Publications

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microsomal glutathione transferase 1 attenuated ros-induced lipid peroxidation in apostichopus japonicus.microsomal glutathione transferase (mgst) is a membrane bound glutathione transferase in multifunctional detoxification isoenzymes family and also plays crucial roles in innate immunity. in the present study, a novel microsomal gst homology was identified from apostichopus japonicus (designated as ajmgst1) by race approaches. the full-length cdna of ajmgst1 was of 1296 bp encoded a protein of 169 amino acids residues. multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis together supported that ...201728302499
effects of tussah immunoreactive substances on growth, immunity, disease resistance against vibrio splendidus and gut microbiota profile of apostichopus japonicus.tussah immunoreactive substance (tis) comprises a number of active chemicals with various bioactivities. the current study investigated the effects of these substances on the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. the specific growth rate (sgr) of tis-fed sea cucumbers was significantly enhanced, whereas no significant difference in sgr was observed between those soaked in antibiotics and those fed with basal diet only. tis also improved the immune response of the animals when given at a dose of 1 ...201728254498
a novel mkk gene (ajmkk3/6) in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus: identification, characterization and its response to pathogenic challenge.the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (mkks) are key components of map kinase (mapk) cascades and function as redox-regulated signaling factors in pathological and physiological processes. in this study, we identified a novel mkk3/6 gene in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (designated as ajmkk3/6) by transcriptome database mining and rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) approaches. sequence analysis and protein structure prediction showed that ajmkk3/6 is highly conserved as com ...201727988308
quorum sensing-disrupting coumarin suppressing virulence phenotypes in vibrio splendidus.in the present study, the effects of an environmental friendly natural reagent coumarin, on the growth and potential virulence factors, as well as its ability to interfere the infection of vibrio splendidus (vs), were determined. coumarin showed no effects on the maximal growth of vs, and biofilm formation of vs, while it significantly decreased protease activity and hemolytic activity by 43 and 80%, respectively. correspondingly, coumarin exhibited an obviously protective effect, with a relativ ...201727942756
molecular cloning and functional characterization of cathepsin b from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.cathepsin b (ctsb), a member of lysosomal cysteine protease, is involved in multiple levels of physiological and biological processes, and also plays crucial roles in host immune defense against pathogen infection in vertebrates. however, the function of ctsb within the innate immune system of invertebrates, particularly in marine echinoderms, has been poorly documented. in this study, the immune function of ctsb in apostichopus japonicus (designated as ajctsb), a commercially important and dise ...201727847342
mir-137 modulates coelomocyte apoptosis by targeting 14-3-3ζ in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.micrornas (mirnas) have emerged as key regulators in the host immune response and play a pivotal role in host-pathogen interactions by suppressing the transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression of target genes. mir-137, a well-documented tumor repressor, was previously found by high-throughput sequencing to be differentially expressed in diseased specimens of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. in this study, we identified 14-3-3ζ protein (aj14-3-3ζ) as a novel target of mir-137 us ...201727832949
molecular cloning and functional characterization of theta class glutathione s-transferase from apostichopus japonicus.glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are the superfamily of multifunctional detoxification isoenzymes and play crucial roles in innate immunity. in the present study, a theta class gst homology was identified from a. japonicus (designated as ajgst-θ) by race approaches. the full-length cdna of ajgst-θ was of 1013 bp encoded a cytosolic protein of 231 amino acids residues. structural analysis revealed that ajgst-θ processed the characteristic n-terminal gsh-binding site (g-site) and the c-terminal h ...201728185912
identification of the geographical origins of sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) in northern china by using stable isotope ratios and fatty acid profiles.geographic traceability is an important issue for food quality and safety control of seafood. in this study,δ(13)c and δ(15)n values, as well as fatty acid (fa) content of 133 samples of a. japonicus from seven sampling points in northern china sea were determined to evaluate their applicability in the origin traceability of a. japonicus. principal component analysis (pca) and discriminant analysis (da) were applied to different data sets in order to evaluate their performance in terms of classi ...201727719909
the application of compound-specific isotope analysis of fatty acids for traceability of sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) in the coastal areas of china.geographical origin traceability is an important issue in controlling the quality of seafood and in safeguarding the interest of consumers. in this study, a new method of compound-specific isotope analysis (csia) of fatty acids was established to evaluate its applicability in establishing the origin traceability of apostichopus japonicus in the coastal areas of china. principal component analysis (pca) and discriminant analysis (da) were applied to distinguish between origins of a. japonicus to ...201728397256
draft genome of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and genetic polymorphism among color variants.the japanese sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus selenka 1867) is an economically important species as a source of seafood and ingredient in traditional medicine. it is mainly found off the coasts of northeast asia. recently, substantial exploitation and widespread biotic diseases in a. japonicus have generated increasing conservation concern. however, the genomic knowledge base and resources available for researchers to use in managing this natural resource and to establish genetically based b ...201728369350
establishment of lysozyme gene rna interference system and its involvement in salinity tolerance in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus).the lysozyme gene was silenced using rna interference (rnai) to analyze the function of lysozyme in sea cucumber under salt stress. the interfering efficiency of four lysozyme rnai oligos ranged from 0.55 to 0.70. from the four oligos, p-mir-l245 was used for further interfering experiments because it had the best silencing efficiency. peristomial film injection of p-mir-l245 (10 μg) was used for further interfering experiments. the lowest gene expression, determined by rt-pcr assay, in muscle, ...201728359949
mir-31 links lipid metabolism and cell apoptosis in bacteria-challenged apostichopus japonicus via targeting ctrp9.the biological functions of micrornas (mirnas) have been studied in a number of eukaryotic species. recent studies on vertebrate animals have demonstrated critical roles of mirna in immune and metabolic activities. however, studies on the functions of mirna in invertebrates are very limited. here, we demonstrated that mir-31 from apostichopus japonicus disrupts the balance of lipid metabolism, thus resulting in cell apoptosis by targeting complement c1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (a ...201728348559
