| purification and properties of clostridium difficile cytotoxin b. | toxin b, a potent cytotoxin produced by clostridium difficile, was purified to homogeneity from 6-day broth cultures of a toxigenic isolate. cytotoxin was purified approximately 4000-fold by sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation, deae-sepharose chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography on a mono q anion-exchange column. the molecular weight of reduced purified toxin was 50,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, compared to 150,000 for unreduced tox ... | 1986 | 3944088 |
| effect of toxin a and b of clostridium difficile on rabbit ileum and colon. | the effect of purified toxin a and partially purified toxin b on rabbit ileum and colon was investigated. toxin a caused tissue damage which was followed by permeability changes and fluid accumulation in both tissues. toxin a did not increase the permeability of the colon to the extent observed for ileum; secreted fluid contained less protein of plasma origin. toxin b had no effect on either tissue. secretory and tissue damaging properties of crude c difficile toxins were found to be due to toxi ... | 1986 | 3949240 |
| latex particle agglutination for detecting and identifying clostridium difficile. | a total of 329 selective enrichment broth cultures were tested for detection of clostridium difficile by latex particle agglutination (lpa), gas-liquid chromatography, and bacterial culture. of 53 broths positive by lpa, 36 were positive by gas-liquid chromatography, and 42 were positive by bacterial culture. the sensitivity and specificity of lpa relative to bacterial culture was 95.6% and 96.3%, respectively, while the sensitivity and specificity of gas-liquid chromatography relative to bacter ... | 1986 | 3950045 |
| clostridium difficile in general practice and community health. | the isolation rate for clostridium difficile in diarrhoeal stools was investigated in patients from general practice and community health centres over a 14-month period. c. difficile or its cytotoxin was detected in specimens from 89 (4.7%) of 1882 patients studied and accounted for 30.3% of all enteropathogenic micro-organisms isolated. overall c. difficile was second only to giardia lamblia in frequency. recovery rates in the different groups of patients surveyed varied from 3.6 to 27.5%. the ... | 1986 | 3950393 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxins by enzyme immunoassay. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the rapid diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis (aac) is presented. commercially available antisera to clostridium difficile toxins contain antibodies to other antigens found in non-toxigenic c. difficile and other bacteria. removal of these unwanted antibodies by absorption increased the specificity of elisa for detection of c. difficile toxins. specimens tested included 40 faecal extracts positive for cytotoxicity from cases of aac, 30 diar ... | 1986 | 3950397 |
| chronic diarrhoea in dogs associated with clostridium difficile infection. | | 1986 | 3952954 |
| pseudomembranous colitis in children and adults. | pseudomembranous colitis remains a potentially lethal complication of antibiotic usage. identification of clostridium difficile as the major pathogen has led to a rational successful approach to therapy and has widened the spectrum of associated disease. the frequent asymptomatic colonization of healthy neonates by c. difficile remains an enigma. | 1986 | 3955286 |
| significance of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in children. | stools of 147 children belonging to different age groups were examined for the presence of clostridium difficile, its cytotoxin and other enteric pathogens. none of the 31 full-term neonates, 5 (16%) of the 32 premature neonates, 27 (46%) of the 59 infants and 1 (4%) of the 25 older children excreted c. difficile in their stools. faecal cytotoxin was only detected in four infants (7%). there was no correlation with diarrhoea, previous antibiotic therapy, type of diet, or the concomitant presence ... | 1986 | 3956538 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile-associated colitis responding to cholestyramine. | we describe a patient with relapses of clostridium difficile cytotoxin-positive pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) after treatment with vancomycin, a course of metronidazole and a trial of bacitracin. she remains free of disease after a prolonged course of cholestyramine. we suggest there may be a role for anion-exchange resins in patients with pmc relapsing after vancomycin therapy. | 1986 | 3956890 |
| etiology of acute infectious diarrhea in a highly industrialized area of switzerland. | during an 18-mo period between 1981 and 1982, a prospective study was conducted in 119 adult patients with acute diarrhea. a diarrhea-inducing microorganism or toxin could be identified in 38.7% of the patients. salmonella sp and campylobacter jejuni were the leading agents that caused diarrheal illness in 25% of the investigated population. clostridium difficile was found in 6%, mainly after previous antibiotic therapy. rotavirus was rarely isolated and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli were not ... | 1985 | 3964774 |
