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effects of mosquito control adulticides on sterile cochliomyia hominivorax (diptera: calliphoridae).effects of mosquito control adulticides on sterile screwworm flies, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae), were investigated via bottle bioassays, outdoor cage tests, and exposure to treated vegetation. in bottle bioassays, 43 μg of permethrin via dilution of evoluer, 474.56 μg of malathion via dilution of fyfanon, and 25 μg of naled via dilution of dibrom concentrate were used to challenge screwworm flies. permethrin was more toxic to screwworm flies than was malathion, wh ...201829365134
case report: myiasis due to cochliomyia hominivorax and dermatobia hominis: clinical and pathological differences between two species in northern peru.infestations caused by fly larvae (myiasis) have been observed in patients with risk factors and in tropical zones. the aim of our study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of obligatory myiasis, as well as the therapeutic approach to patients. we identified the cases of myiasis diagnosed in two referral hospitals in northern peru from january 2012 to december 2015 and included patients in whom larval development and a comp ...201829165211
a rare case of digital myiasis.cutaneous myiasis is the infestation of the skin or mucous membranes by larvae of the order diptera. wound myiasis affect the skin with a previous lesion, and it may consume both dead and living tissue. finger infestation is rarely a cause of death, but it may provoke considerable morbidity. prompt wound exploration and careful total larvae removal is essential to achieve healing. in the reported case, the patient was presented in an advanced stage of the infestation, with a large area of finger ...201828215913
traditional versus 3' rna-seq in a non-model species.one limitation of the widely used rna-seq method is that long transcripts are represented by more reads than shorter transcripts, resulting in a biased estimation of expression levels. the 3' rna-seq method, which yields only one sequence per transcript, bypasses this limitation. here, rna was extracted from two samples, in which we expected to find differentially expressed genes. each was processed by both traditional and 3' rna-seq protocols. both methods yielded similar differentially express ...201727909684
identification and characterization of micrornas in the screwworm flies cochliomyia hominivorax and cochliomyia macellaria (diptera: calliphoridae).micrornas (mirnas) are small noncoding rnas that modulate gene expression through post-transcriptional regulation. here, we report the identification and characterization of mirnas in two closely related screwworm flies with different feeding habits: cochliomyia hominivorax and cochliomyia macellaria. the new world screwworm, c. hominivorax, is an obligatory parasite of warm-blooded vertebrates, whereas the secondary screwworm, c. macellaria, is a free-living organism that feeds on decaying orga ...201727775856
wound myiasis caused by cochliomyia hominivorax: the role of entodermoscopy. 201727813138
head and neck myiasis: a case series and review of the literature.this study describes 9 cases of myiasis affecting the head and neck region and discusses the demographic distribution, treatment, clinical characteristics, and sequelae of the disease in light of the literature.201728822697
semiochemicals released from five bacteria identified from animal wounds infested by primary screwworms and their effects on fly behavioral activity.the primary screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel), is a serious pest feeding on living flesh of any warm-blooded animal, including humans. it was eradicated from the united states in the early 1980s using the sterile male technique. however, it was recently detected in populations of wild deer and pets in the florida keys of the us. for monitoring purposes, screwworm flies are normally trapped using attractant bait with liver. however, there has been little effort to develop an efficient ...201728594888
myiasis associated with an invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast: case study.most breast cancers originate in the ductal epithelium and are referred to as invasive ductal carcinoma. in this study we report on the clinical procedures adopted to diagnose myiasis in association with infiltrating metastatic breast carcinoma in a female patient. a 41 years old woman came to the federal hospital of andaraí complaining of intense itching, warmth, redness and hardening of the breast, which had acquired the aspect of an orange peel. a lesion in the left breast was cavitated, dimp ...201728591263
physical and physiological factors influence behavioral responses of cochliomyia macellaria (diptera: calliphoridae) to synthetic attractants.volatile chemicals from waste artificial larval media as well as from bovine blood inoculated with bacteria isolated from screwworm-infested wounds attract gravid females of cochliomyia hominivorax coquerel and cochliomyia macellaria (f.). chemicals identified from volatiles are dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, phenol, p-cresol, and indole; a blend of these attracted females to oviposit. present studies investigated the effectiveness of these compounds, either in a blend or individually ...201728535247
the effectiveness of a fixed-dose combination pour-on formulation of 1.25% fipronil and 2.5% fluazuron against economically important ectoparasites and associated pharmacokinetics in cattle.the present work consisted of eight studies to evaluate the ectoparasiticidal spectrum and determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of a pour-on combination of fipronil 1.25mg/kg+fluazuron 2.5mg/kg for cattle against rhipicephalus microplus, haematobia irritans and the larvae of dermatobia hominis and cochliomyia hominivorax. the analysis fipronil and fluazuron were performed by liquid chromatography using a mass detector for the detection and quantification of analytes (lc-ms/ms). additionally, ...201728527785
[cutaneous myiasis due to cochliomyia hominivorax associated with seborrheic dermatitis].myiasis is an infestation of tissues and organs of humans and animals by diptera larvae (flies, horseflies, mosquitoes). they are located at different body sites, and classified clinically as cutaneous, visceral and cavitary. we report a 26-year-old woman with a history of seborrheic dermatitis and recent trip to brazil. she presented with a seven days history of suppurating wounds in the parieto-occipital area of the scalp. at physical examination we found three ulcers of approximately 1.5 cm e ...201728453592
distribution and persistence of sterile screwworms (diptera: calliphoridae) released at the panama-colombia border.the sterile insect technique is used by the comisión panamá - estados unidos para la erradicación y prevención del gusano barrenador del ganado (copeg) to maintain a barrier at the border of panama and colombia to prevent screwworms, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel), from south america reinfesting north america. before studying the distribution and persistence of sterilized, mass-produced screwworms released in the barrier zone, the utility of applying fluorescent dust (∼1.0 mg/fly) to pupae a ...201728334298
