| [detection and characterization of salmonella strains from laughing gulls (larus ridibundus)]. | 25 and 17 salmonella strains could be isolated from 429 and 423 blackheaded gulls (larus ridibundus), respectively, during two years of examination. s. typhimurium was the most frequent serovar. all strains of s. typhimurium belonged to the biochemovar c (inosite and rhamnose negative), nearly a third of isolates caused a mannose-sensitive hemagglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes. this result is in contradiction to the literature. furthermore the phagovars, the plasmid profiles and the resist ... | 1991 | 1786042 |
| [detection and characterization of salmonella strains from laughing gulls (larus ridibundus)]. | 25 and 17 salmonella strains could be isolated from 429 and 423 blackheaded gulls (larus ridibundus), respectively, during two years of examination. s. typhimurium was the most frequent serovar. all strains of s. typhimurium belonged to the biochemovar c (inosite and rhamnose negative), nearly a third of isolates caused a mannose-sensitive hemagglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes. this result is in contradiction to the literature. furthermore the phagovars, the plasmid profiles and the resist ... | 1991 | 1786042 |
| [the occurrence of campylobacter spp. and salmonella spp. in gulls in northern germany]. | out of a total of 207 gulls--20 black headed gulls, 185 herring gulls and 2 common gulls--128 (62%) and 23 (11%) birds, respectively, were infected with campylobacter spp. (c.) and salmonella spp. c. jejuni was predominant in gulls less than two years old (89%) and c. coli in older birds (75%). furthermore, the infection rate with campylobacters was depending on the habitats of the birds. the rate for c. jejuni and c. coli, respectively, was in gulls from regional garbage dumps 78% and 4%, from ... | 1991 | 2065612 |
| [the "diseased" or "dead" guillemots (uria aalge), three-toed gulls (rissa tridactyla), silver gulls (larus argentatus) and laughing gulls (larus ridibundus) found in the area of the german bay, 1982-1985]. | between 1982 and 1985 the cadavers of 50 guillemots (uria aalge), 41 kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), 26 herring gulls (larus argentatus) and 34 black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) were examined pathological, bacteriological and virological. the probable cause of death was established. parasitosis were particularly prevalent in herring gulls (49%), where the main infection--as in black-headed gulls--was with cestoides. in kittiwakes and guillemots mainly spiruroideae were recorded. the commonest ... | 1989 | 2752934 |
| [the "diseased" or "dead" guillemots (uria aalge), three-toed gulls (rissa tridactyla), silver gulls (larus argentatus) and laughing gulls (larus ridibundus) found in the area of the german bay, 1982-1985]. | between 1982 and 1985 the cadavers of 50 guillemots (uria aalge), 41 kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), 26 herring gulls (larus argentatus) and 34 black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) were examined pathological, bacteriological and virological. the probable cause of death was established. parasitosis were particularly prevalent in herring gulls (49%), where the main infection--as in black-headed gulls--was with cestoides. in kittiwakes and guillemots mainly spiruroideae were recorded. the commonest ... | 1989 | 2752934 |
| [enzyme histochemical and fine structural observations on the pecten oculi of the pigeon (columba livia) and laughing gull (larus ridibundus)]. | | 1972 | 4343361 |
| [enzyme histochemical and fine structural observations on the pecten oculi of the pigeon (columba livia) and laughing gull (larus ridibundus)]. | | 1972 | 4343361 |
| avian wildlife reservoir of campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, yersinia spp., and salmonella spp. in norway. | cloacal swabs from 540 wild-living birds were cultured for campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, yersinia spp., and salmonella spp. the carrier rates detected were as follows: c. fetus subsp. jejuni, 28.4%; yersinia spp., 1.2%; and salmonella spp., 0.8%. all birds were apparently healthy when captured. c. fetus subsp. jejuni was isolated from 11 of the 40 bird species examined. among birds inhabiting the city of oslo, the highest isolation rate was found in crows (corvus corone cornix) (89.8%), fol ... | 1983 | 6338824 |
| avian wildlife reservoir of campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, yersinia spp., and salmonella spp. in norway. | cloacal swabs from 540 wild-living birds were cultured for campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, yersinia spp., and salmonella spp. the carrier rates detected were as follows: c. fetus subsp. jejuni, 28.4%; yersinia spp., 1.2%; and salmonella spp., 0.8%. all birds were apparently healthy when captured. c. fetus subsp. jejuni was isolated from 11 of the 40 bird species examined. among birds inhabiting the city of oslo, the highest isolation rate was found in crows (corvus corone cornix) (89.8%), fol ... | 1983 | 6338824 |
| [incidence of influenza virus infection in black-headed gulls]. | two strains of influenza a viruses were isolated in 1978 from tracheal washings of 18 nestlings of black-headed gulls examined for influenza. three strains of influenza a viruses were isolated in 1979 from 55 gull embryos collected in the same colony, the isolates being similar in their antigenic characteristics with the influenza virus isolated from a gull nestling in 1978. this confirms the possibility of simultaneous circulation of antigenically different variants of influenza a virus among b ... | 1984 | 6730433 |
| [selection of antigenic variants of h1n1 influenza viruses by means of monoclonal antibodies]. | six different monoclonal antibodies to influenza a/brazil/11/78 virus hemagglutinin were used for selection of antigenic variants of h1n1 viruses: a/ussr/090/77 and a/black-headed gull/ kaz . ssr/470/79. the group-specific monoclonal antibody completely neutralized the infective activity of the parental viruses (dilutions 1:5 to 1:640). two antigenic variants of wild type viruses were obtained using cross-reactive antibody. a comparative study of the antigenic structure, biological properties, a ... | 1984 | 6730437 |
| [characteristics of the plasmid profile of inositol- and rhamnose- negative strains of salmonella typhimurium]. | s. typhimurium isolates obtained during a large outbreak of human salmonellosis associated with smoked mackerels in the czech republic as well as strains of s. typhimurium isolated from black headed gull (larus ridibundus) were examined following biotyping, phage typing, plasmid profiling and restriction endonuclease analysis (eco ri, hind iii and bam hi) of plasmid dna. the epidemic strain of s. typhimurium and two isolates from environment of nesting colony black-headed gull were meso-inositol ... | 1995 | 7716866 |