effects of heat treatment on the gel properties of the body wall of sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus).the sensory texture of sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) was dramatically affected by heat treatment. in this study, sea cucumbers were heated under different thermal conditions (hsc), and divided into five groups (hsc-80, hsc-90, hsc-100, hsc-110, and hsc-120) according to the heating temperature (from 80 to 120 °c). the changes in texture, moisture, gel structure, and biochemical parameters of the hsc were investigated. with increasing heating time (from 10 to 80 min), the hardness and gel ...201728298684
comparative analysis of immunocompetence between females and males in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.in order to preliminarily understand the immune difference between females and males in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus, the activities assay of superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), peroxidase (pod), phenoloxidase (po), acid phosphatase (acp) and alkaline phosphatase (alp) with biochemical methods, the detection of po isozymes with native-page and catechol staining, and the test of antibacterial activities with bacterial growth curve determination method were performed in this stu ...201728238861
itraq reveals proteomic changes during intestine regeneration in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.sea cucumbers have a striking capacity to regenerate most of their viscera after evisceration, which has drawn the interest of many researchers. in this study, the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (itraq) was utilized to investigate protein abundance changes during intestine regeneration in sea cucumbers. a total of 4073 proteins were identified, and 2321 proteins exhibited significantly differential expressions, with 1100 upregulated and 1221 downregulated proteins. our resul ...201728189057
metabolic responses to intestine regeneration in sea cucumbers apostichopus japonicus.sea cucumbers are excellent models for studying organ regeneration due to their striking capacity to regenerate most of their viscera after evisceration. in this study, we applied nmr-based metabolomics to determine the metabolite changes that occur during the process of intestine regeneration in sea cucumbers. partial least-squares discriminant analysis showed that there was significant differences in metabolism between regenerative intestines at 3, 7, and 14days post evisceration (dpe) and nor ...201728189056
understanding regulation of micrornas on intestine regeneration in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus using high-throughput sequencing.the sea cucumber, as a member of the echinodermata, has the capacity to restore damaged organs and body parts, which has always been a key scientific issue. micrornas (mirnas), a class of short noncoding rnas, play important roles in regulating gene expression. in the present study, we applied high-throughput sequencing to investigate alterations of mirna expression in regenerative intestine compared to normal intestine. a total of 73 differentially expressed mirnas were obtained, including 59 u ...201728160609
identification and functional characterisation of 5-ht4 receptor in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (selenka).serotonin (5-ht) is an important neurotransmitter and neuromodulator that controls a variety of sensory and motor functions through 5-ht receptors (5-htrs). the 5-ht4r subfamily is linked to gs proteins, which activate adenylyl cyclases (acs), and is involved in many responses in peripheral organs. in this study, the 5-ht4r from apostichopus japonicus (aj5-ht4r) was identified and characterised. the cloned full-length aj5-ht4r cdna is 1,544 bp long and contains an open reading frame 1,011 bp in ...201728059140
p44/42mapk and p90rsk modulate thermal stressed physiology response in apostichopus japonicus.reversible protein phosphorylation (rpp) plays a key role in signal transduction, enzyme activity and metabolic maintenance in response to extreme changes in the environment. in this study, we identified 55 phosphorylated proteins in apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes by itraq analysis, and sixteen proteins displayed differently expressed profiles between thermal stressed and control groups. mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling cascade was further characterized by western blot. spa ...201726944306
in vivo and in vitro antithrombus activities of depolymerized holothurian polysaccharides.in this study, the anticoagulant, hemorrhagic and antithrombotic effects of glycosaminoglycans from apostichopus japonicus (ahg) and its depolymerized products (dahgs) were firstly investigated and compared with that of low molecular weight heparin. ahg and dahgs exhibited significant prolongation of aptt in vitro. in vivo antithrombus assays of ahg and dahgs on mice further concluded that ahg and dahgs could prevent the venous thrombus formation and platelet aggregation effectively. moreover, a ...201727751806
differential count and time-course analysis of the cellular composition of coelomocyte aggregate of the japanese sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.echinoderms have many types of coelomocytes, which have been known to form aggregates immediately after they are removed from the coelom. to assess the roles that each type of coelomocyte plays in aggregate formation, cellular components of coelomocyte aggregates of the japanese sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus, were investigated. the coelomocytes were tentatively classified into 12 types based on may-grunwald/giemsa staining. after the coelom was incubated for 30 min or 6 h, the aggregates ...201627633669
enrichment, distribution of vanadium-containing protein in vanadium-enriched sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and the ameliorative effect on insulin resistance.sea cucumbers are a potential source of natural organic vanadium that may improve insulin resistance. in this work, vanadium was accumulated rapidly in blood, body wall, and intestine by sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. furthermore, water-soluble vanadium-containing proteins, the main form of the organic vanadium, were tentatively accumulated and isolated by a bioaccumulation experiment. it was also designed to evaluate the beneficial effect of vanadium-containing proteins (vcps) from sea cu ...201626419760
comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of intestinal phosphorylated proteins in active versus aestivating sea cucumbers.the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus is becoming an excellent model marine invertebrate for studies of environmentally-induced aestivation. reversible protein phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism in aestivation is known for some terrestrial aestivators but has never before been documented in sea cucumbers. the present study provides a global quantitative analysis of the role of reversible phosphorylation in sea cucumber aestivation by using tandem mass tag (tmt) labeling followed by an i ...201626385000
individual apostichopus japonicus fecal microbiome reveals a link with polyhydroxybutyrate producers in host growth gaps.gut microbiome shapes various aspects of a host's physiology, but these functions in aquatic animal hosts have yet to be fully investigated. the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus selenka is one such example. the large growth gap in their body size has delayed the development of intensive aquaculture, nevertheless the species is in urgent need of conservation. to understand possible contributions of the gut microbiome to its host's growth, individual fecal microbiome comparisons were performed. ...201626905381
variations of ph as an additional tool in the analysis of crowded nmr spectra of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates.the influence of ph variation on chemical shift values in nmr spectra of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates was studied using polysaccharides isolated from three sea cucumber species apostichopus japonicus, actinopyga mauritiana and cucumaria japonica. the signals of glucuronic acid residues were found to be the most sensitive to ph changes in comparison to the chemical shifts of the sulfated galactosamine and fucosyl units, most of which were altered insignificantly. it was shown that in the pres ...201626895544