bacterial volatiles attract gravid secondary screwworms (diptera: calliphoridae).bovine blood inoculated and incubated with bacteria was tested to determine if secondary screwworm, cochliomyia macellaria (f.), would be attracted to the incubated substrate for oviposition. five species of bacteria, klebsiella oxytoca (flugge), proteus mirabilis hauser, proteus vulgaris hauser, providencia rettgeri hadley, elkins and caldwell, and providencia stuartii ewing, previously isolated from animal wounds infested by primary screwworms, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel), were used. in ...201626748982
a transgenic male-only strain of the new world screwworm for an improved control program using the sterile insect technique.the new world screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax, is a devastating pest of livestock endemic to subtropical and tropical regions of the western hemisphere. the larvae of this species feed on the tissue of living animals, including man, and can cause death if untreated. over 60 years ago, the sterile insect technique (sit) was developed with the aim of eradicating this pest, initially from florida but subsequently from all of north and central america. from the outset it was appreciated that sit ...201627576512
review of cases and a patient report of myiasis with tracheostomy, peru. 201626891445
traumatic myiasis: a neglected disease in a changing world.traumatic myiasis, the parasitic infestation by fly larvae in traumatic lesions of the tissues of living vertebrates, is a serious medical condition in humans and a welfare and economic issue in domestic animals. new molecular studies are providing insights into its evolution and epidemiology. nevertheless, its incidence in humans is generally underreported, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. myiasis in domestic animals has been studied more extensively, but continuous management ...201626667275
managing ammonia emissions from screwworm larval rearing media.mass production, sterilization, and release of screwworms (cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel)) that were competitive in the field significantly contributed to the successful application of the sterile insect technique for eradication of screwworms from continental north america. metabolic byproducts resulting from protein-rich diets required for larval screwworms lead to ammonia liberation, sometimes at high levels, within the mass rearing facility. until recently a sodium polyacrylate gel bulki ...201626468514
a rare case of labial myiasis caused by dermatobia hominis.the aim of this article is to present a rare case of myiasis caused by dermatobia hominis. myiasis is a disease caused by invasion of tissues of animals and humans by larval stages of dipterous (2-winged) flies. there are few reports of oral myiasis in the literature, mostly related to cochliomyia hominivorax larvae. we present a case of a 53-year-old man with painful swelling of the left lower lip that was confirmed to be myiasis caused by d. hominis. though more common in tropical and subtropi ...201627965509
the testes transcriptome of the new world screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax.the new world screwworm (nws), cochliomyia hominivorax, is a pest insect that is endemic to subtropical and tropical regions of the western hemisphere. the female lays eggs in open wounds or orifices of warm-blooded animals. upon hatching, the resulting larvae feed upon the host׳s living tissues, which can become infected and death can occur. the sterile insect technique was developed to eradicate this pest from north america and new female conditional-lethal strains that generate only male indi ...201627942573
molecular phylogeny of the forensically important genus cochliomyia (diptera: calliphoridae).cochliomyia townsend includes several abundant and one of the most broadly distributed, blow flies in the americas, and is of significant economic and forensic importance. for decades, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) and cochliomyia macellaria (fabricius) have received attention as livestock parasites and primary indicator species in forensic entomology. however, cochliomyia minima shannon and cochliomyia aldrichi del ponte have only been subject to basic taxonomy and faunistic studies. here ...201627563274
oral myiasis caused by cochliomyia hominivorax in a disabled person.myiasis is a parasitic disease caused by developing maggots of fly species, which can infect humans. patients with special needs, especially those with severe neuropsychomotor limitations, may have oral manifestations of this disease. here, we present a clinical case in which a disabled person was affected by oral myiasis caused by cochliomyia hominivorax. maggots were found in two ulcerated lesions, a 2 cm diameter lesion in the maxilla and a 6 cm diameter lesion in the mandible. forty-five mag ...201526266071
response of lucilia sericata (diptera: calliphoridae) to screwworm oviposition attractant.the sheep blowfly, lucilia sericata meigen (diptera: calliphoridae), causes sheep myiasis in various parts of the world. female flies are attracted to sheep following various olfactory cues emanating from the sheep's body, and oviposit on suitable substrates on sheep ultimately causing myiasis. earlier workers attempted to reduce fly population in the field, with some success, using traps baited with various attractants. this research was conducted to determine if l. sericata would respond to a ...201526335458
pin-site myiasis caused by screwworm fly, colombia. 201525898067
pain and bloody ear discharge in a returning traveler.cochliomyia hominivorax, the new world screwworm, was a serious livestock pest in the southern united states until the 1960s, when it was successfully eradicated by the release of sterile male flies. it remains endemic in parts of the caribbean and south america, and there is concern that climate change may extend its geographic distribution. cochliomyia hominivorax is voracious and can cause extensive damage to soft tissue and bone. we describe the case of a 26-year-old traveler who presented w ...201525510727
a 454 sequencing approach to dipteran mitochondrial genome research.the availability of complete mitochondrial genome (mtgenome) data for diptera, one of the largest metazoan orders, in public databases is limited. the advent of high throughput sequencing technology provides the potential to generate mtgenomes for many species affordably and quickly. however, these technologies need to be validated for dipterans as the members of this clade play important economic and research roles. illumina and 454 sequencing platforms are widely used in genomic research invol ...201525451744
sequence-characterized amplified regions that differentiate new world screwworms from other potential wound-inhabiting flies.new world screwworms, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel, 1858), were once devastating pests of warm-blooded animals in the united states before they were successfully eradicated using the sterile insect technique. guarding against the introduction of screwworms to north america or any other screwworm-free area relies on rapid, reliable identification of suspected cases. in the current study, the dna from excised markers generated by randomly amplified polymorphic dna polymerase chain reaction wa ...201525387845
