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dietary proxies (δ15n, δ13c) as signature of metals and arsenic exposure in birds from aquatic and terrestrial food chains.in this study, exposure to arsenic (as), lead (pb), cadmium (cd), copper (cu) and zinc (zn) was investigated in the blood, pectoral muscles and tail feathers of two terrestrial (spotted owlet; athena brama and bank myna; acridotheres ginginianus) and two aquatic (cattle egret; bubulcus ibis and pond heron; ardeola grayii) bird species inhabiting pakistan. food chain specimens, as well as the dietary proxies δ15n and δ13c, were also analyzed to validate potential trophic and dietary transfers of ...202032062182
oxidative stress risk assessment through heavy metal and arsenic exposure in terrestrial and aquatic bird species of pakistan.in this study, we investigated metal- and metalloid-induced oxidative stress response in two aquatic (cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) (n = 10), pond heron (ardeola grayii) (n = 10)), as well as two terrestrial (spotted owlet (athene brama) (n = 6) and bank myna (acridotheres ginginianus) (n = 16)) bird species collected from the outskirts of lahore city, pakistan. for this purpose, glutathione (tgsh) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (tbars)) levels and activities of a ...202031993901
research note: detection of infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in free-living wild birds in zaria, nigeria.infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) is an immunosuppressive pathogen of poultry causing great economic losses to the poultry industry. in this study, the ibdv antibodies were detected in captured free-living wild birds in zaria, nigeria. one hundred and fifty free-living wild birds, comprising 30 birds each of 5 different species, were sampled over a period of 9 months. blood samples were collected from each bird, and harvested sera were tested for ibdv antibodies using enzyme-linked immunoso ...202032241478
evidence of low-habitat contamination using feathers of three heron species as a biomonitor of inorganic elemental pollution.the concentration of 12 elements (as, cd, co, cr, cu, fe, hg, mn, ni, pb, se, and zn) has been investigated in the feathers of three species of ardeidae, namely the grey heron ardea cinerea, the little egret egretta garzetta, and the cattle egret bubulcus ibis, all breeding at a colony located in the southern padana plain (nw italy). this study is a first step for an evaluation of possible direct effects of these elements on chicks' survival and growth rate. fe, zn, cu, and mn were in the range ...202033114248
sperm structure of the cattle egret (bubulcus ibis).it remains a major concern that sperm structure has continued to be poorly investigated and reported in avian species. to our knowledge, sperm structure in the order pelecaniforme has not been reported. although mcfarlane (1963; proceedings of the xiii international ornithological congress; ithaca, ny; american ornithologists' union) reported the study of spermatozoa in two genera and two species of the family ardeidae, he did not provide an account, or the names of the species examined. the pre ...202032537793
non-invasive biomonitoring of mercury in birds near thermal power plants: lessons from maharashtra, india.thermal power plants (tpps) have emerged as a major source of air, water, and soil pollution because of the presence of many toxic metals. the presence of mercury (hg) in fly ash has proven to be toxic in nature because of its tendency to get bioaccumulated and biomagnified in the food chain. the aim of the present study was to understand the presence of toxic hg in the feathers of wetland birds undertaking the study around a tpp located in nagpur, india. local wetland birds especially cattle eg ...202032240367
comparative infectivity and transmissibility studies of wild-bird and chicken-origin highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n8 in chickens.despite the recent advances in avian influenza viruses surveillance and genomic data, fundamental questions concerning the ecology and evolution of these viruses remain elusive. in egypt, h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) are co-circulating simultaneously with hpaivs of subtypes h5n1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) of subtype h9n2 in both commercial and backyard poultry. in order to isolate aivs from wild birds and to assess their potential in causing in ...202033271478
egg recognition and chick discrimination in colonial breeding birds.theory predicts that parents will not raise unrelated offsprings. for colonial breeding birds, evolving an ability to recognize their own eggs and chicks can prevent misdirecting parental behaviour. to verify this hypothesis, egg recognition experiments were performed on colonial breeding chinese pond herons (ardeola bacchus) and cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis) in chengmai and lingao, tropical hainan island, china. furthermore, a chick discrimination experiment was conducted on chinese pond herons ...201931493492
assessment of heavy metals in different organs of cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis) from a rural and urban environment in pakistan.the study was conducted to evaluate the concentration of essential elements (cu, fe, mn, ni, se, zn, and b) and non-essential elements (cd, pb, hg, cr, as, and ni) in muscle, liver, bone, and intestine of matured cattle egret (bubulcus ibis). sampling was carried out at two sites of lahore, pakistan-havalian karbath (site i) and mehmood booti (site ii)-over a period of 1 month in the winter season. metal analyses of samples were carried out using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (icp ...201930900122
avian haemosporidians in the cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) from central-western and southern africa: high diversity and prevalence.we described the geographic distribution of 82 haemosporidian lineages (plasmodium, haemoproteus, and leucocytozoon) in the cattle egret sampled in five countries in central-western and southern africa. seventy-three lineages have not previously been reported. we determined the prevalence of three haemosporidians in the samples. we investigated the influence of the internal environment of the host and environmental variables on the plasmodium diversity and whether environmental variables may exp ...201930794584
effects of research disturbance on nest survival in a mixed colony of waterbirds.long-term research is crucial for the conservation and development of knowledge in ecology; however, it is essential to quantify and minimize any negative effects associated with research to gather reliable and representative long-term monitoring data. in colonial bird species, chicks are often marked with coded bands in order to assess demographic parameters of the population. banding chicks in multi-species colonies is challenging because it involves disturbances to species that are at differe ...201931616597
occurrence of salmonella infection and antimicrobial susceptibility for local salmonella isolates from different sources in a cross-sectional study.salmonellosis is a considerable public health problem worldwide, with high economic importance in developed countries. the main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of salmonella infection and antibiogram analysis of isolated strains in a cross-sectional study in egypt 2016-2017. the study investigated twenty-eight salmonella isolates from different areas in egypt and different types of samples, such as human stool (9.3%), egyptian cattle egrets and storks (28.5%) and grilled ch ...201931897402
