Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| common vole (microtus arvalis) and bank vole (myodes glareolus) derived permanent cell lines differ in their susceptibility and replication kinetics of animal and zoonotic viruses. | pathogenesis and reservoir host adaptation of animal and zoonotic viruses are poorly understood due to missing adequate cell culture and animal models. the bank vole (myodes glareolus) and common vole (microtus arvalis) serve as hosts for a variety of zoonotic pathogens. for a better understanding of virus association to a putative animal host, we generated two novel cell lines from bank voles of different evolutionary lineages and two common vole cell lines and assayed their susceptibility, rep ... | 2019 | 31513859 |
| comparative transcriptomic response of primary and immortalized macrophages to murine norovirus infection. | murine norovirus (nov) is genetically similar to human nov and offers both an efficient in vitro cell culture system and an animal model by which to investigate the molecular basis of replication. in this study, we present a detailed global view of host alterations to cellular pathways that occur during the progression of a nov infection. this was accomplished for both mus musculus balb/c-derived raw264.7 (raw) cells, an immortalized cell line widely used in in vitro replication studies, and pri ... | 2018 | 29735480 |
| interferon lambda (ifn-λ) efficiently blocks norovirus transmission in a mouse model. | human noroviruses are highly efficient in person to person transmission thus associated with explosive outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. outbreak control is limited to disinfection and isolation measures. strategies to control the spread of noroviruses should be developed and models to study norovirus transmission will greatly facilitate this. here, a mouse-to-mouse transmission model, in which mice develop acute murine norovirus (mnv)-induced diarrhea, was used to explore the role of interfer ... | 2018 | 29080649 |
| testing for human norovirus and recovery of process control in outbreak-associated produce items. | the development of rapid and sensitive detection methods for human noroviruses (hunov) in produce items is critical, especially with the recent rise in outbreaks associated with this food commodity. in this study, 50-g portions of various produce items linked to a norovirus outbreak (celery, cucumber, lettuce, grapes, and radish) were artificially inoculated with murine norovirus (mnv-1) and concentrated either by ultracentrifugation or polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation after elution with ... | 2018 | 29280676 |
| virucidal efficacy of food additive grade calcium hydroxide against surrogate of human norovirus. | an alkaline agent, namely, food additive grade calcium hydroxide (fdca(oh)2) in the solution, powder and suspension forms was evaluated as a virucidal agent, using a murine norovirus (mnv) as the surrogate for human norovirus. the main constituent of fdca(oh)2 is ca(oh)2, which has ph 13 in 0.17% solution. the results showed that 0.17% fdca(oh)2 solution could inactivate mnv within 30s even in the presence of organic materials (5% fetal bovine serum (fbs)). in a contaminated surface experiment, ... | 2018 | 29054741 |
| alcohols as surface disinfectants in healthcare settings. | isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol have been used as low-level disinfectants in healthcare settings for many years. recent studies have found that ethyl alcohol inhibits protein synthesis in escherichia coli by direct effects on ribosomes and rna polymerase and that 60%-70% solutions have in vitro efficacy against murine norovirus, ebola virus, and several coronaviruses. alcohol prep pads or towelettes containing isopropyl or ethyl alcohol and water have been used primarily for disinfection of ... | 2018 | 29374503 |
| evaluation of the suitability of a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus, as a surrogate of human enteric viruses for assessment of the efficacy of coagulation-rapid sand filtration to remove those viruses. | here, we evaluated the removal of three representative human enteric viruses - adenovirus (adv) type 40, coxsackievirus (cv) b5, and hepatitis a virus (hav) ib - and one surrogate of human caliciviruses - murine norovirus (mnv) type 1 - by coagulation-rapid sand filtration, using water samples from eight water sources for drinking water treatment plants in japan. the removal ratios of a plant virus (pepper mild mottle virus; pmmov) and two bacteriophages (ms2 and φx174) were compared with the re ... | 2018 | 29182907 |
| inactivation of murine norovirus and hepatitis a virus on fresh raspberries by gaseous ozone treatment. | raspberries are vulnerable products for which industrial treatment solutions ensuring both food safety and sensory quality are not easily applicable. raspberries have been associated with numerous foodborne outbreaks in recent decades. ozone has been proven effective as a drinking water treatment against pathogenic microorganisms. nevertheless, to date, little information is available regarding the effect of gaseous ozone on viruses in food matrices. a comparison of the effect of gaseous ozone o ... | 2018 | 29173615 |
| characterization of natural organic substances potentially hindering rt-pcr-based virus detection in large volumes of environmental water. | quantitative detection of pathogenic viruses in the environmental water is essential for the assessment of water safety. it is known that some of natural organic substances interfere with virus detection processes, i.e., nucleic acid extraction and reverse transcription-pcr. such substances are carried over into a sample after virus concentration. in this study, inhibitory substances in coastal water samples were characterized in view of their effects on efficiency of virus detection and propert ... | 2017 | 29165998 |
| the role of interferon in persistent viral infection: insights from murine norovirus. | persistent viral infections result from evasion or avoidance of sterilizing immunity, extend the timeframe of virus transmission, and can trigger disease. prior studies in mouse models of persistent infection have suggested that ineffective adaptive immune responses are necessary for persistent viral infection. however, recent work in the murine norovirus (mnv) model of persistent infection demonstrates that innate immunity can control both early and persistent viral replication independently of ... | 2017 | 29157967 |
| the major targets of acute norovirus infection are immune cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. | noroviruses are the leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis outbreaks and childhood diarrhoea globally, estimated to be responsible for 200,000 deaths in children each year 1-4 . thus, reducing norovirus-associated disease is a critical priority. development of vaccines and therapeutics has been hindered by the limited understanding of basic norovirus pathogenesis and cell tropism. while macrophages, dendritic cells, b cells and stem-cell-derived enteroids can all support infection of certai ... | 2017 | 29109476 |
| virological quality of irrigation water sources and pepper mild mottle virus and tobacco mosaic virus as index of pathogenic virus contamination level. | irrigation water is a doorway for the pathogen contamination of fresh produce. we quantified pathogenic viruses [human adenoviruses, noroviruses of genogroups i and ii, group a rotaviruses, aichi virus 1 (aiv-1), enteroviruses (envs), and salivirus (saliv)] and examined potential index viruses [jc and bk polyomaviruses (jcpyvs and bkpyvs), pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), and tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)] in irrigation water sources in the kathmandu valley, nepal. river, sewage, wastewater treatm ... | 2017 | 29098656 |