identification and characterization of mir-31 potential targets by rna-seq.in our previous work, mir-31 displayed differential significant expression in apostichopus japonicus sea cucumber with skin ulcer syndrome and modulated coelomocytes ros production by targeting p105. to identify other promising targets ofmir-31, 4 transcriptome libraries of coelomocytes, as well as 2 control libraries, were constructed frommir-31 mimics (31 m) or amo-mir-31 (31i) and injected into a sea cucumber at 12 and 24 h. a total of207,977 unigenes with an average length of 363 bp were ass ...201626892793
understanding the heat shock response in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus, using itraq-based proteomics.the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus is exploited as a commercial species owing to their high nutritive and medicinal value. recent high summer temperatures have caused high mortality rates in a. japonicus. in this study, we applied the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (itraq) technique to investigate the global protein expression profile under an acute short-term (48 h) heat stress. in total, 3432 proteins were identified, and 127 proteins showed significant heat stress re ...201626861288
regulation of dietary glutamine on the growth, intestinal function, immunity and antioxidant capacity of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (selenka).the present study examined the effects of dietary glutamine (gln) on the growth, intestinal function, immunity and antioxidant capacity of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (selenka). the specific growth rate, intestinal morphology, activity of digestive enzymes, activity and gene expression of lysozyme and antioxidative enzymes of the sea cucumbers were determined after feeding 5 experimental diets with additions of increasing levels of gln (at 0%, 0.4%, 0.8%,1.2% and 1.6%, respectively) for ...201626802894
bioenergetic trade-offs in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (echinodermata: holothuroidea) in response to co2-driven ocean acidification.ocean acidification (oa) caused by excessive co2 is a potential ecological threat to marine organisms. the impacts of oa on echinoderms are well-documented, but there has been a strong bias towards sea urchins, and limited information is available on sea cucumbers. this work examined the effect of medium-term (60 days) exposure to three ph levels (ph 8.06, 7.72, and 7.41, covering present and future ph variability) on the bioenergetic responses of the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus, an eco ...201626782325
expression analysis of micrornas related to the skin ulceration syndrome of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas that are involved in many biological processes. to investigate the mirnas related to skin ulceration syndrome (sus) of apostichopus japonicus, small rna libraries of body wall, intestine, respiratory tree and coelomocytes from healthy and diseased a. japonicus were sequenced on illumina hiseq 2000 platform. a total of 247 conserved and 10 novel mirnas were identified across all libraries. after pair-wise comparisons, 215 mirnas in body wall, 36 in int ...201626723265
characterization and comparison of proteomes of albino sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (selenka) by itraq analysis.sea cucumber is a commercially important marine organism in china. of the different colored varieties sold in china, albino sea cucumber has the greatest appeal among consumers. identification of factors contributing to albinism in sea cucumber is therefore likely to provide a scientific basis for improving the cultivability of these strains. in this study, two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling ...201626707782
an adenine nucleotide translocase (ant) gene from apostichopus japonicus; molecular cloning and expression analysis in response to lipopolysaccharide (lps) challenge and thermal stress.the adenine nucleotide translocases (ants) play a vital role in energy metabolism via adp/atp exchange in eukaryotic cells. apostichopus japonicus (echinodermata: holothuroidea) is an important economic species in china. here, a cdna representing an ant gene of a. japonicus was isolated and characterized from respiratory tree and named ajant. the full-length ajant cdna is 1924 bp, including a 5'-untranslated region (utr) of 38 bp, 3'-utr of 980 bp and an open reading frame (orf) of 906 bp encodi ...201626706223
characterization and expression analysis of a caspase-2 in an invertebrate echinoderm sea cumber apostichopus japonicus.caspase-2 is the most evolutionarily conserved member of the caspase family which mediates the programmed cell death and plays crucial roles in key cellular processes. in this study, a caspase-2 homolog was identified and functionally characterized in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus, which we named ajcasp. the full-length cdna consists of 2100 bp with an orf encoding a protein of 378 amino acids. the deduced amino acid sequence shows that ajcasp consists of a conserved card-casp2 domain and ...201626687532
recovery of coastal fauna after the 2011 tsunami in japan as determined by bimonthly underwater visual censuses conducted over five years.massive tsunamis induce catastrophic disturbance in marine ecosystems, yet they can provide unique opportunities to observe the process of regeneration. here, we report the recovery of fauna after the 2011 tsunami in northeast japan based on underwater visual censuses performed every two months over five years. both total fish abundance and species richness increased from the first to the second year after the tsunami followed by stabilization in the following years. short-lived fish, such as th ...201627942028
effect of acute salinity stress on ion homeostasis, na(+)/k(+)-atpase and histological structure in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.sea cucumbers (apostichopus japonicus) are an imperiled fauna exposed to a variety of environmental condition such as salinity and studies are urgently needed to assess their effects to guide aquaculture efforts. the effects of acute salinity stress on coelomic fluid osmotic pressure, ion concentrations, the activity of na(+)/k(+)-atpase in respiratory trees and the histological variations were measured to evaluate the salinity tolerance of sea cucumbers.201627917349
taxonomic status of the three color variants in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus): evidence from mitochondrial phylogenomic analyses.color variation in sea cucumber is one of the most crucial traits affecting price and taste in east asian countries. however, the relationship and taxonomic status of the three color variants are still unclear. we used 14 samples that covered all three color variants and their geographic distributions, to construct the first phylogeny for the color variants based on the complete mitochondrial genome sequence and a number of tree-building methods (maximum parsimony (mp), maximum likelihood (ml), ...201626000949
assessment of total and organic vanadium levels and their bioaccumulation in edible sea cucumbers: tissues distribution, inter-species-specific, locational differences and seasonal variations.the objective of this study is to investigate the levels, inter-species-specific, locational differences and seasonal variations of vanadium in sea cucumbers and to validate further several potential factors controlling the distribution of metals in sea cucumbers. vanadium levels were evaluated in samples of edible sea cucumbers and were demonstrated exhibit differences in different seasons, species and sampling sites. high vanadium concentrations were measured in the sea cucumbers, and all of t ...201625732906
gene structure, expression, and dna methylation characteristics of sea cucumber cyclin b gene during aestivation.the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus, is a good model for studying environmentally-induced aestivation by a marine invertebrate. one of the central requirements of aestivation is the repression of energy-expensive cellular processes such as cell cycle progression. the present study identified the gene structure of the cell cycle regulator, cyclin b, and detected the expression levels of this gene over three stages of the annual aestivation-arousal cycle. furthermore, the dna methylation char ...201627601256