| clinical and endoscopic findings in patients early in the course of clostridium difficile-associated pseudomembranous colitis. | endoscopic and clinical features are reported for 39 patients detected early in the course of pseudomembranous colitis. disease was detected early by virtue of careful surveillance in patients in whom diarrhea developed. early proctosigmoidoscopic findings in pseudomembranous colitis are illustrated. clinical presentation includes development of fever, leukocytosis, abdominal pain, and even an ileus picture on radiography in addition to diarrhea. | 1985 | 3966488 |
| pseudomembranous colitis following prophylactic antibiotic use in primary cesarean section. | a report of a hospital outbreak of pseudomembranous colitis in three patients given prophylactic antibiotic therapy before and after primary cesarean section is presented. all patients shared the same ward and labor and delivery room, and the colitis occurred within an 8-day period. the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis was suspected clinically and confirmed by limited colonoscopy and biopsy followed by stool culture and toxin assay for clostridium difficile. the high carrier rate of clostri ... | 1985 | 3966512 |
| monoclonal and specific polyclonal antibodies for immunoassay of clostridium difficile toxin a. | monoclonal antibody, affinity-purified antibody, and monospecific antiserum against toxin a were produced. the monoclonal antibody was an immunoglobulin g2a kappa chain isotype that immunoprecipitated toxin a, as shown by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. these antibodies were compared by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, latex agglutination, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for their sensitivity in detecting toxin a. our findings indicate that these antibodies may be useful as immunodiag ... | 1985 | 3968199 |
| improved gas-liquid chromatography method for the identification of clostridium difficile. | | 1985 | 3968205 |
| gas chromatographic identification of clostridium difficile and detection of cytotoxin from a modified selective medium. | a modification of an existing selective medium for clostridium difficile is described. inclusion in the medium of dl nor-leucine and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid enables identification of c difficile to be made directly from primary isolation plates by gas chromatographic detection of caproic acid and p-cresol. plugs of agar withdrawn from the selective medium also allow the detection of cytotoxin production in vitro. | 1985 | 3968212 |
| effect of antibiotic concentration in a selective medium on the isolation of clostridium difficile from faecal specimens. | | 1985 | 3968221 |
| population dynamics of ingested clostridium difficile in the gastrointestinal tract of the syrian hamster. | the population dynamics of clostridium difficile in the hamster gastrointestinal tract were studied after intragastric inoculation with organisms and a 51cr tracer. seventy-eight percent of spores germinated within the small intestine within 1 hr. germinated spores and vegetative cells both showed two phases of elimination from the hamster cecum--an initial phase of rapid death that was not affected by antibiotic treatment followed by a phase of complete inhibition of multiplication. the latter ... | 1985 | 3968453 |
| interaction between penicillin, clindamycin or metronidazole and gentamicin against species of clostridia and anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-positive cocci. | seven anaerobic and facultative gram-positive cocci and 12 clostridial species were tested for in-vitro and in-vivo susceptibilities to penicillin, clindamycin, and metronidazole, used singly or in combination with gentamicin. the in-vitro tests consisted of determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (mic), done without or with constant amounts of gentamicin. when used alone or in combination with penicillin or metronidazole, gentamicin had negligible effects on the bacteria. when used wi ... | 1985 | 3972757 |
| two bacteriophages of clostridium difficile. | two temperate bacteriophages of differing morphology and host range were isolated by screening 94 isolates of clostridium difficile. phage 41 had a 300-nm flexible tail, whereas phage 56 had a shorter tail with a contractile sheath. electron microscopy of phage 56 lysates exposed to elevated magnesium concentrations showed small virus-like particles which were 21 nm in diameter. the addition of mgcl2 to semisolid agar overlays enhanced both the titer and plaque size of phage 56. phage 56 was mor ... | 1985 | 3972994 |
| antimicrobial agents and clostridium difficile in acute enteric disease: epidemiological data from sweden, 1980-1982. | the carrier rate of clostridium difficile in an adult swedish population was found to be 11 (1.9%) of 594. all isolates were toxigenic in vitro, but no healthy individual harbored free cytotoxin in stool. of 398 patients with acute diarrhea not associated with antibiotic use, cytotoxin was found in stool filtrates of four (1%). in 4,793 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea from all parts of sweden during 1980-1982, c. difficile cytotoxin was demonstrated in 873 (18%). the tissue culture ... | 1985 | 3973405 |
| indium-111 leukocyte imaging in colitis induced by clostridium difficile. | | 1985 | 3973743 |