| virucidal efficacy of peracetic acid for instrument disinfection. | various peracetic-acid (paa)-based products for processing flexible endoscopes on the market are often based on a two-component system including a cleaning step before the addition of paa as disinfectant. the peracetic acid concentrations in these formulations from different manufacturers are ranging from 400 to 1500 ppm (part per million). these products are used at temperatures between 20 °c and 37 °c. since information on the virus-inactivating properties of peracetic acid at different concen ... | 2017 | 29177047 |
| inactivation of norovirus by lemongrass essential oil using a norovirus surrogate system. | this study investigated the effect of lemongrass essential oil (lgeo) on the infectivity and viral replication of norovirus. murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1), a surrogate of human norovirus, was preincubated with lgeo and then used to infect raw 264.7 cells in a plaque reduction assay. lgeo exhibited a significant reduction in mnv-1 plaque formation in both time- and dose-dependent manners. the quantification of viral genome by quantitative real-time pcr showed similar results in line with those of th ... | 2017 | 28699786 |
| disinfection of waterborne viruses using silver nanoparticle-decorated silica hybrid composites in water environments. | silver nanoparticles (agnps) have been reported as an effective alternative for controlling a broad-spectrum of pathogenic viruses. we developed a micrometer-sized silica hybrid composite decorated with agnps (agnp-sio2) to prevent the inherent aggregation of agnps, and facilitated their recovery from environmental media after use. the production process had a high-yield, and fabrication was cost-effective. we evaluated the antiviral capabilities of ag30-sio2 particles against two model viruses, ... | 2017 | 29291562 |
| murine norovirus inhibits b cell development in the bone marrow of stat1-deficient mice. | noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans and it was recently revealed that noroviruses can infect b cells. we demonstrate that murine norovirus (mnv) infection can significantly impair b cell development in the bone marrow in a signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1) dependent, but interferon signaling independent manner. we also show that mnv replication is more pronounced in the absence of stat1 in ex vivo cultured b cells. interestingly, using bone marro ... | 2017 | 29287229 |
| heat-denatured lysozyme could be a novel disinfectant for reducing hepatitis a virus and murine norovirus on berry fruit. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is well known worldwide as a causative virus of acute hepatitis. in recent years, numerous cases of hav infection caused by hav-contaminated berries have occurred around the world. because berries are often consumed without prior heating, reliable disinfection of the raw fruit is important in order to prevent hav outbreaks. previous studies have found that murine norovirus strain 1 (mnv-1) and human norovirus gii.4 were inactivated in heat-denatured lysozyme solution. in ... | 2017 | 29202339 |
| inactivation of human norovirus genogroups i and ii and surrogates by free chlorine in postharvest leafy green wash water. | human noroviruses (hnovs) are a known public health concern associated with the consumption of leafy green vegetables. while a number of studies have investigated pathogen reduction on the surfaces of leafy greens during the postharvest washing process, there remains a paucity of data on the level of treatment needed to inactivate viruses in the wash water, which is critical for preventing cross-contamination. the objective of this study was to quantify the susceptibility of hnov genotype i (gi) ... | 2017 | 28887415 |
| murine norovirus detection in the exhaust air of ivcs is more sensitive than serological analysis of soiled bedding sentinels. | one limitation to housing rodents in individually ventilated cages (ivcs) is the ineffectiveness of traditional health monitoring programs that test soiled bedding sentinels every quarter. aerogen transmission does not occur with this method. moreover, the transmission of numerous pathogens in bedding is uncertain, and sentinel susceptibility to various pathogens varies. a novel method using particle collection from samples of exhaust air was developed in this study which was also systematically ... | 2017 | 27440411 |
| differentiation and protective capacity of virus-specific cd8+ t cells suggest murine norovirus persistence in an immune-privileged enteric niche. | noroviruses can establish chronic infections with active viral shedding in healthy humans but whether persistence is associated with adaptive immune dysfunction is unknown. we used genetically engineered strains of mouse norovirus (mnv) to investigate cd8+ t cell differentiation during chronic infection. we found that chronic infection drove mnv-specific tissue-resident memory (trm) cd8+ t cells to a differentiation state resembling inflationary effector responses against latent cytomegalovirus ... | 2017 | 29031786 |
| norovirus cell tropism is determined by combinatorial action of a viral non-structural protein and host cytokine. | cellular tropism during persistent viral infection is commonly conferred by the interaction of a viral surface protein with a host receptor complex. norovirus, the leading global cause of gastroenteritis, can be persistently shed during infection, but its in vivo cellular tropism and tropism determinants remain unidentified. using murine norovirus (mnov), we determine that a small number of intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) serve as the reservoir for fecal shedding and persistence. the viral no ... | 2017 | 28966054 |
| evaluation of air samplers and filter materials for collection and recovery of airborne norovirus. | the aim of this study was to identify the most efficient sampling method for quantitative pcr-based detection of airborne human norovirus (nov). | 2017 | 28921812 |
| reduction of human norovirus gi, gii, and surrogates by peracetic acid and monochloramine in municipal secondary wastewater effluent. | the objective of this study was to characterize human norovirus (hnov) gi and gii reductions during disinfection by peracetic acid (paa) and monochloramine in secondary wastewater (ww) and phosphate buffer (pb) as assessed by reverse transcription-qpcr (rt-qpcr). infectivity and rt-qpcr reductions are also presented for surrogate viruses murine norovirus (mnv) and bacteriophage ms2 under identical experimental conditions to aid in interpretation of hnov molecular data. in ww, rt-qpcr reductions ... | 2017 | 28910089 |
| application of gamma radiation for the reduction of norovirus and the quality stability in optimally ripened cabbage kimchi. | optimally ripened commercial cabbage kimchi is considered the main cause of enteric norovirus (nov) outbreaks in korea. this study investigated the effect of 1-10kgy gamma radiation on the inactivation of murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1; initial inoculum of 5-6log10pfu/ml), used as a human nov surrogate, in kimchi. the effects of gamma radiation on the ph and acidity were also examined to address the index of quality and fermentation, respectively. titers of mnv-1 significantly reduced (p<0.05) in kim ... | 2017 | 28888451 |
| efficacy of ethanol against viruses in hand disinfection. | ethanol is used worldwide in healthcare facilities for hand rubbing. it has been reported to have a stronger and broader virucidal activity compared with propanols. the aim of this review was to describe the spectrum of virucidal activity of ethanol in solution or as commercially available products. a systematic search was conducted. studies were selected when they contained original data on reduction of viral infectivity from suspension tests (49 studies) and contaminated hands (17 studies). et ... | 2017 | 28882643 |