temporal and spatial analysis of the new world screwworm (cochliomyia hominivorax) in darien and embera, panama (2001-2011).larvae (maggots) of cochliomyia hominivorax, the new world screwworm fly, are voracious consumers of living flesh that have a negative economic impact by decreasing productivity, predisposing to other pathogens, and, in severe cases, causing death of domestic livestock. screwworm caused extensive financial losses to the livestock industry in north america prior to its eradication. sterile insect technique (sit) was used to eradicate screwworm throughout north and central america and continues to ...201526681114
effects of new dietary ingredients used in artificial diet for screwworm larvae (diptera: calliphoridae).spray-dried whole bovine blood, dry poultry egg, and a dry milk substitute are the constituents of the artificial diet currently used for mass rearing screwworm larvae, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae). due to high cost and uncertainty of the commercial supply of spray-dried blood, research was conducted to identify alternative, locally available, inexpensive, dietary ingredients which could reduce cost of rearing and eliminate concerns of short supply. experimental di ...201526470272
unusual presence of ornidia robusta (diptera: syrphidae) causing pig myiasis in argentina.myiasis is caused by dipterous larvae from the calliphoridae, sarcophagidae, muscidae, cuterebridae, and syrphidae families. in this work, cochliomyia hominivorax, chrysomya megacephala, and ornidia robusta were identified causing vulva, ear, and leg myiasis in pigs in tucuman province, northwestern argentina. the report of the presence of c. hominivorax and c. megacephala is very important due to their role as myiasis-causing and disease vectors. the occurrence of ornidia robusta is remarkable, ...201526450595
endectocide activity of a pour-on formulation containing 1.5 per cent ivermectin +0.5 per cent abamectin in cattle.the present work aimed to evaluate, through ten different studies, the therapeutic efficacy of a new pour-on formulation, containing 1.5 per cent ivermectin +0.5 per cent abamectin, against parasites of cattle. results obtained on trials against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus showed that the pour-on combination of 1.5 per cent ivermectin +0.5 per cent abamectin obtained superior efficacy indexes against this ectoparasite, when compared with formulations containing 0.5 per cent ivermectin, 1 ...201526392893
incongruent nuclear and mitochondrial genetic structure of new world screwworm fly populations due to positive selection of mutations associated with dimethyl- and diethyl-organophosphates resistance.livestock production is an important economic activity in brazil, which has been suffering significant losses due to the impact of parasites. the new world screwworm (nws) fly, cochliomyia hominivorax, is an ectoparasite and one of the most important myiasis-causing flies endemic to the americas. the geographic distribution of nws has been reduced after the implementation of the sterile insect technique (sit), being eradicated in north america and part of central america. in south america, c. ho ...201526030866
functional characterization of calliphorid cell death genes and cellularization gene promoters for controlling gene expression and cell viability in early embryos.the new world screwworm fly, cochliomyia hominivorax, and the australian sheep blow fly, lucilia cuprina, are major pests of livestock. the sterile insect technique was used to eradicate c. hominivorax from north and central america. this involved area-wide releases of male and female flies that had been sterilized by radiation. genetic systems have been developed for making 'male-only' strains that would improve the efficiency of genetic control of insect pests. one system involves induction of ...201525225046
spatial analysis of targeted surveillance for screw-worm fly (chrysomya bezziana or cochliomyia hominivorax) in australia.to assess australia's targeted surveillance to detect an incursion of screw-worm fly (chrysomya bezziana).201424964835
reassessment of the potential economic impact of cattle parasites in brazil.the profitability of livestock activities can be diminished significantly by the effects of parasites. economic losses caused by cattle parasites in brazil were estimated on an annual basis, considering the total number of animals at risk and the potential detrimental effects of parasitism on cattle productivity. estimates in u.s. dollars (usd) were based on reported yield losses among untreated animals and reflected some of the effects of parasitic diseases. relevant parasites that affect cattl ...201425054492
volatiles from waste larval rearing media attract gravid screwworm flies (diptera: calliphoridae) to oviposit.gravid screwworm flies, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel), are attracted to the volatiles from waste larval rearing media to deposit eggs. studies were conducted to identify volatile chemicals from the waste larval media and determine their effectiveness to attract gravid flies to oviposit. volatiles were collected using solid-phase microextraction method, and five active chemicals, namely, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, phenol, p-cresol, and indole, were identified using gas chromato ...201424897851
genetic diversity and population structure of the new world screwworm fly from the amazon region of brazil.cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) is a myiasis fly that causes economic losses to livestock farmers in warmer american regions. previous studies of this pest had found population structure at north and south of the amazon basin, which was considered to be a barrier to dispersal. the present study analyzed three mitochondrial dna (mtdna) markers and eight nuclear microsatellite loci to investigate for the first time the genetic diversity and population structure across the brazilian amazon regio ...201424731964
first report of myiasis caused by cochliomyia hominivorax (diptera: calliphoridae) in a diabetic foot ulcer patient in argentina.myiasis is usually caused by flies of the calliphoridae family, and cochliomyia hominivorax is the etiological agent most frequently found in myiasis. the first case of myiasis in a diabetic foot of a 54-year-old male patient in argentina is reported. the patient attended the hospital of the capital city of tucumán province for a consultation concerning an ulcer in his right foot, where the larval specimens were found. the identification of the immature larvae was based on their morphological ch ...201424623889
glutamate-gated chloride channel subunit cdna sequencing of cochliomyia hominivorax (diptera: calliphoridae): cdna variants and polymorphisms.the new world screwworm (nws) cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) is one of the major myiasis-causing flies that injures livestock and leads to losses of ~us$ 2.7 billions/year in the neotropics. ivermectin (ivm), a macrocyclic lactone (ml), is the most used preventive insecticide for this parasite and targets the glutamate-gated chloride (gluclα) channels. several authors have associated altered gluclα homologues to mls resistance in invertebrates, although studies about resistance in nws are li ...201424929666
applying spatial analysis of genetic and environmental data to predict connection corridors to the new world screwworm populations in south america.the myiasis causing new world screwworm (nws) fly is responsible for substantial losses to livestock breeders in the americas. due to the negative impact of the nws fly in animal health, expansion of successful nws fly eradication programmes is under discussion. however, the effects of geography and environmental diversity on nws population structure and migration patterns need to be assessed before any political decision is made to implement such a programme. we present a gis tool to construct ...201424742908