| modulation of cytotoxin production by clostridium difficile in the intestinal tracts of gnotobiotic mice inoculated with various human intestinal bacteria. | gnotobiotic mice died 2 days after inoculation of a cytotoxigenic clostridium difficile strain. protection occurred when mice were previously inoculated with a strain of escherichia coli or bifidobacterium bifidum. intestinal cytotoxin production was highly reduced in the surviving mice, whereas the c. difficile population level did not decrease to a great extent. | 1985 | 3977313 |
| serogrouping of clostridium difficile strains by slide agglutination. | six different agglutinating antisera were obtained by immunizing rabbits with formol-treated strains of clostridium difficile. after appropriate absorption, these antisera were used to define six serogroups designated by the letters a, b, c, d, f, and g. altogether, 315 strains of c. difficile from various origins were tested for slide agglutination by these antisera; 312 (99%) of them were agglutinated by one of these antisera. a and c were the most common serogroups. an excellent correlation, ... | 1985 | 3980688 |
| detection of clostridium difficile enterotoxin in neonates by latex agglutination. | clostridium difficile enterotoxin (d-1) was detected in 13 symptomatic and nine asymptomatic neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit by latex agglutination test but was not found in 18 healthy neonates in two other newborn nurseries. environmental contamination in the intensive care unit may have been the cause. an association between the presence of enterotoxin and clinical symptoms is discussed. | 1985 | 3985657 |
| effect of adding sodium taurocholate to selective media on the recovery of clostridium difficile from environmental surfaces. | the recovery of clostridium difficile on a medium containing cefoxitin, cycloserine, fructose, and egg yolk was compared with that on media containing one of three preparations of sodium taurocholate. in aerobic environments contaminated with c. difficile, media containing either crude taurocholate from mann research laboratories, new york, n.y., or pure taurocholate from sigma chemical co., st. louis, mo., recovered organisms significantly more often than did cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose-egg ... | 1985 | 3988904 |
| ceftriaxone: pharmacokinetics and effect on the intestinal microflora in patients with acute bacterial infections. | 12 patients with acute bacterial infections were treated with ceftriaxone, 1.5 g intravenously twice daily for 7-13 days. pharmacokinetic variables were studied in 11 patients. in older subjects, serum half-lives were longer and serum clearances lower than in younger individuals. after the last dose, a larger increase in auc compared to the first dose was observed in older patients and a biphasic elimination curve appeared in all patients but 2, with a terminal half-life of 15.6 h and 11.4 in ol ... | 1985 | 3992209 |
| antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. | all antibiotics, except parenteral aminoglycosides, sulfonamides and vancomycin, can induce pseudomembranous colitis. the worst offenders are clindamycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin and the cephalosporins. the cytotoxin produced by clostridium difficile has been identified as the cause of pseudomembranous colitis. treatment includes an antimicrobial to eradicate the organism and cholestyramine or colestipol to bind the toxin. | 1985 | 3993509 |
| effect of l-cysteine on the activity of penicillin antibiotics against clostridium difficile. | we observed elevated mics of penicillin antibiotics while performing agar dilution susceptibility testing of strains of clostridium difficile on supplemented brain heart infusion agar, an effect which was completely eliminated by the exclusion of l-cysteine from the medium. l-cysteine antagonizes the activity of penicillins against c. difficile, most likely by direct inactivation of the antibiotic. | 1985 | 3994352 |
| pseudomembranous colitis in spinal cord injury. | pseudomembranous colitis is a well-known disease associated with antibiotic administration and caused by the clostridium difficile toxin. clinical presentation is usually marked by watery diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, and fever. since early appropriate therapy can reduce morbidity and mortality, it is important for health care professionals to be aware of this disease. patients with spinal cord injury have a relatively high incidence of respiratory and urinary tract infections that are treate ... | 1985 | 4004539 |
| enzyme immunoassay for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis. | a sandwich enzyme immunoassay (elisa) was developed to detect clostridium difficile toxins a and b in stools from patients with antibiotic associated diarrhoea and colitis. immune serum to crude clostridium difficile toxin and non-immune serum were coated onto polystyrene microtiter plates to act as capture antibodies; toxins a and b in human stools were detected by antibodies from rabbits immunized with purified toxins a and b. the elisa for toxin b showed cross-reactions with clostridium bifer ... | 1985 | 4006928 |
| enrichment media for isolation of clostridium difficile from faeces. | | 1985 | 4006930 |