| recovery optimization and survival of the human norovirus surrogates feline calicivirus and murine norovirus on carpet. | carpets have been implicated in prolonged and reoccurring outbreaks of human noroviruses (hunov), the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. viral recovery from environmental surfaces, such as carpet, remains undeveloped. our aim was to determine survival of hunov surrogates on an understudied environmental surface, carpet. first, we measured the zeta potential and absorption capacity of wool and nylon carpet fibers, we then developed a minispin column elution (msc) method, and lastly ... | 2017 | 28864657 |
| rna sequencing of murine norovirus-infected cells reveals transcriptional alteration of genes important to viral recognition and antigen presentation. | viruses inherently exploit normal cellular functions to promote replication and survival. one mechanism involves transcriptional control of the host, and knowledge of the genes modified and their molecular function can aid in understanding viral-host interactions. norovirus pathogenesis, despite the recent advances in cell cultivation, remains largely uncharacterized. several studies have utilized the related murine norovirus (mnv) to identify innate response, antigen presentation, and cellular ... | 2017 | 28848558 |
| inhibition of calcineurin or imp dehydrogenase exerts moderate to potent antiviral activity against norovirus replication. | norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide and has emerged as an important issue of chronic infection in transplantation patients. since no approved antiviral is available, we evaluated the effects of different immunosuppressants and ribavirin on norovirus and explored their mechanisms of action by using a human norovirus (hunv) replicon-harboring model and a surrogate murine norovirus (mnv) infectious model. the roles of the corresponding drug targets were investigated by gai ... | 2017 | 28807916 |
| noroviruses co-opt the function of host proteins vapa and vapb for replication via a phenylalanine-phenylalanine-acidic-tract-motif mimic in nonstructural viral protein ns1/2. | the norovirus genus contains important human pathogens, but the role of host pathways in norovirus replication is largely unknown. murine noroviruses provide the opportunity to study norovirus replication in cell culture and in small animals. the human norovirus nonstructural protein ns1/2 interacts with the host protein vamp-associated protein a (vapa), but the significance of the ns1/2-vapa interaction is unexplored. here we report decreased murine norovirus replication in vapa- and vapb-defic ... | 2017 | 28698274 |
| viral replication complexes are targeted by lc3-guided interferon-inducible gtpases. | all viruses with positive-sense rna genomes replicate on membranous structures in the cytoplasm called replication complexes (rcs). rcs provide an advantageous microenvironment for viral replication, but it is unknown how the host immune system counteracts these structures. here we show that interferon-gamma (ifng) disrupts the rc of murine norovirus (mnv) via evolutionarily conserved autophagy proteins and the induction of ifn-inducible gtpases, which are known to destroy the membrane of vacuol ... | 2017 | 28669671 |
| viral population changes during murine norovirus propagation in raw 264.7 cells. | laboratory adaptation of viruses is an essential technique for basic virology research, including the generation of attenuated vaccine strains, although the principles of cell adaptation remain largely unknown. deep sequencing of murine norovirus (munov) s7 during serial passages in raw264.7 cells showed that the frequencies of viral variants were altered more dynamically than previously reported. serial passages of the virus following two different multiplicity of infections gave rise to distin ... | 2017 | 28663743 |
| identification of amino acids within norovirus polymerase involved in rna binding and viral replication. | until recently, molecular studies on human norovirus (hunov), a major causative agent of gastroenteritis, have been hampered by the lack of an efficient cell culture system. murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1) has served as a surrogate model system for norovirus research, due to the availability of robust cell culture systems and reverse genetics. to identify amino acids involved in rna synthesis by the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (ns7), we constructed ns7 mutants in which basic amino acids surrou ... | 2017 | 28640742 |
| minimizing bias in virally seeded water treatment studies: evaluation of optimal bacteriophage and mammalian virus preparation methodologies. | one key assumption impacting data quality in viral inactivation studies is that reduction estimates are not altered by the virus seeding process. however, seeding viruses often involves the inadvertent addition of co-constituents such as cell culture components or additives used during preparation steps which can impact viral reduction estimates by inducing non-representative oxidant demand in disinfection studies and fouling in membrane assessments. the objective of this study was therefore to ... | 2017 | 28616834 |
| inhibitory mechanism of five natural flavonoids against murine norovirus. | human noroviruses (hunov), which are responsible for acute gastroenteritis, are becoming a serious public health concern worldwide. since no effective antiviral drug or vaccine for hunov has been developed yet, some natural extracts and their active components have been investigated for their ability to inhibit noroviruses. however, their exact antiviral mechanisms have not been investigated. | 2017 | 28545670 |
| correction: type i interferon receptor deficiency in dendritic cells facilitates systemic murine norovirus persistence despite enhanced adaptive immunity. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005684.]. | 2017 | 28212439 |
| comparative inactivation of murine norovirus and ms2 bacteriophage by peracetic acid and monochloramine in municipal secondary wastewater effluent. | chlorination has long been used for disinfection of municipal wastewater (mww) effluent while the use peracetic acid (paa) has been proposed more recently in the united states. previous work has demonstrated the bactericidal effectiveness of paa and monochloramine in wastewater, but limited information is available for viruses, especially ones of mammalian origin (e.g., norovirus). therefore, a comparative assessment was performed of the virucidal efficacy of paa and monochloramine against murin ... | 2017 | 28165216 |
| recent advances in understanding noroviruses. | noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis around the world. an individual living in the united states is estimated to develop norovirus infection five times in his or her lifetime. despite this, there is currently no antiviral or vaccine to combat the infection, in large part because of the historical lack of cell culture and small animal models. however, the last few years of norovirus research were marked by a number of ground-breaking advances that have overcome technical bar ... | 2017 | 28163914 |
| virucidal efficacy of a sonicated hydrogen peroxide system (trophon® epr) following european and german test methods. | aim: the virucidal efficacy of an automated ultrasound probe disinfector (trophon® epr) was evaluated in a three step procedure according to european and german test methods. this system uses sonicated hydrogen peroxide mist (35%) at elevated temperature (50°c) in a closed chamber with control of all parameters within a 7 minute cycle. methods: in the first step of examination, the peroxide solution was tested in a quantitative suspension assay according to the guideline of deutsche vereinigung ... | 2017 | 28149707 |