organophosphate flame retardants in heron eggs from upper yangtze river basin, southwest china.the egg samples of four heron species, including black-crowned night heron (nycticorax nycticorax), little egret (egretta garzetta), chinese pond heron (ardeola bacchus) and cattle egret (bubulcus ibis), were collected from the upper yangtze river (changjiang) basin, southwest china in early summer of 2017. nine out of ten target organophosphate flame retardants (pfrs) were detected in these heron egg samples. the sum of concentrations of the pfrs quantified (∑pfrs) ranged from 63 to 590 pmol g- ...201931319314
first isolation and molecular characterization of cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii in excreta of birds in the urban perimeter of the municipality of popayán, colombia.cryptococcosis is a systemic opportunistic mycosis, caused by cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii, which affects mainly the central nervous system of immunocompromised patients; no reports have been made on the isolation of the fungus from the environment of popayán, colombia.201930274952
colonization with enterobacteriaceae-producing esbls, ampcs, and oxa-48 in wild avian species, spain 2015-2016.antibiotic resistance is a global threat of complex and changeable epidemiology. the role of wild birds in the dissemination of antibacterial resistance might be underestimated. we studied the cloacal colonization by cefotaxime-resistant enterobacteriaceae in 668 wild birds in spain. eighty-eight wild birds (13.2%) of 28 species carried cefotaxime-resistant isolates; 58 of them (8.7%) carried extended-spectrum β-lactamases (esbls) and 15 (2.5%) plasmid-mediated ampcs of the blacit family. the 58 ...201829782210
spatio-temporal variability of ichthyophagous bird assemblage around western mediterranean open-sea cage fish farms.ichthyophagous birds aggregate at cage fish farms attracted by caged and associated wild fish. spatio-temporal variability of such birds was studied for a year through seasonal visual counts at eight farms in the western mediterranean. correlation with farm and location descriptors was assessed. considerable spatio-temporal variability in fish-eating bird density and assemblage structure was observed among farms and seasons. bird density increased from autumn to winter, with the great cormorant ...201829910028
isolation of salmonella spp. in cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis) from fernando de noronha archipelago, brazil.the growth of the population of cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis) in the archipelago of fernando de noronha constitutes a threat to public health and biological diversity because of their competition with and predation on native species and the possibility of transmission of pathogens to human beings, livestock and native wildlife. the aim here was to search for, isolate and identify serovars of salmonella in clinically healthy local cattle egrets. cloacal swabs were obtained from 456 clinically hea ...201829606508
pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular injection of long-acting ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in cattle egrets ( bubulcus ibis).we determined the pharmacokinetic properties of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (ccfa), a long-acting antibiotic, after a single intramuscular injection in cattle egrets ( bubulcus ibis). a dose of 20 mg/kg was administered intramuscularly to 18 birds and blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, and 240 hours after ccfa administration. plasma concentrations of ceftiofur free acid equivalents (cfaes) were measured via high-p ...201729327960
characterization and zoonotic impact of shiga toxin producing escherichia coli in some wild bird species.wild birds are considered silent vectors of some zoonotic water and food borne pathogens of public health significance. owing to the importance of shiga toxin producing escherichia coli (stec) as the most pathogenic among the emerging diarrheagenic e. coli groups that can infect man; the present study was designed to detect the occurrence of stec among wild birds in egypt.201729062203
estimating the contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus to waterbodies by colonial nesting waterbirds.fecal deposition by colonial nesting waterbirds is a potential source of nutrient enrichment and pollution of nearby waterways. excess concentrations of nitrogen (n) and phosphorus (p) can cause water quality concerns or impairment. we estimated concentrations of n and p deposited to waterbodies by birds nesting in four colonies in east-central texas during 2011-2013, and developed an age-structured compartment model to estimate the amount of fecal n and p material deposited by birds during the ...201727519321
tail regeneration after autotomy revives survival: a case from a long-term monitored lizard population under avian predation.caudal autotomy in lizards has intrigued scientists for more than 100 years. because of the relative lack of literature under natural conditions, the complicated association among field autotomy rate, real predation pressure, the long-term cost of tail loss, and the benefit of regeneration remains equivocal. in this study, we conducted a 7-year capture-mark-recapture (cmr) programme with a wild population of a sexually dichromatic lizard, takydromus viridipunctatus we used autotomy indexes and a ...201728100821
use of noninvasive 'bug-eggs' to enable comparative inferences on genetic mating system with and without parental information: a study in a cattle egret colony.colonial waterbirds such as herons, egrets and spoonbills exhibit ecological characteristics that could have promoted the evolution of conspecific brood parasitism and extra-pair copulation. however, an adequate characterization of the genetic mating systems of this avian group has been hindered by the lack of samples of elusive candidate parents which precluded conducting conventional parentage allocation tests. here, we investigate the genetic mating system of the invasive cattle egret using h ...201728854191
investigation of avian influenza infection in wild birds in ismailia and damietta cities, egypt.this study was carried out to monitor avian influenza (ai) infection in wild birds in egypt.201728717324
genomic characterisation of vinegar hill virus, an australian nairovirus isolated in 1983 from argas robertsi ticks collected from cattle egrets.this report describes the near complete genomic sequence and subsequent analysis of vinegar hill virus (vinhv; tentative member of the genus orthonairovirus, family nairoviridae, order bunyavirales). vinhv is the second nairovirus reported to be isolated on mainland australia and the first to be sequenced and analysed. our genetic analysis shows that vinhv belongs to the dera ghazi khan genogroup, a group of viruses previously isolated in other parts of the world including asia, south africa, an ...201729206186
avian influenza virus surveillance in south-central spain using fecal samples of aquatic birds foraging at landfills.aquatic wild birds have been intensively studied to better understand their role in avian influenza virus (aiv) maintenance and spread. to date, aiv surveillance has primarily focused on natural aquatic environments where different bird species aggregate and viral survival is enhanced. however, artificial habitats such as landfills are attracting substantial numbers of wild birds, aiv reservoir species included. the use of landfills as a predictable food source has significantly influenced popul ...201729124060
