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proteomic profiling of the midgut contents of haemaphysalis flava.scant information is available regarding the proteins involved in blood meal processing in ticks. here, we aimed to highlight the midgut proteins involved in preventing blood meal coagulation, and in facilitating intracellular digestion in the tick haemaphysalis flava. proteins were extracted from the midgut contents of fully engorged and partially engorged ticks. we used liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) analysis to identify 131 unique peptides, and 102 proteins. of thes ...201829371124
isolation and characterization of kabuto mountain virus, a new tick-borne phlebovirus from haemaphysalis flava ticks in japan.in japan, indigenous tick-borne phleboviruses (tbpvs) and their associated diseases first became evident in 2013 by reported human cases of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts). in this study, we report a novel member of the genus phlebovirus designated as kabuto mountain virus (kamv), which was isolated from the ixodid tick haemaphysalis flava in hyogo, japan. a complete viral genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses showed that kamv is a novel member of tbpvs, which is closely ...201729197549
isolation and characterization of tarumizu tick virus: a new coltivirus from haemaphysalis flava ticks in japan.during the course of tick-borne virus surveillance in japan, three independent isolates of probably the same virus were obtained from three geographically distant populations of the hard tick haemaphysalis flava. genome analyses of the three isolates demonstrated that they were closely related but distinct strains of a novel virus, designated tarumizu tick virus (tartv), which has a genome of 12 double-stranded rna segments. the development of the virus-induced cytopathic effects on bhk cells si ...201728964878
cloning and expression pattern of a heat shock cognate protein 70 gene in ticks (haemaphysalis flava).ticks and tick-borne-diseases have serious public health implications, and screening feasible protein candidates for vaccines development is identified to be an effective alternative to control of tick infestations. in current study, we focused on cloning the full-length gene encoding a heat shock cognate protein 70 (hsc70), a molecular chaperone of critical functional roles belonging to heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) family, in salivary glands of haemaphysalis flava, namely hf-hsc70, and analyzi ...201728462495
extensive diversity of rickettsiales bacteria in ticks from wuhan, china.rickettsiales bacteria are important agents of (re)emerging infectious diseases, with ticks playing a key role in their evolution and transmission. we collected 1079 hard ticks belonging to five species (ixodes sinensis, rhipicephalus microplus, haemaphysalis flava, haemaphysalis hystricis and haemaphysalis longicornis) from cattle and goats in wuhan city, hubei province, china. the dominant tick species was h. longicornis (578, 53.57%), followed by r. microplus (354, 32.81%), h. hystricis (62, ...201728411028
genetic variation in mitochondrial genes of the tick haemaphysalis flava collected from wild hedgehogs in china.the tick haemaphysalis flava (acari: ixodidae) is an important ectoparasite, which causes direct damage to their hosts and also acts as a vector of various infectious disease agents in china. despite its significance, the epidemiology, genetics and biology of h. flava has not been studied in detail. in the present study, the genetic variation in three mitochondrial (mt) dna regions, namely cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 and 4 (nad1 and nad4), was examined ...201728091959
determination of the microbial community features of haemaphysalis flava in different developmental stages by high-throughput sequencing.in this study, we analyzed the in vivo microbial community structure and diversity differences of haemaphysalis flava (h. flava) in four developmental stages (egg, larva, nymph, and adult) to determine which bacterial genera could be propagated through transovarial transmission and transmitted by transstadial transmission during different developmental stages of h. flava. paired-end sequencing of the v3 region of the 16s ribosomal dna (16s rdna) of h. flava in four developmental stage samples wa ...201727966221
pcr denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis as a useful method to identify of intestinal bacteria flora in haemaphysalis flava ticks.ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites of great medical and veterinary significance that can transmit bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses, causing a variety of human and animal diseases worldwide. in the present study, the intestinal bacterial flora associated with haemaphysalis flava ticks in different developmental stages were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge). eleven distinct dgge bands were found using pcr-dgge method. sequence ...201728426403
epidemiological study of relapsing fever borreliae detected in haemaphysalis ticks and wild animals in the western part of japan.the genus borrelia comprises arthropod-borne bacteria, which are infectious agents in vertebrates. they are mainly transmitted by ixodid or argasid ticks. in hokkaido, japan, borrelia spp. were found in deer and haemaphysalis ticks between 2011 and 2013; however, the study was limited to a particular area. therefore, in the present study, we conducted large-scale surveillance of ticks and wild animals in the western part of the main island of japan. we collected 6,407 host-seeking ticks from two ...201728362864
francisella-like endosymbiont detected in haemaphysalis ticks (acari: ixodidae) from the republic of korea.a total of 6,255 ticks belonging to three genera and six species (haemaphysalis flava neumann, haemaphysalis longicornis neumann, haemaphysalis phasiana saito, ixodes nipponensis kitaoka & saito, ixodes persulcatus schulze, and amblyomma testudinarium koch) collected from may-august, 2013, at four southwestern provinces in the republic of korea (rok) were submitted to the armed forces research institute of medical sciences and assayed for selected tick-borne pathogens. one pool each of h. flava ...201728981682
identification of tick species collected from wild boars and habitats of wild boars and domestic pigs in the republic of korea.tick is one of the most important arthropods in the transmission of vector-borne diseases. in this study, we investigated the abundance and species of ticks associated with swine and their habitats to assess the risk of spread of tick-borne diseases in host species, such as wild boars. ticks were collected from 24 grazing or traditionally reared domestic pig farms and 8 habitats of wild boars in 8 provinces and 1 city in the republic of korea, by using the dragging and flagging methods. ticks we ...201728506041