| evaluation of gas-liquid chromatography for the rapid diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated disease. | direct gas-liquid chromatography of faecal specimens with isocaproic acid as a marker was used for the rapid diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoeal diseases. ninety stools were examined and results were compared with conventional culture on selective medium and cytotoxin assay in tissue culture. using a combined analysis of isocaproic acid and butyric acid peak heights we defined three categories: positive, negative, and indeterminate. when the indeterminate group was excluded, ... | 1985 | 4008667 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | | 1985 | 4008969 |
| protection of hamsters against clostridium difficile ileocaecitis by prior colonisation with non-pathogenic strains. | prior colonisation of clindamycin-treated hamsters with non-toxigenic strains of c. difficile protected them from subsequent colonisation with a toxigenic pathogenic strain. in total, 13 of 18 'protected' hamsters survived for up to 27 days whereas all 27 animals challenged with the toxigenic strain alone died within 48 h. protection was not evident if a heat-killed suspension was used or if the colonising non-toxigenic strain was first removed with vancomycin. no antitoxic activity could be det ... | 1985 | 4009689 |
| germinability and heat resistance of spores of clostridium difficile strains. | out of 111 clostridium difficile strains, 108 produced spores in numbers of more than 10(5)/ml and the remaining three did not produce any spores in brain heart infusion medium. the germination frequency in the medium without lysozyme varied widely from strain to strain, ranging from less than 10(-8) to 10(0), and in 77 of the 108 strains the germination frequency was 10(-5) or less. the spores, when treated with sodium thioglycollate and then inoculated into the medium containing lysozyme, germ ... | 1985 | 4010539 |
| [the role of clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated enteritis]. | | 1985 | 4010560 |
| evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea. | the appropriate approach to the diagnosis and management of acute infectious diarrhea is determined by the frequency and setting of the illness, the recognizable causes or syndromes, the cost and yield of available diagnostic tests, and the treatability of the disease. acute diarrhea affects everyone throughout the world from one to more than six times each year, depending on age, location, and living conditions. the range of identifiable viral, bacterial, and parasitic etiologies is great, and ... | 1985 | 4014291 |
| in vitro activity of sch 34343 and cefbuperazone against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activities of sch 34343, a new penem antibiotic, and cefbuperazone, a new cephamycin antibiotic, were determined against 459 clinical anaerobic bacterial isolates and compared with the activities of imipenem and cefoxitin, respectively, by an agar dilution method. both penems showed potent and similar activity against all anaerobic bacteria tested, particularly peptococcus spp., bacteroides fragilis, and clostridium perfringens. all organisms except a single strain of fusobacterium ... | 1985 | 4015069 |
| production of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile strains isolated from infants and adults. | | 1985 | 4015295 |
| effect of filtrate containing clostridium difficile toxin on rectal mucosa maintained in organ culture. | rectal biopsies were maintained in organ culture over a 24-hour culture period, with good preservation of histological architecture. a filtrate containing clostridium difficile toxin significantly inhibited the rise in epithelial alkaline phosphatase activity normally seen during culture. this effect was abolished by pre-incubation of the filtrate with clostridium sordellii antitoxin, or heat inactivation. this effect is most probably due to a toxin of c. difficile. the method provides a new qua ... | 1985 | 4018440 |
| experimental models of clostridium difficile enterocolitis in gnotobiotic mice. | | 1985 | 4022975 |
| kinetics of cytotoxin production in feces of gnotobiotic mice and rats associated with two strains of clostridium difficile. | | 1985 | 4022976 |
| clostridium difficile in patients with cystic fibrosis. | one hundred seven patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) and 54 other patients with risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease were entered into a bacteriologic study to compare the rate of recovery of c difficile and cytotoxin in feces with occurrence of diarrhea and to investigate potentially protective or permissive relationships of fecal flora. toxigenic c difficile was recovered from 22% of cf patients and 11% of patients with other diagnoses. unlike the latter group, the majorit ... | 1985 | 4025261 |
| activity of a peptidyl prodrug, alafosfalin, against anaerobic bacteria. | alafosfalin, an antibacterial phosphonodipeptide requiring peptide transport for activity, was tested for activity against clinical strains of anaerobic bacteria in peptide-free roche sensitivity test medium no. 5 agar. it was active against bacteroides spp., fusobacterium nucleatum, and clostridium perfringens but not against clostridium difficile. alafosfalin activity was antagonized by appropriate peptides. synergy was obtained with other cell wall-active antibiotics. | 1985 | 4026269 |
