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combining two antifungal agents does not enhance survival of galleria mellonella larvae infected with madurella mycetomatis.to determine if combination therapy would improve therapeutic outcome in eumycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis.201728342219
review of 21 cases of mycetoma from 1991 to 2014 in rio de janeiro, brazil.mycetoma is caused by the subcutaneous inoculation of filamentous fungi or aerobic filamentous bacteria that form grains in the tissue. the purpose of this study is to describe the epidemiologic, clinic, laboratory, and therapeutic characteristics of patients with mycetoma at the oswaldo cruz foundation in rio de janeiro, brazil, between 1991 and 2014. twenty-one cases of mycetoma were included in the study. there was a predominance of male patients (1.3:1) and the average patient age was 46 yea ...201728192433
predictors of post-operative mycetoma recurrence using machine-learning algorithms: the mycetoma research center experience.post-operative recurrence in mycetoma after adequate medical and surgical treatment is common and a serious problem. it has health, socio-economic and psychological detrimental effects on patients and families. it is with this in mind, we set out to determine the predictors of post-operative recurrence in mycetoma. the study included 1013 patients with madurella mycetomatis causing eumycetoma who underwent surgical excision at the mycetoma research centre, khartoum, sudan in the period 1991-2015 ...201627798643
madurella mycetomatis-induced massive shoulder joint destruction: a management challenge. 201627490198
th-1, th-2 cytokines profile among madurella mycetomatis eumycetoma patients.eumycetoma is a progressive and destructive chronic granulomatous subcutaneous inflammatory disease caused by certain fungi, the most common being madurella mycetomatis. the host defence mechanisms against fungi usually range from an early non-specific immune response to activation and induction of specific adaptive immune responses by the production of th-1 and th-2 cytokines. the aim of this study is to determine the levels of th-1 and th-2 cytokines in patients infected with madurella mycetom ...201627434108
role of a nsaid in the apparent cure of a fungal mycetoma.we report the case of a fungal mycetoma due to madurella mycetomatis that failed to respond to surgery and antifungal treatment but responded strongly to the addition of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsaid). this african patient was born in mauritania in 1972. he was a herdsman, living close to the senegal river. the first nodules appeared on the left foot at the age of 13years (1985). the patient suffered frequent flare-ups with the appearance of black grains and underwent surgery in ...201627233662
genome sequence of madurella mycetomatis mm55, isolated from a human mycetoma case in sudan.we present the first genome sequence for a strain of the main mycetoma causative agent, madurella mycetomatis this 36.7-mb genome sequence will offer new insights into the pathogenesis of mycetoma, and it will contribute to the development of better therapies for this neglected tropical disease.201627231361
a tropical diabetic foot.foot infections are a common problem and an important cause of morbidity in patients with diabetes. we report a patient with type 2 diabetes, presenting with a chronic foot wound resistant to standard care, in whom the diagnosis of eumycetoma was made through histopathological examination of a bone biopsy specimen and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). diagnosis and treatment of eumycetoma are reviewed. eumycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis is an uncommon cause of osteomyelitis i ...201623189544
use of immunoblotting in testing madurella mycetomatis specific antigen.though serodiagnosis of actinomycetoma is established, that of eumycetoma due to madurella mycetomatis is limited because of lack of pure antigen. reliable rapid tests are needed to make an accurate timely diagnosis. the purpose of this study is to detect antigen parts of m. mycetomatis, which act specifically with m. mycetomatis antibodies.201627198216
eumycetoma by madurella mycetomatis with 30 years of evolution: therapeutic challenge.we report a case of eumycetoma by madurella mycetomatis on the buttocks and thighs in an adult immunocompetent patient, diagnosed after 30 years of clinical development. he was treated over four years with fluconazol and itraconazol associated with five times surgical excisions of subcutaneous nodules. at the eighth year of follow-up, one nodule recurred on the right infragluteal region, which was excised surgically and has remained asymptomatic ever since.201524346887
in vitro activity of antiseptic solutions against madurella mycetomatis: implications for eumycetoma management. 201525429729