| [characteristics of the plasmid profile of inositol- and rhamnose- negative strains of salmonella typhimurium]. | s. typhimurium isolates obtained during a large outbreak of human salmonellosis associated with smoked mackerels in the czech republic as well as strains of s. typhimurium isolated from black headed gull (larus ridibundus) were examined following biotyping, phage typing, plasmid profiling and restriction endonuclease analysis (eco ri, hind iii and bam hi) of plasmid dna. the epidemic strain of s. typhimurium and two isolates from environment of nesting colony black-headed gull were meso-inositol ... | 1995 | 7716866 |
| [properties of hav6neq2 and hswl(h0)hav2 influenza viruses isolated from waterfowl in southern turkmenia]. | three influenza a virus strains were isolated from shorebirds in october, 1977, in southern turkmenia, in the vicinities of tedzhen water reservoir. from a common tern, a/sterna hirundo/turkmenia/45/77 strain was isolated with the antigenic formula hav6neq2, from a teal and a black-headed gull influenza a/anas crecca/turkmenia/4/77 and a/larus ridibundus/turkmenia/13/77 strains with previously unknown combination of surface antigens hswl(h0)nav2 were recovered. by the molecular weight of the hea ... | 1980 | 6448515 |
| [properties of hav6neq2 and hswl(h0)hav2 influenza viruses isolated from waterfowl in southern turkmenia]. | three influenza a virus strains were isolated from shorebirds in october, 1977, in southern turkmenia, in the vicinities of tedzhen water reservoir. from a common tern, a/sterna hirundo/turkmenia/45/77 strain was isolated with the antigenic formula hav6neq2, from a teal and a black-headed gull influenza a/anas crecca/turkmenia/4/77 and a/larus ridibundus/turkmenia/13/77 strains with previously unknown combination of surface antigens hswl(h0)nav2 were recovered. by the molecular weight of the hea ... | 1980 | 6448515 |
| [botulism of aquatic birds at the starý u pohorelic pond (breclav district)]. | in the years 1981 and 1982 when a mass mortality of wild and domestic water birds was observed on the starý pond, eleven diseases or just died birds were examined by the neutralization test for botulotoxin and four sludge samples for the presence of clostridium botulinum. c. botulinum toxin of c type was detected in four wild ducks (anas platyrhynchos) from september 1981 and july 1982 and in one gull (larus ridibundus) and july 1982. the highest titres (of mice i. p. ld50/g) of botulotoxin in d ... | 1984 | 6441338 |
| [botulism of aquatic birds at the starý u pohorelic pond (breclav district)]. | in the years 1981 and 1982 when a mass mortality of wild and domestic water birds was observed on the starý pond, eleven diseases or just died birds were examined by the neutralization test for botulotoxin and four sludge samples for the presence of clostridium botulinum. c. botulinum toxin of c type was detected in four wild ducks (anas platyrhynchos) from september 1981 and july 1982 and in one gull (larus ridibundus) and july 1982. the highest titres (of mice i. p. ld50/g) of botulotoxin in d ... | 1984 | 6441338 |
| elimination of some enteroviruses in the excrements of experimentally infected rats (rattus norvegicus) and gulls (larus ridibundus). | young rats of both sexes, weight 150-170 g, the first laboratory progeny of captured wild parent pairs, were used throughout this experiment. rats in two experimental groups comprising a total of 34 animals were infected orally with type 2 poliovirus vaccine strain given in each group at doses of 500, 5000 or 50,000 tcd50. in the first experiment, the presence of poliovirus in rat excrements was detectable irregularly till day 13, in the second experiment till day 2 after infection. small quanti ... | 1984 | 6092458 |
| elimination of some enteroviruses in the excrements of experimentally infected rats (rattus norvegicus) and gulls (larus ridibundus). | young rats of both sexes, weight 150-170 g, the first laboratory progeny of captured wild parent pairs, were used throughout this experiment. rats in two experimental groups comprising a total of 34 animals were infected orally with type 2 poliovirus vaccine strain given in each group at doses of 500, 5000 or 50,000 tcd50. in the first experiment, the presence of poliovirus in rat excrements was detectable irregularly till day 13, in the second experiment till day 2 after infection. small quanti ... | 1984 | 6092458 |
| [the black-headed gull (larus ridibundus l.), a new host for cryptosporidium baileyi (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae)]. | black-headed full (l. ridibundus l.) represents a new host of c. baileyi current, upton and haynes, 1986. in 1991-1992 during the months of may-july six localities in three regions of the czech republic were studied by examining in total 264 not flying gull chicks (4-30 days of age), applying the methods after pavlásek (1987a, b, 1991). cryptosporidia were found in gulls in all localities and spontaneous infection during the period under study occurred in 27.5-100% of birds (tab. ii, fig. 1). th ... | 1993 | 8259642 |
| [the black-headed gull (larus ridibundus l.), a new host for cryptosporidium baileyi (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae)]. | black-headed full (l. ridibundus l.) represents a new host of c. baileyi current, upton and haynes, 1986. in 1991-1992 during the months of may-july six localities in three regions of the czech republic were studied by examining in total 264 not flying gull chicks (4-30 days of age), applying the methods after pavlásek (1987a, b, 1991). cryptosporidia were found in gulls in all localities and spontaneous infection during the period under study occurred in 27.5-100% of birds (tab. ii, fig. 1). th ... | 1993 | 8259642 |
| [the occurrence of salmonellae in wild birds (passeriformes, lariformes)]. | the occurrence of salmonellae was investigated in 1011 cloacal smears of 21 species of wild birds caught at the locality of hermanický rybník near ostrava. salmonella typhimurium serotype was isolated from one of the 23 laughing gulls (larus ridibundus) which were examined; this corresponds to a 4.3% invasion frequency. the result of the examination of all other birds was negative. on the basis of the results of this study and the results published by other authors, laughing gull can be consider ... | 1985 | 3927558 |
| [the occurrence of salmonellae in wild birds (passeriformes, lariformes)]. | the occurrence of salmonellae was investigated in 1011 cloacal smears of 21 species of wild birds caught at the locality of hermanický rybník near ostrava. salmonella typhimurium serotype was isolated from one of the 23 laughing gulls (larus ridibundus) which were examined; this corresponds to a 4.3% invasion frequency. the result of the examination of all other birds was negative. on the basis of the results of this study and the results published by other authors, laughing gull can be consider ... | 1985 | 3927558 |
| [the development of the genital system in ichthyocotylurus variegatus (trematoda: strigeidae)]. | the development of ichthyocotylurus variegatus from metacercariae to ovigerous adults in the natural definitive host (larus ridibundus) was examined at 24 h intervals. the metacercariae develop to the adults through a somatic growth of hindbody; the gametogeny and vitellogenesis take 4-6 days. during the first day of development the pair of testes are separated from the genital anlage. the ovary differentiates one day later. genital ducts are completely differentiated on 4th day after the beginn ... | 2000 | 10862396 |