applying gis and population genetics for managing livestock insect pests: case studies of tsetse and screwworm flies.the food and agriculture organization of the united nations (fao) and the international atomic energy agency (iaea) have supported a co-ordinated research project (crp) on 'applying gis and population genetics for managing livestock insect pests'. this six-year crp (2008-2013) focused on research aimed at under-pinning the area-wide integrated pest management (aw-ipm) of populations of tsetse and screwworm flies, and this introductory paper to the special issue integrates the findings of the crp ...201424713196
morphology of the first instar larva of obligatory traumatic myiasis agents (diptera: calliphoridae, sarcophagidae).there are only three fly species that are obligate agents of traumatic myiasis of humans and livestock: a single species of flesh fly, wohlfahrtia magnifica (sarcophagidae), and two species of blow flies, chrysomya bezziana and cochliomyia hominivorax (calliphoridae). the morphology of their first instar larvae is thoroughly and consistently documented here with light microscopy photographs and scanning electron microscopy micrographs. the following morphological structures are documented: pseud ...201424553979
selection and validation of reference genes for functional studies in the calliphoridae family.the genera cochliomyia and chrysomya contain both obligate and saprophagous flies, which allows the comparison of different feeding habits between closely related species. among the different strategies for comparing these habits is the use of qpcr to investigate the expression levels of candidate genes involved in feeding behavior. to ensure an accurate measure of the levels of gene expression, it is necessary to normalize the amount of the target gene with the amount of a reference gene having ...201425373149
does rhipicephalus microplus tick infestation increase the risk for myiasis caused by cochliomyia hominivorax in cattle?the larval phase of cochliomyia hominivorax (screwworm) is an obligate parasite of vertebrate animals, particularly mammals, and widespread in south america, where it remains one of the most important parasitic diseases of domestic animals. the skin of cattle highly infested by ticks, with cutaneous lesions, exudation of tissue fluid and blood scent seems to produce the ideal environment for fly attraction. however, an association between these parasites was never investigated. the aim of this w ...201424176137
the phylogeographic history of the new world screwworm fly, inferred by approximate bayesian computation analysis.insect pest phylogeography might be shaped both by biogeographic events and by human influence. here, we conducted an approximate bayesian computation (abc) analysis to investigate the phylogeography of the new world screwworm fly, cochliomyia hominivorax, with the aim of understanding its population history and its order and time of divergence. our abc analysis supports that populations spread from north to south in the americas, in at least two different moments. the first split occurred betwe ...201324098436
structural characterization of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of the ribosomal dna (rdna) cluster in calyptratae (diptera: schizophora) and its implications for molecular phylogenetic analyses.the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of the eukaryotic ribosomal dna (rdna) cluster plays an essential role in processing of the ribosomal rna, which is primarily accomplished by the secondary structures acquired by the molecule after transcription. two possible structural conformation models have been proposed for the its2 region, the "ring model" and the "hairpin model," and the former has been widely used in many molecular phylogenetic analyses incorporating structural information availab ...201323420176
inter- and intraspecific identification of the screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax, using random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction.the screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae), is one of the most devastating arthropod pests of livestock in the western hemisphere. early instars are very difficult to distinguish morphologically from several closely related blow fly species. random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr) markers were developed for identifying c. hominivorax from other wound inhabiting species. forty decameric primers were screened; nine showed clear reproduc ...201324219502
an artificial diet for rearing cochliomyia macellaria (diptera: calliphoridae).larvae of the secondary screwworm, cochliomyia macellaria (f.), feed on carrion and may sometimes cause animal myiasis. they have been reared in the laboratory on various animal tissues to study their growth and development because of their importance in forensic science. we use secondary screwworms in our laboratory for preliminary experiments as a model for the primary screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel), which has been eradicated from the united states. c. macellaria larvae reared o ...201324020312
conservation and sex-specific splicing of the transformer gene in the calliphorids cochliomyia hominivorax, cochliomyia macellaria and lucilia sericata.transformer (tra) promotes female development in several dipteran species including the australian sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina, the mediterranean fruit fly, housefly and drosophila melanogaster. tra transcripts are sex-specifically spliced such that only the female form encodes full length functional protein. the presence of six predicted tra/tra2 binding sites in the sex-specific female intron of the l. cuprina gene suggested that tra splicing is auto-regulated as in medfly and housefly. with ...201323409170
historical perspective on agroterrorism: lessons learned from 1945 to 2012.this article presents a historical perspective on agroterrorism cases from 1945 until 2012. the threat groups and perpetrators associated with bio- and agroterrorism are clustered into several groups: apocalyptic sects, lone wolves, political groups, and religious groups. we used open-source information, and 4 biological agroterrorism cases are described: (1) in 1952, mau mau poisoned cattle in kenya by using a plant toxin from the african milk bush plant; (2) in 1985, the usda claimed that mexi ...201323971803
feasibility of using a caribbean screwworm for sit campaigns in brazil.the screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel), remains one of the most damaging parasites of livestock in south america, causing millions of dollars in annual losses to producers. recently, south american countries demonstrated interest in controlling this pest using the sterile insect technique, and a pilot-project was conducted near the brazil-uruguay border in 2009. since molecular studies have suggested the existence of c. hominivorax regional groups, crossing tests were conducted to eva ...201223270181
