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structural, textural and morphological characteristics of tannins from acacia mearnsii encapsulated using sol-gel methods: applications as antimicrobial agents.tannins from acacia mearnsii were encapsulated using four different sol-gel methods acid (sgar), basic (sgbr), silicate (sgsr) and non-hydrolytic (sgnhr) routes. the hybrid materials were analyzed using a set of techniques to characterize their structure, texture and morphology. the antimicrobial performance of the encapsulated materials was evaluated against different microorganisms (staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, aspergillus niger and candida sp.). the data showed that the encapsulat ...201727940166
fungal planet description sheets: 400-468.novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from australia: vermiculariopsiella eucalypti, mulderomyces natalis (incl. mulderomyces gen. nov.), fusicladium paraamoenum, neotrimmatostroma paraexcentricum, and pseudophloeospora eucalyptorum on leaves of eucalyptus spp., anungitea grevilleae (on leaves of grevillea sp.), pyrenochaeta acaciae (on leaves of acacia sp.), and brunneocarpos banksiae (incl. brunneocarpos gen. nov.) on cones of banksia attenuata. novel foli ...201627616795
the conversion of grassland to acacia forest as an effective option for net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.this study aimed to evaluate the effect of forestation with leguminous acacia mearnsii de wild in native grasslands on the soil greenhouse (ghg) fluxes and their main driving factors. the experiment was conducted in the brazilian pampa over the period of one year in a six-year-old acacia plantation, evaluating four treatments: acacia (am), acacia with litter periodically removed (a-l), acacia after harvest (ah) and native grassland (ng) (reference treatment). air samples were obtained by the sta ...201626731308
the genetic landscape of ceratocystis albifundus populations in south africa reveals a recent fungal introduction event.geographical range expansion or host shifts is amongst the various evolutionary forces that underlie numerous emerging diseases caused by fungal pathogens. in this regard, ceratocystis albifundus, the causal agent of a serious wilt disease of acacia mearnsii trees in africa, was recently identified killing cultivated protea cynaroides in the western cape (wc) province of south africa. protea cynaroides is an important native plant in the area and a key component of the cape floristic region. the ...201627109366
phytochemical characterization and anti-inflammatory properties of acacia mearnsii leaves.this study was performed to investigate potential bioactive secondary metabolites from the leaves of acacia mearnsii, a forest waste product in china. the polyphenol constituents and bioactivity of crude extract (l) and semi purified fractions (l1-l4) were examined. the l and l1-l4 showed qualitative and quantitative differences in their phenolic content, antioxidant activities and the activities against inflammation-related genes such as the inducible forms of cox-2, inos, and the pro-inflammat ...201627319141
detailed chemical composition of condensed tannins via quantitative (31)p nmr and hsqc analyses: acacia catechu, schinopsis balansae, and acacia mearnsii.the chemical composition of acacia catechu, schinopsis balansae, and acacia mearnsii proanthocyanidins has been determined using a novel analytical approach that rests on the concerted use of quantitative (31)p nmr and two-dimensional heteronuclear nmr spectroscopy. this approach has offered significant detailed information regarding the structure and purity of these complex and often elusive proanthocyanidins. more specifically, rings a, b, and c of their flavan-3-ol units show well-defined and ...201627551744
exploring the relationship between nanoscale dynamics and macroscopic rheology in natural polymer gums.we report a study connecting the nanoscale and macroscale structure and dynamics of acacia mearnsii gum as probed by small-angle x-ray scattering (saxs), x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (xpcs) and rheology. acacia gum, in general, is a complex polysaccharide used extensively in industry. over the analyzed concentration range (15 to 30 wt%) the a. mearnsii gum is found to have a gel-like linear rheology and to exhibit shear thinning flow behavior under steady shear. the gum solutions exhibi ...201627805235
utilization of flavonoid compounds from bark and wood: a review.flavonoid compounds, which are extracted from bark and wood and used commercially, are flavan 3-ols as monomers and their polymers, which are called "condensed tannins". reactions of the condensed tannins with formaldehyde are the basis for wood adhesives. in the late 1940s, tannin research for wood adhesives was begun and the world-first commercial use of wattle tannin from black wattle (acacia mearnsii) bark as wood adhesives occurred in australia in the 1960s. in addition, wattle tannin-based ...201525924541
