lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) can present with a variety of computed tomography (ct) findings. however, identifying the contribution of a particular virus to ct findings is challenging due to concomitant infections and the limited data on the ct findings in viral lrtis. we therefore investigate the ct findings in different pure viral lrtis.all patients who underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and were diagnosed with lrtis caused by parainfluenza virus (piv), influenza virus, ... | 2016 | 27368011 |