an overview of the components of aw-ipm campaigns against the new world screwworm.the new world screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel), is one of the most damaging parasites of livestock, causing millions of dollars in annual losses to producers. the fly is an obligate parasite of warm-blooded animals, including humans. after a successful 50-year eradication campaign, c. hominivorax has been eradicated from the usa, mexico and central america by an area-wide integrated pest management approach. recently, caribbean and south american countries have expressed an interest ...201226466720
a severe case of cutaneous myiasis in são gonçalo, brazil, and a simple technique to extract new world screw-worm cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae).this work describes a severe case of myiasis by cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) in a 59-year-old patient living in an urban area of são gonçalo, rio de janeiro. the patient had an open wound on the right shoulder parasitized by 287 larvae. in order to remove the larvae, the wound was washed with nacl and solid vaseline was applied onto the wound and covered with gauze and adhesive tape. after 90 min, the larvae were killed by asphyxiation and were removed using sterile forceps and nacl. this ...201223950071
morphological and cytochemical aspects of spermatozoa in the genus cochliomyia (diptera: calliphoridae).the objective of this study was to characterize, structurally and ultrastructurally, the spermatozoa of the screwworm flies cochliomyia hominivorax and cochliomyia macellaria. to visualize the ultrastructure of microtubules and identify basic proteins, techniques such as the tannic acid fixation and the cytochemical method of ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (epta) were used. these methods of fixation are important because they reinforce the evidence of the protofilaments present in the microtubul ...201222997238
evaluation of artificial larval rearing media waste as oviposition attractant for new world screwworms (diptera: calliphoridae).the waste artificial larval rearing media of new world screwworms, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) were evaluated to determine their effectiveness as oviposition attractants. various concentrations of waste larval media resulting from rearing screwworm larvae in gel and cellulose fiber-based artificial diets tested over a 4-wk period attracted varying number of gravid screwworm flies to oviposit. three-day-old waste medium with concentrations of 10 and 25% were most attractive to gravid femal ...201222493846
record of oral myiasis by cochliomyia hominivorax (diptera: calliphoridae): case evidencing negligence in the treatment of incapable.cases of myiasis in man associated with preexisting lesions are quite common. however, in the forensic field, certain behavioral habits related to insects may be useful to ratify mistreatment. this is a register of a case of oral myiasis by cochliomyia hominivorax (diptera: calliphoridae), an obligate parasite of warm-blooded animals, in a 95-year-old man with alzheimer's and parkinson's disease. the identification of immatures removed (n = 87) was based on their morphological characteristics. c ...201222350677
genetic structure and demographic history of new world screwworm across its current geographic range.the phylogeographical history of the pest fly screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel), was studied using partial mitochondrial dna sequences of the control region, cytochrome c oxidase (co) subunit i and co subunit ii from 361 individuals collected across its current geographic range. analyses showed marked genetic differentiation on a macrogeographic scale. the genetic diversity in the species is structured into four main "regional groups," corresponding to cuba, the dominican republic, a ...201121485363
factors of susceptibility of human myiasis caused by the new world screw-worm, cochliomyia hominivorax in são gonçalo, rio de janeiro, brazil.abstract this study was carried out between july 2007 and june 2008 and reports on the occurrence of human myiasis caused by the new world screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae) in são gonçalo in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. liquid or solid vaseline was used to suffocate the larvae, which were then preserved in 70% ethanol and sent to the instituto oswaldo cruz for identification. c. hominivorax were identified in all 22 cases of myiasis. there were 12 mal ...201121526934
oral myiasis caused by the screwworm cochliomyia hominivorax treated with subcutaneous ivermectin and creolin: report of six cases after trauma.abstract -  human myiasis is a rare condition that is more common in regions with a warm and humid climate. the larvae involved in myiasis are voracious; they destroy healthy tissues and may cause serious haemorrhage. the condition can be life threatening. six patients with craniofacial trauma and oral myiasis are reported. the diagnoses were made after larvae had been extracted. treatment consisted of subcutaneous ivermectin therapy and the application of a phenol preparation (10% creolin) as a ...201121535400
solidifying agent and processing of blood used for the larval diet affect screwworm (diptera: calliphoridae) life-history parameters.spray-dried whole bovine blood and a sodium polyacrylate polymer gel as a bulking and solidifying agent are among the constituents of the current larval diet for mass rearing screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae). locally available, inexpensive dietary materials could reduce rearing cost and address an uncertain commercial supply of spray-dried blood. we compared efficacy of diet prepared from fresh bovine blood after decoagulation with sodium citrate or ethylene ...201121735935
epidemiological study of myiases in the hospital do andara+¡, rio de janeiro, including reference to an exotic etiological agent.myiases are infestations with dipteran larvae in both necrosed and living tissues, the food source of these insects. these illnesses occur in warm humid climates, and are most frequent in developing countries. we assessed the epidemiological aspects and the influence of climate on the occurrence of myiases and the bioagents in patients admitted to the federal hospital do andara+¡ in rio de janeiro from february 2007 to 2008. the influence of abiotic factors (temperature, humidity, and rainfall) ...201121710036
myiasis in palate by cochliomyia hominivorax.abstract: myiasis is the infestation of tissues and organs of animals and humans caused by the larvae of certain dipteran flies. it is more common in undeveloped and tropical countries and usually affects elderly patients, persons who are sick, and patients with mental illness. oral myiasis is a rare pathologic condition and a risk to the patient's life because of its great destructive potential. therefore, appropriate treatment is necessary. this article aimed to report a case of myiasis caused ...201122134326
patient with tracheostomy parasitized in hospital by larvae of the screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax.myiasis is the infestation of living vertebrates by fly larvae that feed for at least part of their development on the host's dead or living tissues, body substances, or ingested food. the occurrences of traumatic myiasis in humans and animals in urban and rural environments represent serious economic and public health concerns. this study reports a 49-year-old tracheostomized man undergoing chemotherapy treatment who was parasitized in the hospital in são gonçalo, rio de janeiro, brazil, by lar ...201122243525