structural characterization of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from sea cucumbers apostichopus japonicus and actinopyga mauritiana.two samples of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (fcs), aj and am, were isolated from holothurian species apostichopus japonicus and actinopyga mauritiana, respectively. purification of fcs was performed by ion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration. structure of the biopolymers was elucidated using chemical and nmr spectroscopic methods. both polysaccharides were shown to contain a typical chondroitin core built up of repeating disaccharide units →3)-β-d-galnac-(1→4)-β-d-glca-(1→ and ...201627561511
cloning, expression and functional characterization of the polyunsaturated fatty acid elongase (elovl5) gene from sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus).long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (pufa) are beneficial for maintaining the health, growth and development of an organism and could reduce the risk of some diseases. the ability to endogenously produce pufa, especially in invertebrates, is largely unknown. to study the function of elongase genes in the pufa biosynthesis of apostichopus japonicus, we cloned an elovl5 homology gene from intestinal cdna of a. japonicus (aj-elovl5). the aj-elovl5 gene encoded a 318 amino acid (aa) protein that e ...201627538705
transcriptome analysis of tube foot and large scale marker discovery in sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus.tube foot as one of the ambulacral appendages types in aspidochirote holothurioids, is known for their functions in locomotion, feeding, chemoreception, light sensitivity and respiration. in this study, we explored the characteristic of transcriptome in the tube foot of sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus). our results showed that among 390 unigenes which specifically expressed in the tube foot, 190 of them were annotated. based on the assembly transcriptome, we found 219,860 snps from 34,749 u ...201627525815
chain conformational and physicochemical properties of fucoidans from sea cucumber.although fucoidans from sea cucumber (sc-fucs) have been proven as potential bioactive polysaccharides and functional food ingridents, their chain conformation and physicochemical properties were still poorly understood. this study investigated the chain conformation of fucoidans from sea cucumber acaudina molpadioides (am-fuc), isostichopus badionotus (ib-fuc) and apostichopus japonicus (aj-fuc), of which primary structure has been recently clarified. chain conformation parameters demonstrated ...201627516290
conformational and physicochemical properties of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.this study aimed at investigating the chain conformation and physicochemical properties of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate extracted from sea cucumber apostichopus japonicas (aj-fcs). by using hpsec-malls-visc-ri, mw, <s(2)>z(1/2), rh and [η] for aj-fcs were determined as 58.0±4.4kda, 21.8±1.3nm, 12.5±1.3nm and 27.8±0.5ml/g respectively. conformation parameter αs derived from the relationship of mw-<s(2)>z(1/2) (0.39) and structure-sensitive parameter ρ (1.74) consistently indicated that aj-fcs ...201627516246
impact of water temperature on the growth and fatty acid profiles of juvenile sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (selenka).the present study determined the changes in the fatty acid (fa) profiles of juvenile sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in response to the varied water temperature. sea cucumbers with similar size (4.02±0.11g) were cultured for 8 weeks at 14°c, 18°c, 22°c and 26°c, respectively. at the end of the experiment, the specific growth rate (sgr) and the profiles of fas in neutral lipids and phospholipids of the juvenile sea cucumbers cultured at different temperatures were determined. the sgrs of the ...201627503728
cloning and comparative analysis the proximal promoter activities of arginase and agmatinase genes in apostichopus japonicus.our previous work demonstrated that apostichopus japonicus arginase and agmatinase from l-arginine metabolism synergistically compete with nos under pathogens challenge. here we conducted a study to further investigate the mechanism in the regulation of arginase and agmatinase genes in l-arginine metabolism using epc cell system. luciferase analysis and progressive 5' deletion analysis suggested that ajagmatinase promoter was a very robust promoter for its transcription, and the core region of a ...201627497871
long non-coding rnas (lncrnas) of sea cucumber: large-scale prediction, expression profiling, non-coding network construction, and lncrna-microrna-gene interaction analysis of lncrnas in apostichopus japonicus and holothuria glaberrima during lps challenge and radial organ complex regeneration.long non-coding rna (lncrna) structurally resembles mrna but cannot be translated into protein. although the systematic identification and characterization of lncrnas have been increasingly reported in model species, information concerning non-model species is still lacking. here, we report the first systematic identification and characterization of lncrnas in two sea cucumber species: (1) apostichopus japonicus during lipopolysaccharide (lps) challenge and in heathy tissues and (2) holothuria g ...201627392411
effects of acute and chronic heavy metal (cu, cd, and zn) exposure on sea cucumbers (apostichopus japonicus).acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted with sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) exposed to heavy metals. acute toxicity values (96 h lc50) were 2.697, 0.133, and 1.574 mg l(-1) for zn, cu, and cd, respectively, and were ranked in order of toxicity: cu > cd > zn. under chronic metal exposure the specific growth rates of sea cucumbers decreased with the increase of metal concentration for all the three metals. after acute metal exposure, the oxygen consumption rate (ocr) decreased. the ...201627382568
understanding mechanism of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus aestivation: insights from tmt-based proteomic study.marine invertebrate aestivation is a unique strategy for summer survival in response to hot marine conditions. the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus, is an excellent model marine invertebrate for studies of environmentally-induced aestivation. in the present study, we used a tandem mass tag (tmt)-coupled lc-ms/ms approach to identify and quantify the global proteome expression profile over the aestivation-arousal cycle of a. japonicus. a total of 3920 proteins were identified from the intesti ...201627376927
molecular characterization, expression analysis of the myostatin gene and its association with growth traits in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus).myostatin (mstn), also referred to as growth and differentiation factor-8 (gdf-8), is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily (tgf-β) and an important negative regulator for skeletal muscle development and growth in vertebrates. however, its function is not clear in invertebrates. in this study, we cloned and analyzed the mstn gene (aj-mstn) from sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus). the full-length cdna sequence of aj-mstn gene was composed of 2912bp, which contained a 5' utr ...201627354315
absorption and transport of sea cucumber saponins from apostichopus japonicus.the present study is focused on the intestinal absorption of sea cucumber saponins. we determined the pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability of echinoside a and holotoxin a₁; the findings indicated that the bioavailability of holotoxin a₁ was lower than echinoside a. we inferred that the differences in chemical structure between compounds was a factor that explained their different characteristics of transport across the intestine. in order to confirm the absorption characteristics ...201627322290