eumycetoma on the foot caused by madurella mycetomatis: amputation after significant worsening during pregnancy. 201525178425
mycetoma of the foot caused by madurella mycetomatis in immigrants from sudan.mycetoma is a chronic and destructive infection caused by either fungus or bacteria. mycetoma has a characteristic clinical presentation of a triad of tumor-like swelling, draining sinuses, and macroscopic grains. mycetoma infection is extremely rare in israel; however, in view of the recent immigration from mycetoma-hyperendemic regions of africa to israel, physicians in israel may encounter this infection.201526357716
a polymorphism in the chitotriosidase gene associated with risk of mycetoma due to madurella mycetomatis mycetoma--a retrospective study.madurella mycetomatis is the most prevalent causative agent of eumycetoma in sudan, an infection characterized by the formation of grains. many patients are exposed to the causative agent, however only a small number develop infection. m. mycetomatis contains chitin in its cell wall, which can trigger the human immune system. polymorphisms in the genes encoding for the chitin-degrading enzymes chitotriosidase and amcase were described, resulting in altered chitinase activity. we investigated the ...201526332238
application of isothermal amplification techniques for identification of madurella mycetomatis, the prevalent agent of human mycetoma.appropriate diagnosis and treatment of eumycetoma may vary significantly depending on the causative agent. to date, the most common fungus causing mycetoma worldwide is madurella mycetomatis. this species fails to express any recognizable morphological characteristics, and reliable identification can therefore only be achieved with the application of molecular techniques. recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) are proposed as alternatives to ...201526246484
a madurella mycetomatis grain model in galleria mellonella larvae.eumycetoma is a chronic granulomatous subcutaneous infectious disease, endemic in tropical and subtropical regions and most commonly caused by the fungus madurella mycetomatis. interestingly, although grain formation is key in mycetoma, its formation process and its susceptibility towards antifungal agents are not well understood. this is because grain formation cannot be induced in vitro; a mammalian host is necessary to induce its formation. until now, invertebrate hosts were never used to stu ...201526173126
amphotericin b but not itraconazole is able to prevent grain formation in experimental madurella mycetomatis mycetoma in mice. 201526150103
mycetoma in the sudan: an update from the mycetoma research centre, university of khartoum, sudan.this communication reports on the mycetoma research centre of the university of khartoum, sudan experience on 6,792 patients seen during the period 1991-2014.the patients were predominately young (64% under 30 years old) males (76%). the majority (68%) were from the sudan mycetoma belt and 28% were students. madurella mycetomatis eumycetoma was the most common type (70%). in 66% of the patients the duration of the disease was less than five years, and 81% gave a history of sinuses discharging mo ...201525816316
the in vitro antifungal activity of sudanese medicinal plants against madurella mycetomatis, the eumycetoma major causative agent.eumycetoma is a debilitating chronic inflammatory fungal infection that exists worldwide but it is endemic in many tropical and subtropical regions. the major causative organism is the fungus madurella mycetomatis. the current treatment of eumycetoma is suboptimal and characterized by low cure rate and high recurrence rates. hence, an alternative therapy is needed to address this. here we determined the antifungal activity of seven sudanese medicinal plant species against madurella mycetomatis. ...201525768115
in vitro interaction of currently used azoles with terbinafine against madurella mycetomatis. 201525487799
[thoracic tumor-like fungal mycetoma: interest of large surgery with terbinafine].fungal mycetoma are inflammatory pseudo-tumors of subcutaneous tissues and possibly bones due to exogenous fungi. they have a chronic course, often poly-fistulated with an emission of fungal grains. we report the case of a 65-year-old farmer with a thoracic fungal mycetoma discovered incidentally, associated with bone involvement. the diagnosis was confirmed by the positive culture to madurella mycetomatis. the outcome was favorable with terbinafine 1g per day for 12 months associated with compl ...201425467818