myiasis by screw worm cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae) in a wild maned wolf chrysocyon brachyurus (mammalia: canidae), in bras+¡lia, brazil.in april 2009, a wild maned wolf, chrysocyon brachyurus, was captured in an area of cerrado in bras+¡lia, df, brazil, with screw worm maggots in external wounds. fifty larvae were bred in the laboratory and eight adults of cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) emerged 10 days after pupation. this is the first report of a myiasis by c. hominivorax in a free-living maned wolf in brazil.201121437499
oral myiasis caused by cochliomyia hominivorax treated nonsurgically with nitrofurazone: report of 2 cases.accidental oral myiasis are caused by ingestion of fly's eggs or direct oviposition over a compromised area of the host. here the authors report 2 cases of accidental oral myiasis caused by direct oviposition over an edentulous area in the first patient and in the periodontium in the second patient. both cases were treated successfully with topical applications of nitrofurazone during a 3-day period. no surgical procedures were required. flushing the wound with nitrofurazone caused the maggots t ...201020219589
changes in the frequency of the g137d and w251s mutations in the carboxylesterase e3 gene of cochliomyia hominivorax (diptera: calliphoridae) populations from uruguay.the new world screwworm (nws) fly cochliomyia hominivorax is one of most important myiasis-causing flies in the neotropics. it is responsible for severe losses to the livestock industry through both mortality and the loss of productivity of infested animals. in uruguay, nws represents a significant problem. to date this pest has been controlled by the application of chemical insecticides, mainly the pyrethroid and organophosphate (op) classes. however, the intensive use of these compounds over m ...201020299151
myiasis caused by the new world screwworm fly cochliomyia hominivorax (diptera: calliphoridae) in cats from brazil: report of five cases.this paper reports five cases of intact adult male crossbreed cats presenting with myiasis caused by cochliomyia hominivorax. three were stray animals that died despite treatment due to the severity of lesions while two were client-owned cats previously treated with cryosurgery which completely recovered. myiasis caused by the new world screwworm fly in cats appears to be more frequent than previously thought, deserving more attention from both veterinary practitioners and owners.201019796976
volatiles emitted from eight wound-isolated bacteria differentially attract gravid screwworms (diptera: calliphoridae) to oviposit.bovine blood inoculated with bacteria isolated from screwworm [cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae)]-infested animal wounds was tested as an attractant for oviposition for gravid screwworms. eight species of gram-negative coliform (enterobacteriaceae) bacteria mixed with bovine blood singly or all species combined and incubated for various times produced volatiles that attracted gravid flies in a cage bioassay in varying numbers. in 15-min duration tests, volatiles from fi ...201020496582
the mitochondrial genome of the common cattle grub, hypoderma lineatum.the mitochondrial dna of the cattle grub hypoderma lineatum (de villers) (diptera: oestridae) was completely sequenced. the entire molecule was 16,354 bp long and presented a heavy bias towards a + t, which accounted for 77.8% of the whole genome. hypoderma lineatum genes were organized in the same order and orientation as in the mitochondrial genomes available for other species belonging to the oestroidea superfamily and compared in this study [chrysomya putoria (wiedemann), cochliomyia hominiv ...201020497317
larvicidal efficacy of nitenpyram on the treatment of myiasis caused by cochliomyia hominivorax (diptera: calliphoridae) in dogs.the purpose of our study was to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of nitenpyram for the treatment of screwworm myiasis caused by cochliomyia hominivorax in naturally infested dogs. seven beagle dogs presenting with myiasis were treated with nitenpyram twice at an interval of 6 h. the animals received dosages between 1.43 and 4.42 mg/kg body weight of nitenpyram in each given treatment. the criteria used to determine the drug efficacy were larval expulsion and fall. these were quantified at 15 min ...201020638181
ophthalmomyiasis: three cases from north india.three cases of external ophthalmomyiasis are reported here. the larvae were identified to be oestrus ovis in two cases and cochliomyia hominivorax in one. two of the patients were immunocompetent while one was undergoing treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of eyelid. in the latter myiasis led to complete destruction of the eye.201020644320
myiasis of facial wounds by cochliomyia hominivorax sustained in a natural disaster in haiti. 201020869575
[climatic and anthropic influence on the abundance and richness of calliphoridae (diptera) in a forest fragment in the tinguá biological reserve, rj, brazil].monthly collections were made using two traps 5 m apart exposed for 48h, containing sardines and installed at points: a at the edge (500 m from the entrance of the reserve); b 1200 m from the entrance and 1000 m inside the forest; and c 1700 m from the entrance and 500 m inside the forest. the purpose was to evaluate the abundance and richness of calliphorid species as a function of the environmental conditions using pearson's correlation, compare the richness of the areas using anova and tukey' ...201020877981
neonatal umbilical myiasis with sepsis.the authors report a 9-day old neonate from a rural area with umbilical myiasis caused by fly larvae of cochliomyia hominivorax. the blowfly causing this infestation belongs to the family calliphoridae (diptera) and the genus cochliomyia that usually infests only open wounds of animals. the new-world screw-worm fly cochliomyia hominivorax, is an obligate ectoparasite of domestic and wild animals, and in some cases may affect humans. this is the rare reported case of neonatal umbilical myiasis wi ...201020882424
cutaneous myiasis: a review of the common types of myiasis.myiasis is derived from the greek word, myia, meaning fly. the term was first introduced by hope in 1840 and refers to the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with dipterous (two-winged) larvae (maggots) which, at least for a certain period, feed on the host's dead or living tissue, liquid body-substance, or ingested food. myiasis is the fourth most common travel-associated skin disease and cutaneous myiasis is the most frequently encountered clinical form. cutaneous myiasis can be ...201020883399
oral myiasis in an elderly patient.gerodontology 2010; doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2010.00432.x oral myiasis in an elderly patient background:  myiasis is the invasion of living tissue of humans and other mammals by eggs or maggots of flies of the order of diptera. it occurs mainly in the tropics and is associated with inadequate public and personal hygiene. oral myiases in an older man appears to be rare. objective:  to relate a case of oral myiases in a debilitated older man treated by mechanical removal of the maggots, identifyin ...201021029155