| [the development of the genital system in ichthyocotylurus variegatus (trematoda: strigeidae)]. | the development of ichthyocotylurus variegatus from metacercariae to ovigerous adults in the natural definitive host (larus ridibundus) was examined at 24 h intervals. the metacercariae develop to the adults through a somatic growth of hindbody; the gametogeny and vitellogenesis take 4-6 days. during the first day of development the pair of testes are separated from the genital anlage. the ovary differentiates one day later. genital ducts are completely differentiated on 4th day after the beginn ... | 2000 | 10862396 |
| the radiosensitivity of embryos of domestic chickens and black-headed gulls. | eggs of domestic chickens and black-headed gulls were continuously exposed to gamma-rays during incubation, using dose rates ranging from 0.004 to 0.08 gy h-1 for 20 days. acute-dose experiments were also conducted, and eggs were irradiated on day 10 of incubation with doses of between 1.92 and 28.8 gy. hatchability and numbers reaching full-term developed were affected only after chronic doses of 9.6 gy and acute doses of 4.8 gy or higher. maximum embryo mortality occurred around days 10-11 of ... | 1988 | 3257949 |
| [comparative studies of paramyxovirus isolates from wild birds]. | as a result of a surveillance programme in north-germany, paramyxovirus-isolates of serogroup 1 with different pathogenicity were isolated from different species of feral birds (black-headed gull, mallard, tawny owl, tree sparrow, mute swan). in chick embryo fibroblast monolayers these isolates produced plaques exhibiting different plaque morphology. after cloning the isolates, further physicochemical, serological and pathogenicity testings were performed. on the basis of mean death time and int ... | 1989 | 2763760 |
| [incidence of ornithosis and salmonellosis in the black-headed gull (larus ridibundus l.). i. epidemiological investigations]. | | 1957 | 13437333 |
| [incidence of ornithosis and salmonellosis in the black-headed gull (larus ridibundus l.). i. epidemiological investigations]. | | 1957 | 13437333 |
| [antigenic variability of avian influenza virus a/h13, isolated in the ussr]. | the antigenic structure of influenza h13 viruses isolated from wild birds in the ussr in 1976-1985 was studied. antiserum against the reference a/gull/maryland/704/77 (h13n6) strain was used to demonstrate the antigenic variations among the viruses. the homology of nucleotide sequences in the region 99-215 for the two a/h13n6 strains, a/gull/maryland/704/77 and a/great black-headed gull/astrakhan/227/84, were 75% and 86%, respectively. the 9-base segment deletion in a/grey black-headed gull/astr ... | 1989 | 2609643 |
| localisation and characterisation of egg shell porphyrins in several avian species. | 1. electron microscopy, infra-red analysis and histochemical techniques have been used to determine the site of pigment deposition, the cellular localisation of pigment and the type of pigment precipitated in the egg shells of quail, white leghorn, brown ranger and black-headed gull. 2. transfer of pigment occurs via the surface epithelial cells of the shell gland. 3. porphyrins are probably synthesised in the blood. 4. possible pigment deposition mechanisms are discussed. | 1975 | 1139348 |
| a study on the role of birds in the spread of infections. | during three expeditions undertaken in march 1977 to june 1978, 797 cloacal swabs were collected from birds of 54 species. seven salmonella strains of six serotype were isolated from larus ridibundus (five strains), corvus frugilegus and acrocephalus schoenobaenus (one each). four strains of influenza a (hav2 na4v) virus were isolated from larus ridibundus. for the first time in czechoslovakia, two strains of yucaipa paramyxovirus were isolated, both of them from troglodytes troglodytes. these r ... | 1979 | 575902 |
| a study on the role of birds in the spread of infections. | during three expeditions undertaken in march 1977 to june 1978, 797 cloacal swabs were collected from birds of 54 species. seven salmonella strains of six serotype were isolated from larus ridibundus (five strains), corvus frugilegus and acrocephalus schoenobaenus (one each). four strains of influenza a (hav2 na4v) virus were isolated from larus ridibundus. for the first time in czechoslovakia, two strains of yucaipa paramyxovirus were isolated, both of them from troglodytes troglodytes. these r ... | 1979 | 575902 |
| isolation of an influenza a virus strain from a bird embryo (larus ridibundus) collected in slovakia. | avian influenza virus a/larus 36/77 (hav7nav1) was isolated in 1977 from a trinket (larus ridibundus) embryo. this result suggests the possibility of vertical transmission of influenza a virus. | 1979 | 87125 |
| isolation of an influenza a virus strain from a bird embryo (larus ridibundus) collected in slovakia. | avian influenza virus a/larus 36/77 (hav7nav1) was isolated in 1977 from a trinket (larus ridibundus) embryo. this result suggests the possibility of vertical transmission of influenza a virus. | 1979 | 87125 |
| salmonellae in gulls and other free-living birds in the czech republic. | cloacal swabs, collected from 756 wild synanthropic and exoanthropic birds of 57 species in the czech republic, yielded 32 strains of salmonella typhimurium [phage types (pt) 141, 104 and 41], six isolates of s. enteritidis (pt 8, 4 and 6e), and one each of s. panama and s. anatum. except for one s. enteritidis isolate from a grey-lag goose (anser anser) and one s. typhimurium isolate from a coot (fulica atra), all of the other strains were derived from black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus), of ... | 1995 | 7787820 |
| european starling chicks benefit from high yolk testosterone levels during a drought year. | avian egg yolk contains androgenic hormones, such as testosterone, of maternal origin. experimental elevation of yolk testosterone levels enhances growth of canary chicks. success in sibling competition, due to increased begging, is presumed to underlie this growth enhancement, because canary hatchlings from testosterone-treated eggs beg longer in response to vibrational stimuli than controls. furthermore, experimental elevation of both yolk androstenedione and testosterone increased chick growt ... | 2004 | 15256308 |
| [occurrence of salmonellae in the laughing gull (larus ridibundus)]. | in 1984-1994 black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) from various localities in the czech republic were examined to assess the incidence of salmonellae. a total of 99 eggs from two nest colonies were examined. no salmonellae were detected. in examinations of 740 young birds from three colonies the total prevalence was 19.3%. in full grown gulls (number of examined birds 189) from five localities the total prevalence of salmonellae was 4.2%. in water specimens near the nest colonies, other habitats ... | 1995 | 7489134 |