| transcriptomic analysis of human norovirus ns1-2 protein highlights a multifunctional role in murine monocytes. | the gii.4 sydney 2012 strain of human norovirus (hunov) is a pandemic strain that is responsible for the majority of norovirus outbreaks in healthcare settings. the function of the non-structural (ns)1-2 protein from hunov is unknown. | 2017 | 28056773 |
| murine norovirus infection in brazilian animal facilities. | murine norovirus (mnv) is a single-stranded positive-sense rna virus of the caliciviridae family. mnv has been reported to infect laboratory mice with the ability to cause lethal infections in strains lacking components of the innate immune response. currently, mnv is considered the most prevalent infectious agent detected in laboratory mouse facilities. in this study, mice in 22 laboratory animal facilities within brazil were analyzed for mnv infection. using primers targeting a conserved regio ... | 2017 | 28049885 |
| hs-afm and sers analysis of murine norovirus infection: involvement of the lipid rafts. | studies on human norovirus are severely hampered by the absence of a cell culture system until the discovery of murine norovirus (mnv). the cell membrane domains called lipid rafts have been defined as a port of entry for viruses. this study is conducted to investigate murine norovirus binding on the mouse leukemic monocyte macrophage cell line. lipid raft related structures are extracted from cells by detergent treatment resulting detergent-resistant membrane (drms) domains. the real-time polym ... | 2017 | 28044439 |
| nonthermal inactivation of norovirus surrogates on blueberries using atmospheric cold plasma. | viruses are currently the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks, most of which are associated with foods consumed raw. cold plasma (cp) is an emerging novel nonthermal technology that can be used to surface decontaminate foods. this study investigated cp technology for the nonthermal inactivation of human norovirus surrogates, tulane virus (tv) and murine norovirus (mnv), on the surface of blueberries. blueberries (5 g) were weighed into sterile 4 oz. glass jars and inoculated with tv, 5 log pfu/ ... | 2017 | 28040155 |
| high-throughput sequencing analysis reveals the genetic diversity of different regions of the murine norovirus genome during in vitro replication. | in this study, we report the genetic diversity and nucleotide mutation rates of five representative regions of the murine norovirus genome during in vitro passages. the mutation rates were similar in genomic regions encompassing partial coding sequences for non-structural (ns) 1-2, ns5, ns6, ns7 proteins within open reading frame (orf) 1. in a region encoding a portion of the major capsid protein (vp1) within orf2 (also including the orf4 region) and a portion of the minor structural protein (vp ... | 2017 | 27942973 |
| the effect of heat and free chlorine treatments on the surface properties of murine norovirus. | heat and free chlorine are among the most efficient and commonly used treatments to inactivate enteric viruses, but their global inactivation mechanisms have not been elucidated yet. these treatments have been shown to affect at least the capsid proteins of viruses and thus may affect the surface properties (i.e. electrostatic charge and hydrophobicity) of such particles. our aim was to study the effects of heat and free chlorine on surface properties for a murine norovirus chosen as surrogate f ... | 2017 | 27888443 |
| high hydrostatic pressure inactivation of murine norovirus and human noroviruses on green onions and in salsa. | in this study, high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) was evaluated as an intervention for human noroviruses (hunovs) in green onions and salsa. to determine the effect of water during hhp treatment on virus inactivation, a hunov surrogate, murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1), was inoculated onto green onions and then hhp-treated at 350mpa with or without water at 4 or 20°c. the presence of water enhanced hhp inactivation of mnv-1 on green onions at 4°c but not at 20°c. to test the temperature effect on hhp ina ... | 2017 | 27846447 |
| norovirus polymerase fidelity contributes to viral transmission in vivo. | intrahost genetic diversity and replication error rates are intricately linked to rna virus pathogenesis, with alterations in viral polymerase fidelity typically leading to attenuation during infections in vivo. we have previously shown that norovirus intrahost genetic diversity also influences viral pathogenesis using the murine norovirus model, as increasing viral mutation frequency using a mutagenic nucleoside resulted in clearance of a persistent infection in mice. given the role of replicat ... | 2017 | 27777985 |
| human norovirus and its surrogates induce plant immune response in arabidopsis thaliana and lactuca sativa. | human norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide with the majority of outbreaks linked to fresh produce and leafy greens. it is essential that we thoroughly understand the type of relationship and interactions that take place between plants and human norovirus to better utilize control strategies to reduce transmission of norovirus in the field onto plants harvested for human consumption. in this study the expression of gene markers for the salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic aci ... | 2017 | 28504573 |
| expression of ifnlr1 on intestinal epithelial cells is critical to the antiviral effects of interferon lambda against norovirus and reovirus. | lambda interferon (ifn-λ) has potent antiviral effects against multiple enteric viral pathogens, including norovirus and rotavirus, in both preventing and curing infection. because the intestine includes a diverse array of cell types, however, the cell(s) upon which ifn-λ acts to exert its antiviral effects is unclear. here, we sought to identify ifn-λ-responsive cells by generation of mice with lineage-specific deletion of the receptor for ifn-λ, ifnlr1 we found that expression of ifnlr1 on int ... | 2017 | 28077655 |
| inactivation of viruses and bacteria on strawberries using a levulinic acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate based sanitizer, taking sensorial and chemical food safety aspects into account. | the efficacy of levulinic acid (lva) in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) in removal of foodborne viruses, enteric bacterial pathogens and their surrogates on fresh strawberries was investigated. inoculated strawberries were treated with potable water, sodium hypochlorite solution (50ppm), 0.5% lva plus 0.5% sds solution, and 5% lva plus 2% sds solution respectively for 2min, followed by spray-rinsing with potable water. water washing removed at least 1.0-log of the tested viral and ... | 2017 | 28668727 |
| pulsed light inactivation of murine norovirus, tulane virus, escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella in suspension and on berry surfaces. | pulsed light (pl) inactivation of two human norovirus (hunov) surrogates, murine norovirus (mnv-1) and tulane virus (tv), and two bacterial pathogens, escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella, were evaluated. the viruses and bacteria were suspended in phosphate buffered saline (pbs) to final populations of ∼6 log pfu/ml and ∼6 log cfu/ml, respectively. both viral and bacterial suspensions were then irradiated by pl for different durations and the reductions of each microorganisms were determined. ... | 2017 | 27697158 |