ground level photosynthetically active radiation dynamics in stands of acacia mearnsii de wild.the objective is to study the dynamics of photosynthetic radiation reaching the soil surface in stands of acacia mearnsii de wild and its influence on height growth in stands. this fact gives rise to the formulation of the following hypothesis for this study: "the reduction of the incidence of light inside the stand of black wattle will cause the inflection point in its height growth when this reaches 4 to 5 m in height, i.e. when the stand is between 2 and 3 years of age". the study was conduct ...201526375018
transfer rates of ²³⁸u and ²³²th for e. globulus, a. mearnsii, h. filipendula and hazardous effects of the usage of medicinal plants from around gold mine dump environs.medicinal plant consumption can be a source of human exposure to radioactive elements such as (238)u and (232)th, which can lead to internal radiation doses. the uptake of (238)u and (232)th from soils to the leaf samples of three different medicinal plant species (eucalyptus globulus, acacia mearnsii and hyparrhenia filipendula) from the purlieu of the princess gold mine dump, an abandoned contaminated tailings storage site (tss), located at longitude 27°55'00″e and latitude 26°09'30″s in david ...201526690462
inhibitory mechanisms of acacia mearnsii extracts on the growth of microcystis aeruginosa.our previous work revealed that acacia mearnsii extract can inhibit the growth of microcystis aeruginosa, the common species forming toxic cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic freshwater. in the present study, we demonstrated that this plant extract can significantly increase cell membrane permeability and ca²⁺/mg²⁺-atpase activity on the membrane. long-term exposure to concentrations of 20 ppm a. mearnsii extract led to algal cell membrane leakage or even lysis. comparison of expression of three ...201525812094
transpiration and water-use efficiency in mixed-species forests versus monocultures: effects of tree size, stand density and season.mixtures can be more productive than monocultures and may therefore use more water, which may make them more susceptible to droughts. the species interactions that influence growth, transpiration and water-use efficiency (wue, tree growth per unit transpiration) within a given mixture vary with intra- and inter-annual climatic variability, stand density and tree size, but these effects remain poorly quantified. these relationships were examined in mixtures and monocultures of eucalyptus globulus ...201525732385
chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils from acacia mearnsii de wild.the volatile oils of the leaves and the stem bark of acacia mearnsii de wild obtained by hydro-distillation were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. a total of 20, 38, 29 and 38 components accounted for 93.8%, 92.1%, 78.5% and 90.9% of the total oils of the fresh, dry leaves and fresh, dry stem bark, respectively. the major components of the oil were octadecyl alcohol (25.5%) and phytol (10.5%); cis-verbenol (29.5%); phytol (10.1%) and phytol (23.4%) for the fresh leaves, dried lea ...201525422136
effects of dietary cottonseed oil and tannin supplements on protein and fatty acid composition of bovine milk.this experiment was conducted to determine the effects of diets supplemented with cottonseed oil, acacia mearnsii-condensed tannin extract, and a combination of both on composition of bovine milk. treatment diets included addition of cottonseed oil (800 g/d; cso), condensed tannin from acacia mearnsii (400 g/d; tan) or a combination of cottonseed oil (800 g/d) and condensed tannin (400 g/d; cpt) with a diet consisting of 6·0 kg dry matter (dm) of concentrates and alfalfa hay ad libitum, which al ...201424594257
influence of first-line antibiotics on the antibacterial activities of acetone stem bark extract of acacia mearnsii de wild. against drug-resistant bacterial isolates.background. this study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity of the acetone extract of a. mearnsii and its interactions with antibiotics against some resistant bacterial strains. methods. the antibacterial susceptibility testing was determined by agar diffusion and macrobroth dilution methods while the checkerboard method was used for the determination of synergy between the antibiotics and the extract. results. the results showed that the susceptibility of the different bacterial i ...201425101132
long-term effects of drenches with condensed tannins from acacia mearnsii on goats naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes.in this study, the long-term effects of exposure to a drench containing condensed tannins (cts) from acacia mearnsii on gastrointestinal nematodes in goats were investigated. male cross-bred anglo-nubian goat kids between 3 and 5 months of age were dewormed at the beginning of the experiment. the goat kids were divided into one group that received weekly 24 g oral doses of a. mearnsii bark extract dissolved in water containing 16.7% cts (gct group, n = 8) and a second group that did not receive ...201425224791