| [occurrence of salmonellae in the laughing gull (larus ridibundus)]. | in 1984-1994 black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) from various localities in the czech republic were examined to assess the incidence of salmonellae. a total of 99 eggs from two nest colonies were examined. no salmonellae were detected. in examinations of 740 young birds from three colonies the total prevalence was 19.3%. in full grown gulls (number of examined birds 189) from five localities the total prevalence of salmonellae was 4.2%. in water specimens near the nest colonies, other habitats ... | 1995 | 7489134 |
| [hygienic quality of lakes which are used as open-air bath. 2. communication: comparison of biochemical typed escherichia coli strains isolated from lake water and bird excrements (author's transl)]. | 368 strains of escherichia coli were isolated from lakewaters and bird excrements (mainly black-headed gulls) using mandatory methods for drinking water examination. all strains were further characterized by 43 biochemical physiological and 30 morphological features. besides the api 30 e enterobacteriaceae system and the roche enterotube system of biochemical testing were used comparatively. the analysis using numerical methods for taxonomy pointed out that a single biotop could be characterized ... | 1981 | 7029972 |
| a note on salmonella excretion in the black headed gull (larus ribibundus) feeding at sewage treatment works. | the range of salmonella serotypes found in sewage sludge and in the faeces of black headed gulls (larus ribibundus) feeding on the sludge was investigated. a close association was demonstrated between the serotypes found in both types of sample. salmonella takoradi (a serotype which is uncommon in scotland) appeared in the sludge for two short periods during the twelve week study and on both occasions it was later found in the gull faeces. it was shown that gulls become infected after feeding on ... | 1984 | 6746468 |
| [isolation of influenza a viruses with a new antigenic formula from wild birds]. | three hemagglutinating agents were isolated from mixed pools of the viscera from black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) and robin (erithacus rubecula) collected in the byelorussian ssa and the kaliningrad region of the rsfsr. typing of the viruses by double immunodiffusion technique revealed antigenic relationships of the viruses with swine hemagglutinin (hsw1) and human hemagglutinin h0. one of the strains had neuraminidase n2 the other two nav2. an analysis of the polypeptide composition of the ... | 1981 | 6455856 |
| [isolation of influenza a viruses with a new antigenic formula from wild birds]. | three hemagglutinating agents were isolated from mixed pools of the viscera from black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) and robin (erithacus rubecula) collected in the byelorussian ssa and the kaliningrad region of the rsfsr. typing of the viruses by double immunodiffusion technique revealed antigenic relationships of the viruses with swine hemagglutinin (hsw1) and human hemagglutinin h0. one of the strains had neuraminidase n2 the other two nav2. an analysis of the polypeptide composition of the ... | 1981 | 6455856 |
| salmonellae in gulls and other free-living birds in the czech republic. | cloacal swabs, collected from 756 wild synanthropic and exoanthropic birds of 57 species in the czech republic, yielded 32 strains of salmonella typhimurium [phage types (pt) 141, 104 and 41], six isolates of s. enteritidis (pt 8, 4 and 6e), and one each of s. panama and s. anatum. except for one s. enteritidis isolate from a grey-lag goose (anser anser) and one s. typhimurium isolate from a coot (fulica atra), all of the other strains were derived from black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus), of ... | 1995 | 7787820 |
| salmonella contamination of the environment and its incidence in wild birds. | in 1984-1991, the incidence of salmonellas was studied in wild birds from various sites in the czech republic. on an agricultural farm with salmonellosis in calves, salmonellae were isolated from eight birds (seven passer domesticus, one serinus serinus) of 31 birds examined. on various agricultural farms with no salmonellosis in farm animals, salmonellae were found in two birds (columba livia f. domestica) of 2186 birds examined. of 35 birds caught at a municipal waste-dump site, salmonellae we ... | 1994 | 7839754 |
| high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant genes and integrons in escherichia coli isolates from black-headed gulls in the czech republic. | to carry out an assessment of the occurrence of resistance to antimicrobials in escherichia coli that has been isolated from young black-headed gulls in three nesting colonies. | 2007 | 17584448 |
| salmonella contamination of the environment and its incidence in wild birds. | in 1984-1991, the incidence of salmonellas was studied in wild birds from various sites in the czech republic. on an agricultural farm with salmonellosis in calves, salmonellae were isolated from eight birds (seven passer domesticus, one serinus serinus) of 31 birds examined. on various agricultural farms with no salmonellosis in farm animals, salmonellae were found in two birds (columba livia f. domestica) of 2186 birds examined. of 35 birds caught at a municipal waste-dump site, salmonellae we ... | 1994 | 7839754 |
| [epizootiology and pathogenesis of avian mycobacteriosis in the laughing gull (larus ridibundus)]. | the occurrence of avian mycobacteriosis and sensitivity to m. avium were investigated in the laughing gull in this paper. the patho-morphological and culture examination of 35 individuals of the laughing gull caught at four different localities of the czech republic did not reveal any tuberculous lesions nor did it enable to isolate mycobacteria. after experimental intramuscular infection by suspension of m. avium macroscopic tuberculous lesions were found at the spot of puncture in 35 days, in ... | 1994 | 8009783 |
| [epizootiology and pathogenesis of avian mycobacteriosis in the laughing gull (larus ridibundus)]. | the occurrence of avian mycobacteriosis and sensitivity to m. avium were investigated in the laughing gull in this paper. the patho-morphological and culture examination of 35 individuals of the laughing gull caught at four different localities of the czech republic did not reveal any tuberculous lesions nor did it enable to isolate mycobacteria. after experimental intramuscular infection by suspension of m. avium macroscopic tuberculous lesions were found at the spot of puncture in 35 days, in ... | 1994 | 8009783 |
| differences in mercury contamination and elimination during feather development in gull and tern broods. | eggs, feathers (down, body feathers from side/shoulder and back) and some dead chicks (liver) from broods of three species, herring full (larus argentatus), black-headed gull (larus ridibundus), and common tern (sterna hirundo) from the german north sea coast were collected to study intersibling differences in mercury contamination and elimination into the growing feathers. the mercury contamination in eggs, feathers, and liver of the terns was about four times that of the gulls; black-headed gu ... | 1994 | 8060159 |