roussoella percutanea, a novel opportunistic pathogen causing subcutaneous mycoses.we report the isolation of a novel agent of subcutaneous mycosis from a 45-year-old indian male immigrant in the united states. phylogenetic analysis of partial small ribosomal subunit and large ribosomal subunit, internal transcribed spacer, partial translation elongation factor (tef1), and rna polymerase second largest subunit (rpb2) loci revealed that the strain was identical to another isolate previously reported as "madurella mycetomatis." both strains clustered in the order pleosporales, n ...201424969729
autochthonous cases of mycetoma in europe: report of two cases and review of literature.mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous infection involving cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. it is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, but sporadic cases have been reported also in countries of temperate climate. the purpose of this paper is to review the cases of mycetoma in european subjects (and presumably acquired in europe), to give an insight in the main factors associated with this condition, and to describe two previously unpublished cases observed at our centre.201424963778
madurella mycetomatis is highly susceptible to ravuconazole.the current treatment of eumycetoma utilizing ketoconazole is unsatisfactory because of high recurrence rates, which often leads to complications and unnecessary amputations, and its comparatively high cost in endemic areas. hence, an effective and affordable drug is required to improve therapeutic outcome. e1224 is a potent orally available, broad-spectrum triazole currently being developed for the treatment of chagas disease. e1224 is a prodrug that is rapidly converted to ravuconazole. plasma ...201424945848
the combination of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ketoconazole in the treatment of madurella mycetomatis eumycetoma and staphylococcus aureus co-infection.eumycetoma is a chronic progressive disabling and destructive inflammatory disease which is commonly caused by the fungus madurella mycetomatis. it is characterized by the formation of multiple discharging sinuses. it is usually treated by antifungal agents but it is assumed that the therapeutic efficiency of these agents is reduced by the co-existence of staphylococcus aureus co-infection developing in these sinuses. this prospective study was conducted to investigate the safety, efficacy and c ...201424945499
active matrix metalloprotease-9 is associated with the collagen capsule surrounding the madurella mycetomatis grain in mycetoma.madurella mycetomatis is the main causative organism of eumycetoma, a persistent, progressive granulomatous infection. after subcutaneous inoculation m. mycetomatis organizes itself in grains inside a granuloma with excessive collagen accumulation surrounding it. this could be contributing to treatment failure towards currently used antifungal agents. due to their pivotal role in tissue remodelling, matrix metalloproteinases-2 (mmp-2) and 9 (mmp-9) or tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (timp ...201424675764
mycetoma: experience of 482 cases in a single center in mexico.mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous disease. it is classified into eumycetoma caused by fungi and actinomycetoma due to filamentous actinomycetes. mycetoma can be found in geographic areas in close proximity to the tropic of cancer. mexico is one of the countries in which this disease is highly endemic. in this retrospective study we report epidemiologic, clinical and microbiologic data of mycetoma observed in the general hospital of mexico in a 33 year-period (1980 to 2013). a total of 482 case ...201425144462
last generation triazoles for imported eumycetoma in eleven consecutive adults.optimal management of eumycetoma, a severely debilitating chronic progressive fungal infection of skin, disseminating to bone and viscera, remains challenging. especially, optimal antifungal treatment and duration are ill defined.201425299610
eumycetoma.eumycetoma is caused by different fungi. madurella mycetomatis, madurella grisae, and scedosporium apiospermum are the most common causative agents. this disease is more frequent on the lower extremities but can also be present in other areas. the diagnosis is made by direct microscopic examination and histologic study, which should show hyphae and vesicles characteristic of the fungi. etiologic identification of the species of the fungus is sometimes difficult by culture and biopsy specimen; in ...201322682186
global burden of human mycetoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.mycetoma is a chronic infectious disease of the subcutaneous tissue with a high morbidity. this disease has been reported from countries between 30°n and 15°s since 1840 but the exact burden of disease is not known. it is currently unknown what the incidence, prevalence and the number of reported cases per year per country is. in order to estimate what the global burden of mycetoma is, a meta-analysis was performed. in total 50 studies were included, which resulted in a total of 8763 mycetoma ca ...201324244780