[characterization of the gut bacterial community of the japanese sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus].comparative analysis of the composition and abundance of the gut bacterial community of the japanese sea cucumber (trepang) apostichopus japonicus and the soil from its habitat was carried out. in spite of the presence of strictly aerobic bacteria in the soil, gut microflora of this holothurian was shown to be formed by facultative anaerobes from the environment. irrespective of the geographical location of the habitat, the sea cucmber gut community had a constant composition considered its norm ...201627301133
comparative transcriptome analysis of three color variants of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus selenka 1867 represents an important resource in biomedical research, traditional medicine, and the seafood industry. much of the commercial value of a. japonicus is determined by dorsal/ventral color variation (red, green, and black), yet the taxonomic relationships between these color variants are not clearly understood. we performed the first comparative analysis of de novo assembled transcriptome data from three color variants of a. japonicus. using th ...201627105969
effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (hufas) on growth, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity and immunity of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (selenka).the present study was conducted to understand the effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (hufas) on growth, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity and the immunity of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (selenka). five experimental diets were prepared, containing graded levels of n-3 hufas (0.46%, 0.85%, 1.25%, 1.61% and 1.95%, respectively), and the 0.46% group was used as control group. the specific growth rates, fatty acid profiles, activities and gene expression of antioxid ...201627079426
effects of dietary cadmium on growth, antioxidants and bioaccumulation of sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) and influence of dietary vitamin c supplementation.the effects of dietary cadmium (cd) supplementation on growth, antioxidant capacity and accumulation of cd in tissues (body wall, digestive tracts, and respiratory tree) of sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus, exposed to sub-chronic concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, and 500mg cd/kg dry weight) of cd were investigated. in addition, the potential protective effects of vitamin c (l-ascorbic acid, asa) against the effects of cd on sea cucumbers were investigated. sea cucumbers were exposed to dietary ...201627032071
nf-κb/rel, not stat5, regulates nitric oxide synthase transcription in apostichopus japonicus.nitric oxide (no) is an important signaling molecular in the immune system of all vertebrates and invertebrates for pathologic and physiologic process, and it is largely produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos). to uncover key mechanisms regulating nos expression in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus, we amplified a fragment of the nos promoter by genome walking approach and characterized putative transcription factor binding motifs using luciferase assay. transient transfection of ep ...201627005898
comparative transcriptome analysis of papilla and skin in the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus.papilla and skin are two important organs of the sea cucumber. both tissues have ectodermic origin, but they are morphologically and functionally very different. in the present study, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis of the papilla and skin from the sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) in order to identify and characterize gene expression profiles by using rna-seq technology. we generated 30.6 and 36.4 million clean reads from the papilla and skin and de novo assembled in 156,501 ...201626989617
carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from feeding and no-feeding mariculture ponds.the co2 and ch4 fluxes at the water-air interface were measured in shrimp (marsupenaeus japonicus) monoculture ponds (s) with feed supply and shrimp-sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) polyculture ponds (ss) without feed supply. during farming seasons of the whole year, cumulated co2-c fluxes were -5.69 g m(-2) (s) and 11.23 g m(-2) (ss), respectively. the cumulated co2 emissions from s and ss did not differ significantly. the cumulated ch4-c emissions from s (0.57 g m(-2)) were significantly ...201626967535
molecular cloning of hsf1 and hsbp1 cdnas, and the expression of hsf1, hsbp1 and hsp70 under heat stress in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.the heat shock response (hsr) is known for the elevated synthesis of heat shock proteins (hsps) under heat stress, which is mediated primarily by heat shock factor 1 (hsf1). heat shock factor binding protein 1 (hsbp1) and feedback control of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) are major regulators of the activity of hsf1. we obtained full-length cdna of genes hsf1 and hsbp1 in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus, which are the second available for echinoderm (after strongylocentrotus purpuratus), ...201626952354
characterization of a metalloprotease involved in vibrio splendidus infection in the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus.vibrio splendidus is an important aquatic pathogen that infects a broad range of hosts, leading to typical symptoms of "skin ulceration syndrome" in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. however, there are few reports on the virulence factors and pathogenic mechanism of v. splendidus. in the present study, v. splendidus could survive in the coelomic fluid of a. japonicus but poorly internalized into the coelomocyte under the tested conditions. it was thus postulated that v. splendidus was pat ...201627840223
the first description of complete invertebrate arginine metabolism pathways implies dose-dependent pathogen regulation in apostichopus japonicus.in this study, three typical members representative of different arginine metabolic pathways were firstly identified from apostichopus japonicus, including nitric oxide synthase (nos), arginase, and agmatinase. spatial expression analysis revealed that the ajnos transcript presented negative expression patterns relative to those of ajarginase or ajagmatinase in most detected tissues. furthermore, vibrio splendidus-challenged coelomocytes and intestine, and lps-exposed primary coelomocytes could ...201627032691
inhibition of marine vibrio sp. by pyoverdine from pseudomonas aeruginosa pa1.siderophores are low-molecular-weight chemicals that are secreted by many microorganisms to chelate iron from the external environment in order to facilitate their growth and diverse metabolisms. in this study, a fluorescent siderophore, pyoverdine, secreted by pseudomonas aeruginosa pa1 was purified by affinity chromatography using cu-sepharose. pyoverdine was determined to have a molecular mass of 1333.54 da, as determined by maldi-tof/tof, and belong to type i pyoverdine, as determined by pcr ...201626476308
characterization and expression analysis of a thioredoxin-like protein gene in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.as the most important disulfide bond reducates of intracellular oxidordeuctase, thioredoxin (trx) plays a crucial role in maintaining reducing state of intracellular proteins to normally perform their function. in this study, a cdna of trx-like protein gene from apostichopus japonicus (denoted as ajtrx) was cloned and characterized. the full-length cdna of ajtrxwas of 1870 bp, consisting of a 5'-utr of 101 bp, a long 3'-utr of 887 bp and a 882 bp open reading frame (orf) encoding a 293 amino aci ...201627640155
mir210 modulates respiratory burst in apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes via targeting toll-like receptor.immune responses of species in echinodermata remains mysterious due to the lack of efforts made in the study of host defense mechanism in these species. more researches start focusing on this ancient immune system with the recognition the economic values of several species in this phylum, especially sea cucumbers. here, we reported a study in the innate immunity of a sea cucumber species (apostichopus japonicus) in response to infection of vibrio splendidus. a novel differential expressed mirna ...201627545641