| differences in mercury contamination and elimination during feather development in gull and tern broods. | eggs, feathers (down, body feathers from side/shoulder and back) and some dead chicks (liver) from broods of three species, herring full (larus argentatus), black-headed gull (larus ridibundus), and common tern (sterna hirundo) from the german north sea coast were collected to study intersibling differences in mercury contamination and elimination into the growing feathers. the mercury contamination in eggs, feathers, and liver of the terns was about four times that of the gulls; black-headed gu ... | 1994 | 8060159 |
| [on the comparative osteogenesis in gallus domesticuls l., larus ridibundus l. and larus canus l. 3. bone development of gallus domesticus l. and larus ridibundus l]. | | 1968 | 5671978 |
| [on the comparative osteogenesis in gallus domesticuls l., larus ridibundus l. and larus canus l. 3. bone development of gallus domesticus l. and larus ridibundus l]. | | 1968 | 5671978 |
| campylobacter spp. and salmonella spp. in black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus). | cloacal examination of 41 juvenile black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) by cultivation demonstrated campylobacter jejuni in 26 (63%) and salmonella typhimurium in 21 (51%) of them. all the bird samples were collected in a breeding colony near the town hodonin, south moravia, czech republic in 1996. twenty six campylobacter isolates were tested for antibiotic and drug sensitivity: all were resistant to at least three agents (penicillin, tetracyclin and sulfomethoxazol-trimethoprim) while all wer ... | 1997 | 9151001 |
| campylobacter spp. and salmonella spp. in black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus). | cloacal examination of 41 juvenile black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) by cultivation demonstrated campylobacter jejuni in 26 (63%) and salmonella typhimurium in 21 (51%) of them. all the bird samples were collected in a breeding colony near the town hodonin, south moravia, czech republic in 1996. twenty six campylobacter isolates were tested for antibiotic and drug sensitivity: all were resistant to at least three agents (penicillin, tetracyclin and sulfomethoxazol-trimethoprim) while all wer ... | 1997 | 9151001 |
| campylobacter jejuni in black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus): prevalence, genotypes, and influence on c. jejuni epidemiology. | campylobacteriosis is a zoonotic disease in which birds have been suggested to play an important role as a reservoir. we investigated the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni in black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) in southern sweden with the aim of examining the nature of c. jejuni infection in this bird species. birds were sampled in four sampling series each year during 1999 (n = 419) and 2000 (n = 365). longitudinally sampled c. jejuni isolates from individual gulls were subject ... | 2002 | 12454158 |
| campylobacter jejuni in black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus): prevalence, genotypes, and influence on c. jejuni epidemiology. | campylobacteriosis is a zoonotic disease in which birds have been suggested to play an important role as a reservoir. we investigated the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni in black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) in southern sweden with the aim of examining the nature of c. jejuni infection in this bird species. birds were sampled in four sampling series each year during 1999 (n = 419) and 2000 (n = 365). longitudinally sampled c. jejuni isolates from individual gulls were subject ... | 2002 | 12454158 |
| [ornithosis and salmonella infections in larus ridibundus l. ii. isolation and identification of ornithosis virus in gull with simultaneous detection of salmonella typhimurium]. | | 1957 | 13472744 |
| [ornithosis and salmonella infections in larus ridibundus l. ii. isolation and identification of ornithosis virus in gull with simultaneous detection of salmonella typhimurium]. | | 1957 | 13472744 |
| the incidence of ornithosis and salmonellosis in the black-headed gull (larus ridibundus l.). | | 1957 | 13475800 |
| the incidence of ornithosis and salmonellosis in the black-headed gull (larus ridibundus l.). | | 1957 | 13475800 |
| prevalence and subtypes of influenza a viruses in wild waterfowl in norway 2006-2007. | the prevalence of influenza a virus infection, and the distribution of different subtypes of the virus, were studied in 1529 ducks and 1213 gulls shot during ordinary hunting from august to december in two consecutive years, 2006 and 2007, in norway. the study was based on molecular screening of cloacal and tracheal swabs, using a pan-influenza a rt-pcr. samples found to be positive for influenza a virus were screened for the h5 subtype, using a h5 specific rt-pcr, and, if negative, further subt ... | 2010 | 20426812 |
| complete genome analysis of an avian paramyxovirus type 1 strain isolated in 1994 from an asymptomatic black-headed gull (larus ridibundus) in southern sweden. | the complete genome sequence of an avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (apmv-1) isolated from a black-headed gull (larus ridibundus) in sweden was determined and compared with other apmv-1 sequences. sequence analyses showed that this isolate consists of six genes in the order 3'-np-p-m-f-hn-l-5', is 15,186 nucleotides long, and contains a typical, avirulent fusion protein cleavage site. it was also shown to have a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein with a length of 585 amino acids (aa) instead of t ... | 2010 | 20608541 |
| complete genome analysis of an avian paramyxovirus type 1 strain isolated in 1994 from an asymptomatic black-headed gull (larus ridibundus) in southern sweden. | the complete genome sequence of an avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (apmv-1) isolated from a black-headed gull (larus ridibundus) in sweden was determined and compared with other apmv-1 sequences. sequence analyses showed that this isolate consists of six genes in the order 3'-np-p-m-f-hn-l-5', is 15,186 nucleotides long, and contains a typical, avirulent fusion protein cleavage site. it was also shown to have a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein with a length of 585 amino acids (aa) instead of t ... | 2010 | 20608541 |
| influence of a mine tailing accident near doñana national park (spain) on heavy metals and arsenic accumulation in 14 species of waterfowl (1998 to 2000). | this article presents the impact on waterbirds in doñana national park (spain) of an accidental release of 5 million m3 acid waste produced by the processing of pyrite ore. heavy metals (zinc, copper, cadmium, and lead) and arsenic were measured in several soft tissues (liver, kidney, and muscle) taken from 14 waterfowl species collected between april 1998 and may 2000. the main source of copper and zinc found in the waterfowl species examined was the spill waste, whereas cadmium, lead, and arse ... | 2004 | 15499503 |