[analysis of 18 tunisian cases of mycetoma at the sousse hospital (1974-2010)].mycetoma are inflammatory pseudotumors, due to infection by bacterial (actinomycetoma) or fungal (eumycetoma) agent. a retrospective study was conducted during 34 years. our aim was to study epidemiologic, clinic, therapeutic and microbiologic characteristics. eighteen patients were assessed. sex-ratio h/f was 2. the mean age was 43.6 years. principal localization was the feet. our study was characterized by majority of actinomycetoma found in 15 cases (actinomadura madurae in 14 cases and nocar ...201322552715
madurella mycetomatis as an agent of brain abscess: case report and review of literature.fungal cerebral abscesses are rare and usually seen in immunocompromised individuals. we report a case and review published literature of madurella mycetomatis as an agent of cerebral abscess. we found contiguous head and neck infections to be the principal cause of cerebral maduromycosis caused by m. mycetomatis. early recognition of madurella spp. as the causative agent is essential to avoid cerebral spread.201324085615
phylogenetic findings suggest possible new habitat and routes of infection of human eumyctoma.eumycetoma is a traumatic fungal infection in tropical and subtropical areas that may lead to severe disability. madurella mycetomatis is one of the prevalent etiologic agents in arid northeastern africa. the source of infection has not been clarified. subcutaneous inoculation from plant thorns has been hypothesized, but attempts to detect the fungus in relevant material have remained unsuccessful. the present study aims to find clues to reveal the natural habitat of madurella species using a ph ...201323696914
mycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis: a completely neglected medico-social dilemma.mycetoma is a debilitating disease with a highly particular geographical distribution. the mycetoma belt circles the entire world just above the equator and defines the region with the highest prevalence and incidence. although the disease is seen in central america, india and all across africa, sudan seems to be the homeland of mycetoma. mycetoma is an infectious disease caused either by bacteria (actinomycetoma) or true fungi (eumycetoma). in sudan most cases are caused by the fungal species m ...201323654067
peripheral blood mononuclear cells of mycetoma patients react differently to madurella mycetomatis antigens than healthy endemic controls. 201323634233
[madura foot]. 201323504196
a histopathological exploration of the madurella mycetomatis grain.although the madurella mycetomatis grains seem to interfere with the host defense mechanisms and impede the antifungal drugs penetration, yet their histological features are not fully known and hence this study was set out to determine that. the study included 80 patients with confirmed m. mycetomatis eumycetoma. after informed written consent, surgical biopsies were obtained from the excised tissues during the patients' surgical treatment. all sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, ...201323483927
in vitro antifungal activity of isavuconazole against madurella mycetomatis.currently, therapy of black-grain mycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis consists of extensive debridement of the infected tissue combined with prolonged antifungal therapy with ketoconazole or itraconazole. in the present study, the in vitro activity of the new triazole isavuconazole toward m. mycetomatis was evaluated. isavuconazole appeared to have high activity against m. mycetomatis, with mics ranging from ≤0.016 to 0.125 μg/ml. due to its favorable pharmacokinetics, isavuconazole could b ...201222964246
madurella mycetomatis infection following allogenic stem cell transplantation for aplastic anemia. 201222811787
phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of madurella mycetomatis confirms its taxonomic position within the order sordariales.madurella mycetomatis is the most common cause of human eumycetoma. the genus madurella has been characterized by overall sterility on mycological media. due to this sterility and the absence of other reliable morphological and ultrastructural characters, the taxonomic classification of madurella has long been a challenge. mitochondria are of monophyletic origin and mitochondrial genomes have been proven to be useful in phylogenetic analyses.201222701687
[mycetomas diagnosed in senegal from 2008 to 2010].mycetomas are inflammatory pseudotumours of subcutaneous and possibly osseous soft fabrics, generally polyfistulas with chronic mode of evolution.201124451559