rna sequencing analysis to capture the transcriptome landscape during skin ulceration syndrome progression in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus is an important economic species in china, which is affected by various diseases; skin ulceration syndrome (sus) is the most serious. in this study, we characterized the transcriptomes in a. japonicus challenged with vibrio splendidus to elucidate the changes in gene expression throughout the three stages of sus progression.201627296384
programmed cell death 4 in bacterially-challenged apostichopus japonicus: molecular cloning, expression analysis and functional characterization.programmed cell death 4 (pdcd4) plays a crucial role in modulating cellular signals, mainly via toll cascades during the immune response. in the present study, a novel pdcd4 homologue gene (denoted as ajpdcd4) was cloned from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus using race. the full-length ajpdcd4 cdna comprised a 366bp 5'-utr, a 418bp 3'-utr, and a 1353bp open reading frame encoding a 450 amino acid residue protein with two typical ma3 domains. phylogenetic analysis revealed that ajpdcd4 bel ...201627262523
molecular cloning and characterization of four caspases members in apostichopus japonicus.the caspase family representing aspartate-specific cysteine proteases have been demonstrated to possess key roles in apoptosis and immune response. we previously demonstrated that lps challenged apostichopus japonicus coelomocyte could significantly induced apoptosis in vitro. however, apoptosis related molecules were scarcely investigated in this economic species. in the present work, we cloned and characterized four members caspase family from a. japonicus (designated as ajcaspase-2, ajcaspase ...201627245866
use of phages to control vibrio splendidus infection in the juvenile sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.in the present study, we isolated 3 bacteriophages with the ability to control vibrio splendidus, a bacterium known to cause disease in the juvenile sea cucumber. these bacteriophages were designated as vb_vsps_vs-abtnl-1 (pvs-1), vb_vsps_vs-abtnl-2 (pvs-2) and vb_vsps_vs-abtnl-3 (pvs-3). the ability of the 3 phages to inhibit the growth of v. splendidus vs-abtnl was tested in vitro using each of the 3 phages individually or in the form of a cocktail of all 3 phages in the proportion of 1:1:1. a ...201627108378
a β-integrin from sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus exhibits lps binding activity and negatively regulates coelomocyte apoptosis.integrins are a family of membrane glycoproteins, which are the major receptors for extracellular matrix and cell-cell adhesion molecules. in this study, a 1038 bp sequence representing the full-length cdna of a novel β-integrin subunit (designated as ajitgb) was cloned from apostichopus japonicas by using combined transcriptome sequencing and race approaches. the deduced amino acid sequence of ajitgb shared a conserved tripeptide arg-gly-asp (rgd) binding domain with an s-diglyceridecysteine or ...201626994670
identification and functional characterization of tnf receptor associated factor 3 in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.tnf receptor associated factors (trafs) are a family of proteins primarily involved in both adaptive and innate immunity. in this study, we identified a novel traf3 gene in apostichopus japonicus by transcriptome sequencing and race approaches (designated as ajtraf3). the full-length of ajtraf3 was of 2796 bp including a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 83 bp, a 3' utr of 1066 bp and a putative open reading frame of 1647 bp encoding a polypeptide of 548 amino acid residues. the representative dom ...201626828393
cathepsin l of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus-molecular characterization and transcriptional response to vibrio splendidus infection.cathepsin l, a lysosomal endopeptidase, has been noted for its involvement in the innate immune response in invertebrates. here, the cathepsin l cdna of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (ajcatl) is identified from an est library and then cloned by the rapid amplification of the cdna ends (race) pcr. the full-length cdna is 1678 bp long containing an open reading frame (orf) of 1002 bp, an 80 bp 5' utr and a 599 bp 3' utr. the cdna encodes 333 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular ...201626777896
protective effects of chicken egg yolk antibody (igy) against experimental vibrio splendidus infection in the sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus).vibrio splendidus is one of the most harmful pathogens associated with skin ulceration syndrome in the sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) due to its high virulence and frequency of appearance. the objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of chicken egg yolk antibody (igy) against v. splendidus infection in the sea cucumber. whole v. splendidus cells were used as an immunogen to immunize 20 white leghorn hens (25 weeks old). igy was produced from egg yolks obtained from these ...201626592708
nemo like kinase negatively regulates nf-κb activation and coelomocytes apoptosis in apostichopus japonicus.nuclear factor kappa b (nf-κb) transcription factors are related to several physiological processes, including innate and acquired immunity. in this study, a novel negative regulator of the nemo-like kinase (nlk) gene was identified from apostichopus japonicus through pcr (denoted as ajnlk). the complete ajnlk cdna was of 2335 bp, with a 5'-utr of 315 bp, a 3'-utr of 718 bp, and a putative orf of 1302 bp, and encoded a polypeptide of 433 amino acid residues with a typical serine/threonine protei ...201626363086
effects of potential probiotic bacillus cereus en25 on growth, immunity and disease resistance of juvenile sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.this study was conducted to determine effects of potential probiotic bacillus cereus en25 (isolated from mud of sea cucumber culturing water bodies) on growth, immunity and disease resistance against vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumbers apostichopus japonicus. animals were respectively fed diets with b. cereus en25 at 0 (control), 10(5), 10(7) and 10(9) cfu/g for 30 days. results showed that dietary b. cereus en25 had no significant effects on growth, total coelomocytes counts a ...201626723266
effects of dietary bacillus cereus g19, b. cereus bc-01, and paracoccus marcusii db11 supplementation on the growth, immune response, and expression of immune-related genes in coelomocytes and intestine of the sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus selenka).probiotics have positive effects on the nutrient digestibility and absorption, immune responses, and growth of aquatic animals, including the sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus selenka). a 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of bacillus cereus g19, b. cereus bc-01 and paracoccus marcusii db11 supplementation on the growth, immune response, and expression level of four immune-related genes (aj-p105, aj-p50, aj-rel, and aj-lys) in coelomocytes and the intestine of juvenile ...201526052012
identification and comparative analysis of complement c3-associated micrornas in immune response of apostichopus japonicus by high-throughput sequencing.micrornas (mirnas) are important effectors in mediating host-pathogen interaction. in this report, coelomocytes mirna libraries of three japanese sea cucumbers apostichopus japonicus were built by illumina(®) hiseq2000 from different time points after lipopolysaccharide challenge (at time 0 h, 6 h and 12 h). the clean data received from high throughput sequencing were used to sequences analysis. referenced to the strongylocentrotus purpuratus genome, 38 conserved mirnas were found, and three mir ...201526634300