molecular detection of rickettsia species in ticks collected from the southwestern provinces of the republic of korea.rickettsiae constitute a group of arthropod-borne, gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that are the causative agents of diseases ranging from mild to life threatening that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide.201728069059
pathogenic potential and growth kinetics of muko virus in mice and human-derived cells.ticks have been long known as vectors of various pathogens, some of which can cause high fatality rates among infected individuals. our enhanced tick surveillance around nagasaki, japan, led to the isolation and identification of a new strain of a recently identified orbivirus, muko virus (muv). the orbiviruses have a wide host range, including humans, and is related to a spectrum of clinical outcomes. however, the zoonotic potential of some members of the genus, although reported, were not clea ...201627777508
prevalence of anaplasma and bartonella spp. in ticks collected from korean water deer (hydropotes inermis argyropus).deer serve as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide. in the republic of korea, the population of korean water deer (kwd, hydropotes inermis argyropus) has greatly increased from 1982 to 2011, in part, as a result of reforestation programs established following the korean war when much of the land was barren of trees. eighty seven haemaphysalis flava, 228 haemaphysalis longicornis, 8 ixodes nipponensis, and 40 ixodes persulcatus (21 larvae, 114 ...201626951985
mitochondrial genome evolution and trna truncation in acariformes mites: new evidence from eriophyoid mites.the subclass acari (mites and ticks) comprises two super-orders: acariformes and parasitiformes. most species of the parasitiformes known retained the ancestral pattern of mitochondrial (mt) gene arrangement of arthropods, and their mt trnas have the typical cloverleaf structure. all of the species of the acariformes known, however, have rearranged mt genomes and truncated mt trnas. we sequenced the mt genomes of two species of eriophyoidea: phyllocoptes taishanensis and epitrimerus sabinae. the ...201626732998
first isolation of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from haemaphysalis longicornis ticks collected in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome outbreak areas in the republic of korea.severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) is an emerging tick-borne infectious disease that is endemic to china, japan, and the republic of korea (rok). in this study, 8313 ticks collected from sfts outbreak areas in the rok in 2013 were used to detect the sfts virus (sftsv). a single sftsv was isolated in cell culture from one pool of haemaphysalis longicornis ticks collected from samcheok-si, gangwon province, in the rok. phylogenetic analysis showed that the sftsv isolate was cluster ...201626745758
detection of francisella tularensis and analysis of bacterial growth in ticks in japan.francisella tularensis is distributed in the northern hemisphere and it is the bacterial agent responsible for tularaemia, a zoonotic disease. we collected 4 527 samples of dna from ticks in japan, which were then analysed by real-time pcr and nested pcr. francisella dna was detected by real-time pcr in 2·15% (45/2 093) of ixodes ovatus, 0·66% (14/2 107) of i. persulcatus, 8·22% (6/73) of i. monospinosus and 0·72% (1/138) of haemaphysalis flava specimens. finally, francisella dna was detected by ...201627432517
molecular detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in ixodid ticks collected from vegetation, republic of korea, 2014.ticks play an important role in transmission of arboviruses responsible for emerging infectious diseases, and have a significant impact on human, veterinary, and wildlife health. in the republic of korea (rok), little is known about information regarding the presence of tick-borne viruses and their vectors. a total of 21,158 ticks belonging to 3 genera and 6 species collected at 6 provinces and 4 metropolitan areas in the rok from march to october 2014 were assayed for selected tick-borne pathog ...201627211914
tick bite by nymphal amblyomma testudinarium.ticks are parasites that usually suck the blood of wild or domestic animals; rarely, they ingest human blood and spread various febrile infectious diseases along with skin problems. out of 40 cases of tick bite reported in korea, only 3 were caused by nymphal ticks, and tick bites by nymphal amblyomma testudinarium have not been reported previously. herein, we report a rare case of tick bite by nymphal a. testudinarium. a 57-year-old woman presented with an asymptomatic solitary erythematous nod ...201627904278
ecology of the tick-borne phlebovirus causing severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in an endemic area of china.severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) is caused by sfts virus (sftsv), a tick-borne phlebovirus in family bunyaviridae. studies have found that humans, domestic and wildlife animals can be infected by sftsv. however, the viral ecology, circulation, and transmission remain largely unknown.201627035712
detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from wild animals and ixodidae ticks in the republic of korea.severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) is caused by sfts virus (sftsv), a novel bunyavirus reported to be endemic to central-northeastern china, southern japan, and the republic of korea (rok). to investigate sftsv infections, we collected serum samples and ticks from wild animals. using serum samples and ticks, sftsv-specific genes were amplified by one-step rt-pcr and nested pcr and sequenced. indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) was performed to analyze virus-specific antibody ...201627043361
expression pattern of suba in different tissues and blood-feeding status in haemaphysalis flava.tick-borne-diseases (tbd) pose a huge threat to the health of both humans and animals worldwide. tick vaccines constitute an attractive alternative for tick control, due to their cost-efficiency and environmental-friendliness. subolesin, a protective antigen against ticks, is reported to be a promising candidate for the development of broad-spectrum vaccines. however, the entire length of its gene, suba, and its gene expression pattern in different tissues and blood-feeding status (or different ...201627631766