the safety and efficacy of itraconazole for the treatment of patients with eumycetoma due to madurella mycetomatis.this prospective study aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of itraconazole for the treatment of patients with mycetoma due to madurella mycetomatis. the study consisted of 13 patients with confirmed disease; all were treated with oral itraconazole in a dose of 400mg daily for three months after which the dose was reduced to 200mg daily for nine months. all patients showed good clinical response to 400mg itraconazole daily, but when the dose was reduced to 200mg daily, the clinical respons ...201121247608
in vitro susceptibility of madurella mycetomatis to posaconazole and terbinafine.presently, therapy of eumycetoma in sudan is still based on surgery combined with prolonged ketoconazole therapy. this usually results in a poor clinical outcome. to determine if posaconazole and terbinafine could offer better therapeutic alternatives, the in vitro susceptibilities of 34 madurella mycetomatis strains were determined. it appeared that posaconazole was highly active against m. mycetomatis but terbinafine was only moderately active. since posaconazole has an excellent safety profil ...201121263050
a chronic, destructive mycetoma infection in a diabetic foot in saudi arabia.this case study describes the presentation of a tropical foot infection that presented in a 38-year-old male farm worker from the eastern province of saudi arabia who contracted the fungal infection that is madurella mycetomatis. mycetomas or madura foot is characterized by a slow progressive infection that can result in severe soft tissue and muscle involvement along with destruction of the underlying bone. this foot pathology is rare in the united states and across europe; however, the increas ...201121444606
madurella mycetomatis mycetoma treated successfully with oral posaconazole. 201121803706
fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and pyruvate kinase, two novel immunogens in madurella mycetomatis.eumycetoma, a chronic granulomatous disease characterized by a subcutaneous mass, multiple sinuses and purulent discharge containing grains, remains difficult to diagnose and treat. madurella mycetomatis is the most common causative agent of eumycetoma. using a serum pool from patients with active mycetoma, we screened a m. mycetomatis-specific ++gt11 cdna library which was shown to contain 8% of cdna inserts encoding proteins involved in glycolysis. two of these enzymes, fructose-bisphosphate a ...201121728753
New species in Madurella, causative agents of black-grain mycetoma.A new species of a non-sporulating fungus, isolated from a case of black-grain mycetoma in Sudan, is described as Madurella fahalii. The species is characterized by phenotypic and molecular criteria. Multi-gene phylogenies based on the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the partial ß-tubulin (BT2) and RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (RPB2) genes indicate that M. fahalii is closely related to Madurella mycetomatis and M. pseudomycetomatis; the latter name is validated according to the rules of b ...201122205798
eumycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis in a mare.a case of equine eumycotic mycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis is described. this is the first report of m. mycetomatis as the etiologic agent of human or animal infections in israel. the definitive identification of the isolate was established by molecular methods. in addition the mold was cultured on various media through which we found that its growth rate was significantly augmented on incubation on trypticase soy agar, more so if horse serum was added to this medium. sixteen previously ...201019886776
polymorphisms in catechol-o-methyltransferase and cytochrome p450 subfamily 19 genes predispose towards madurella mycetomatis-induced mycetoma susceptibility.mycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis is a devastating and neglected disease which primarily affects males. since this predominance cannot be easily explained by behaviour differences between men and women, other factors, including sex hormones, could be the cause. to monitor for possible deficiencies in hormone synthesis among mycetoma patients, we investigated the types and allele frequencies of the genes encoding for catechol-o-methyltransferase (comt), cytochrome p450 subfamily 1 (cyp1b1) ...201020184498
madurella mycetomatis is not susceptible to the echinocandin class of antifungal agents.eumycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis is treated surgically and with high doses of ketoconazole. therapeutic responses are poor, and recurrent infections are common. in search of therapeutic alternatives in the treatment of mycetoma, we determined the in vitro susceptibilities of m. mycetomatis isolates against caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin. as a comparator fungus, aspergillus fumigatus was used. minimal effective concentrations (mecs) and mics were assessed and compared to tho ...201020350944