| clostridium difficile colitis following head and neck surgery. report of cases. | clostridium difficile, a toxin-producing, gram-positive anaerobe, has been implicated as the causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis, an acute inflammatory bowel disease that generally occurs in association with antimicrobial therapy. this subject has received extensive review in the general surgical, medical, and pediatric literature but has not been specifically addressed in the literature of our specialty. we present the report of four recent cases, including one that progressed to the cl ... | 1985 | 4026668 |
| pseudomembranous colitis and wound infection following perioperative use of multiple antibiotics. | the prophylactic use of antibiotics in elective surgery of the colon is accepted practice, but it has inherent risks. the authors report the case of a 70-year-old woman who had wound infection and severe, relapsing pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile after a short course of antibiotics given orally and parenterally at the time of elective resection of the colon. perioperatively, she received erythromycin base and neomycin orally, plus netilmicin and metronidazole intravenously. ... | 1985 | 4027790 |
| studies with temocillin in the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. | the studies reported here were designed to ascertain whether or not the new beta-lactam antibiotic, temocillin, would produce antibiotic-associated colitis in the hamster. the experiments were controlled with clindamycin and cefoxitin, which are known to induce antibiotic-associated colitis experimentally and clinically. all three antibiotics were administered to groups of animals both parenterally and orally. clindamycin, at 1 mg/hamster, caused a slow onset of antibiotic-associated colitis by ... | 1985 | 4029030 |
| serum antibody response to clostridium difficile toxins in patients with clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | consecutive serum samples from 61 patients with clostridium difficile diarrhoea were investigated for antibody response to c. difficile toxins a and b in an indirect enzyme immunoassay (elisa) and in a neutralization assay against c. difficile cytotoxin. sera from 64 blood donors, elderly healthy females and patients with other known intestinal enteropathogens served as controls. an immune response was detected by elisa in approximately half of the patients with c. difficile diarrhoea. the speci ... | 1985 | 4030111 |
| comparative in-vitro activity of sch 34343 for a wide spectrum of clinically significant anaerobic bacteria. | one hundred and fifty strains of anaerobic bacteria including 45 bacteroides, 19 fusobacteria, 41 cocci, 34 clostridia, and 11 gram-positive non-sporeforming rods were tested by agar dilution for their susceptibilities to cefoxitin, cefuroxime, latamoxef (moxalactam), penicillin g, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, metronidazole and sch 34343. excluding the 34 clostridia, 115 of the 116 remaining strains were inhibited by less than or equal to 1 mg/l of sch 34343. one isolate of bacteroides fragilis ... | 1985 | 4030546 |
| spontaneous pseudomembranous colitis not associated with clostridium difficile. | this paper describes two patients who developed macroscopically and microscopically typical pseudomembranous colitis without prior exposure to antimicrobial agents and without detectable clostridium difficile or its toxin in the faeces. | 1985 | 4031517 |
| [incidence of diarrhea caused by toxin-producing clostridium difficile in hungary]. | | 1985 | 4034181 |
| identification of clostridium difficile by detection of p-cresol in a cooked meat medium. | | 1985 | 4043071 |
| antibiotic-associated colitis due to clostridium difficile: double-blind comparison of vancomycin with bacitracin. | a randomized double-blind study was carried out in patients with unresolving antibiotic-associated colitis due to clostridium difficile, to compare the effect of bacitracin (80,000 u/day) with vancomycin (500 mg/day) on the resolution of symptoms, clearance of organism, and prevention of relapse. forty-two patients with colitis, 9 of whom had a pseudomembrane, were randomized, 21 patients to each treatment group. the two groups were comparable in age, disease severity, and antibiotic exposure. f ... | 1985 | 4043661 |
| superinfections during antimicrobial treatment with betalactam-aminoglycoside combinations in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies. | the frequency, etiology and risk factors of superinfections during and/or within one week after antibiotic therapy with betalactam-aminoglycoside combinations were evaluated in 631 patients with hematologic malignancies admitted to the institute of hematology of rome from january 1982 to december 1984. 356 patients (56%) developed 402 episodes of proven or presumed infection. of these patients, 78 developed 102 superinfections. overall, superinfections responded less satisfactorily to antibiotic ... | 1985 | 4055041 |
| survey of neuraminidase production by clostridium butyricum, clostridium beijerinckii, and clostridium difficile strains from clinical and nonclinical sources. | neuraminidase production was investigated in 57 clostridium butyricum strains, 16 clostridium beijerinckii strains, and 25 clostridium difficile strains. neuraminidase activity was found only in c. butyricum strains originating from one human newborn with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, two newborns with hemorrhagic colitis, one infected placenta, and one adult with peritonitis, it was concluded that neuraminidase was not a major virulence factor in c. butyricum strains. | 1985 | 4056013 |
| clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in upper gut of infants with protracted diarrhoea. | | 1985 | 4056073 |
| [disorders of intestinal flora in intensive care patients]. | the intestinal flora under normal conditions prevents colonisation of the intestinal mucosa with pathogenic bacteria. various diseases as well as antibiotics may disturb the host/bacteria balance. if patients are in addition immunocompromised, otherwise commensal bacteria may cause life threatening infections. treatment of intensive care patients with antibiotics thus should account for preservation of resistance against colonization. antibiotics active against anaerobes or poorly absorbed from ... | 1985 | 4058231 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with single-dose cefazolin prophylaxis. | diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis are associated with antimicrobial therapy and prophylaxis. clostridium difficile colitis occurred in a patient who received a single dose of cefazolin for prophylaxis at cesarean section. prompt remission occurred after treatment with oral vancomycin. | 1985 | 4058831 |
| chronic diarrhea associated with hypogammaglobulinemia and enteropathy in infants and children. | in order to define the gastrointestinal manifestations and small intestinal structure and function in a group of infants with chronic nonspecific diarrhea and hypogammaglobulinemia, we retrospectively identified 55 such patients from a population of 518 children evaluated for chronic diarrhea over a 6-year span (10.6%). all patients had igg levels 2.0 sd or more below the mean values for age. patients with biochemical evidence of protein loss (enteropathy or nephropathy) were excluded. there was ... | 1985 | 4064865 |
| identification of clostridium difficile using the api zym system. | the use of the api zym system for the identification of clostridium difficile was investigated. the enzyme profiles generated by this system readily distinguished strains of clostridium difficile from other clostridia commonly isolated from faeces. enzyme activity of clostridium difficile was influenced by the composition of the culture medium but appeared to be independent of the age of the culture. given careful standardisation of techniques the api zym system is a suitable alternative to conv ... | 1985 | 4065138 |
| lack of relationship between clostridium difficile toxin and inflammatory bowel disease in children. | conflicting reports have appeared concerning the role of clostridium difficile toxin in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. therefore, we prospectively evaluated the incidence of c. difficile toxin in 44 children with inflammatory bowel disease of variable clinical severity over a 1-year period. only 3/128 stool specimens provided by these patients were found to be toxin-positive. these three stool specimens were from three different patients with crohn's disease of moderate severity who had no ... | 1985 | 4067226 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea follows perioperative prophylaxis with cefoxitin. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea during prolonged therapy of obstetric and gynecologic infections is known to occur with use of all classes of antibiotics except vancomycin and the aminoglycosides. we present 11 cases of c. difficile-associated diarrhea which followed a short course of perioperative prophylaxis with cefoxitin during a 1-year period. nine of the cases of c. difficile-associated diarrhea were among 162 women who received cefoxitin perioperative prophylaxis for cesarean se ... | 1985 | 4073152 |
| clostridium difficile-associated colitis in uremic patients. | five uremic patients managed in a renal unit developed clostridium difficile-associated colitis. four cases occurred in a cluster at about the same time. all patients had previously received or were on antibiotic therapy at the onset of diarrhea and one patient was also on oral steroid therapy. cefotaxime, a third generation cephalosporin was involved in all five cases. all patients had severe diseases with explosive diarrhea and systemic toxicity. the diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by cul ... | 1985 | 4075596 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in leukemia patients. | leukemia patients with diarrhea or other abdominal symptoms have been investigated for the presence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in stools. of the patients studied 19% had c. difficile, in most cases together with cytotoxin. all patients but one had received antibiotics, while one had been treated with cytotoxic agents only. symptoms of colitis were most often abdominal pain and distension rather than diarrhea. owing to the not infrequent fatal evolution, it is recommended that rou ... | 1985 | 4076283 |
| clostridium difficile induced colitis occurring during cefotaxime therapy. | | 1985 | 4082361 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile to new beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics. | the in vitro susceptibilities of 34 to 73 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile to 24 antimicrobial agents, including 18 beta-lactams, 4 fluoroquinolones, clindamycin, and metronidazole were examined. metronidazole was the most active (mic for 90% of the isolates [mic90], 0.5 microgram/ml), followed by the carbapenems (sch 34343, 4 micrograms/ml; imipenem, 8 micrograms/ml) and the antipseudomonas penicillins (piperacillin, 8 micrograms/ml; ticarcillin, 32 micrograms/ml; carbenicillin, 32 mi ... | 1985 | 4083868 |