an evaluation of the contribution of macro- and microelements from colonial nesting waterbirds to surface water.macro- and microelements contained in the feces of cattle egrets () and other colonial birds in heronries can be sources of contamination of nearby waterways. concentrations of the macroelements potassium (k), calcium (ca), magnesium (mg), sodium (na), sulfur (s) and the microelements zinc (zn), copper (cu), iron (fe), manganese (mn), and boron (b) were measured in water and fecal samples collected from four locations containing heronries during the breeding seasons of 2011, 2012, and 2013. nitr ...201627695742
two echinostome species, pegosomum bubulcum and nephrostomum ramosum (digenea: echinostomatidae), from an eastern cattle egret, bubulcus ibis coromandus, in republic of korea.we describe 2 echinostome species recovered from an eastern cattle egret, bubulcus ibis coromandus, from cheongju-si (city), chungcheongbuk-do (province), korea. total 72 pegosomum bubulcum specimens were recovered from the bile duct. they were 7,566×2,938 μm in average size and had 27 collar spines with vitelline extension from anterior 1/3 level of the esophagus to mid-level of the posterior testis as characteristic features. total 9 specimens of nephrostomum ramosum were recovered in the smal ...201627658601
light and scanning electron microscopic features of the tongue in cattle egret.adult individuals of both sexes were sacrificed by decapitation and their tongues were teared out in order to be investigated. cattle egret's tongue is distinguished into the apex, body, and root regions. a shallow median sulcus is apparently noticed on the dorsal surface of the tongue's body only. histologically, the tongue mucosa is covered with a thick parakeratinized epithelium. the dorsal epithelia of the apex and body are densely packed with exfoliated superficial cells. however, the dorsa ...201627095031
influence of diet in the accumulation of organochlorine compounds in herons breeding in remote riverine environments.the composition of organochlorine compounds (ocs), pentachlorobenzene (pecb), hexachlorobenzene (hcb), hexachlorocyclohexanes (hchs), ddts and polychlorobiphenyls (pcbs), has been analyzed in eggs from cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) and little egret (egretta garzetta), two species of herons (family ardeidae), nesting at the same remote riverine environment (aiguabarreig, ebro river). these two species were selected to evaluate the importance of diet in the accumulation of ocs. cattle egret essenti ...201626694793
epidemiological aspects of lice (menacanthus species) infections in laying hen flocks from the state of minas gerais, brazil.the epidemiology of chicken lice species such as menacanthus stramineus, m. cornutus and m. pallidulus were studied during an observational, analytical and sectional survey, to determine predisposing factors for their occurrence in laying hen farms in the state of minas gerais, brazil. a total of 431 houses on 43 farms were visited in 2012. m. cornutus, m. stramineus and m. pallidulus occurred in 20.9%, 11.6% and 11.6% of farms, respectively. the frequencies of occurrence of m. cornutus, m. stra ...201626642864
the potential use of wolbachia-based mosquito biocontrol strategies for japanese encephalitis.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by the infectious bite of culex mosquitoes. the virus causes the development of the disease japanese encephalitis (je) in a small proportion of those infected, predominantly affecting children in eastern and southern asia. annual je incidence estimates range from 50,000-175,000, with 25%-30% of cases resulting in mortality. it is estimated that 3 billion people live in countries in which jev is endemic. the virus exists in an e ...201526086337
a review of the mite subfamily harpirhynchinae (acariformes: harpirhynchidae)--parasites of new world birds (aves: neognathae).mites of the subfamily harpirhynchinae (acariformes: cheyletoidea: harpirhynchidae) associated with neognathous birds (aves: neognathae) in the new world are revised. in all, 68 species in 8 genera are recorded. among them, 27 new species and 1 new genus are described as new for science: harpyrhynchoides gallowayi bochkov, oconnor and klompen sp. nov. from columba livia (columbiformes: columbidae) from canada (manitoba), h. zenaida bochkov, oconnor and klompen sp. nov. from zenaida macroura (col ...201526624161
[egg size variation in egrets and herons (aves: ardeidae) nesting in birama's swamp, cuba].intraclutch egg size variation in birds depends on many ecological factors and on the evolutive history of each species. in wading birds, a trend to smaller eggs with laying order has been described, but comparative reports are scarce. in this study, egg size variation patterns were described for nine egrets and heron species nesting in birama' swamp, cuba. the patterns were described using external dimensions of 3142 eggs from 1875 nests of butorides virescens, bubulcus ibis, ardea alba, nyctic ...201526299128
avian feathers as a non-destructive bio-monitoring tool of trace metals signatures: a case study from severely contaminated areas.the concentrations of trace metals were assessed using feathers of cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis), collected within two industrial areas of pakistan, lahore and sialkot. we found, in order of descending concentration: zinc (zn), iron (fe), nickel (ni), copper (cu), cadmium (cd), and manganese (mn), chromium (cr), arsenic (as), and lithium (li), without any significant difference (except fe, zn, and ni) between the two areas. the concentrations of trace metals, we recorded were among the highest e ...201525112582
on how cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) spread to the americas: meteorological tools to assess probable colonization trajectories.the cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) is native to the old world. before 1877 no cattle egrets had been sighted in the americas. there are no written records of this species being transported to or escaping from captivity in south america and there is enough evidence to suggest that individuals are capable of making the crossing from africa to the americas unaided. since long-distance movements of species are partly dependent on meteorological events we analyze the possibility of b. ibis crossing the ...201424531704
isolation of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella from migratory brown-headed cowbirds (molothrus ater), common grackles (quiscalus quiscula), and cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis).zoonotic enteric pathogenic bacteria can live in the intestinal tract of birds and can be transmitted to food animals or humans via fecal contact. in the present study, cecal samples were collected from 376 migratory birds from species often associated with cattle during the fall migration in the central flyway of the united states. brown-headed cowbirds (n=309, molothrus ater), common grackles (n=51, quiscalus quiscula), and cattle egrets (n=12, bubulcus ibis) contained foodborne pathogenic bac ...201425078494
cattle egrets as a biosentinels of persistent organic pollutants exposure.we investigated selected chlorinated pollutants (β-hch, γ-hch, ddds, ddes, o,p'-ddt, p,p'-ddt, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin) in the lahore and the sialkot districts of pakistan, using eggs of cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) collected during may and june 2007. the pollutant with highest level and frequency was σddt, followed by β-hch, γ-hch, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin in descending order. the concentration(s) were significantly higher in sialkot heronry for all the pollutan ...201424046197