enolase, a plasminogen receptor isolated from salivary gland transcriptome of the ixodid tick haemaphysalis flava.enolase, a multifunctional protein, is shown to act as a plasminogen receptor that contributes to fibrinolysis, which plays an important role in preventing the formation of blood clots during tick feeding. the study of enolase genes provides opportunities to develop a potential antigen target for tick control. so far, enolase has been identified in only a few species of ticks. knowledge of the exact mechanisms of plasminogen activation and fibrinolysis by enolase as a plasminogen receptor is lim ...201626822735
de novo assembly and analysis of midgut transcriptome of haemaphysalis flava and identification of genes involved in blood digestion, feeding and defending from pathogens.bioactive components in the midgut of ticks play a key role in tick blood digestion, feeding and pathogen transmission. the study of protein and gene targets in midgut provides opportunities to explore novel tick control strategies. only a few nucleotide sequences are available in public databases for haemaphysalis flava, an important disease vector for humans and animals. knowledge of the process of blood digestion by the ticks and protein expression in the digestive tract is limited. here, we ...201626705239
de novo sequencing, assembly and analysis of salivary gland transcriptome of haemaphysalis flava and identification of sialoprotein genes.saliva plays an important role in feeding and pathogen transmission, identification and analysis of tick salivary gland (sg) proteins is considered as a hot spot in anti-tick researching area. herein, we present the first description of sg transcriptome of haemaphysalis flava using next-generation sequencing (ngs). a total of over 143 million high-quality reads were assembled into 54,357 unigenes, of which 20,145 (37.06%) had significant similarities to proteins in the swiss-prot database. 13,51 ...201525784566
emerging tick-borne infections in mainland china: an increasing public health threat.since the beginning of the 1980s, 33 emerging tick-borne agents have been identified in mainland china, including eight species of spotted fever group rickettsiae, seven species in the family anaplasmataceae, six genospecies in the complex borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, 11 species of babesia, and the virus causing severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. in this review we have mapped the geographical distributions of human cases of infection. 15 of the 33 emerging tick-borne agents have be ...201526453241
modulation of host immunity by tick saliva.next generation sequencing and proteomics have helped to comprehensively characterize gene expression in tick salivary glands at both the transcriptome and the proteome level. functional data are, however, lacking. given that tick salivary secretions are critical to the success of the tick transmission lifecycle and, as a consequence, for host colonization by the pathogens they spread, we thoroughly review here the literature on the known interactions between tick saliva (or tick salivary gland ...201526189360
comparative metagenomic profiling of symbiotic bacterial communities associated with ixodes persulcatus, ixodes pavlovskyi and dermacentor reticulatus ticks.ixodes persulcatus, ixodes pavlovskyi, and dermacentor reticulatus ticks inhabiting western siberia are responsible for the transmission of a number of etiological agents that cause human and animal tick-borne diseases. because these ticks are abundant in the suburbs of large cities, agricultural areas, and popular tourist sites and frequently attack people and livestock, data regarding the microbiomes of these organisms are required. using metagenomic 16s profiling, we evaluate bacterial commun ...201526154300
wildlife reservoirs for vector-borne canine, feline and zoonotic infections in austria.austria's mammalian wildlife comprises a large variety of species, acting and interacting in different ways as reservoir and intermediate and definitive hosts for different pathogens that can be transmitted to pets and/or humans. foxes and other wild canids are responsible for maintaining zoonotic agents, e.g. echinococcus multilocularis, as well as pet-relevant pathogens, e.g. hepatozoon canis. together with the canids, and less commonly felids, rodents play a major role as intermediate and par ...201425830102
microbial population analysis of the salivary glands of ticks; a possible strategy for the surveillance of bacterial pathogens.ticks are one of the most important blood-sucking vectors for infectious microorganisms in humans and animals. when feeding they inject saliva, containing microbes, into the host to facilitate the uptake of blood. an understanding of the microbial populations within their salivary glands would provide a valuable insight when evaluating the vectorial capacity of ticks. three tick species (ixodes ovatus, i. persulcatus and haemaphysalis flava) were collected in shizuoka prefecture of japan between ...201425089898
a tick-borne segmented rna virus contains genome segments derived from unsegmented viral ancestors.although segmented and unsegmented rna viruses are commonplace, the evolutionary links between these two very different forms of genome organization are unclear. we report the discovery and characterization of a tick-borne virus--jingmen tick virus (jmtv)--that reveals an unexpected connection between segmented and unsegmented rna viruses. the jmtv genome comprises four segments, two of which are related to the nonstructural protein genes of the genus flavivirus (family flaviviridae), whereas th ...201424753611
ticks collected from wild and domestic animals and natural habitats in the republic of korea.ticks were collected from 35 animals from 5 provinces and 3 metropolitan cities during 2012. ticks also were collected by tick drag from 4 sites in gyeonggi-do (2) and jeollabuk-do (2) provinces. a total of 612 ticks belonging to 6 species and 3 genera were collected from mammals and a bird (n=573) and by tick drag (n=39). haemaphyalis longicornis (n=434) was the most commonly collected tick, followed by h. flava (158), ixodes nipponensis (11), amblyomma testudinarium (7), h. japonica (1), and h ...201425031468
first molecular evidence of hepatozoon canis infection in red foxes and golden jackals from hungary.recently, hepatozoon canis infection has been detected among shepherd, hunting and stray dogs in the southern part of hungary, which is considered to be free of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and close to the border with croatia. the aim of this study was to acquire information on the possibility that red foxes and/or golden jackals could play a role in the appearance and spread of h. canis in hungary.201424985073
no detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from ixodid ticks collected in seoul.larvae, nymphs, and adult stages of 3 species of ixodid ticks were collected by tick drag methods in seoul during june-october 2013, and their infection status with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) virus was examined using rt-pcr. during the period, 732 haemaphysalis longicornis, 62 haemaphysalis flava, and 2 ixodes nipponensis specimens were collected. among the specimens of h. longicornis, the number of female adults, male adults, nymphs, and larvae were 53, 11, 240, and 446, ...201424850970
ticks collected from migratory birds, including a new record of haemaphysalis formosensis, on jeju island, korea.migratory birds may disperse parasites across ecological barriers, and recent climate change may alter the pattern of ectoparasite dispersal via changed patterns of bird migration. in order to document the parasitization of migratory birds by ixodidae ticks on jeju island in korea, we examined 934 migratory birds comprising 75 species for ticks from 2010 to 2012. in total, 313 ticks were collected from 74 migratory birds across 17 avian species and identified based on morphological keys. these t ...201424141529
molecular survey of hard ticks in endemic areas of tick-borne diseases in china.over the past several years, there was a substantial increase in the number of cases of known and novel tick-borne infections in humans in china. to better understand the ticks associated with these infections, we collected hard ticks from animals or around livestock shelters in 29 localities in 5 provinces (beijing, henan, hubei, inner mongolia, and zhejiang) where cases of tick-borne illness were reported. we collected 2950 hard ticks representing 7 species of 4 genera (dermacentor sinicus, ha ...201323538111
comparison of dragging and sweeping methods for collecting ticks and determining their seasonal distributions for various habitats, gyeonggi province, republic of korea.as part of the 65th medical brigade tick-borne disease surveillance program to determine the abundance, geographical and seasonal distributions, and tick-borne pathogens present in the republic of korea, dragging and sweeping methods were compared to determine their efficiency for collecting ticks in grass and deciduous, conifer, and mixed forest habitats at military training sites and privately owned lands in northern gyeonggi province near the demilitarized zone from april-october, 2004-2005. ...201323802457
seasonal distribution of ticks in four habitats near the demilitarized zone, gyeonggi-do (province), republic of korea.this study describes the seasonal distribution of larvae, nymph, and adult life stages for 3 species of ixodid ticks collected by tick drag and sweep methods from various habitats in the republic of korea (rok). grasses less than 0.5 m in height, including herbaceous and crawling vegetation, and deciduous, conifer, and mixed forests with abundant leaf/needle litter were surveyed at united states (us) and rok operated military training sites and privately owned lands near the demilitarized zone f ...201323864743
infective larvae of cercopithifilaria spp. (nematoda: onchocercidae) from hard ticks (ixodidae) recovered from the japanese serow (bovidae).hard ticks taken from the japanese serow, capricornis crispus, in yamagata prefecture, honshu, harboured infective larvae of onchocercid filariae after incubation from the 22nd to the 158th day. haemaphysalis flava and h. japonica contained one to eight filarial larvae; females, males and a nymph of the ticks were infected. the 44 infective larvae recovered were 612-1,370 μm long, and 11 of them, 930-1,340 μm long, were studied in detail. the larvae possessed the morphologic characteristics of t ...201323340227
ticks (acari: ixodidae) from medium-sized to large mammals in ehime prefecture, japan.ixodid ticks were collected from medium-sized to large mammals in ehime prefecture, shikoku, japan. ten species of ticks (amblyomma testudinarium, dermacentor taiwanensis, haemaphysalis flava, h. formosensis, h. hystricis, h. longicornis, h. megaspinosa, ixodes nipponensis, i. ovatus, and i. tanuki) were collected from a total of 29 mammals comprising 11 species. haemaphysalis hystricis, a possible vector of japanese spotted fever in ehime prefecture, was collected from canis lupus familiaris (d ...201323242932
molecular detection of anaplasma, bartonella, and borrelia species in ticks collected from migratory birds from hong-do island, republic of korea.bird migration is a recurring annual and seasonal event undertaken by more than 100 species of birds in the southeast asian and northeast palearctic regions that pass through or remain for short periods from april to may and september to november at hong-do island, republic of korea (rok). a total of 212 ticks (40 haemaphysalis flava, 12 h. longicornis, 146 ixodes turdus, 13 i. nipponensis, and 1 i. ornithophila) were collected from 65/2,161 (3.0%) migratory birds consisting of 21 species that w ...201323428091
characterization of haemaphysalis flava (acari: ixodidae) from qingling subspecies of giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis) in qinling mountains (central china) by morphology and molecular markers.tick is one of important ectoparasites capable of causing direct damage to their hosts and also acts as vectors of relevant infectious agents. in the present study, the taxa of 10 ticks, collected from qinling giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis) in qinling mountains of china in april 2010, were determined using morphology and molecular markers (nucleotide its2 rdna and mitochondrial 16s). microscopic observation demonstrated that the morphological features of these ticks were simi ...201323894541
autochthonous lyme borreliosis in humans and ticks in korea.this study aimed at finding epidemiological and clinical features of autochthonous lyme borreliosis in humans through epidemiological investigations and identifying its vectors and pathogens through analysis of ticks.201324159530
prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodid ticks collected from the republic of korea during 2011-2012.in this study, we demonstrated that tbev-infected ticks have been distributed in the rok, combined with our previous results. these results suggest that tbev may exist in the rok, and h. longicornis, h. flava, and i. nipponensis may be potential vectors of tbev. in addition, these results emphasize the need for further epidemiological research of tbev.201224159517
tick-box for 3'-end formation of mitochondrial transcripts in ixodida, basal chelicerates and drosophila.according to the trna punctuation model, the mitochondrial genome (mtdna) of mammals and arthropods is transcribed as large polycistronic precursors that are maturated by endonucleolytic cleavage at trna borders and rna polyadenylation. starting from the newly sequenced mtdna of ixodes ricinus and using a combination of mitogenomics and transcriptional analyses, we found that in all currently-sequenced tick lineages (prostriata, metastriata and argasidae) the 3'-end of the polyadenylated nad1 an ...201223077630