deep sequencing of new world screw-worm transcripts to discover genes involved in insecticide resistance.the new world screw-worm (nws), cochliomyia hominivorax, is one of the most important myiasis-causing flies, causing severe losses to the livestock industry. in its current geographical distribution, this species has been controlled by the application of insecticides, mainly organophosphate (op) compounds, but a number of lineages have been identified that are resistant to such chemicals. despite its economic importance, only limited genetic information is available for the nws. here, as a part ...201021143848
acetylcholinesterase cdna sequencing and identification of mutations associated with organophosphate resistance in cochliomyia hominivorax (diptera: calliphoridae).altered acetylcholinesterase (ache) has been identified in numerous arthropod species resistant to organophosphate (op) and carbamate insecticides. the new world screwworm (nws) cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel), one of the most important myiasis-causing flies in the neotropics, has been controlled mainly by the application of op insecticides in its current geographical distribution. however, few studies have investigated insecticide resistance in this species. based on previous studies about m ...201021159442
[otomyiasis by cochliomyia hominivorax in two children from the outskirts of buenos aires, argentina].cochliomyia hominivorax causes 80% of human myiasis in argentina. nowadays, its geographic distribution covers tropical south america and an important region of argentina. in the present report, two clinical cases of otomyiasis by c. hominivorax in pediatric patients assisted at the hospital de clinicas of buenos aires, argentina are described. the relevance of the taxonomic identification lies in the fact that this species produces severe symptoms owing to the capacity of its larvae to drill th ...201021186671
wing morphometry as a tool for correct identification of primary and secondary new world screwworm fly.cochliomyia hominivorax and cochliomyia macellaria are endemic neotropical calliphoridae species. the former causes severe myiasis in hosts while the latter is sarcosaprophagous, but commonly found as a second invader in wounds. due to the morphological similarity between them and the potential losses that c. hominivorax represents for cattle breeders, the rapid and correct identification of these two species is very important. in addition to a correct identification of these species, a good kno ...201019302726
enabling technologies to improve area-wide integrated pest management programmes for the control of screwworms.the economic devastation caused in the past by the new world screwworm fly cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae) to the livestock industry in the u.s.a., mexico and the rest of central america was staggering. the eradication of this major livestock pest from north and central america using the sterile insect technique (sit) as part of an area-wide integrated pest management (aw-ipm) programme was a phenomenal technical and managerial accomplishment with enormous economic im ...200919335824
characterization and utilization of microsatellite loci in the new world screwworm fly, cochliomyia hominivorax.new world screwworm populations in north and central america have been the targets of virtually continuous eradication attempts by sterile insect technique (sit) since the 1950s. nevertheless, in some areas, such as jamaica, sit control programmes have failed. reasons for the failure of sit-based control programmes in some locations are unknown, but it has been hypothesized that failure may be related to mating incompatibility between sterile and wild fly populations or to the existence of sexua ...200919335825
phylogenetic analysis of new world screwworm fly, cochliomyia hominivorax, suggests genetic isolation of some caribbean island populations following colonization from south america.larval infestations of the new world screwworm (nws) fly, cochliomyia hominivorax, cause considerable economic losses through the direct mortality and reduced production of livestock. since the 1950s, nws populations in north and central america have been the target of virtually continuous eradication attempts by sterile insect technique (sit). nevertheless, in some areas, such as jamaica, sit-based control programmes have failed. reasons for the failure of sit-based programmes in some locations ...200919335826
population genetics of new world screwworm from the caribbean: insights from microsatellite data.diseases affecting livestock can have a significant impact on animal productivity and on trade of live animals, meat and other animal products, which, consequently, affects the overall process of economic development. the new world screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae), is an important parasitic insect pest in neotropical regions. this species has been successfully eradicated from north and most of central america by the sterile insect technique, but continues to ...200919335827
complex patterns of genetic variability in populations of the new world screwworm fly revealed by mitochondrial dna markers.cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae), the new world screwworm fly, is an important agent of traumatic myiasis, which is endemic in the neotropical region and which has great economic impact on the development of the livestock industry. international efforts have been aimed at designing programmes to control and eradicate this species from endemic areas. thorough knowledge of the population genetics of an insect pest is a fundamental component to ensuring the success of a p ...200919335828
molecular characterization of esterase e3 gene associated with organophosphorus insecticide resistance in the new world screwworm fly, cochliomyia hominivorax.the new world screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae), is one of the most important myiasis-causing flies in south america. it is responsible for severe economic losses to livestock producers, mainly because it causes mortality in newborn calves and reductions in the quality of leather and in the production of milk and meat. the economic losses caused by myiasis, along with those caused by other internal and external parasites, are the main factors limiting meat pr ...200919335834
photographic map of the polytene chromosomes of cochliomyia hominivorax.cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae) is one of the most important myiasis-causing flies and is responsible for severe economic losses to the livestock industry throughout the neotropical region. a polytene chromosome map is an invaluable tool for the genetic analysis and manipulation of any species because it allows the integration of physical and genetic maps. cochliomyia hominivorax has a diploid number of 12 chromosomes (2n = 12): five pairs of autosomes and one pair of ...200919335835
development and utilization of transgenic new world screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax.the new world screwworm (nws), cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae), was the first insect to be effectively controlled using the sterile insect technique (sit). recent efforts to improve sit control of this species have centred on the development of genetically transformed strains using the piggybac transposon vector system. eight transgenic strains were produced incorporating an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) marker gene under polyubiquitin regulation that has ...200919335836