heavy-metal levels in feathers of cattle egret and their surrounding environment: a case of the punjab province, pakistan.levels of 10 heavy metals in cattle egret chick feathers, prey, and surrounding soils from three heronries in punjab province, pakistan, were assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. mean levels of cadmium (cd), iron (fe), chromium (cr), and lithium (li) in feathers, manganese (mn), cobalt (co), and nickel (ni) in prey, and lead (pb), iron (fe), chromium (cr), zinc (zn), cobalt (co), and lithium (li) in soils were significantly different among trimun headworks, shorkot, and mailsi herone ...201423903382
the complete mitochondrial genomes of sixteen ardeid birds revealing the evolutionary process of the gene rearrangements.the animal mitochondrial genome is generally considered to be under selection for both compactness and gene order conservation. as more mitochondrial genomes are sequenced, mitochondrial duplications and gene rearrangements have been frequently identified among diverse animal groups. although several mechanisms of gene rearrangement have been proposed thus far, more observational evidence from major taxa is needed to validate specific mechanisms. in the current study, the complete mitochondrial ...201425001581
bridge hosts for avian influenza viruses at the wildlife/domestic interface: an eco-epidemiological framework implemented in southern africa.wild terrestrial birds can act as potential local spreaders or bridge hosts for avian influenza viruses (aivs) between waterfowl (the maintenance hosts of aivs) and domestic avian populations in which aivs may cause disease. few studies have investigated this hypothesis, although it is an important knowledge gap in our understanding of aiv spread within socio-ecosystems. we designed a simple and reproducible approach in an agro-ecosystem in zimbabwe based on: (1) bird counts at key target sites ...201425457135
response to: bouwman, h. et al. hallogenated pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic bird eggs: converging patterns of pollutant profiles, and impacts and risks from higher levels environ. res. (2013) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2013.06.003.bouwman and coauthors present data and analyses of ddt and other halogenated pollutants in environmental samples and based on their data and analyses thereof, argue against the use of ddt for malaria control. regrettably, the analyses, presentations, and interpretations of data presented by bouwman and coauthors are biased and erroneous.201424784543
intraspecific host selection of père david's deer by cattle egrets in dafeng, china.studies have focused on foraging ecology of cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis) and their selection of ungulate host species. however, few studies have been conducted at intraspecific levels, such as the sex/age class of a specific ungulate. in this study, the foraging behavior and intraspecific host selection of cattle egrets associated with père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) were investigated at the dafeng national nature reserve, china in summer 2011 and 2012. egret-deer pairing status was an ...201424607393
halogenated pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic bird eggs: converging patterns of pollutant profiles, and impacts and risks from high levels.we investigated the presence, levels, relationships, and risks of hchs, ddts, chlordanes, mirex, pcbs, and brominated flame retardants (bfrs) in terrestrial and aquatic bird eggs from an area in south africa where ddt is used for malaria control. we found one of the highest σddt levels reported this century; 13,000 ng/g wm (wet mass) in grey heron eggs which exceeds critical levels for reproductive success (3000 ng/g wm) calculated for brown pelicans, with a no-effect level estimated at 500 ng/g ...201323850145
microhabitat use by three species of egret (pelecaniformes, ardeidae) in southern brazil.in the present study, we examined the role of different habitat components and their relationship with microhabitat use by three species of egret: cocoi heron (ardea cocoi), great egret (ardea alba), and cattle egret (bubulcus ibis), in wetlands of southern brazil. ardea alba and a. cocoi were not habitat-specific (e.g. vegetation cover and flooding level). conversely, b. ibis was associated with drier microhabitats. relative air humidity and air temperature were the main variables which correla ...201324789395
histopathological findings of the kidney trematoda paratanaisia spp. (digenea: eucotylidae) in cattle egret (bubulcus ibis).paratanaisia spp. was recorded from the right kidney of a cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) in kafr elsheikh governorate, nile delta, egypt. the bird showed marked emaciation and dissipation. necropsy findings revealed marked enlargement and brownish discoloration of the kidney. microscopic examination demonstrated marked dilatation of renal tubules with hyperplasia of lining epithelium due to presence of a trematode consistent with paratanaisia spp. eggs of this parasite were also noticed deeply wit ...201323856732
relationship between heavy metals concentrations in egret species, their environment and food chain differences from two headworks of pakistan.concentration of ten metals (cd, cr, co, cu, fe, li, mn, ni, pb and zn) were analyzed in the egg contents, prey and soil samples of little egret (egretta garzetta) and cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) from two headworks to determine habitat and species-specific differences; to assess the importance of prey and habitat contamination as an exposure source for heavy metals. concentration of cu, mn, cr and pb in egg contents, fe, co, cu, mn, zn in prey and fe, co, cu, ni, li in surface soils were signif ...201323816451
assessment of trace elements and stable isotopes of three ardeid species at birama swamp, cuba.the birama swamp is the second largest wetland in the caribbean region and it is inhabited by large populations of waterbirds. here we report, for the first time, the foraging ecology and pollutant levels of three ardeidae species: cattle egret (bubulcus ibis), snowy egret (egretta thula), and tricolored heron (e. tricolor) breeding in this wetland using stable-isotope (δ (15)n and δ (13)c) and trace elements [mercury (hg), lead (pb), and selenium (se)] analysis of chick feathers. our results sh ...201323535940
heavy metals in eggshells of cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) and little egret (egretta garzetta) from the punjab province, pakistan.concentrations of nine trace metals were determined to assess site-specific and species-specific differences using fast sequential atomic absorption spectrophotometer (varian faas-240) in eggshells of bubulcus ibis and egretta garzetta from seven heronries in the punjab province, pakistan. pattern of metal concentration followed the order: fe > zn > pb > mn > cd > cr > li > cu > ni. greater mean concentrations of mn(1.17 μg/g), ni(0.11 μg/g), pb(1.49 μg/g), cd(0.88 μg/g), cr(0.7 μg/g), cu(0.20 μ ...201323260238
synanthropic characteristics of the cattle egret bubulcus ibis (linnaeus, 1758) in the brazilian semiarid. 201324212710
alterations in the infrared spectral signature of avian feathers reflect potential chemical exposure: a pilot study comparing two sites in pakistan.chemical contamination of ecosystems is a global issue with evidence that pollutants impact on living organisms in a harmful fashion. developing sensor approaches that would allow the derivation of biomarkers or signatures of effect in target sentinel organisms and monitor environmental chemical contamination in a high throughput manner is of utmost importance. as biomolecules absorb infrared (ir), signature vibrational spectra related to structure and function can be derived. in light of this, ...201222832188