| new perspectives regarding the antiviral effect of vitamin a on norovirus using modulation of gut microbiota. | gut microbiota has been revealed to play an important role in various health conditions, and recent studies have suggested the modulation of gut microbiota as a therapeutic strategy. there is no effective treatment of norovirus infection, though vitamin a has been suggested to have an antiviral effect in an epidemiological study. we demonstrated that vitamin a significantly inhibited murine norovirus replication. vitamin a supplementation significantly increased the abundance of lactobacillus sp ... | 2017 | 28727498 |
| broad-spectrum non-nucleoside inhibitors for caliciviruses. | viruses of the caliciviridae cause significant and sometimes lethal diseases, however despite substantial research efforts, specific antivirals are lacking. broad-spectrum antivirals could combat multiple viral pathogens, offering a rapid solution when no therapies exist. the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is an attractive antiviral target as it is essential for viral replication and lacks mammalian homologs. to focus the search for pan-caliciviridae antivirals, the rdrp was probed with non ... | 2017 | 28757394 |
| effect of green tea extract on enteric viruses and its application as natural sanitizer. | in this work, the effect of green tea extract (gte) was assessed against murine norovirus (mnv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) at different temperatures, exposure times and ph conditions. initially, gte at 0.5 and 5 mg/ml were individually mixed with each virus at 5 log tcid50/ml and incubated 2 h at 37 °c at different phs (from 5.5 to 8.5). gte affected both viruses depending on ph with higher reductions observed in alkaline conditions. secondly, different concentrations of gte (0.5 and 5 mg/ml) w ... | 2017 | 28576363 |
| detection of potential infectious enteric viruses in fresh produce by (rt)-qpcr preceded by nuclease treatment. | foodborne illnesses associated with contaminated fresh produce are a common public health problem and there is an upward trend of outbreaks caused by enteric viruses, especially human noroviruses (hnovs) and hepatitis a virus (hav). this study aimed to assess the use of dnase and rnase coupled to qpcr and rt-qpcr, respectively, to detect intact particles of human adenoviruses (hadvs), hnov gi and gii and hav in fresh produce. different concentrations of dnase and rnase were tested to optimize th ... | 2017 | 28452009 |
| comparison of three extraction methods to detect noroviruses in dairy products. | noroviruses (nov) are currently the most common cause of viral foodborne diseases and rt-qpcr is widely used for their detection in food because of its sensitivity, specificity and rapidity. the iso/ts (15216-1, 15216-2) procedures for detecting nov and hav in high-risk food categories such as shellfish, bottled water and vegetables were published in 2013. milk products are less implicated in foodborne viral outbreaks but they can be contaminated with fruit added to these products or by the food ... | 2017 | 27697160 |
| the norovirus ns3 protein is a dynamic lipid- and microtubule-associated protein involved in viral rna replication. | norovirus (nov) infections are a significant health burden to society, yet the lack of reliable tissue culture systems has hampered the development of appropriate antiviral therapies. here we show that the nov ns3 protein, derived from murine nov (mnv), is intimately associated with the mnv replication complex and the viral replication intermediate double-stranded rna (dsrna). we observed that when expressed individually, mnv ns3 and ns3 encoded by human norwalk virus (nv) induced the formation ... | 2017 | 27881660 |
| membrane alterations induced by nonstructural proteins of human norovirus. | human noroviruses (hunov) are the most frequent cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide, particularly genogroup ii genotype 4 (gii.4) variants. the viral nonstructural (ns) proteins encoded by the orf1 polyprotein induce vesical clusters harboring the viral replication sites. little is known so far about the ultrastructure of these replication organelles or the contribution of individual ns proteins to their biogenesis. we compared the ultrastructural changes induced by expression ... | 2017 | 29077760 |
| norovirus escape from broadly neutralizing antibodies is limited to allostery-like mechanisms. | ideal antiviral vaccines elicit antibodies (abs) with broad strain recognition that bind to regions that are difficult to mutate for escape. using 10 murine norovirus (mnv) strains and 5 human norovirus (hunov) virus-like particles (vlps), we identified monoclonal antibody (mab) 2d3, which broadly neutralized all mnv strains tested. importantly, escape mutants corresponding to this antibody were very slow to develop and were distal to those raised against our previously studied antibody, a6.2. t ... | 2017 | 29062895 |
| elimination of representative contaminant candidate list viruses, coxsackievirus, echovirus, hepatitis a virus, and norovirus, from water by coagulation processes. | we examined the removal of representative contaminant candidate list (ccl) viruses (coxsackievirus [cv] b5, echovirus type [ev] 11, and hepatitis a virus [hav] ib), recombinant norovirus virus-like particles (rnv-vlps), and murine norovirus (mnv) type 1 by coagulation. water samples were subjected to coagulation with polyaluminum chloride (pacl, basicity 1.5) followed by either settling or settling and filtration. together with our previously published results, the removal ratio order, as evalua ... | 2017 | 28011355 |
| inactivation of viruses and bacteriophages as models for swine hepatitis e virus in food matrices. | hepatitis e virus has been recognised as a food-borne virus hazard in pork products, due to its zoonotic properties. this risk can be reduced by adequate treatment of the food to inactivate food-borne viruses. we used a spectrum of viruses and bacteriophages to evaluate the effect of three food treatments: high pressure processing (hpp), lactic acid (la) and intense light pulse (ilp) treatments. on swine liver at 400 mpa for 10 min, hpp gave log10 reductions of ≥4.2, ≥5.0 and 3.4 for feline cali ... | 2017 | 27783334 |
| blueberry proanthocyanidins against human norovirus surrogates in model foods and under simulated gastric conditions. | blueberry proanthocyanidins (b-pac) are known to decrease titers of human norovirus surrogates in vitro. the application of b-pac as therapeutic or preventive options against foodborne viral illness needs to be determined using model foods and simulated gastric conditions in vitro. the objective of this study was to evaluate the antiviral effect of b-pac in model foods (apple juice (aj) and 2% reduced fat milk) and simulated gastrointestinal fluids against cultivable human norovirus surrogates ( ... | 2017 | 28040178 |
| inhibition of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus by edible herbal extracts. | human noroviruses (hunovs) cause foodborne and waterborne viral gastroenteritis worldwide. because hunov culture systems have not been developed thus far, no available medicines or vaccines preventing infection with hunovs exist. some herbal extracts were considered as phytomedicines because of their bioactive components. in this study, the inhibitory effects of 29 edible herbal extracts against the norovirus surrogates murine norovirus (mnv) and feline calicivirus (fcv) were examined. fcv was s ... | 2017 | 27807684 |
| antiviral effect of theaflavins against caliciviruses. | caliciviruses are contagious pathogens of humans and various animals. they are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans, and can cause lethal diseases in domestic animals such as cats, rabbits and immunocompromised mice. in this study, we conducted cytopathic effect-based screening of 2080 selected compounds from our in-house library to find antiviral compounds against three culturable caliciviruses: feline calicivirus, murine norovirus (mnv) and porcine sapovirus (posav). we ide ... | 2017 | 27756911 |