| influence of a mine tailing accident near doñana national park (spain) on heavy metals and arsenic accumulation in 14 species of waterfowl (1998 to 2000). | this article presents the impact on waterbirds in doñana national park (spain) of an accidental release of 5 million m3 acid waste produced by the processing of pyrite ore. heavy metals (zinc, copper, cadmium, and lead) and arsenic were measured in several soft tissues (liver, kidney, and muscle) taken from 14 waterfowl species collected between april 1998 and may 2000. the main source of copper and zinc found in the waterfowl species examined was the spill waste, whereas cadmium, lead, and arse ... | 2004 | 15499503 |
| investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in hong kong in late 2002. | outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza have occurred in hong kong in chickens and other gallinaceous poultry in 1997, 2001, twice in 2002 and 2003. high mortality rates were seen in gallinaceous birds but not in domestic or wild waterfowl or other wild birds until late 2002 when highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza occurred in waterfowl (geese, ducks and swans), captive greater flamingo (phoenicopterus ruber) and other wild birds (little egret egretta garzetta) at two waterfowl pa ... | 2004 | 15545029 |
| investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in hong kong in late 2002. | outbreaks of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza have occurred in hong kong in chickens and other gallinaceous poultry in 1997, 2001, twice in 2002 and 2003. high mortality rates were seen in gallinaceous birds but not in domestic or wild waterfowl or other wild birds until late 2002 when highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza occurred in waterfowl (geese, ducks and swans), captive greater flamingo (phoenicopterus ruber) and other wild birds (little egret egretta garzetta) at two waterfowl pa ... | 2004 | 15545029 |
| characterization of a novel influenza a virus hemagglutinin subtype (h16) obtained from black-headed gulls. | in wild aquatic birds and poultry around the world, influenza a viruses carrying 15 antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin (ha) and 9 antigenic subtypes of neuraminidase (na) have been described. here we describe a previously unidentified antigenic subtype of ha (h16), detected in viruses circulating in black-headed gulls in sweden. in agreement with established criteria for the definition of antigenic subtypes, hemagglutination inhibition assays and immunodiffusion assays failed to detect specific ... | 2005 | 15709000 |
| salmonella in black-headed gulls ( larus ridibundus); prevalence, genotypes and influence on salmonella epidemiology. | during a period of 3 years, 1998-2000, 1047 faecal swabs from black-headed gulls were sampled at one location in southern sweden. salmonella spp. was found in 28 individuals (2.7%) and the dominating serotype found was s. typhimurium (83%). twenty-five per cent of the salmonella-infected gulls were later recaptured and re-sampled. we found that salmonella infection in black-headed gulls was of short duration, and that infection in this bird species was predominantly expressed as carriage without ... | 2006 | 16238820 |
| salmonella in black-headed gulls ( larus ridibundus); prevalence, genotypes and influence on salmonella epidemiology. | during a period of 3 years, 1998-2000, 1047 faecal swabs from black-headed gulls were sampled at one location in southern sweden. salmonella spp. was found in 28 individuals (2.7%) and the dominating serotype found was s. typhimurium (83%). twenty-five per cent of the salmonella-infected gulls were later recaptured and re-sampled. we found that salmonella infection in black-headed gulls was of short duration, and that infection in this bird species was predominantly expressed as carriage without ... | 2006 | 16238820 |
| bioaccumulation, temporal trend, and geographical distribution of synthetic musks in the marine environment. | bioaccumulation of synthetic musks in a marine food chain was investigated by analyzing marine organisms at various trophic levels, including lugworm, clam, crustacean, fish, marine mammal, and bird samples collected from tidal flat and shallow water areas of the ariake sea, japan. two of the polycyclic musks, hhcb and ahtn, were the dominant compounds found in most of the samples analyzed, whereas nitro musks were not detected in any of the organisms, suggesting greater usage of polycyclic musk ... | 2007 | 17438766 |
| serologic survey of potential vertebrate hosts for west nile virus in poland. | a survey for antibodies to west nile virus (wnv; genus ,flavivirus) was carried out by plaque-re-duction neutralization microtesting in 78 horses, 20 domestic chickens, and 97 wild birds belonging to 10 species from different areas in poland. specific antibodies were detected in five juvenile (hatching-year) birds collected in 2006: three white storks (ciconia ciconia) in a wildlife rehabilitation center (5.4% of all examined storks; the antibody titers in each bird were 1:320, 1:160, and 1:20), ... | 2008 | 18433332 |
| serologic survey of potential vertebrate hosts for west nile virus in poland. | a survey for antibodies to west nile virus (wnv; genus ,flavivirus) was carried out by plaque-re-duction neutralization microtesting in 78 horses, 20 domestic chickens, and 97 wild birds belonging to 10 species from different areas in poland. specific antibodies were detected in five juvenile (hatching-year) birds collected in 2006: three white storks (ciconia ciconia) in a wildlife rehabilitation center (5.4% of all examined storks; the antibody titers in each bird were 1:320, 1:160, and 1:20), ... | 2008 | 18433332 |
| phenotypic characteristics of riemerella anatipestifer and similar micro-organisms from various hosts. | a total of 199 riemerella anatipestifer (ra) and ra-like field strains isolated culturally from birds of 12 different species and from pigs were characterized using classical phenotypic and chemotaxonomic tests. the ra reference strain atcc 11845 was included in the study. on the basis of the classical phenotypic characteristics studied and the numerical analysis of the whole-cell fatty acid patterns, the ra reference strain and 123 field isolates were assigned to the indole negative (in) varian ... | 1998 | 18483963 |
| the relation among gonadal steroids, immunocompetence, body mass, and behavior in young black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus). | we experimentally examined the effect of testosterone on the antibody response to a single immunization with sheep red blood cells in young black-headed gulls. this species performs a number of testosterone-mediated elaborate postural displays in social interactions and breeds in dense colonies in which there is a high likelihood of infectious diseases. in young chicks, only one-third were capable of responding to immunization. in the responding chicks, testosterone enhanced antibody titers. eve ... | 1997 | 18811282 |