patterns of resource partitioning by nesting herons and ibis: how are odonata exploited?herons and ibis are colonially nesting waders which, owing to their number, mobility and trophic role as top predators, play a key role in aquatic ecosystems. they are also good biological models to investigate interspecific competition between sympatric species and predation; two processes which structure ecological communities. odonata are also numerous, diverse, mobile and can play an important role in aquatic ecosystems by serving as prey for herons and ibis. a relationship between prey size ...201222578577
host preference of the arbovirus vector culex erraticus (diptera: culicidae) at sonso lake, cauca valley department, colombia.culex erraticus (dyar & knab) is a competent vector of eastern equine encephalitis virus and subtype ic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and both st. louis encephalitis virus and west nile virus have been isolated from field-collected specimens. previous bloodmeal analysis studies have shown this species to be a generalist, feeding on a variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. this behavior can bridge arboviral transmission across different vertebrate groups. our study examined ...201223025191
organochlorine residual concentrations in cattle egret from the punjab province, pakistan.in this study, residual concentration of organochlorine pesticides (ocps) in the sediments, prey, and eggs of bubulcus ibis were measured from three breeding heronries from the punjab province of pakistan. pattern of contamination in eggs followed the order: ddts>hchs>heptachlor>aldrin. overall, pesticide residual concentrations were greater in eggs of cattle egrets collected from heronry on the river ravi. among hchs, γ-hch was more prevalent in eggs, whereas ddts followed the order: ddd>dde>p, ...201120213056
new primers for sex identification in the chinese egret and other ardeid species.using the universal p2/p8 primers, we were able to obtain the gene segments of chromo-helicase-dna binding protein (chd)-z and chd-w from ten species of ardeid birds including chinese egret (egretta eulophotes), little egret (e. garzetta), eastern reef egret (e. sacra), great egret (ardea alba), grey heron (a. cinerea), chinese pond-heron (ardeola bacchus), cattle egret (bubulcus ibis), black-crowned night-heron (nycticorax nycticorax), cinnamon bittern (ixobrychus cinnamomeus) and yellow bitter ...201121429119
virulence of h5n1 influenza virus in cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis).in vietnam, cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis) are common in a variety of habitats, such as freshwater marshes, beaches, and paddy fields. they are also found associated with cattle (bos spp.) and occasionally with pigs (sus scrofa), goats (capra hircus), and horses (equus caballus) and are kept for insect control in households. in this study, six cattle egrets were experimentally infected intranasally with highly pathogenic avian influenza (ai) a/duck/vietnam/40d/04 (h5n1) to investigate a possible ...201121441184
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in feathers of colonial water-bird species from pakistan.feathers of two colonial water-birds species (bubulcus ibis, egretta garzetta) from four heronries in the punjab province, pakistan were analysed for 28 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) congeners. median concentrations of ∑pbdes were 2.41 and 1.91 ng/g in little and cattle egrets. pbde-47, -100, -138, -153 were abundant and detected in >70% of feather samples in both species. species-specific differences based on dietary preferences indicated higher concentration of pbde-47, -66, -75, -100 ...201121571414
characterization and evolution of mhc class ii b genes in ardeid birds.major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is a multi-gene family that is very suitable to investigate a wide range of open questions in evolutionary ecology. in this study, we characterized two expressed mhc class ii b genes (dab1 and dab2) in the grey heron (aves: ardea cinerea). we further developed the primer pairs to amplify and sequence two mhc class ii b loci in ten ardeid birds. phylogenetic analysis revealed that different parts of the genes showed different evolutionary patterns. the exon ...201121590337
metal contamination in select species of birds in nilgiris district, tamil nadu, india.variation in metal contamination in six species of birds, namely the cormorant (phalacrocorax carbo), cattle egret (bubulcus ibis), little egret (egretta garzetta), pond heron (ardeola grayii), common myna (acridotheres tristis) and jungle babbler (turdoides striatus) in nilgiris district, tamil nadu, india. the accumulation of heavy metals differed among the species studied. on an average, little egret accumulated high concentrations of copper (53.31 ± 23.19 ppm) followed by cattle egret (16.27 ...201121656294
[postnatal growth patterns in eight species of herons and egrets (ciconiiformes: ardeidae)].avian postnatal growth has received considerable attention and its ecological implications have been deeply analyzed. in this current paper, i describe the patterns of culmen and tarsus growth, as well as of weight gain patterns in eight species of herons and egrets (aves: ardeidae) found in the birama swamp in eastern cuba. between 1998 and 2006,714 nestlings of the following species were measured every two days: butorides virescens, bubulcus ibis, egretta thula, e. tricolor, e. caerulea, e. ru ...201121721238
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in domestic and wild animals from the fernando de noronha, brazil.abstract fernando de noronha is an archipelago of 21 islands and islets in the atlantic ocean, state of pernambuco, brazil, and has a varied biodiversity, including alien species or sinantropic animals. the objective here was to determine seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in domestic and wild animals from fernando de noronha archipelago, brazil. between july 2007 to may 2010, blood samples were collected from 764 animals (533 domestic and 231 wild animals). sera were tested by the indirect f ...201122150091
Community composition of aquatic birds in lakes of Bangalore, India.Observations were made on the occurrence, abundance, richness, and diversity of waterbirds in 15 major lakes in Bangalore city during 2008 - 2009. During the study period 35 species of aquatic birds were recorded. The number of aquatic bird species recorded at various lakes ranged from 23 to 35. The percent abundance of waterbirds recorded in the study lakes ranged from 2.46 to 21.49 and itwas significantly different (p < 0.05). The diversity and species evenness of waterbirds in the lakes range ...201121888236
salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) chicks from central texas: prevalence, serotypes, pathogenicity, and epizootic potential.cattle egrets have a worldwide distribution, feed in proximity to cattle and other domestic animals, and often nest in large colonies in urban woodlots. over a 3-yr period, nestlings from five cattle egret colonies from central texas, usa, were surveyed for salmonellosis. prevalence of infection ranged from 29% to 95%. seventeen salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes were isolated, of which the 4,5,12:i-monophasic serotype predominated in cultures of both the digestive tract and pooled sp ...201020688631
population characteristics and the nature of egg shells of two phthirapteran species parasitizing indian cattle egrets.the prevalence, intensities of infestation, range of infestation and population composition of two phthirapteran species, ardeicola expallidus blagoveshtchensky (phthiraptera: philopteridae) and ciconiphilus decimfasciatus boisduval and lacordaire (menoponidae) on seventy cattle egrets were recorded during august 2004 to march 2005, in india. the frequency distribution patterns of both the species were skewed but did not correspond to the negative binomial model. the oviposition sites, egg layin ...201021067416