| assessment of the efficacy of membrane filtration processes to remove human enteric viruses and the suitability of bacteriophages and a plant virus as surrogates for those viruses. | here, we evaluated the efficacy of direct microfiltration (mf) and ultrafiltration (uf) to remove three representative human enteric viruses (i.e., adenovirus [adv] type 40, coxsackievirus [cv] b5, and hepatitis a virus [hav] ib), and one surrogate of human caliciviruses (i.e., murine norovirus [mnv] type 1). eight different mf membranes and three different uf membranes were used. we also examined the ability of coagulation pretreatment with high-basicity polyaluminum chloride (pacl) to enhance ... | 2017 | 28259077 |
| effect of process temperature on virus inactivation during high hydrostatic pressure processing of contaminated fruit puree and juice. | high pressure processing (hpp) can inactivate pathogens and retain fruit qualities. elevated hpp pressure or time increases virus inactivation, but the effect of temperature is not consistently observed for norovirus and hepatitis a virus. in the present study, the effectiveness of hpp holding temperatures (<40°c) and pressures were evaluated for inactivating surrogates (murine norovirus [mnv] and ms2 coliphage) in pomegranate and strawberry juices and strawberry puree using a 24-liter hpp syste ... | 2016 | 28221934 |
| thermal inactivation of enteric viruses and bioaccumulation of enteric foodborne viruses in live oysters (crassostrea virginica). | human enteric viruses are among the main causative agents of shellfish-associated outbreaks. in this study, the kinetics of viral bioaccumulation in live oysters and the heat stabilities of the predominant enteric viruses were determined both in tissue culture and in oyster tissues. a human norovirus (hunov) gii.4 strain, hunov surrogates (murine norovirus [mnv-1], tulane virus [tv]), hepatitis a virus (hav), and human rotavirus (rv) bioaccumulated to high titers within oyster tissues, with diff ... | 2016 | 26826225 |
| murine norovirus (mnv-1) exposure in vitro to the purine nucleoside analog ribavirin increases quasispecies diversity. | ribavirin is a pharmaceutical antiviral used for the treatment of rna virus infections including norovirus, hepatitis c virus, hepatitis e virus, lassa virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and rhinovirus. despite the drug's history and documented efficacy, the antiviral mechanism of ribavirin remains unclear. mechanisms proposed include depletion of the intracellular gtp pool, immunomodulatory effects, induction of error catastrophe, inhibition of viral polymerase activity, and/or inhibition of v ... | 2016 | 26494169 |
| antibacterial and antiviral effectiveness of two household water treatment devices that use monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene. | many different household water treatment (hwt) methods have been researched and promoted to mitigate the serious burden of diarrheal disease in developing countries. however, hwt methods using bromine have not been extensively evaluated. two gravity-fed hwt devices (aquasure™ and waterbird™) were used to test the antimicrobial effectiveness of halopure(®) br beads (monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene) that deliver bromine. as water flows over the beads, reactive bromine species are eluted ... | 2016 | 27959873 |
| transfer of pathogens from cantaloupe rind to preparation surfaces and edible tissue as a function of cutting method. | whole and cut cantaloupes have been implicated as vehicles in foodborne illness outbreaks of norovirus, salmonellosis, and listeriosis. preparation methods that minimize pathogen transfer from external surfaces to the edible tissue are needed. two preparation methods were compared for the transfer of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2, murine norovirus, and tulane virus from inoculated cantaloupe rinds to edible tissue and preparation surfaces. for the first meth ... | 2016 | 27296423 |
| anti-infective activity of 2-cyano-3-acrylamide inhibitors with improved drug-like properties against two intracellular pathogens. | due to the rise of antibiotic resistance and the small number of effective antiviral drugs, new approaches for treating infectious diseases are urgently needed. identifying targets for host-based therapies represents an emerging strategy for drug discovery. the ubiquitin-proteasome system is a central mode of signaling in the eukaryotic cell and may be a promising target for therapies that bolster the host's ability to control infection. deubiquitinase (dub) enzymes are key regulators of the hos ... | 2016 | 27139470 |
| virus recovering from strawberries: evaluation of a skimmed milk organic flocculation method for assessment of microbiological contamination. | skimmed milk organic flocculation method was adapted, optimized and compared with polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation and filtration methods for recovering viruses from a strawberry matrix. spiking experiments with norovirus genogroup ii genotype 4 (nov gii.4) and murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) demonstrated that the organic flocculation method associated with a glycine elution buffer, filter bag and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (ctab) showed a recovery percentage of 2.5 and 32 times higher tha ... | 2016 | 26476572 |
| silicon dioxide impedes antiviral response and causes genotoxic insult during calicivirus replication. | noroviruses (nov) are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and replicate extensively in the human gastrointestinal (gi) tract. silica (also known as silicon dioxide, sio2) nanoparticles (nps) used in processed foods, dairy products, and beverages also accumulate in the gi tract. we investigated the effect of silica nps on nov replication and host cell response during virus infection, using murine norovirus (mnv-1) infection of raw 264.7 murine macrophages. pretreatment wi ... | 2016 | 27547159 |
| protein-rna linkage and posttranslational modifications of feline calicivirus and murine norovirus vpg proteins. | members of the caliciviridae family of positive sense rna viruses cause a wide range of diseases in both humans and animals. the detailed characterization of the calicivirus life cycle had been hampered due to the lack of robust cell culture systems and experimental tools for many of the members of the family. however, a number of caliciviruses replicate efficiently in cell culture and have robust reverse genetics systems available, most notably feline calicivirus (fcv) and murine norovirus (mnv ... | 2016 | 27375966 |
| efficacy of cinnamaldehyde against enteric viruses and its activity after incorporation into biodegradable multilayer systems of interest in food packaging. | cinnamaldehyde (cnma), an organic compound that gives cinnamon its flavor and odor, was investigated for its virucidal activity on norovirus surrogates, murine norovirus (mnv) and feline calicivirus (fcv), and hepatitis a virus (hav). initially, different concentrations of cnma (0.1, 0.5 and 1 %) were individually mixed with each virus at titers of ca. 6-7 log10 tcid50/ml and incubated 2 h at 4 and 37 °c. cnma was effective in reducing the titers of norovirus surrogates in a dose-dependent manne ... | 2016 | 27008344 |
| antiviral effects of black raspberry (rubus coreanus) seed extract and its polyphenolic compounds on norovirus surrogates. | black raspberry seeds, a byproduct of wine and juice production, contain large quantities of polyphenolic compounds. the antiviral effects of black raspberry seed extract (rcs) and its fraction with molecular weight less than 1 kda (rcs-f1) were examined against food-borne viral surrogates, murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1) and feline calicivirus-f9 (fcv-f9). the maximal antiviral effect was achieved when rcs or rcs-f1 was added simultaneously to cells with mnv-1 or fcv-f9, reaching complete inhibition ... | 2016 | 26983677 |