detection of two zoonotic babesia microti lineages, the hobetsu and u.s. lineages, in two sympatric tick species, ixodes ovatus and ixodes persulcatus, respectively, in japan.the species babesia microti, commonly found in rodents, demonstrates a high degree of genetic diversity. three lineages, u.s., kobe, and hobetsu, are known to have zoonotic potential, but their tick vector(s) in japan remains to be elucidated. we conducted a field investigation at nemuro on hokkaido island and at sumoto on awaji island, where up to two of the three lineages occur with similar frequencies in reservoirs. by flagging vegetation at these spots and surrounding areas, 4,010 ticks, com ...201222389378
observation of live ticks (haemaphysalis flava) by scanning electron microscopy under high vacuum pressure.scanning electron microscopes (sem), which image sample surfaces by scanning with an electron beam, are widely used for steric observations of resting samples in basic and applied biology. various conventional methods exist for sem sample preparation. however, conventional sem is not a good tool to observe living organisms because of the associated exposure to high vacuum pressure and electron beam radiation. here we attempted sem observations of live ticks. during 1.5×10(-3) pa vacuum pressure ...201222431980
improved systematic trna gene annotation allows new insights into the evolution of mitochondrial trna structures and into the mechanisms of mitochondrial genome rearrangements.transfer rnas (trnas) are present in all types of cells as well as in organelles. trnas of animal mitochondria show a low level of primary sequence conservation and exhibit 'bizarre' secondary structures, lacking complete domains of the common cloverleaf. such sequences are hard to detect and hence frequently missed in computational analyses and mitochondrial genome annotation. here, we introduce an automatic annotation procedure for mitochondrial trna genes in metazoa based on sequence and stru ...201122139921
neural control of salivary glands in ixodid ticks.studies of tick salivary glands (sgs) and their components have produced a number of interesting discoveries over the last four decades. however, the precise neural and physiological mechanisms controlling sg secretion remain enigmatic. major studies of sg control have identified and characterized many pharmacological and biological compounds that activate salivary secretion, including dopamine (da), octopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba), ergot alkaloids, pilocarpine (pc), and their pharmacolog ...201122119563
rickettsia felis, an emerging flea-transmitted human pathogen.rickettsia felis was first recognised two decades ago and has now been described as endemic to all continents except antarctica. the rickettsiosis caused by r. felis is known as flea-borne spotted fever or cat-flea typhus. the large number of arthropod species found to harbour r. felis and that may act as potential vectors support the view that it is a pan-global microbe. the main arthropod reservoir and vector is the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis, yet more than 20 other species of fleas, tick ...201124149035
diagnosis of hepatozoon canis in young dogs by cytology and pcr.abstract:201121489247
dermoscopy for tick bite: reconfirmation of the usefulness for the initial diagnosis.ticks transmit a variety of infectious diseases. diagnosis requires verification of a tick's presence. here, we describe a 61-year-old woman bitten by an eight-legged nymphal amblyomma testudinarium. we re-emphasize the usefulness of dermoscopy for identifying signs of the bite and determining the species of the biting tick.201121577370
ticks collected from selected mammalian hosts surveyed in the republic of korea during 2008-2009.a tick survey was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution of ticks associated with selected mammals in the republic of korea (rok) during 2008-2009. a total of 918 ticks were collected from 76 mammals (6 families, 9 species) captured at 6 provinces and 3 metropolitan cities in rok. haemaphysalis longicornis (54.4%) was the most frequently collected tick, followed by haemaphysalis flava (28.5%), ixodes nipponensis (7.6%), ixodes pomerantzevi (4.8%), ixodes persulcatus (4.6% ...201122072840
detection of anaplasma bovis and anaplasma phagocytophilum dna from haemaphysalis megaspinosa in hokkaido, japan.dna from 101 ticks, including haemaphysalis megaspinosa, haemaphysalis douglasi, haemaphysalis flava, ixodes ovatus and ixodes persulcatus, collected by flagging in a pasture in hidaka district (hokkaido, japan) was examined for infection with anaplasma bovis and a. phagocytophilum by species-specific nested pcr. of the 48 h. megaspinosa nymphs, examined, 1 (2.1%) and 6 (12.5%) were positive for a. bovis and a. phagocytophilum, respectively. one of the 6 positive nymphs was dual positive for bot ...201019897306
potential for tick-borne bartonelloses.as worldwide vectors of human infectious diseases, ticks are considered to be second only to mosquitoes. each tick species has preferred environmental conditions and biotopes that determine its geographic distribution, the pathogens it vectors, and the areas that pose risk for tick-borne diseases. researchers have identified an increasing number of bacterial pathogens that are transmitted by ticks, including anaplasma, borrelia, ehrlichia, and rickettsia spp. recent reports involving humans and ...201020202411
human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis.human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various members of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma (anaplasmataceae). human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis has become one of the most prevalent life-threatening tick-borne disease in the united states. ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are becoming more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in number and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir ...201020513551
prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks from southern korea.the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in southern korea was determined by collecting ticks using tick drags. a total of 4,077 of 6,788 ticks collected were pooled (649 pools) according to collection site, species, and developmental stage and assayed for tbev. the tbev protein e and ns5 gene fragments were detected using rt-nested pcr in six pools of nymphs collected from jeju island (2,491 ticks). the minimum field detection rates for tbev were 0.17% and 0.14% for haemaphysalis ...201020706026