| the relation among gonadal steroids, immunocompetence, body mass, and behavior in young black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus). | we experimentally examined the effect of testosterone on the antibody response to a single immunization with sheep red blood cells in young black-headed gulls. this species performs a number of testosterone-mediated elaborate postural displays in social interactions and breeds in dense colonies in which there is a high likelihood of infectious diseases. in young chicks, only one-third were capable of responding to immunization. in the responding chicks, testosterone enhanced antibody titers. eve ... | 1997 | 18811282 |
| antibiotic-resistant salmonella and escherichia coli isolates with integrons and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in surface water and sympatric black-headed gulls. | to examine surface water from a pond in the northeastern part of the czech republic and young black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) nesting on the same pond for the presence of antibiotic-resistant salmonella and escherichia coli. | 2009 | 19245407 |
| antibiotic-resistant salmonella and escherichia coli isolates with integrons and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in surface water and sympatric black-headed gulls. | to examine surface water from a pond in the northeastern part of the czech republic and young black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) nesting on the same pond for the presence of antibiotic-resistant salmonella and escherichia coli. | 2009 | 19245407 |
| campylobacter volucris sp. nov., isolated from black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus). | during a study of the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni in black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) in sweden, three isolates, strains lmg 24379, lmg 24380t and lmg 24381, were initially identified as campylobacter lari. further characterization by both aflp and whole-cell protein sds-page analyses revealed that they formed a distinct group in the genus campylobacter. this unique position was confirmed by phenotypic characterization, 16s rrna and hsp60 gene sequence analysis and dna-dna hybridizat ... | 2010 | 19767353 |
| campylobacter volucris sp. nov., isolated from black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus). | during a study of the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni in black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) in sweden, three isolates, strains lmg 24379, lmg 24380t and lmg 24381, were initially identified as campylobacter lari. further characterization by both aflp and whole-cell protein sds-page analyses revealed that they formed a distinct group in the genus campylobacter. this unique position was confirmed by phenotypic characterization, 16s rrna and hsp60 gene sequence analysis and dna-dna hybridizat ... | 2010 | 19767353 |
| characterization of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in mongolia 2005 through 2007. | since the emergence of h5n1 high pathogenicity (hp) avian influenza virus (aiv) in asia, numerous efforts worldwide have focused on elucidating the relative roles of wild birds and domestic poultry movement in virus dissemination. in accordance with this a surveillance program for aiv in wild birds was conducted in mongolia from 2005-2007. an important feature of mongolia is that there is little domestic poultry production in the country, therefore aiv detection in wild birds would not likely be ... | 2009 | 19891786 |
| characterization of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in mongolia 2005 through 2007. | since the emergence of h5n1 high pathogenicity (hp) avian influenza virus (aiv) in asia, numerous efforts worldwide have focused on elucidating the relative roles of wild birds and domestic poultry movement in virus dissemination. in accordance with this a surveillance program for aiv in wild birds was conducted in mongolia from 2005-2007. an important feature of mongolia is that there is little domestic poultry production in the country, therefore aiv detection in wild birds would not likely be ... | 2009 | 19891786 |
| multiple introduction of asian h5n1 avian influenza virus in croatia by wild birds during 2005-2006 and isolation of the virus from apparently healthy black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus). | this study describes the introduction and spread of avian influenza a (h5n1) subtype in croatia. seventeen isolates were identified during the period from october 2005 to march 2006, all originating from wild birds. the full-length nucleotide sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of seven representative isolates revealed that three distinct genetic strains involved in the outbreaks, implicating at least three independent introductions of the virus into croatia during a relatively shor ... | 2010 | 20370426 |
| mercury in feathers and blood of gulls from the southern baltic coast, poland. | gulls were assessed as sentinels of contamination in the coastal zone of the southern baltic, research material being obtained from dead birds collected on polish beaches and near fishing ports in 2009-2012. in feathers and blood of four gull species: herring gull (larus argentatus), common gull (larus canus), black-headed gull (chroicocephalus ridibundus), and great black-backed gull (larus marinus), concentration of total mercury (hgt) was assayed, taking into account the type of feathers, sex ... | 2017 | 28344366 |
| species differences in total mercury concentration in gulls from the gulf of gdansk (southern baltic). | aquatic birds occupy a high position in the trophic pyramid of the baltic sea. this means that they accumulate the greatest amount of harmful substances, including mercury, in their bodies. this element penetrates into their systems mainly via the alimentary canal. the amount of mercury absorbed from food depends on how badly the environment is polluted with this metal. the aim of this study was to discover the concentrations of total mercury (hgt) in the contour feathers, muscles, brain, lungs, ... | 2016 | 26653750 |
| species differences in total mercury concentration in gulls from the gulf of gdansk (southern baltic). | aquatic birds occupy a high position in the trophic pyramid of the baltic sea. this means that they accumulate the greatest amount of harmful substances, including mercury, in their bodies. this element penetrates into their systems mainly via the alimentary canal. the amount of mercury absorbed from food depends on how badly the environment is polluted with this metal. the aim of this study was to discover the concentrations of total mercury (hgt) in the contour feathers, muscles, brain, lungs, ... | 2016 | 26653750 |
| mercury concentration in 3 species of gulls, larus ridibundus, larus minutus, larus canus, from south coast of the caspian sea, iran. | in this study, the mercury concentrations of liver, breast feathers and tail feathers in three species of gull; black-headed gull (larus ridibundus), common gull (larus canus) and little gull (larus minutus) from the south coast of the caspian sea in iran were assayed. mercury accumulation in liver, breast feathers and tail feathers of species were 1.69-3.16, 2.88-7.18 and 2.09-5.66 mg/kg, respectively. mercury concentration hierarchy in tissues we tested was as follows: breast feather > tail fe ... | 2010 | 20424818 |