madurella mycetoma--a rare case with cranial extension.madurella species of fungus causes chronic subcutaneous infection of lower extremities; the infection is commonly labeled as madura foot. we report a case of madurella infection involving the cranial cavity. such an involvement by madurella fungal infection is not recorded in the literature.201020452871
[mycetoma in tunisia: a 15-case series].mycetoma is a chronic infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that can be caused by fungi or bacteria. it is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas but rare in tunisia.201020734597
mycetoma in south india: retrospective analysis of 13 cases and description of two cases caused by unusual pathogens: neoscytalidium dimidiatum and aspergillus flavus.mycetoma is a chronic suppurative and/or granulomatous inflammatory lesion of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and tendons caused by the traumatic inoculation of either fungal (eumycotic) or bacterial (actinomycotic) organisms present in the soil. the disease is characterized by triad of tumefaction, discharging sinuses, and grains.201020964650
mycetoma (madura foot): a case report.mycetoma is a chronic disease, which is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries. we report a rare case of mycetoma located on the foot of a patient living in a temperate-climate country followed by a short discussion.201021126936
eumycetoma versus actinomycetoma: diagnosis on cytology.eumycetoma is a chronic cutaneous and subcutaneous infection caused by various genera of fungi producing specific colored granules known as grains. a 45-year-old farmer presented clinically with a left foot mass with multiple discharging sinuses existing for last 3 years. clinical and radiological findings suggested a diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis with suspicion of tuberculosis. imprints plus fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) smears exhibited distinct brown-black colonies of a fungus h ...201021157564
eumycotic mycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis successfully treated with antifungals, surgery, and topical negative pressure therapy.we report a 21-year-old farmer with a 4-year history of a nodular plaque with fistulas and induration of adjacent skin. the lesion had been treated surgically at another hospital, but recurred 2 years later. black, charcoal-like grains were observed draining through the fistulas. a biopsy specimen showed brown grains with filaments in an abscess surrounded by macrophages, giant cells, and lymphocytes. culture demonstrated small white colonies of madurella mycetomatis. the patient was treated wit ...200919335427
paecilomyces lilacinus eumycetoma.eumycetoma is a chronic granulomatous infection of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and bone caused by true fungi. most commonly, it affects the foot or hand. fungi commonly reported to cause eumycetoma are madurella mycetomatis, madurella grisea, phialophora jeanselmei, cephalosporium recifei, etc. there have been several previous reports of human invasive infections by paecilomyces lilacinus causing endophthalmitis, keratitis, chronic sinusitis, skin and soft tissue infections, and cathe ...200919659864
difficult mycoses of the skin: advances in the epidemiology and management of eumycetoma, phaeohyphomycosis and chromoblastomycosis.eumycetoma, phaeohyphomycosis and chromoblastomycosis are subcutaneous mycoses having in common the fact that they are acquired as a result of penetrating trauma to the skin and may be caused by a large variety of fungi. this article will review recent data regarding the epidemiology and treatment of these infections.200919773651
madurella mycetoma-a rare case with cranial extension.background: madurella species of fungus causes chronic subcutaneous infection of lower extremities; the infection is commonly labeled as madura foot. we report a case of madurella infection involving the cranial cavity. such an involvement by madurella fungal infection is not recorded in the literature. case description: a 31-year-old nonimmunocompromised male patient presented with complaints of left hemifacial pain for 1 year and diplopia on looking toward left side for a period of 2 weeks. on ...200919818480
abdominal wall mycetoma presented as obstructed incisional hernia of cesarean section in eastern sudan.mycetoma a worldwide disease frequently occurs in the tropics with the highest prevalence being in africa. madurella mycetomatis is the main causative organism of human eumycetoma in sudan. the legs and feet were commonly the sites of the infection. a 22-year-old lady was presented with painful abdominal swelling around a previous caesarian section scar. a provisional diagnosis of obstructed incisional hernia was put. histopathological examination revealed macroscopically four masses of soft tis ...200917485822