| inhibitory effect of a copper-dipeptide complex on the establishment of a clostridium perenne strain in the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic mice. | a semisynthetic diet fed to axenic mice was found to prevent the establishment of a clostridium perenne strain in their intestinal tract. this inhibitory effect did not occur when axenic mice were preinoculated with a strain of clostridium difficile. the inhibitory effect was related to the presence in the intestinal contents of axenic mice of both dietary copper and a dipeptide, aspartic-epsilon-lysine. when c. difficile was inoculated into axenic mice, the dipeptide disappeared from the digest ... | 1985 | 4091557 |
| clostridium difficile in hospital patients. | | 1985 | 4093157 |
| the immune response in a patient to an infection with bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis and clostridium difficile. | | 1972 | 4629360 |
| immunological studies in ulcerative colitis. iv. origin of autoantibodies. | the incidence and height of antibody titers to colon, assayed by indirect hemagglutination with a heat stable colon extract from germ free rats, is significantly higher in sera from patients with ulcerative colitis than in those from healthy controls or from patients with amebic liver abscess or dysentery. while sera from ulcerative colitis patients and controls are indistinguishable in regard to incidence and height of antibody titers to forsman antigen, staphylococcus aureus s 209, clostridium ... | 1968 | 4879999 |
| autoantibodies to colon in germfree rats monocontaminated with clostridium difficile. | germfree rats monocontaminated with the anaerobic microorganisms clostridium difficile or another clostridium species (strain g 62) produce auto-antibodies to colon antigen. the antigen can be extracted with phenol water from the feces of germfree rats. antibodies, demonstrable by means of passive hemagglutination of antigen sensitized sheep erythrocytes appear after monocontamination for 35 days or longer. the indirect immunofluorescence techniques, applied to sections of germfree rat colon, ga ... | 1969 | 4886046 |
| effect of bacterial contamination on cecal size and cecal contents of gnotobiotic rodents. | in the present investigation the effect of various bacterial contaminations of gnotobiotic mice and rats on cecal size is presented. of the species tested, bacteroides oralis and fusobacterium nucleatum did not establish in germ-free mice. streptococcus mutans, clostridium difficile, a neisseria strain and two recent cecal isolates established, but failed to exert an effect upon the cecum of mice. a group k streptococcus and b. fragilis increased the cecal size apparently by increasing the level ... | 1969 | 5808078 |
| cefotaxime-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile. | a patient with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial pneumonitis, treated with prednisolone, developed mild colitis due to clostridium difficile in association with the use of cefotaxime (ctx). diarrhea was successfully treated with the discontinuation of ctx and initiation of oral vancomycin. | 1984 | 6088823 |
| micro-organisms in gastroenteritis. | we present bacteriological and virological findings together with salient clinical features from a prospective study of 447 children aged under 2 years admitted to hospital with infectious gastroenteritis. putative pathogenic micro-organisms were identified in the stools of 75% of these children. eight identifiably distinct groups of viruses, found on electron microscopy and tissue culture were present in 67% of patients--rotavirus was detected most frequently. pathogenic bacteria (salmonellas, ... | 1984 | 6091568 |
| quantitative assay for acute intestinal inflammation based on myeloperoxidase activity. assessment of inflammation in rat and hamster models. | an assay was devised to quantitate acute intestinal inflammation based on the assessment of myeloperoxidase activity. myeloperoxidase is an enzyme found in neutrophils and, in much smaller quantities, in monocytes and macrophages. myeloperoxidase was solubilized with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and myeloperoxidase activity was measured with a dianisidine-h2o2 assay. in neutrophil suspensions, myeloperoxidase activity was directly related to cell number down to as few as 500 cells. myelope ... | 1984 | 6092199 |
| enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in fecal specimens. | enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b were developed with use of a double-sandwich microtiter plate format. each assay was specific for its respective toxin and was sensitive to 0.1 ng of toxin. neither assay was reactive with 13 other species of clostridia. one hundred fifty fecal specimens submitted for tissue culture cytotoxicity assay were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). of the 79 tissue culture-positive specimens, 72 (91%) were pos ... | 1984 | 6101243 |