mirna-133 augments coelomocyte phagocytosis in bacteria-challenged apostichopus japonicus via targeting the tlr component of irak-1 in vitro and in vivo.in this study, we explored the potential roles of mirna-133 in regulating tlr pathways in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. target screening of rna-seq data successfully identified interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (ajirak-1) as a putative target of mir-133. this result was further validated by negative expression profiles in vibrio splendidus-challenged coelomocytes and lipopolysaccharide (lps)-exposed cell cultures. hek-293t cells transfected with a dual-luciferase reporter fused ...201526223836
three members in jak/stat signal pathway from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus: molecular cloning, characterization and function analysis.the jak/stat signal transduction pathway plays a critical role in host defense against bacterial infections. in the present study, we firstly cloned the full-length cdnas of three molecules in jak/stat cascade, stat5, foxp and socs2, from sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (denoted as ajstat5, ajfoxp, ajsocs2, respectively) and investigated their immune functions towards vibrio splendidus infection and lps exposure. the ajstat5 cdna was composed of 2643 bp consisting of 787 amino acid residues ...201526206609
transcriptome analysis and discovery of genes involved in immune pathways from coelomocytes of sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) after vibrio splendidus challenge.vibrio splendidus is identified as one of the major pathogenic factors for the skin ulceration syndrome in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus), which has vastly limited the development of the sea cucumber culture industry. in order to screen the immune genes involving vibrio splendidus challenge in sea cucumber and explore the molecular mechanism of this process, the related transcriptome and gene expression profiling of resistant and susceptible biotypes of sea cucumber with vibrio splendidus ...201526193268
dietary cordyceps militaris protects against vibrio splendidus infection in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.vibrio splendidus is the common pathogen that causes infectious diseases widely spread in cultured sea cucumber in china. therefore, we investigated the ability of cordyceps militaris to protect against infection caused by v. splendidus. in this study, sea cucumbers were fed with a diet containing 0 (control), 1%, 2% or 3% c. militaris for 28 days, and subsequently challenged with v. splendidus by injection with 1.0 × 10(9) cfu per animal. parameters of immune response such as phagocytosis (pc), ...201526099218
identification and characterization a novel transcription factor activator protein-1 in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.the transcription factor activator protein-1 (ap-1) is an important gene expression regulator with typical jun and region-leucine zipper (bzip) domains and can respond to a plethora of physiological and pathological stimulus. in this study, we identified a novel ap-1 gene in apostichopus japonicus by transcriptome sequencing and race approaches (designated as ajap-1). the full-length of ajap-1 was of 2944 bp including a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 201 bp, a 3' utr of 1753 bp and a putative o ...201526093208
molecular characterization of two novel molecular chaperones in bacterial-challenged apostichopus japonicus.molecular chaperones of 78 kda glucose-regulated protein (grp78) and protein disulfide isomerase (pdi) are involved in protein folding and assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum (er). increasing evidences also suggest that these two molecules play an important role in immune response. in the present study, we cloned and characterized grp78 and pdi genes from apostichopus japonicus by rna-seq and race approaches (designated as ajgrp78 and ajpdi, respectively). the ajgrp78 cdna was of 2355bp includ ...201526072161
mir-31 modulates coelomocytes ros production via targeting p105 in vibrio splendidus challenged sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in vitro and in vivo.mir-31 is a critical regulator of gene expression in many pathogenic processes in vertebrates. in this study, we identified p105 as a novel target of mir-31 in apostichopus japonicus and investigated their regulatory roles in vitro and in vivo. the negative expression profiles between mir-31 and ajp105 were detected in both lps-exposed primary coelomocytes and vibrio splendidus-challenged sea cucumber. co-infection mir-31 mimics significantly depressed the expression of ajp105 and increased ros ...201525917973
mir-200 modulates coelomocytes antibacterial activities and lps priming via targeting tollip in apostichopus japonicus.in order to explore the potential roles of micrornas (mirnas) in regulating toll-like receptor (tlr) pathways, we identified toll interacting protein as a putative target of mir-200 in apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes by rna-seq screening (denoted as ajtollip). the positive expression profiles of mir-200 and ajtollip were detected in both lps exposure primary coelomocytes and vibrio splendidus challenge sea cucumber. co-infection mir-200 mimics significantly elevated the expression of ajtolli ...201525910848
identification and characterization of a novel foxo transcription factors in apostichopus japonicus.the forkhead box o (foxo) transcription factors are involved in multiple signaling pathways and play key roles in immunoregulation in vertebrates. in the present study, we firstly identified a novel foxo gene in apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes using transcriptome sequencing and race approaches (denoted as ajfoxo). the full-length cdna of ajfoxo was of 2248 bp with a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 177 bp, a 3' utr of 367 bp and an orf of 1704 bp encoding a polypeptide of 567 amino acid resid ...201525689491
characterization of two regulators of the tnf-α signaling pathway in apostichopus japonicus: lps-induced tnf-α factor and baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 2.the tnf-α signaling cascade is involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and the immune response in vertebrates. here, two regulatory genes, lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor α factor (litaf) and baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 2 (birc2), were identified in coelomocytes from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus by rna-seq and race (denoted as ajlitaf and ajbirc2, respectively). ...201525307203
the roles of two mirnas in regulating the immune response of sea cucumber.micrornas (mirnas) have emerged as key regulators in many pathological processes by suppressing the transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression of target genes. mir-2008 was previously found to be significantly up-regulated in diseased sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus by high-through sequencing, whereas the reads of mir-137, a well-documented tumor repressor, displayed no significant change. in the present study, we found that mir-137 expression was slightly attenuated and mir-2008 wa ...201526482792
beneficial effects of rhodotorula sp. c11 on growth and disease resistance of juvenile japanese spiky sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary administration of the live yeast, rhodotorula sp. c11, on growth and disease resistance against vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile japanese spiky sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus. sea cucumbers were fed diets containing rhodotorula sp. c11 at 0 (control), 10⁴, 10⁵, and 10⁶ cfu/g of feed for 45 d. there were three replicate tanks per dietary treatment. the specific growth rates were higher in all sea cucumbers treated with r ...201525868475
effect of potential probiotic rhodotorula benthica d30 on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immunity in juvenile sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.the effects of dietary addition of yeast rhodotorula benthica (r. benthica) d30 which isolated from local sea mud at levels of 0 (control), 10(5), 10(6) and 10(7) cfu/g feed on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, immunity and disease resistance of juvenile sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus were investigated. it was shown that dietary addition of r. benthica d30 significantly increased the growth rates of sea cucumbers (p < 0.05). the amylase activity, cellulase activity and algi ...201525592878