| hydrogen peroxide vapor decontamination in a patient room using feline calicivirus and murine norovirus as surrogate markers for human norovirus. | to determine whether hydrogen peroxide vapor (hpv) could be used to decontaminate caliciviruses from surfaces in a patient room. | 2016 | 26861195 |
| the virucidal effects against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus f4 as surrogates for human norovirus by the different additive concentrations of ethanol-based sanitizers. | since human norovirus is non-cultivable, murine norovirus and feline calicivirus have been used as surrogates. in this study, the virucidal effects of ethanol-based sanitizers with different concentrations of additives (malic acid/sodium malate, glycerin-fatty acid ester) against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus f4 were examined. the ethanol-based sanitizers at ph 7 showed sufficient virucidal effects, but glycerin-fatty acid ester included in ethanol-based sanitizers at ph 4 or 6 reduced ... | 2016 | 26482918 |
| comparative virucidal efficacy of seven disinfectants against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus, surrogates of human norovirus. | human noroviruses (hunov) are the leading cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and can be transmitted either by person-to-person contact or by consumption of contaminated food. a knowledge of an efficient disinfection for both hands and food-contact surfaces is helpful for the food sector and provides precious information for public health. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seven disinfectants belonging to different groups of biocides (alcohol, halogen, oxidiz ... | 2016 | 26445948 |
| curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation of norovirus surrogates. | photodynamic inactivation (pdi) is extensively used to inactivate different type of pathogens through the use of photosensitizers (ps). curcumin has been identified as an excellent natural photosensitizer with some potential applications in the food industry. the aim of this study was to assess the antiviral activity of photoactivated curcumin on norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (fcv), and murine norovirus (mnv). initially, different concentrations of curcumin (13.5-1358 µm) were individ ... | 2016 | 27496054 |
| virucidal efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide nebulization against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus, two surrogates of human norovirus. | human noroviruses (hunov) are amongst the leading causes of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and can be transmitted via person-to-person contact, via contact with contaminated surfaces or by consumption of contaminated food. contaminated surfaces in healthcare settings contribute to the transmission of viruses. no-touch automated room disinfection systems might prevent such a spread of contamination and thus their virucidal effect needs to be evaluated. the aim of this study was to ... | 2016 | 27384526 |
| reduction of enteric viruses by blueberry juice and blueberry proanthocyanidins. | blueberry and blueberry extracts are known for their health benefits and antimicrobial properties. natural therapeutic or preventive options to decrease the incidences of foodborne viral illnesses are becoming popular and being researched. this study aimed to determine the antiviral effects of blueberry juice (bj) and blueberry proanthocyanidins (bb-pac, b-type pac structurally different from a-type pac found in cranberries) against the infectivity of hepatitis a virus (hav) and human norovirus ... | 2016 | 27299641 |
| effects of murine norovirus on chlamydia pneumoniae-accelerated atherosclerosis in apoe(-/-) mice. | chlamydia pneumoniae (cpn), a common respiratory pathogen of humans, is associated with human cardiovascular disease and the acceleration of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic animal models. our laboratory has demonstrated that murine norovirus (mnv), a prevalent infection of laboratory mice, can unpredictably alter atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic ldlr(-/-) and apoe(-/-) mice. given that mnv has a tropism for macrophages and may exacerbate atherogenesis, we investigated whether coinfection with ... | 2016 | 27298243 |
| tlr-7 activation enhances il-22-mediated colonization resistance against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. | antibiotic administration can disrupt the intestinal microbiota and down-regulate innate immune defenses, compromising colonization resistance against orally acquired bacterial pathogens. vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vre), a major cause of antibiotic-resistant infections in hospitalized patients, thrives in the intestine when colonization resistance is compromised, achieving extremely high densities that can lead to bloodstream invasion and sepsis. viral infections, by mechanisms t ... | 2016 | 26912904 |
| antimicrobial effects of vinegar against norovirus and escherichia coli in the traditional korean vinegared green laver (enteromorpha intestinalis) salad during refrigerated storage. | in korea, edible seaweeds are potentially regarded as high-risk foods with respect to enteric norovirus (nov) and non-pathogenic generic escherichia coli. this study investigated the antimicrobial effects of 5%, 10%, and 15% vinegar (6% acetic acid) on the survival of murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1), a human nov surrogate, and e. coli, a fecal indicator in experimentally contaminated raw fresh green lavers (enteromorpha intestinalis) during a 7-d storage period at 4°c. both mnv-1 titers and e. coli c ... | 2016 | 27665528 |
| epa method 1615. measurement of enterovirus and norovirus occurrence in water by culture and rt-qpcr. part iii. virus detection by rt-qpcr. | epa method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. this method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the unregulated contaminant monitoring rule. herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (rna) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcripti ... | 2016 | 26862985 |
| feline calicivirus infection disrupts assembly of cytoplasmic stress granules and induces g3bp1 cleavage. | in response to stress such as virus infection, cells can stall translation by storing mrnas away in cellular compartments called stress granules (sgs). this defense mechanism favors cell survival by limiting the use of energy and nutrients until the stress is resolved. in some cases it may also block viral propagation as viruses are dependent on the host cell resources to produce viral proteins. human norovirus is a member of the caliciviridae family responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks wor ... | 2016 | 27147742 |
| anti-viral effect of bifidobacterium adolescentis against noroviruses. | this study aims to investigate the effect of bifidobacterium adolescentis against noroviruses (novs). murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1) used as a surrogate was detected by plaque assay and rt-qpcr. human nov virus like particles (vlps) were detected by cell-binding assay. it was shown that the presence of b. adolescentis could inhibit the multiplication of mnv-1 on raw 264.7 cells within 48 h of co-incubation period at 37°c. this inhibition did not occur at the viral binding stage, as no difference was ... | 2016 | 27375585 |