the complete mitochondrial genome of the citrus red mite panonychus citri (acari: tetranychidae): high genome rearrangement and extremely truncated trnas.the family tetranychidae (chelicerata: acari) includes ~1200 species, many of which are of agronomic importance. to date, mitochondrial genomes of only two tetranychidae species have been sequenced, and it has been found that these two mitochondrial genomes are characterized by many unusual features in genome organization and structure such as gene order and nucleotide frequency. the scarcity of available sequence data has greatly impeded evolutionary studies in acari (mites and ticks). informat ...201020969792
evaluation of rickettsia japonica pathogenesis and reservoir potential in dogs by experimental inoculation and epidemiologic survey.rickettsia japonica pathogenesis and reservoir potential in dogs were evaluated by both experimental inoculation and epidemiologic survey. in the experimental inoculation study, dogs 1 and 2 were pretreated with an immunosuppressive dose of cyclosporine 14 days before inoculation and became ill after exposure to r. japonica. dogs exhibited clinical signs, including fever, anorexia, depression, and decreased water consumption, between 36 and 96 h after inoculation, but these signs disappeared spo ...201020980481
a case of amblyomma testudinarium tick bite in a korean woman.a case of tick bite was found in the inguinal region of a 74-year-old korean woman. she was attacked by the tick while working in her vegetable garden in the vicinity of mountain located in suncheon city, the southern coastal area of the korean peninsula. on admission she complained of mild discomfort and itching around the bite area. the causative tick was 23 mm long and had slender pedipalps. the scutum was quite ornate and had eyes at the edge. the genital aperture was located anterior to the ...201021234234
diagnostic assay for rickettsia japonica.we developed a specific and rapid detection system for rickettsia japonica and r. heilongjiangensis, the causative agents of spotted fever, using a taqman minor groove binder probe for a particular open reading frame (orf) identified by the r. japonica genome project. the target orf was present only in r. japonica-related strains.200919961684
identification of a complex peptidergic neuroendocrine network in the hard tick, rhipicephalus appendiculatus.neuropeptides are crucial regulators of development and various physiological functions but little is known about their identity, expression and function in vectors of pathogens causing serious diseases, such as ticks. therefore, we have used antibodies against multiple insect and crustacean neuropeptides to reveal the presence of these bioactive molecules in peptidergic neurons and cells of the ixodid tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus. these antibodies have detected 15 different immunoreactive ...200919082627
the complete mitochondrial genome of the house dust mite dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (trouessart): a novel gene arrangement among arthropods.the apparent scarcity of available sequence data has greatly impeded evolutionary studies in acari (mites and ticks). this subclass encompasses over 48,000 species and forms the largest group within the arachnida. although mitochondrial genomes are widely utilised for phylogenetic and population genetic studies, only 20 mitochondrial genomes of acari have been determined, of which only one belongs to the diverse order of the sarcoptiformes. in this study, we describe the mitochondrial genome of ...200919284646
hepatozoon ursi n. sp. (apicomplexa: hepatozoidae) in japanese black bear (ursus thibetanus japonicus).morphological and genetic features of a new hepatozoon species, hepatozoon ursi n. sp., in japanese black bear (ursus thibetanus japonicus) were studied. schizogonic developmental stages were observed in the lungs of japanese black bears. the schizonts were sub-spherical in shape and 45.7+/-4.6 x 42.7+/-4.5 microm in size. each mature schizont contained approximately 80-130 merozoites and 0-5 residual bodies. the merozoites were 7.0+/-0.7 x 1.8+/-0.3 microm in size. intraleukocytic gametocytes w ...200818329332
rickettsia felis as emergent global threat for humans.rickettsia felis is an emergent pathogen belonging to transitional group rickettsiae. first described in 1990, r. felis infections have been reported to occur worldwide in fleas, mammals, and humans. because clinical signs of the illness are similar to those of murine typhus and other febrile illnesses such as dengue, the infection in humans is likely underestimated. r. felis has been found throughout the world in several types of ectoparasites; cat fleas appear to be the most common vectors. r. ...200818598619
arthrostoma miyazakiense (nematoda: ancylostomatidae) infection in raccoon dogs of korea and experimental transmission to dogs.arthrostoma miyazakiense (nematoda: ancylostomatidae) is a hookworm species reported from the small intestines of raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in japan. five korean raccoon dogs (n. procyonoides koreensis) caught from 2002 to 2005 in jeollanam-do (province), a southeastern area of south korea, contained helminth eggs belonging to 4 genera (roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, and capillaria spp.) and cysts of giardia sp. in their feces. necropsy findings of 1 raccoon dog revealed a large nu ...200717570975
serological survey of rickettsia japonica infection in dogs and cats in japan.antibodies against rickettsia japonica in 20 of 1,207 dogs and 5 of 584 cats in japan were detected using immunofluorescence. some antibody-positive animals were detected in niigata and kagawa prefectures, areas in which japanese spotted fever in human patients has never been identified. some animals were positive for antibodies against other new rickettsia species.200717913859
the complete mitochondrial genome of pseudocellus pearsei (chelicerata: ricinulei) and a comparison of mitochondrial gene rearrangements in arachnida.mitochondrial genomes are widely utilized for phylogenetic and population genetic analyses among animals. in addition to sequence data the mitochondrial gene order and rna secondary structure data are used in phylogenetic analyses. arachnid phylogeny is still highly debated and there is a lack of sufficient sequence data for many taxa. ricinulei (hooded tickspiders) are a morphologically distinct clade of arachnids with uncertain phylogenetic affinities.200717961221
the complete mitochondrial genome of the sea spider achelia bituberculata (pycnogonida, ammotheidae): arthropod ground pattern of gene arrangement.the phylogenetic position of pycnogonids is a long-standing and controversial issue in arthropod phylogeny. this controversy has recently been rekindled by differences in the conclusions based on neuroanatomical data concerning the chelifore and the patterns of hox expression. the mitochondrial genome of a sea spider, nymphon gracile (pycnogonida, nymphonidae), was recently reported in an attempt to address this issue. however, n. gracile appears to be a long-branch taxon on the phylogenetic tre ...200717908292