critical roles of sea cucumber c-type lectin in non-self recognition and bacterial clearance.c-type lectin is one important pattern recognition receptor (prr) that plays crucial roles in multiple immune responses. a c-type lectin from sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (ajctl-1) was characterized in the present study. the amino acid sequence of ajctl-1 shared high similarities with other c-type lectins from invertebrates and vertebrates. the c-type lectin domain (ctld) of ajctl-1 contained a ca(2+)-binding site 2 and four conserved cysteine residues. ajctl-1 mrna expression patterns in ...201526052017
identification, expression pattern and potential role of variable lymphocyte receptor aj-vlra from apostichopus japonicus in response to bacterial challenge.the variable lymphocyte receptors (vlrs) are found in jawless vertebrates (agnathans), and specifically recognize bacteria and viruses via their leucine-rich repeats (lrrs). vlrs are believed to be adaptive immune response molecules. echinoderms do not have adaptive immune systems; however, in the present study, a vlr cdna named aj-vlra was cloned and characterized from sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus. the complete cdna of aj-vlra was 3072 bp, including a 1995 bp open reading frame encoding ...201525896798
improving the quality of laminaria japonica-based diet for apostichopus japonicus through degradation of its algin content with bacillus amyloliquefaciens wb1.laminaria japonica feedstuff is used as a substitute for sargassum thunbergii in the small-scale culturing of apostichopus japonicus (sea cucumber) because of its abundant sources and low price in china. however, the difficulty associated with the degradation of algin by a. japonicus and, hence, its utilization have limited the practical value of l. japonica feedstuff in sea cucumber farming. in this study, a. japonicus individuals were fed with l. japonica feedstuff pretreated, via fermentation ...201525895094
phaeobacter marinintestinus sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of a sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus).a gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated ub-m7(t) was isolated from the intestine of a sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) collected from pohang in south korea. strain ub-m7(t) displayed optimal growth at 25 °c, ph 7.0-7.5, and with 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) nacl. phylogenetic analyses based on the 16s rrna gene sequences showed that strain ub-m7(t) clustered with phaeobacter arcticus dsm 23566(t), phaeobacter inhibens dsm 16374(t), phaeobacter gallaecien ...201525355001
tenacibaculum holothuriorum sp. nov., isolated from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus intestine.a novel bacterial strain, designated s2-2t, was isolated from the intestine of a sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in xiapu, fujian province, china. strain s2-2t was found to be aerobic, gram-stain-negative, pale yellow, rod-shaped, oxidase- and catalase-positive. growth occurred at 15-36 °c (optimum, 25-32 °c), in the presence of 2-7% sea salt (w/v, optimum, 3-5%) and at ph 6-9 (optimum, ph 7.0). the isolate was able to hydrolyse gelatin, casein and dna, but unable to degrade tween 20, 40 and ...201526345588
influence of flow velocity on motor behavior of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.the influence of flow velocity on the motor behavior of the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus was investigated in the laboratory. cameras were used to record sea cucumber movements and behavior analysis software was used to measure the distance traveled, time spent, upstream or downstream of the start position and the speed of movements. in general, the mean velocity of a. japonicus was below 0.7mms(-1). the maximum velocity recorded for all the sea cucumbers tested was for a large individual ...201525727024
reconstructing salmfamide neuropeptide precursor evolution in the phylum echinodermata: ophiuroid and crinoid sequence data provide new insights.the salmfamides are a family of neuropeptides that act as muscle relaxants in echinoderms. analysis of genome/transcriptome sequence data from the sea urchin strongylocentrotus purpuratus (echinoidea), the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (holothuroidea), and the starfish patiria miniata (asteroidea) reveals that in each species there are two types of salmfamide precursor: an l-type precursor comprising peptides with a c-terminal lxfamide-type motif and an f-type precursor solely or largely c ...201525699014
intestinal microbiota and immune related genes in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) response to dietary β-glucan supplementation.β-glucan is a prebiotic well known for its beneficial outcomes on sea cucumber health through modifying the host intestinal microbiota. high-throughput sequencing techniques provide an opportunity for the identification and characterization of microbes. in this study, we investigated the intestinal microbial community composition, interaction among species, and intestinal immune genes in sea cucumber fed with diet supplemented with or without β-glucan supplementation. the results show that the i ...201525640843
dna methylation levels analysis in four tissues of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus based on fluorescence-labeled methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (f-msap) during aestivation.dna methylation plays an important role in regulating transcriptional change in response to environmental stimuli. in the present study, dna methylation levels of tissues of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus were analyzed by the fluorescence-labeled methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (f-msap) technique over three stages of the aestivation cycle. overall, a total of 26,963 fragments were amplified including 9112 methylated fragments among four sea cucumber tissues using 18 pairs o ...201525461675
novel branch patterns and anticoagulant activity of glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.a novel glucosidic pattern of fucose branches was found in the glycosaminoglycan from the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in china. the methylation of desulfated/carboxyl-reduced polysaccharides and analysis of unsaturated disaccharides generated from the enzymolysis of the defucosed polysaccharides demonstrated that the branch is formed by one fucopyranosyl residue, 46.5% of which is linked through the o-3 position of β-d-glucuronic acid, while 8.7% and 43.9% are linked through the o-6 and ...201525453278
feeding behavior and digestive physiology in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus.the feeding behavior and digestive physiology of the sea cucumber, apostichopus japonicus are not well understood. a better understanding may provide useful information for the development of the aquaculture of this species. in this article the tentacle locomotion, feeding rhythms, ingestion rate (ir), feces production rate (fpr) and digestive enzyme activities were studied in three size groups (small, medium and large) of sea cucumber under a 12h light/12h dark cycle. frame-by-frame video analy ...201525449414
expression of c-type lysozyme gene in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus) is highly regulated and time dependent after salt stress.lysozymes have been confirmed to possess varieties of functions in a range of organisms. in the present study, we cloned and sequenced c-type lysozyme cdnas, constructed the recombinant protein over-expression of c-type lysozyme and analyzed the expression of transcription level in various tissues. the c-type lysozyme cdna contained an open reading frame of 759 bp encoding a polypeptide of 252 amino acids. the molecular weight of the deduced amino acid of ajclyz is 26.7 kda with an estimated pi ...201525447274
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