current status of the new world screwworm cochliomyia hominivorax in venezuela.the geographical distribution and seasonality of the new world screwworm (nws), cochliomyia hominivorax coquerel (diptera: calliphoridae), were monitored through the use of sentinel animals as part of a co-ordinated programme involving veterinarians and farmers, as well as undergraduate students and teachers from veterinary colleges in venezuela. this surveillance activity made it possible to collect nws egg masses or larvae from all 23 states in the country and to determine that the rainy seaso ...200919335837
mark-recapture estimates of recruitment, survivorship and population growth rate for the screwworm fly, cochliomyia hominivorax.pradel model mark-release-recapture estimates of survivorship, phi, recruitment, f, and the rate of density-independent population growth, lambda, are presented for eight mark-recapture studies of the screwworm cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae) from costa rica, totalling 19 573 released and 4476 recaptured flies. corroborative estimates of survivorship and the rate of population growth based on an extensive review of the literature are also reported. weighted-mean +/- s ...200919335838
determination by hplc fluorescence analysis of the natural enantiomers of sex pheromones in the new world screwworm fly, cochliomyia hominivorax.bioassays of six racemic synthesized candidate sex pheromone compounds against male new world screwworm cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) flies showed that the most potent bioactivity was found with 6-acetoxy-19-methylnonacosane and 7-acetoxy-15-methylnonacosane compared with four other isomeric acetoxy nonacosanes and a larger aliphatic ketone. as all these methyl-branched compounds have two asymmetric carbons and four possible enantiomers, characterization of the natural enantiomers was essen ...200919335839
diet ph, and viscosity affect development and survival of screwworm larvae (diptera: calliphoridae).the effects of dietary ph and viscosity on larval development of the new world screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae), were studied in the laboratory using a gel-based and a cellulose fiber-based media. the mean initial ph of the standard gelled diet was lower (6.5 +/- 0.3) than that of the standard cellulose fiber-based diet (6.8 +/- 0.6). as larval development progressed, these values decreased to below 6.0 possibly due to the accumulation of acidic metabolic wa ...200919449663
[description and key to the main species of calliphoridae (diptera) larvae of forensic importance from colombia].larvae of 13 blowfly species from colombia are described and an illustrated key for all them is presented. all larval instars of calliphora nigribasis macquart, cochliomyia macellaria (fabricius), chrysomya albiceps (wiedemann), chrysomya megacephala (fabricius), hemilucilia segmentaria (fabricius), hemilucilia semidiaphana (rondani), lucilia eximia (weidemann) are described, but the second and third instars of compsomyiops verena (walter), and only the third instar of calliphora vicina robineau ...200919618061
investigation of mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in populations of the new world screwworm fly, cochliomyia hominivorax (diptera: calliphoridae).cochliomyia hominivorax larvae are known for their parasitic habit in living vertebrates, causing considerable economic losses to livestock industry. this ectoparasite has been controlled mainly by applying insecticides, but this method usually results in the selection of resistant individuals. the resistance mechanism known as knockdown resistance (kdr) is a generic term for amino acid substitutions in the sodium channel associated with pyrethroid resistance, and substitutions in residue 251 of ...200919731217
[cutaneous myiasis by cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera calliphoridae) in hospital universidad del norte, soledad, atlántico].human myiasis is the parasitism of human tissues by fly larvae. diagnoses are based on clinical pattern of tissue damage and presence of insect stages. herein, a case myiasis is described in a seven-year-old female child. she presented with fever associated with abscessed scalp lesions containing exposed larvae. severe pediculosis was also observed. the patient was hospitalized and treated with clindamycin, gentamicin (for bacterial secondary infections) and ivermectin (treatment for lice) after ...200919753834
a database of expressed genes from cochliomyia hominivorax (diptera: calliphoridae).we used an expressed sequence tag and 454 pyrosequencing approach to initiate a study of the genome of the screwworm, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel) (diptera: calliphoridae). two normalized cdna libraries were constructed from rna isolated from embryos and second instar larvae from the panama 95 strain. approximately 5,400 clones from each library were sequenced from both the 5' and 3' directions using the sanger method. in addition, double-stranded cdna was prepared from random-primed polya ...200919769042
treatment of oral myiasis caused by cochliomyia hominivorax: two cases treated with ivermectin.the term myiasis is applied to the injurious action that larvae of certain diptera cause to the organism of vertebrate animals in the living or dead tissue in which they grow. because of its great destructive potential, appropriate and preventative treatment are necessary. among the sites of infestation, the human mouth is a common site, mainly in tropical countries. we present two cases of oral myiasis caused by cochliomyia hominivorax spp. ivermectin is an extremely effective semi-synthetic ma ...200918514983
first report of human myiasis in goiás state, brazil: frequency of different types of myiasis, their various etiological agents, and associated factors.the objective of this study was to show which species of flies are responsible for human myiasis in the brazilian state of goiás and to determine the frequency of cases. patients at the clinical hospital of the federal university of goiás (ufg) were examined, and any fly larvae found in their wounds were collected for taxonomic identification. first instar larvae were observed using light microscopy; second and third instars were examined using stereoscopy. the following screwworm flies were obs ...200918576696
ethical, legal and social aspects of the approach in sudan.the global malaria situation, especially in africa, and the problems frequently encountered in chemical control of vectors such as insecticide resistance, emphasize the urgency of research, development and implementation of new vector control technologies that are applicable at regional and local levels. the successful application of the sterile insect technique (sit) for the control of the new world screwworm cochliomyia hominivorax and several species of fruit flies has given impetus to the us ...200919917073
cutaneous myiasis due to cochliomyia hominivorax in a drug user.myiasis is the condition resulting from the invasion of tissues or organs of man or animals by dipterous larvae. the blowflies (calliphoridae) of argentina comprise several species that may cause myiasis by colonizing wounds or infected body orifices, and one specific parasite: cochliomyia hominivorax. this species often causes traumatic myiasis in cattle, dogs and cats, and it is not rare in humans. the larvae consume living tissues, so they are dangerous unless speedily removed. immediate oper ...200920061685
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