avifauna in the panipat region, haryana (india).avifaunal study was carried out in the panipat region, haryana (india) at 56 locations. 91 birds species were observed during the study, of which, 39 species were aquatic. house sparrow was found to be dominant followed by bank myna, house crow and indian myna. among the aquatic birds, cattle egret was dominant followed by common pochard, pintail and blackwinged stilt. encounter rates of the birds were related to the dominant indices of each species. species diversity index was found to be 10.25 ...201021114110
cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) and little egret (egretta garzetta) as monitors of mercury contamination in shadegan wetlands of south-western iran.mercury concentrations in feather, liver, kidney, and muscle tissue of little egret (n = 8) and cattle egret (n = 3) from shadegan wetlands in south-western iran were examined. liver of little egret had significantly higher mercury compared to cattle egret (p < 0.05). in addition, mercury values were consistently larger in little egret when compared to cattle egret, but mercury levels found in feather, kidney, and muscle did not differ statistically between the two bird species (p > 0.05). the s ...201019475490
whartonacarus floridensis sp. nov. (acari: trombiculidae), with a taxonomic review and the first record of whartonacarus chiggers in the continental united states.among several unusual species collected during surveillance of ectoparasites on wildlife hosts in the southeastern united states and caribbean region, the larvae of a new species of whartonacarus were encountered in 2003 on a cattle egret, bubulcus ibis (l.), in the florida keys. this is the first record for a member of whartonacarus in the continental united states. the mite is described and named as whartonacarus floridensis mertins, and the possible significance of this discovery with respect ...200919960669
nyamanini and midway viruses define a novel taxon of rna viruses in the order mononegavirales.here, we report the sequencing and classification of nyamanini virus (nymv) and midway virus (midwv), two antigenically related viruses that were first isolated in 1957 and 1966, respectively. although these viruses have been cultured multiple times from cattle egrets, seabirds, and their ticks, efforts to classify them taxonomically using conventional serological and electron microscopic approaches have failed completely. we used a random shotgun sequencing strategy to define the genomes of nym ...200919279111
assessment of environmental contamination using feathers of bubulcus ibis l., as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution, pakistan.concentrations of metals such as ca, cd, co, cr, cu, fe, k, li, mg, mn, ni, pb, and zn were analyzed in the feathers of cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) from three breeding colonies in the punjab province, pakistan. the mean concentrations of ca, cd, fe, pb and mn were significantly different between the three study sites (river chenab, river ravi and rawal lake reservoir). the mean concentrations of ca, cd, fe and mn were significantly greater at the river chenab heronry and cr, co, zn, and pb conc ...200919418220
organochlorine contaminants in cormorant, darter, egret, and ibis eggs from south africa.during the last 15 years, no research has been published on the levels of pesticides in bird eggs from south africa, despite the high levels found previously. we analysed eggs from african darter, cattle egret, reed cormorant, african sacred ibis, as well as single eggs from some other species, and found hcb, ddts, hchs, chlordanes and pcbs at detectable levels. the presence of mirex in all species was unexpected, since this compound was never registered in south africa. it also seemed as if ter ...200818001817
polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hbcd in bird eggs of south africa.in this paper, the first data on brominated flame retardants (bfrs), in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and hexabromocyclododecane (hbcd) in eggs of bird species from south africa are described (n=43). concentrations of pbdes were detected in all the studied species and in all the geographic areas. highest concentrations of pbdes were measured in bird eggs from the vaal river, which is situated downstream of the most industrialized area in south africa. sum-pbde concentrations ...200818466951
evidence of avian metapneumovirus subtype c infection of wild birds in georgia, south carolina, arkansas and ohio, usa.metapneumoviruses (mpvs) were first reported in avian species (ampvs) in the late 1970s and in humans in 2001. although ampvs have been reported in europe and asia for over 20 years, the virus first appeared in the united states in 1996, leaving many to question the origin of the virus and why it proved to be a different subtype from those found elsewhere. to examine the potential role of migratory waterfowl and other wild birds in ampv spread, our study focused on determining whether population ...200818568663
waterbirds (other than laridae) nesting in the middle section of laguna cuyutlán, colima, méxico.laguna de cuyutlán, in the state of colima, mexico, is the only large coastal wetland in a span of roughly 1150 km. despite this, the study of its birds has been largely neglected. between 2003 and 2006 we assessed the waterbirds nesting in the middle portion of laguna cuyutlán, a large tropical coastal lagoon, through field visits. we documented the nesting of 15 species of non-laridae waterbirds: neotropic cormorant (phalacrocorax brasilianus), tricolored egret (egretta tricolor), snowy egret ...200818624252
prevalence of west nile virus neutralizing antibodies in wild birds from the camargue area, southern france.the camargue area of southern france experienced the re-emergence of west nile virus (wnv) in the late summer of 2000 and 2004. immediately preceding the 2004 outbreak, samples were collected from 432 birds of 32 different species captured in mist nets and from 201 cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) nestlings sampled in their nests between 1 april and 12 june 2004. west nile virus neutralizing titers of >/=40 were detected in 4.8% (95% confidence limit, 2.9-7.5%) of the adult birds and in 1.6% (0.3-4. ...200818689669
analysis of micronucleated erythrocytes in heron nestlings from reference and impacted sites in the ebro basin (n.e. spain).the frequency of micronuclei (mn) in peripheral erythrocytes was tested for 59 heron nestlings (ardea purpurea, egretta garzetta and bubulcus ibis) sampled at two areas (polluted and reference) on the river ebro (ne spain) and at its delta during spring 2006. flow-cytometry analysis revealed higher (three- to six-fold) mn counts in samples from the most polluted site relative to samples from the reference area. samples from the delta showed intermediate values. age, morphometric parameters (weig ...200818063255
avian tuberculosis in naturally infected captive water birds of the ardeideae and threskiornithidae families studied by serotyping, is901 rflp typing, and virulence for poultry.avian tuberculosis was detected in one flock of 38 water birds of the families ardeideae (n = 20) and threskiornithidae (n = 18). mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (maa, serotype 1, genotype is901+ and is1245+) was more often (p = 0.01) detected in tissue and/or faecal samples in 18 (90.0%) birds form the ardeideae family: little egret (egretta garzetta), buff-backed heron (bubulcus ibis), great white egret (egretta alba), and bittern (botaurus stellaris) in comparison to two (11.1%) birds from t ...200717056210