the complete mitochondrial genome of the sea spider nymphon gracile (arthropoda: pycnogonida).mitochondrial genomes form units of genetic information replicating indepentently from nuclear genomes. sequence data (most often from protein-coding genes) and other features (gene order, rna secondary structure) of mitochondrial genomes are often used in phylogenetic studies of metazoan animals from population to phylum level. pycnogonids are primarily marine arthropods, often considered closely related to chelicerates (spiders, scorpions and allies). however, due to their aberrant morphology ...200617087824
tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts.during most of the 20th century, the epidemiology of tick-borne rickettsioses could be summarized as the occurrence of a single pathogenic rickettsia on each continent. an element of this paradigm suggested that the many other characterized and noncharacterized rickettsiae isolated from ticks were not pathogenic to humans. in this context, it was considered that relatively few tick-borne rickettsiae caused human disease. this concept was modified extensively from 1984 through 2005 by the identif ...200516223955
detection of dna of 'candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum' and spiroplasma sp. in unfed ticks collected from vegetation in japan.dna fragments of 'candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum', a feline heamobartonella pathogen, were detected from unfed ixodes ovatus collected from vegetation in hokkaido, fukushima and yamaguchi prefectures, and unfed haemaphysalis flava in yamaguchi prefecture. this finding suggests that ixodid tick is a possible vector of 'c. mycoplasma haemominutum'. spiroplasma dna was also detected from unfed i. ovatus in hokkaido, fukushima and yamaguchi prefectures. the analysis of nucleotides sequence sugge ...200516397391
detection of ehrlichial dna in haemaphysalis ticks recovered from dogs in japan that is closely related to a novel ehrlichia sp. found in cattle ticks from tibet, thailand, and africa.tick dna samples from dogs in japan were examined for ehrlichia infection by 16s rrna gene-based pcr and sequencing. three positive samples were detected from haemaphysalis ticks, and higher levels of similarity (98.46 to 99.06%) were found to recently detected ehrlichia spp. from cattle ticks in tibet, thailand, and africa.200415004117
ectoparasites of the pallas squirrel, callosciurus erythraeus, introduced to japan.the squirrel callosciurus erythraeus (pallas) (rodentia: sciuridae) was intentionally introduced to japan in 1935 and has become established throughout much of the country. although they live mainly in forests, pallas squirrels come into gardens and are frequently fed by people or kept as pets, so their ectoparasites could be of potential medical as well as veterinary importance. during 2001-2003 we conducted the first ectoparasite survey of pallas squirrels in japan. from 105 c. erythraeus capt ...200415009447
first serologic evidence of human spotted fever group rickettsiosis in korea.to investigate the prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsioses in korea, a serosurvey of japanese spotted fever rickettsiosis in patients with acute febrile illness was conducted with an indirect immunofluorescence assay. overall, 19.88% of the patients were found to have polyvalent antibody against rickettsia japonica. this study is the first documentation of spotted fever group rickettsiosis in korea.200415131221
the mitochondrial genomes of soft ticks have an arrangement of genes that has remained unchanged for over 400 million years.there are two major groups of ticks: soft ticks and hard ticks. the hard ticks comprise the prostriate ticks and the metastriate ticks. the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of one species of prostriate tick and two species of metastriate ticks had been sequenced prior to our study. the prostriate tick has the ancestral arrangement of mt genes of arthropods, whereas the two metastriate ticks have rearrangements of eight genes and duplicate control regions. however, the arrangement of genes in the mt ge ...200415157222
survey of ixodid tick species on domestic cats in japan.various species of ixodid ticks, attached to domestic cats in japan, were identified in spring (april to june) and autumn (september to november). in the spring, a total of 282 ticks, including 61 larvae, 70 nymphs, 127 females and 24 males were collected from 126 cats. of these, 264 were identified up to the species level. in the spring, haemaphysalis longicornis was the most frequently (39.7%, 50/126) found tick species on feline hosts, followed by ixodes ovatus (35.0%, 44/126), ixodes nippone ...200312531297
genetic identification of rickettsiae isolated from ticks in japan.following the description in japan of japanese spotted fever, caused by rickettsia japonica, a search for the vector of this disease led to the isolation of several rickettsiae from various tick species. sixty-three rickettsial isolates were obtained from six different tick species, and six type strains were described by pcr and monoclonal antibody testing. we identified these six strains by amplification and sequencing of the genes encoding 16s rrna and citrate synthase. we confirmed that the i ...200212037083
simultaneous detection of anaplasma marginale and a new ehrlichia species closely related to ehrlichia chaffeensis by sequence analyses of 16s ribosomal dna in boophilus microplus ticks from tibet.to identify ehrlichial agents in boophilus microplus ticks, dna samples of b. microplus collected from the tibet autonomous region and sichuan province of china were screened by a nested pcr. sixteen of 43 (37%) dna samples of b. microplus from tibet were positive in nested pcr analysis. all 27 samples from sichuan were negative. the screen identified two ehrlichial agents based on different 16s rrna genes that were found after amplifying and sequencing the 5'-end fragments of the 16s rrna genes ...200212202567
two human cases of tick bite caused by ixodes nipponensis.we report two human cases of tick bite. a 63-year-old male had a pruritic pea-sized brownish nodule on the left popliteal area. another 41-year-old male had an asymptomatic bean-sized black nodule in the pubic area. the ticks were identified as ixodes nipponensis, which are the 18th and the 19th cases in korea.200212509106