| therapeutic implications of clostridium difficile toxin during relapse of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile toxin was present in the stools of six patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease during symptomatic relapse. only two of these individuals had received antibiotics known to cause pseudomembranous colitis, and on proctoscopy none had pseudomembranes. in all patients disappearance of toxin, either with vancomycin therapy (five patients) or spontaneously (one patient), was associated with symptomatic improvement. cl. difficile toxin may complicate chronic inflammatory b ... | 1980 | 6101841 |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: a role in inflammatory bowel disease? | 56 patients with diarrhoea were screened for the presence of clostridium difficile toxin in their stool. the test was positive in 9: 5 had severe inflammatory bowel disease and were receiving systemic steroids; 2 were on steroids for other conditions; 1 had been on antibiotics; and in 1 there was no apparent predisposing factor. in each case clearance of the toxin was associated with clinical improvement. evidently cl. difficile toxin is not specific for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, but is a ... | 1980 | 6101842 |
| clostridium difficile and chronic bowel disease. | | 1980 | 6101850 |
| clostridium difficile and chronic inflammatory bowel disease. | | 1980 | 6103129 |
| clostridium difficile and non-antibiotic-associated colitis. | | 1980 | 6106775 |
| is pseudomembranous colitis infectious? | a cluster of eight patients in two adjacent hospital wards acquired acute diarrhoea within a period of 11 days. all their stool samples contained clostridium difficile toxin and c. difficile was isolated in every case. three patients had rectal biopsy findings compatible with pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). all the patients responded to treatment with oral vancomycin. until the possibility of pmc being acquired by cross-infection is clarified such patients should be nursed in isolation with stri ... | 1981 | 6109999 |
| enterotoxin(s) of clostridium difficile. | | 1981 | 6114310 |
| purified clostridium difficile cytotoxin stimulates guanylate cyclase activity and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. | antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis has been linked with clostridium difficile toxin. we examined the effect of toxins from four strains of c. difficile isolated from patients with pseudomembranous colitis on colonic adenylate (ec 4.6.1.1) and guanylate cyclase (ec 4.6.1.2) activities. partially purified toxins had a cytotoxic effect on hamster fibroblasts in culture at a concentration of 10 ng/ml. likewise, these toxins enhanced colonic guanylate cyclase activity two- to threefold, w ... | 1981 | 6114928 |
| gas-liquid chromatography as screening test for clostridium difficile. | | 1981 | 6118541 |
| gas-liquid chromatography and clostridium difficile. | | 1981 | 6118692 |
| association between clostridium difficile and enterocolitis in hirschsprung's disease. | | 1982 | 6119496 |
| pseudomembranous colitis. a complication of sulfasalazine therapy in a patient with crohn's colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis is a potentially life-threatening acute medical problem usually associated with a history of previous antibiotic exposure. presented here is a case of sulfasalazine associated pseudomembranous colitis in a patient with known crohn's colitis. the diagnosis was confirmed by identifying clostridium difficile toxin in the stool. this a newly reported complication of sulfasalazine therapy. | 1981 | 6119900 |
| clostridium difficile, enterocolitis, and hirschsprung's disease. | | 1982 | 6121250 |
| clostridium difficile in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis. | | 1982 | 6122916 |
| clostridium difficile from stools of normal children. | | 1982 | 6122967 |
| atypical clostridium difficile colitis in neutropenic patients. | | 1982 | 6123878 |
| cross-infection and clostridium difficile. | | 1982 | 6125644 |
| cross infection and clostridium difficile. | | 1982 | 6125795 |
| enteropathogenicity: recent developments. | recent studies have added important new information to our understanding of the pathogenesis and ethiology of diarrheal disease. vibrio cholerae produces a heat-labile enterotoxin, affecting cyclic amp. a very similar heat-labile enterotoxin is produced also by certain strains of escherichia coli, as well as by citrobacter, klebsiella, and aeromonas. e. coli may also produce a heat-stable enterotoxin, stimulating guanylate cyclase activity. in order to produce the pathologic effects, e. coli fir ... | 1982 | 6126611 |
| necrotizing enterocolitis during agranulocytosis and clostridium difficile colitis. | | 1982 | 6126653 |
| toxin a (enterotoxin) from clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated colitis. | | 1982 | 6128576 |
| peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. laboratory and clinical studies. | during a three year period, 1979-81, 82 patients were treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd). the incidence of peritonitis was reduced significantly during the three years from one episode per 20 patient-weeks to one episode every 37 patient-weeks. 83% of the 136 episodes of peritonitis were treated successfully by antibiotic therapy alone. 62% of the total episodes were managed successfully with intraperitoneal cefuroxime. in 13 (16%) patients, capd failed because of perito ... | 1982 | 6129474 |
| stimulation of enterotoxin production of clostridium difficile ny antibiotics. | | 1983 | 6131337 |
| clostridium difficile and its toxins. | | 1983 | 6134163 |