diagnosis of heavy metal contamination in agro-ecology of gujranwala, pakistan using cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) as bioindicator.the present study investigated the status of heavy metals: lead (pb), cadmium (cd), chromium (cr), cobolt (co), silver (ag) and nickle (ni) residues in egg, regurgitate and sediment samples collected from two colonies of cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) during the breeding seasons between april and august in 2004 and 2005. the mean concentration of heavy metals in eggs and regurgitates was found higher compared to the maximum residue limit (mrl) standards prescribed by environmental protection agenc ...200717115270
the life cycle of haplorchis pumilio (trematoda: heterophyidae) from the indian region.the life cycle of the heterophyid fluke, haplorchis pumilio is elucidated for the first time from the indian region. various stages in the life cycle were established based on observations made on natural infections found in snails and fish in a freshwater stream at visakhapatnam, india and experimental infections carried out in the laboratory. the thiarid snail, thiara tuberculata served as the first intermediate host and a wide range of freshwater fish as second intermediate hosts. natural inf ...200617125540
persistent organochlorine residues in livers of six species of ciconiiformes (aves) from spain.liver samples of 42 birds belonging to 6 species of ciconiiformes (grey heron (n = 17), little egret (n = 12), cattle egret (n = 1), glossy ibis (n = 1), little bittern (n = 1), and white stork (n = 10)), collected from two different zones of spain (ebro delta and madrid) in 1992-1997, were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and pcbs. sigmapcbs (sum of concentrations of individual congeners), p,p'-dde, hcb, gamma-hch, and heptachlor epoxide were the most prevalent residues detected in all sa ...200616785174
[the genotyping of the west nile virus in birds in the far eastern region of russia in 2002-2004].samples from 20 species of trapped and dead birds were collected in the far eastern region in 2002-2004 and were analyzed by the anti-wnv mab-modified immunoenzyme assay for antigen detection and rt-pcr for viral rna detection. five positive samples from cinereous vultures (aegypius monachus) and two positive samples from cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) were found in both tests. the sequencing of the 322 bp fragments of protein e gene showed 99-99.67% homology with the strain wnv/leiv-vlgoo-27924 o ...200617094656
the component helminth community in six sympatric species of ardeidae.we studied the helminth communities in 6 sympatric species of ardeidae (ixobrychus minutus (linnaeus, 1766), nycticorax nycticorax (linnaeus, 1758), bubulcus ibis (linnaeus, 1758), egretta garzetta (linnaeus, 1766), ardea cinerea (linnaeus, 1758), and ardea purpurea (linnaeus, 1766)) from "la albufera de valencia," spain. the survey revealed 13 species of helminth parasites: 5 digeneans, 2 cestodes, and 6 nematodes. the component helminth communities of the ardeidae examined are depauperate and ...200517089743
argasid ticks as possible vectors of west nile virus in israel.mites and soft ticks collected directly from wild and domestic birds and their nests were tested for the presence of west nile virus (wnv). the cattle egret argas, argas arboreus, was collected from the nests of seven cattle egret colonies. out of 1,000 a. arboreus pools examined, 16 were positive for wnv based on rt-pcr technique. the positive pools were from four nesting colonies of birds. out of 37 cattle egret squabs examined, 37.8% had serum-neutralizing antibodies to wnv. wnv rna was also ...200515815151
naturally occurring secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism in cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis) from central texas.naturally occurring secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism is described in the nestlings of two colonies of cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis) from central texas (bryan and san antonio, texas, usa). nestlings from a third colony (waco, texas, usa) were collected in a subsequent year for comparison. birds from the first two colonies consistently had severe osteopenia and associated curving deformities and folding fractures of their long bones. these birds also had reduced bone ash, increased osteoc ...200516107676
nesting ardeid colonies are not a focus of elevated west nile virus activity in southern california.a large nesting colony of ardeid birds at the finney-ramer wildlife refuge in imperial county, california, did not appear to be a focus of west nile virus (wnv) amplification during the summer of 2004. blood samples taken during june and july from 155 nestlings of four species of ardeid birds (cattle egrets, black-crowned night herons, great egrets, and snowy egrets) and five nestling double-crested cormorants yielded a single wnv isolation from a 3-week-old cattle egret. antibody was detected b ...200516187895
[enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in heron eggs].in this study, the eggs and tissues of black-crowned night heron, little egret, chinese pond heron and cattle egret were sampled from the dashu, yuantong and taizi mountains in hefei areas of anhui province in april to june 2004, and the residual amounts of cd, pb and cr in the samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. the results showed that the test heavy metals could be detected at high levels in the eggshell, egg contents, and tissues of most samples. eggshell and bone ...200516422517
residues of organochlorinated pesticides in eggs of water birds from tai lake in china.the levels of organochlorine compounds in eggs of water birds from the colony on tai lake in china were studied. the eggs were collected in 2000 and belonged to the following species: 65 samples of black-crowned night heron (nycticorax nycticorax), 36 samples of little egret (egretta garzetta), 26 samples of cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) from 13 clutches and 43 samples of chinese pond heron (ardeola bacchus) from 17 clutches. dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) and its derivates (dde and ddd), ...200415499782
the caribbean amblyomma program: some ecologic factors affecting its success.the caribbean amblyomma program has been operational for 8 years. however, owing to funding availability, some islands did not commence eradication activities until late 1997. during the past 2 years, 6 of the 9 islands (st. kitts, st. lucia, anguilla, montserrat, barbados, and dominica) under the program have attained the status of provisional freedom from the tropical bont tick (tbt). there are several administrative and technical reasons why the attainment of the program goals took longer tha ...200415604510
population structure of argas arboreus (acari: argasidae) ticks associated with seasonally abandoned mixed heronries, dominated by cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis), in south africa.during winter populations of argas arboreus from heronries of the cattle egret, bubulcus ibis, in south africa are composed of adults, with some predominance of males, and ii-iv instar nymphs, in a state of diapause. the period of tick activity, including reproduction and development of eggs, larvae and n1 nymphs, is synchronized with the nesting and breeding season of their avian hosts. it begins during spring with the return of birds to the heronry, and ceases in autumn through induction of re ...200314971735