fulminant japanese spotted fever associated with hypercytokinemia.we report a patient with japanese spotted fever caused by rickettsia japonica who developed shock associated with hypercytokinemia. elevated levels of cytokines (macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 10, and gamma interferon) decreased rapidly after a combination treatment using an antibiotic (minocycline hydrochloride [mino]) and methylprednisolone; however, tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were increased. the patient's fever relapsed and was resolved only afte ...200111376087
prevalence of lyme disease borrelia spp. in ticks from migratory birds on the japanese mainland.borrelia sp. prevalence in ticks on migratory birds was surveyed in central japan. in autumn, a total of 1,733 birds representing 40 species were examined for ticks. a total of 361 ticks were obtained from 173 birds of 15 species, and these ticks were immature haemaphysalis flava (94.4%), haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes columnae, ixodes persulcatus, ixodes turdus, and an unidentified ixodes species. of these, 27 juveniles of h. flava on turdus pallidus, turdus cardis, or emberiza spodocephala, ...200010698761
new ehrlichia species closely related to ehrlichia chaffeensis isolated from ixodes ovatus ticks in japan.seven ehrlichia strains (six hf strains and one anan strain) that were obtained from laboratory mice by intraperitoneally inoculating homogenates of adult ixodes ovatus collected in japan were characterized. 16s rrna sequences of all six hf strains were identical, and the sequences were 99.7, 98.2, and 97.7% identical to those of anan strain, ehrlichia chaffeensis (human monocytic ehrlichiosis agent), and e. muris, respectively. partial groel amino acid sequencing also revealed that the six hf s ...200010747103
comparison of ehrlichia muris strains isolated from wild mice and ticks and serologic survey of humans and animals with e. muris as antigen.in metropolitan tokyo, the ehrlichia muris seropositivity rate of 24 wild mice was 63% in hinohara village, but in the surrounding areas, it was 0 to 5%. this finding suggests that the reservoir of e. muris is focal. among the 15 seropositive mice, ehrlichiae were isolated from 9 apodemus speciosus mice and 1 a. argenteus mouse, respectively. five ehrlichial isolates were obtained from 10 ticks (haemaphysalis flava) collected in asuke town, aichi prefecture, where the e. muris type strain had be ...199910074536
[redescription of haemaphysalis flava and ixodes tanuki collected from a raccoon dog in korea].a total of 135 hard ticks consisting of 2 species of 2 genera, 117 haemaphysalis flava and 18 ixodes tanuki, were collected from a korean raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) caught at the moaksan (mt.). chollabuk-do, korea in march 1995. it is the first record that i. tanuki appears in the korean fauna.19979100433
[spotted fever group rickettsiosis and vectors in kanagawa prefecture].primer pairs for pcr were designed from the gene encoding the 17,000-molecular-weight genus-common antigen of rickettsia japonica, rickettsia rickettsii, rickettsia conorii, rickettsia typhi and rickettsia prowazekii. primers r1, r2 were designed for amplifying the genomic dna from spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae and epidemic typhus rickettsiae. primers rj5, rj10 were designed for amplifying the genomic dna from only r. japonica. using the primers r1, r2, about a 540-bp fragment was observ ...19968741704
detection of rickettsia japonica in haemaphysalis longicornis ticks by restriction fragment length polymorphism of pcr product.pcr was applied to the detection of rickettsia japonica, the causative agent of oriental spotted fever (osf), in ticks collected at two sites of the muroto area on shikoku island, a major area in japan where osf is endemic. primer pair rr190.70p and rr190.602n of the r. rickettsii 190-kda antigen gene sequence of regnery and others (r.l. regnery, c.l. spruill, and b.d. plikaytis, j. bacteriol. 173:1576-1589, 1991) primed the dna extracted from haemaphysalis longicornis ticks but not those extrac ...19957790445
prevalence of lyme borrelia in ticks, especially ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae), in central and western japan.prevalence of lyme borrelia in unfed ticks was surveyed in central and western japan during spring from 1991 to 1993. the tick fauna was diverse; ticks obtained consisted of four genera and more than 12 identified species, and both southern and northern species coexist with altitudinal separation. midguts of ticks were cultured in bsk medium for spirochetal isolation. borrelia-positive rates for adults of both a common species, ixodes ovatus neumann, and a northern species, ixodes persulcatus sc ...19948057323
[a case of tick bite (haemaphysalis flava)--consideration of tularemia infection through tick bite]. 19826984866
[diagnosis of the sexually immature phases of the tick, haemaphysalis flava neum (ixodidae)]. 1977896281
forest refugia in western and central africa as 'museums' of mesozoic biodiversity.the refugial speciation model, or 'species pump', is widely accepted in the context of tropical biogeography and has been advocated as an explanation for present species distributions in tropical western and central africa. in order to test this hypothesis, a phylogeny of the cryptic arachnid order ricinulei, based on four nuclear and mitochondrial dna markers, was inferred. this ancient clade of litter-dwelling arthropods, endemic to the primary forests of western and central africa and the neo ...023193047
genomic analysis of rickettsia japonica strain yht.rickettsia japonica strain yh, isolated in 1984 in japan, is the type strain of r. japonica, the tick-borne agent of japanese spotted fever. here, we report the 1.33-mb genome of this rickettsial species.023209240
update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach.tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group of the genus rickettsia. these zoonoses are among the oldest known vector-borne diseases. however, in the past 25 years, the scope and importance of the recognized tick-associated rickettsial pathogens have increased dramatically, making this complex of diseases an ideal paradigm for the understanding of emerging and reemerging infections. several species of tick-borne rickettsiae that wer ...024092850
can we blame migratory birds for transmission of the emerging severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in east asia? 026657298
severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in ticks collected from humans, south korea, 2013.we investigated the infection rate for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (sftsv) among ticks collected from humans during may-october 2013 in south korea. haemaphysalis longicornis ticks have been considered the sftsv vector. however, we detected the virus in h. longicornis, amblyomma testudinarium, and ixodes nipponensis ticks, indicating additional potential sftsv vectors.025061851
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