| development and virucidal activity of a novel alcohol-based hand disinfectant supplemented with urea and citric acid. | hand disinfectants are important for the prevention of virus transmission in the health care system and environment. the development of broad antiviral spectrum hand disinfectants with activity against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses is limited due to a small number of permissible active ingredients able to inactivate viruses. | 2016 | 26864562 |
| replication of human norovirus rna in mammalian cells reveals lack of interferon response. | human noroviruses (hunovs), named after the prototype strain norwalk virus (nv), are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. studies on the related murine norovirus (mnv) have demonstrated the importance of an interferon (ifn) response in host control of virus replication, but this remains unclear for hunovs. despite the lack of an efficient cell culture infection system, transfection of stool-isolated nv rna into mammalian cells leads to viral rna replication and virus pro ... | 2016 | 27466422 |
| tracking human adenovirus inactivation by gamma radiation under different environmental conditions. | adenovirus is the most prevalent enteric virus in waters worldwide due to its environmental stability, which leads to public health concerns. mitigation strategies are therefore required. the aim of this study was to assess the inactivation of human adenovirus type 5 (hadv-5) by gamma radiation in aqueous environments. various substrates with different organic loads, including domestic wastewater, were inoculated with hadv-5 either individually or in a viral pool (with murine norovirus type 1 [m ... | 2016 | 27316961 |
| curcumin shows antiviral properties against norovirus. | phytochemicals provide environmentally friendly and relatively inexpensive natural products, which could potentially benefit public health by controlling human norovirus (hunov) infection. in this study, 18 different phytochemicals were evaluated for antiviral effects against norovirus using murine norovirus (mnv) as a model for norovirus biology. among these phytochemicals, curcumin (ccm) was the most potent anti-noroviral phytochemical, followed by resveratrol (rvt). in a cell culture infectio ... | 2016 | 27775614 |
| functional receptor molecules cd300lf and cd300ld within the cd300 family enable murine noroviruses to infect cells. | norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. since the discovery of human norovirus (hunov), an efficient and reproducible norovirus replication system has not been established in cultured cells. although limited amounts of virus particles can be produced when the hunov genome is directly transfected into cells, the hunov cycle of infection has not been successfully reproduced in any currently available cell-culture system. those results imply that the identification of a f ... | 2016 | 27681626 |
| expression of the ns5 (vpg) protein of murine norovirus induces a g1/s phase arrest. | murine norovirus-1 (mnv-1) is known to subvert host cell division inducing an accumulation of cells in the g0/g1 phase, creating conditions where viral replication is favored. this study identified that ns5 (vpg), is capable of inducing cell cycle arrest in the absence of viral replication or other viral proteins in an analogous manner to mnv-1 infection. ns5 expression induced an accumulation of cells in the g0/g1 phase in an asynchronous population by inhibiting progression at the g1/s restric ... | 2016 | 27556406 |
| a norovirus detection architecture based on isothermal amplification and expanded genetic systems. | noroviruses are the major cause of global viral gastroenteritis with short incubation times and small inoculums required for infection. this creates a need for a rapid molecular test for norovirus for early diagnosis, in the hope of preventing the spread of the disease. non-chemists generally use off-the shelf reagents and natural dna to create such tests, suffering from background noise that comes from adventitious dna and rna (collectively xna) that is abundant in real biological samples, espe ... | 2016 | 27546345 |
| infectivity of a recombinant murine norovirus (recmnv) in balb/cbyj mice. | the infectivity of a recombinant murine norovirus (recmnv) strain, previously isolated following in vitro coinfections, was evaluated in vivo in comparison with its parental strains (mnv-1-cw1 and wu20) in balb/cbyj mice via measurement of weight loss and estimation of viral loads in faeces, tissues and organs 48 and 72h post-infection. the presence of infectious virus in all analysed tissues and organs suggests that, similarly to its parental viruses, recmnv can disseminate beyond organs associ ... | 2016 | 27527773 |
| differences in the viability of murine norovirus in different aquatic locations. | norovirus is detected from shellfish and environmental water more frequently in winter than in other seasons. however, there is no report regarding its viability in actual seawater in situ. we investigated the viability of murine norovirus strain 1 (mnv-1), a surrogate for human norovirus, in 2 types of aquatic locations, a seawater pool carrying oceanic water and inner bay carrying brackish water. sterilized seawater was inoculated with mnv-1 and enclosed in dialysis tubes, which were placed at ... | 2016 | 27527374 |
| arc discharge-mediated disassembly of viral particles in water. | in this study, we investigated the inactivation effects on murine norovirus (mnv-1) with/without purification in water using a submerged plasma reactor of arc discharge (underwater arc), which produced a shockwave, uv light, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. underwater arc treatments of 3 and 6 hz at 12 kv resulted in 2.6- and 4.2-log reductions in the virus titer of non-purified mnv-1 after 1 min of treatment, respectively. the reduction of purified mnv-1 was higher than th ... | 2016 | 27379726 |
| detection and molecular characterization of norovirus from oysters implicated in outbreaks in the us. | human noroviruses are the leading cause of non-bacterial shellfish associated gastroenteritis. here we report on the detection and characterization of norovirus (nov) in shellfish associated outbreaks. requests were received from state and federal officials for technical assistance in the analysis of shellfish for nov and male specific coliphage (msc; an enteric virus surrogate) during the years 2009 thru 2014. in outbreaks where nov was detected, genogroup ii (gii) levels ranged from 2.4 to 82. ... | 2016 | 27375246 |
| type i interferon receptor deficiency in dendritic cells facilitates systemic murine norovirus persistence despite enhanced adaptive immunity. | in order for a virus to persist, there must be a balance between viral replication and immune clearance. it is commonly believed that adaptive immunity drives clearance of viral infections and, thus, dysfunction or viral evasion of adaptive immunity is required for a virus to persist. type i interferons (ifns) play pleiotropic roles in the antiviral response, including through innate control of viral replication. murine norovirus (mnov) replicates in dendritic cells (dcs) and type i ifn signalin ... | 2016 | 27327515 |
| impact of molecular weight on the formation of electrosprayed chitosan microcapsules as delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds. | the molecular weight of chitosan is one of its most determinant characteristics, which affects its processability and its performance as a biomaterial. however, information about the effect of this parameter on the formation of electrosprayed chitosan microcapsules is scarce. in this work, the impact of chitosan molecular weight on its electrosprayability was studied and correlated with its effect on the viscosity, surface tension and electrical conductivity of solutions. a discriminant function ... | 2016 | 27312621 |