the soil bacterial communities of south african fynbos riparian ecosystems invaded by australian acacia species.riparian ecosystem along rivers and streams are characterised by lateral and longitudinal ecological gradients and, as a result, harbour unique biodiversity. riparian ecosystems in the fynbos of the western cape, south africa, are characterised by seasonal dynamics, with summer droughts followed by high flows during winter. the unique hydrology and geomorphology of riparian ecosystems play an important role in shaping these ecosystems. the riparian vegetation in the western cape has, however, la ...201424475145
analysis of commercial proanthocyanidins. part 4: solid state (13)c nmr as a tool for in situ analysis of proanthocyanidin tannins, in heartwood and bark of quebracho and acacia, and related species.(13)c nmr is an effective method of characterizing proanthocyanidin (pac) tannins in quebracho (schinopsis lorentzii) heartwood and black wattle (acacia mearnsii) bark, before and after commercial extraction. the b-rings of the constituent flavan-3-ols, catechols (quebracho) or pyrogallols (wattle), are recognized in unprocessed source materials by "marker" signals at ca. 118 or 105ppm, respectively. nmr allows the minimum extraction efficiency to be calculated; ca. 30%, and ca. 80%, for quebrac ...201323838626
supplementing lactating dairy cows fed high-quality pasture with black wattle (acacia mearnsii) tannin.a reduction in urinary nitrogen (n) excretion from dairy cows fed pasture containing a high n concentration in the dry matter (dm) will have environmental benefits, because losses to soil water and air by leachate and nitrous oxides (n2o) will be reduced. condensed tannins (ct) reduce digestion of n, and provision as a dietary additive could have nutritional benefits for production, but the amount required and the responses to different sources of ct on milk production have not been defined. two ...201323899456
native australian species are effective in extracting multiple heavy metals from biosolids.selecting native plant species with characteristics suitable for extraction of heavy metals may have multiple advantages over non-native plants. six australian perennial woody plant species and one willow were grown in a pot trial in heavy metal-contaminated biosolids and a potting mix. the plants were harvested after fourteen months and above-ground parts were analysed for heavy metal concentrations and total metal contents. all native species were capable of growing in biosolids and extracted ...201323819263
structural characterization and emulsifying properties of polysaccharides of acacia mearnsii de wild gum.polysaccharides (gnf) from acacia mearnsii de wild gum exudates, collected from trees growing in the south of brazil, were characterized ((13)c and hsqc nmr, gc-ms, colorimetric assays). a commercial gum arabic (gac) was analyzed similarly and compared with gnf. there were differences, consistent with distinct behavior in tensiometry tests and as emulsion stabilizer. gnf had a higher protein content than gac, with small differences in the monosaccharide composition, the greater one being the low ...201323218300
analysis of commercial proanthocyanidins. part 3: the chemical composition of wattle (acacia mearnsii) bark extract.wattle (acacia mearnsii) bark extract is an important renewable industrial source of natural polymers for leather tanning and adhesive manufacturing. the wattle bark proanthocyanidin oligomers have 5-deoxy extender units that render the interflavanyl bonds resistant to acid catalysed hydrolysis and their composition cannot be determined via conventional thiolysis. we combined established phyto- and synthetic chemistry perspectives with an electrospray mass spectrometry investigation to establish ...201222917955
pharmacological assessment of the medicinal potential of acacia mearnsii de wild.: antimicrobial and toxicity activities.acacia mearnsii de wild. (fabaceae) is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of microbial infections in south africa without scientific validation of its bioactivity and toxicity. the antimicrobial activity of the crude acetone extract was evaluated by both agar diffusion and macrobroth dilution methods while its cytotoxicity effect was assessed with brine shrimp lethality assay. the study showed that both bacterial and fungal isolates were highly inhibited by the crude extract. the mic values ...201222605976
analysis of commercial proanthocyanidins. part 2: an electrospray mass spectrometry investigation into the chemical composition of sulfited quebracho (schinopsis lorentzii and schinopsis balansae) heartwood extract.proanthocyanidins (pacs) are natural plant-derived polymers used in leather tanning, wood adhesives, water purification, and mud additives for oil drilling. quebracho (schinopsis lorentzii and schinopsis balansae) heartwood and mimosa (acacia mearnsii) bark extracts are the major industrial sources of pacs. these commercial extracts are often sulfited via treatment with sodium hydrogen sulfite to reduce their viscosity and increase their solubility in water. an esi-ms investigation into the mole ...201222513010