| mercury concentration in 3 species of gulls, larus ridibundus, larus minutus, larus canus, from south coast of the caspian sea, iran. | in this study, the mercury concentrations of liver, breast feathers and tail feathers in three species of gull; black-headed gull (larus ridibundus), common gull (larus canus) and little gull (larus minutus) from the south coast of the caspian sea in iran were assayed. mercury accumulation in liver, breast feathers and tail feathers of species were 1.69-3.16, 2.88-7.18 and 2.09-5.66 mg/kg, respectively. mercury concentration hierarchy in tissues we tested was as follows: breast feather > tail fe ... | 2010 | 20424818 |
| accumulation profiles of persistent organochlorines in waterbirds from an estuary in korea. | persistent organochlorine pollutants (pops), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (pcdfs), polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), and organochlorine (oc) pesticides such as ddts (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), hchs (hexachlorocyclohexane isomers), chls (chlordane compounds) and hcb (hexachlorobenzene), were measured in subcutaneous fat of resident and migratory birds collected from the nakdong river estuary (nre) in korea. black-tailed gull, a resident b ... | 2001 | 11503073 |
| multiple introduction of asian h5n1 avian influenza virus in croatia by wild birds during 2005-2006 and isolation of the virus from apparently healthy black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus). | this study describes the introduction and spread of avian influenza a (h5n1) subtype in croatia. seventeen isolates were identified during the period from october 2005 to march 2006, all originating from wild birds. the full-length nucleotide sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of seven representative isolates revealed that three distinct genetic strains involved in the outbreaks, implicating at least three independent introductions of the virus into croatia during a relatively shor ... | 2010 | 20370426 |
| the incidence of ornithosis and salmonellosis in the black-headed gull (larus ridibundus l.). ii. isolation and identification of the virus of ornithosis from the black-headed gull with simultaneous isolation of s. typhi murium. | | 1957 | 13502550 |
| the incidence of ornithosis and salmonellosis in the black-headed gull (larus ridibundus l.). ii. isolation and identification of the virus of ornithosis from the black-headed gull with simultaneous isolation of s. typhi murium. | | 1957 | 13502550 |
| radionuclides and the birds at ravenglass. | since 1983, concern has been expressed about the apparent decline in numbers of birds in the ravenglass estuary in west cumbria, particularly of the black-headed gull colony on the drigg dunes, and suggestions have been made that this decline might be due to excessive radiation in the birds' food and their general environment. twelve species of marine invertebrates from ravenglass, most of them known to be important foods for birds, were analysed, and further samples were taken from sites along ... | 1991 | 15092143 |
| characterization, and comparison, of human clinical and black-headed gull (larus ridibundus) extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacterial isolates from kalmar, on the southeast coast of sweden. | antibiotic resistance is one of the great challenges for modern healthcare. in gram-negative bacteria, ctx-m-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) have been rapidly spreading through europe since the early 2000s. in sweden, esbl-producing escherichia coli are still rare, but a 3-fold increase has been seen from 2004 to 2007. enterobacteria and normal flora of wild animals, with or without antibiotic resistance traits, constitute a potential source of human infection and colonization. we ... | 2010 | 20615928 |
| eggshell permeability: a standard technique for determining interspecific rates of water vapor conductance. | typically, eggshell water vapor conductance is measured on whole eggs, freshly collected at the commencement of a study. at times, however, it may not be possible to obtain whole fresh eggs but rather egg fragments or previously blown eggs. here we evaluate and describe in detail a technique for modern laboratory analysis of eggshell conductance that uses fragments from fresh and museum eggs to determine eggshell water vapor conductance. we used fresh unincubated eggs of domesticated chickens (g ... | 2010 | 20939733 |
| eggshell permeability: a standard technique for determining interspecific rates of water vapor conductance. | typically, eggshell water vapor conductance is measured on whole eggs, freshly collected at the commencement of a study. at times, however, it may not be possible to obtain whole fresh eggs but rather egg fragments or previously blown eggs. here we evaluate and describe in detail a technique for modern laboratory analysis of eggshell conductance that uses fragments from fresh and museum eggs to determine eggshell water vapor conductance. we used fresh unincubated eggs of domesticated chickens (g ... | 2010 | 20939733 |
| antimicrobial resistance in wildlife: implications for public health. | the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant (amr) bacteria in natural environments is a major concern with serious implications for human and animal health. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of amr escherichia coli (e. coli) in wild birds and mammalian species. thirty faecal samples were collected from each of the following wildlife species: herring gulls (larus argentatus), black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus), lesser black-back gulls (larus fuscus), hybrid deer spe ... | 2015 | 25639901 |
| antimicrobial resistance in wildlife: implications for public health. | the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant (amr) bacteria in natural environments is a major concern with serious implications for human and animal health. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of amr escherichia coli (e. coli) in wild birds and mammalian species. thirty faecal samples were collected from each of the following wildlife species: herring gulls (larus argentatus), black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus), lesser black-back gulls (larus fuscus), hybrid deer spe ... | 2015 | 25639901 |
| long-term effect of serial infections with h13 and h16 low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses in black-headed gulls. | infections of domestic and wild birds with low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) have been associated with protective immunity to subsequent infection. however, the degree and duration of immunity in wild birds from previous lpaiv infection, by the same or a different subtype, are poorly understood. therefore, we inoculated h13n2 (a/black-headed gull/netherlands/7/2009) and h16n3 (a/black-headed gull/netherlands/26/2009) lpaivs into black-headed gulls (chroicocephalus ridibundus), thei ... | 2015 | 26339062 |