babesiosis and heartwater: threats without boundaries.suppose one of your clients from southern florida starts talking about cattle egrets while you are vaccinating her cat. it seems she found a nearly dead egret near the cattle pen a few days ago, picked it up, and noticed a number of what looked like small ticks on the legs. or, suppose you are called out to a small dairy in central texas to look at some cows that are feverish and anemic. the first animal you examine has a few brown ticks attached just under the tail. finally, perhaps you are loo ...200212442575
allometric relationships between embryonic heart rate and fresh egg mass in birds.previously, we have measured daily changes (developmental patterns) in embryonic heart rate (fh) in altricial and semi-altricial (asa) birds (range of mean fresh egg mass approximately 1-20 g), semi-precocial seabirds (egg mass approximately 38-288 g) and precocial birds (egg mass approximately 6-1400 g). an allometric relationship between embryonic fh at 80 % of incubation duration (id) and fresh egg mass (m) has been derived for six species of precocial bird (fh at 80 % id=429m(-0.118)). in th ...200111104720
head stabilization in herons.we examined head stabilization in relation to body mass and length of legs in four heron species (little egrets, egretta garzetta; night herons, nycticorax nycticorax; squacco herons, ardeola ralloides; and cattle egrets, bubulcus ibis: aves: ardeidae). head stabilization, under controlled, sinusoidal, perch perturbations was mostly elicited at frequencies lower than 1 hz. maximal perturbation amplitudes sustained were positively correlated with leg length and maximal perturbation frequencies su ...200111548989
cattle egrets are less able to cope with light refraction than are other herons.the majority of heron species (aves, ardeidae) forage on aquatic prey in shallow water. prey detection, aiming and the beginning of the capture strikes are performed while the heron's eyes are above water. for most angles, as a result of air/water light refraction, the apparent image available to a heron is vertically displaced from the prey's real position. herons must therefore correct for refraction. we tested the hypothesis that species that forage in aquatic habitats should be more able to ...199910196060
behavioral, morphological and physiological correlates of diurnal and nocturnal vision in selected wading bird species.we examined in selected wading bird species if diurnal or nocturnal foraging and the use of visual or tactile feeding strategies could be correlated with retinal structure and function. the selected species were the yellow-crowned night heron (nycticorax violaceus), a crepuscular and nocturnal forager, the great blue heron (ardea herodias), a mainly crepuscular, but also diurnal and nocturnal feeder, the roseate spoonbill (ajaia ajaja), a mainly crepuscular feeder which forages more at night tha ...199910473901
a fatal pegosomum sp. (trematoda: echinostomatidae) infection in a wild cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) from japan.an adult cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) caught in kobe of hyogo prefecture, japan, in december 1995 died of a severe infection associated with the trematode parasite pegosomum sp. at necropsy, 22 trematode parasites were found in the lumen of the bile duct, and the duct wall was markedly thickened. histopathologically, severe cholangitis and cholecystitis were observed in close association with the parasites in the bile duct. severe pegosomum sp. infection may be one of the factors contributing to ...19989638632
heavy metal and selenium concentrations in feathers of egrets from bali and sulawesi, indonesia.herons and egrets are ideal organisms to use asindicators of heavy metal exposure in an ecosystem because different speciesfeed at different levels of the food chain and live in both coastal andinland habitats. this paper reports on the concentration of heavy metals andselenium in the feathers of cattle egrets bubulcus ibis that wereexamined from nesting and roosting sites in bali and sulawesi, indonesia, andin feathers of little egrets egretta garzetta and intermediate egretse. intermedia from ...19979069200
an unusual group-a rotavirus associated with an epidemic of diarrhea among three-month-old calves.during the 1992 and 1993 breeding seasons, epidemics of diarrhea among calves approximately 3 months old in a cow/calf operation were reported. rotavirus was determined to be the probable cause, but because rotavirus typically affects younger calves, further investigations were conducted to determine the characteristics of the virus. virus isolated from the feces of 1 affected calf was found to be antigenically distinct from the vaccine strain used. the primary water source was a slough, and rap ...19968603906
potential impact of wildlife on the tropical bont tick eradication program in the caribbean.wildlife are hosts for a. variegatum throughout its range in africa, and have been demonstrated to serve as hosts for larvae and nymphs on several islands in the caribbean. studies conducted in the caribbean have indicated that most larvae and nymphs and all adults of the tick feed on livestock; therefore, eradication can be approached through the treatment of livestock. however, since small numbers of animals such as the mongoose are infested with larvae and nymphs, these animals may represent ...19968784488
development of a computer model of the population dynamics of amblyomma variegatum and simulations of eradication strategies for use in the caribbean.control or eradication efforts should cover wide areas because of long-range migration potential of immature ticks attached to birds, such as cattle egrets. careful follow-up inspections are also imperative. simulation 1 shows how rapidly the population numbers may expand from small numbers, either introduced or missed. simulation 4 indicates extending the treatment cycle beyond the residual effectiveness of the acaricide to save labor or funds would be false economy. the result could be to main ...19968784528
vector situation of tick-borne diseases in the caribbean islands.the most important ticks transmitting diseases to ruminants in the caribbean islands are: amblyomma variegatum, vector of cowdriosis and associated with acute dermatophilosis; amblyomma cajennense, potential vector of cowdriosis; boophilus microplus, vector of babesiosis and anaplasmosis. at the present time, amblyomma variegatum is widespread in the lesser antilles from barbados to puerto rico. the intensity of the tick control program varies in the different islands and the tick infestation in ...19957597781
propagation of the tick amblyomma variegatum in the caribbean.the tropical bont tick, amblyomma variegatum, is an african tick species which infests livestock and wildlife. it was probably introduced in the central eastern islands of the caribbean during the 18th or 19th century, with cattle shipped from senegal. in africa and the caribbean, this tick is a vector of heartwater (a rickettsial disease of ruminants) and is associated with acute dermatophilosis (a bacterial skin disease of animals). until 1948, only guadeloupe and the neighbouring islands of m ...19958593414
visual fields and eye movements in herons (ardeidae).the visual fields and eye movements of three heron species (ardeidae; ciconiiformes): the cattle egret (bubulcus ibis), the squacco heron (ardeola ralloides), the western reef heron (egretta gularis schistacea) were determined in alert, restrained birds using an ophthalmoscopic technique. all three species can gain panoramic visual coverage of the frontal field around the bill, and a bird standing with its bill horizontal can view its own feet binocularly. the region in which binocular overlap i ...19947953610
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