in vitro antibacterial and time-kill assessment of crude methanolic stem bark extract of acacia mearnsii de wild against bacteria in shigellosis.shigellosis is an important cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality among young children and old people for which treatment with antimicrobial agents is limited. hence, the need for curative potentials obtainable from medicinal plants becomes inevitable. this study was carried out to assess the antibacterial potentials of crude methanolic extract of the stem bark of acacia mearnsii against some selected bacteria of clinical importance in shigellosis. the bacteria were inhibited by the extract ...201222354188
inhibitory effect of polyphenol-rich fraction from the bark of acacia mearnsii on itching associated with allergic dermatitis.we examined the inhibitory effect of polyphenol-rich aqueous extract from the bark of acacia mearnsii (pra) on itching associated with atopic dermatitis (ad). hr-1 mice were fed a normal diet, special diet (ad group), or special diet containing 3% pra (pra group) for 6 weeks. in the ad group, itching frequency and transepidermal water loss increased compared to the control group. in the pra group, an improvement in atopic dermatitis symptoms was observed. ceramide expression in the skin decrease ...201222315629
effect of black wattle (acacia mearnsii) extract on blue-green algal bloom control and plankton structure optimization: a field mesocosm experiment.a field mesocosm experiment was conducted at the three gorges reservoir to investigate the utility of black wattle extract in controlling blue algal blooms. the mesocosm experiment was divided into two parts: (1) a short-term test to evaluate how black wattle extract inhibits algal blooms in an emergency and (2) a long-term test to evaluate how black wattle extract maintains water quality and prevents algal blooms over a 1-year period. in the short-term test, the results showed that 3 to 4 mg l( ...201223342945
synergistic interactions of methanolic extract of acacia mearnsii de wild. with antibiotics against bacteria of clinical relevance.with the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms, combining medicinal plants with synthetic or orthodox medicines against resistant bacteria becomes necessary. in this study, interactions between methanolic extract of acacia mearnsii and eight antibiotics were investigated by agar diffusion and checkerboard assays. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of all the antibiotics ranged between 0.020 and 500 μg/ml while that of the crude extract varied between 0.156 and 1.25 mg/ml. the agar ...201222942742
the balance between facilitation and competition in mixtures of eucalyptus and acacia changes as stands develop.the balance between facilitation and competition is likely to change with age due to the dynamic nature of nutrient, water and carbon cycles, and light availability during stand development. these processes have received attention in harsh, arid, semiarid and alpine ecosystems but are rarely examined in more productive communities, in mixed-species forest ecosystems or in long-term experiments spanning more than a decade. the aim of this study was to examine how inter- and intraspecific interact ...201121344256
optimization of the synthesis of a new coagulant from a tannin extract.the current article studies the optimization of a new coagulant agent for water purification and wastewater remediation. design of experiments is used for optimizing the production of this new tannin-based coagulant by using acacia mearnsii de wild tannin extract, nh(4)cl and formaldehyde. the effectiveness of this product was confirmed on dye-polluted wastewater and surfactant wastewater. this cationic coagulant seems to be sensitive to temperature and tannin-nh(4)cl ratio (g of ammonium chlori ...201121237560
α-amylase and lipase inhibitory activity and structural characterization of acacia bark proanthocyanidins.the bark extract of acacia mearnsii showed strong lipase and α-amylase inhibition activities. fractionation of the extract by column chromatography and subsequent (13)c nmr and maldi-tof-ms analysis revealed that the active substances are proanthocyanidin oligomers mainly composed of 5-deoxyflavan-3-ol units. in addition, 4'-o-methylrobinetinidol 3'-o-β-d-glucopyranoside, fisetinidol-(4α,6)-gallocatechin, and epirobinetinidol-(4β,8)-catechin were isolated as new compounds, and their structures w ...201121192716
the inhibition of lipase and glucosidase activities by acacia polyphenol.acacia polyphenol (ap) extracted from the bark of the black wattle tree (acacia mearnsii) is rich in unique catechin-like flavan-3-ols, such as robinetinidol and fisetinidol. in an in vitro study, we measured the inhibitory activity of ap on lipase and glucosidase. in addition, we evaluated the effects of ap on absorption of orally administered olive oil, glucose, maltose, sucrose and starch solution in mice. we found that ap concentration-dependently inhibited the activity of lipase, maltase an ...201121660093
fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of the perirenal fat of bulls fattened on grass silage and maize silage supplemented with tannins, garlic, maca and lupines.carcass fat composition of cattle fed a forage-based diet might be inferior with maize silage compared to grass-silage based systems. this was quantified using complete diets with concentrate. to test whether supplements may influence carcass fat properties as well, the maize-silage diet was additionally supplemented either with acacia mearnsii tannins, garlic, maca or lupines, feeds rich in secondary metabolites. the perirenal fat of 6×6 bulls fed these six diets was analysed for fatty acid pro ...201121550730
phylogeny of nodulation and nitrogen-fixation genes in bradyrhizobium: supporting evidences for the theory of monophyletic origin and spread and maintenance by both horizontal and vertical transfer.bacteria belonging to the genus bradyrhizobium are capable of establishing symbiotic relationships with a broad range of plants belonging to the three subfamilies of the leguminosae (=fabaceae) family, with the formation of specialized structures on the roots, the nodules, where fixation of atmospheric nitrogen takes place. the symbiosis is under the control of a finely tuned expression of common and host-specific nodulation genes and also of genes related to the assembly and activity of the nit ...201121357454
robinetinidol-(4beta-->8)-epigallocatechin 3-o-gallate, a galloyl dimer prorobinetinidin from acacia mearnsii de wild, effectively protects human neuroblastoma sh-sy5y cells against acrolein-induced oxidative damage.acrolein is a highly electrophilic alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehyde to which humans are exposed in many situations and has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as alzheimer's disease. a galloyl dimer prorobinetinidin from acacia mearnsii de wild, robinetinidol-(4beta-->8)-epigallocatechin 3-o-gallate (reo), has antioxidant properties and could protect brain against acrolein-induced oxidative damage. in this study, the molecular basis of acrolein-induced cytotoxicity in human neurob ...201020555145
characterisation and biological activities of proanthocyanidins from the barks of pinus massonian and acacia mearnsii.the biological activities and characterisation of proanthocyanidins (pas) from the barks of pinus massonian and acacia mearnsii have been studied in our research. the free-radical scavenging activity of the pas was measured by means of the dpph method, and it was clear that the pa product had a strong radical scavenging ability. furthermore, anti-tumour activities of pas on different human cancer cells were investigated. the results indicated that pas from the bark of a. mearnsii had better anti ...201020397109
growth and mating of cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii on woody debris.a total of 36 cryptococcus neoformans strains originating from south africa were screened for wood degrading enzymes. all strains tested positive for cellulase activity while none where capable of xylan degradation. three c. neoformans var. grubii strains, originating from clinical and environmental samples, representing the same genotype (vni/aflp1-c. neoformans var. grubii) and matalpha, were evaluated for growth on debris of two common tree species in south africa: acacia mearnsii and eucalyp ...200918850241
insect associates of ceratocystis albifundus and patterns of association in a native savanna ecosystem in south africa.species of ceratocystis ellis and halstead s.l. include important plant pathogens such as c. albifundus morris, de beer, and m. j. wingfield that causes a serious wilt disease of non-native, plantation-grown acacia mearnsii de wild. trees in africa. the aim of this study was to identify the insects associated with c. albifundus in south africa and to consider the means by which the pathogen spreads. insects were collected weekly for 77 wk in a native ecosystem using modified pitfall traps. trapp ...200919389283
evidence for the inhibition of the terminal step of ruminal alpha-linolenic acid biohydrogenation by condensed tannins.effects of condensed tannins (ct), either via extract or plant-bound, and saponin extract on ruminal biohydrogenation of alpha-linolenic acid (ala) were investigated in vitro. grass-clover hay served as basal diet (control). the control hay was supplemented with extracts contributing either ct from acacia mearnsii [7.9% of dietary dry matter (dm)] or saponins from yucca schidigera (1.1% of dm). the fourth treatment consisted of dried sainfoin (onobrychis viciifolia), a ct-containing forage legum ...200919109277
retranslocation of foliar nutrients in evergreen tree species planted in a mediterranean environment.internal nutrient recycling through retranslocation (resorption) is important for meeting the nutrient demands of new tissue production in trees. we conducted a comparative study of nutrient retranslocation from leaves of five tree species from three genera grown in plantation forests for commercial or environmental purposes in southern australia--acacia mearnsii de wild., eucalyptus globulus labill., e. fraxinoides h. deane & maiden, e. grandis w. hill ex maiden and pinus radiata d. don. signif ...200818055429
the baesr two-component regulatory system mediates resistance to condensed tannins in escherichia coli.the gene expression profiles of escherichia coli strains grown anaerobically with or without acacia mearnsii (black wattle) extract were compared to identify tannin resistance strategies. the cell envelope stress protein gene spy and the multidrug transporter-encoding operon mdtabcd, both under the control of the baesr two-component regulatory system, were significantly up-regulated in the presence of tannins. baesr mutants were more tannin sensitive than their wild-type counterparts.200818039828
in vitro effect of condensed tannin extract from acacia (acacia mearnsii) on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep.the aim of this study was to determine the inhibitory effects of condensed tannin extract from acacia on the feeding of first-stage larvae (l1) of haemonchus contortus, trichostrongylus vitrinus and teladorsagia circumcincta. the experiment was developed such that the inhibition of feeding for each of the nematode species could be evaluated. l1 recovered from fecal samples from a donor with monospecific infection was incubated in several dilutions of acacia extract (ae). the ld50 was determined ...200820059834
effects of condensed tannin from acacia mearnsii on sheep infected naturally with gastrointestinal helminthes.the effect of tannins on endoparasite control in hair sheep was investigated using 20 entire lambs of the santa inês breed. at the beginning of the experiment these animals were 6-months old and weighed 22.5kg+/-4.7. the treatments used were (10 animals each): gt (animals receiving 18g of acácia negra containing 18% of condensed tannin/animal/week) and gc (animals not receiving tannin). the experiment lasted 84 days, with animals kept on an andropogon gayanus pasture. faeces were collected weekl ...200717067741
assessing nitrogen fixation in mixed- and single-species plantations of eucalyptus globulus and acacia mearnsii.mixtures of eucalyptus globulus labill. and acacia mearnsii de wildeman are twice as productive as e. globulus monocultures growing on the same site in east gippsland, victoria, australia, possibly because of increased nitrogen (n) availability owing to n(2) fixation by a. mearnsii. to investigate whether n(2) fixation by a. mearnsii could account for the mixed-species growth responses, we assessed n(2) fixation by the accretion method and the (15)n natural abundance method. nitrogen gained by e ...200717545131
increasing the oxidative stress response allows escherichia coli to overcome inhibitory effects of condensed tannins.tannins are plant-derived polyphenols with antimicrobial effects. the mechanism of tannin toxicity towards escherichia coli was determined by using an extract from acacia mearnsii (black wattle) as a source of condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins). e. coli growth was inhibited by tannins only when tannins were exposed to oxygen. tannins auto-oxidize, and substantial hydrogen peroxide was generated when they were added to aerobic media. the addition of exogenous catalase permitted growth in tanni ...200312788743
the effectiveness of lime, chicken manure and leaf litter ash in ameliorating acidity in a soil previously under black wattle (acacia mearnsii) plantation.there are about 130,000 hectares of land in south africa that have been under black wattle plantation for a long time and whose soils have become more acidic than those from contiguous land without the tree. this incubation study investigated the effectiveness of lime, chicken manure and leaf litter ash to ameliorate the soil acidity. lime and chicken manure were applied in pots at rates equivalent to 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg ha(-1) while ash was applied at 0, 3 and 5 mg ha(-1). in comparison to the c ...200212146650
examination of some morphologically unusual cultures of phytophthora species using a mitochondrial dna miniprep technique and a standardised sporangium caducity assessment.using the mitochondrial dna miniprep technique, the identity of sixteen morphologically unusual cultures allocated to phytophthora nicotianae, phytophthora mexicana or phytophthora porri was determined by comparison with a library of mtdna band patterns obtained from reference cultures. seven cultures were identified as phytophthora nicotianae (including those assigned to phytophthora mexicana and phytophthora porri), six as strains of phytophthora palmivora with small, ovoid, weakly caducous sp ...199716284813
condensed tannis. 12. polymeric leucofisetinidin tannns from the heartwood of acacia mearnsii. 196214494576
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