madurella mycetomatis compounds cross-reactive with galactomannan are detectable in culture supernatant but not in serum. 200717510278
melanin biosynthesis in madurella mycetomatis and its effect on susceptibility to itraconazole and ketoconazole.one of the hallmarks of eumycetoma is the formation of fungal grains, which are secreted by multiple sinuses in infected tissues. madurella mycetomatis grains are black. this black colour was shown to be due to the presence of melanin. melanin can be produced through various biochemical pathways. it appeared that m. mycetomatis melanisation could be blocked by inhibitors of the pyo- and dihydroxynaphthalene (dhn)-melanin pathways but not by inhibitors of the dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa)-melan ...200717644456
mycetoma in children: experience with 15 cases.mycetoma is a chronic infection caused by aerobic actinomycetes and filamentous fungi. it is an occupational disease frequent in tropical countries and is uncommon in children.200717195706
in vitro susceptibility of madurella mycetomatis, prime agent of madura foot, to tea tree oil and artemisinin.eumycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis is treated with surgery and high doses of itraconazole and ketoconazole. these agents are toxic, and new therapies are required.200717324961
polymorphisms in genes involved in innate immunity predispose toward mycetoma susceptibility.madurella mycetomatis is the main causative agent of mycetoma, a tumorous fungal infection characterized by the infiltration of large numbers of neutrophils at the site of infection. in endemic areas the majority of inhabitants have abs to m. mycetomatis, although only a small proportion of individuals actually develop mycetomal disease. it therefore appears that neutrophils are unable to clear the infection in some individuals. to test this hypothesis, 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms involve ...200717709521
subcutaneous facial mycosis in a child due to madurella mycetomatis.mycetoma is a chronic, granulomatous, subcutaneous, inflammatory disease caused by true fungi (eumycetoma) or filamentous bacteria (actinomycetoma). eumycetoma usually affects adult males involving limbs and other exposed body parts. children represent the least commonly encountered age group with this disease. a case of subcutaneous facial mycosis due to madurella mycetomatis in a three year old child was diagnosed at the microbiology department armed forces institute of pathology rawalpindi, w ...200718072643
[clinical and microbiological study of mycetomas at the muñiz hospital of buenos aires between 1989 and 2004].this work presents clinical, microbiological and outcome data collected from 76 patients with mycetomas at the muñiz hospital from 1989 to 2004. forty-nine patients were male and 27 female; the mean age was 43.4 years. the majority of the patients acquired the infection in argentina: the most affected provinces were santiago del estero with 31 cases, and chaco with 11; 8 cases came from other countries (bolivia 6 and paraguay 2). the mean evolution of the disease was 9.2 years. the most frequent ...200616784127
translationally controlled tumor protein from madurella mycetomatis, a marker for tumorous mycetoma progression.about 40 years ago abs against the fungus madurella mycetomatis were first demonstrated to be present in eumycetoma patients, a disease characterized by tumorous swellings. to date nothing is known about the individual immunoreactive ags present in this fungus. in the present study, we identify its first immunogenic ag, a protein homologous to the translationally controlled tumor protein (tctp), a well-conserved histamine release factor in a range of eukaryotes. the gene for this ag was demonstr ...200616849514
molecular identification of black-grain mycetoma agents.black-grain mycetomas are subcutaneous devastating chronic infections due to several dematiaceous fungi. they are diagnosed mostly in tropical countries. identification of these fungi with standard mycological procedures is difficult because of their poor or delayed sporulation. the aim of this study was thus to assess the accuracy of molecular identification of these fungi. a total of 54 strains, mostly of clinical origin, were used, including 15 madurella mycetomatis, 6 madurella grisea, 12 le ...200617021076
testing of the in vitro susceptibilities of madurella mycetomatis to six antifungal agents by using the sensititre system in comparison with a viability-based 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5- [(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide (xtt) assay and a modified nccls method.the in vitro susceptibilities of 36 clinical isolates of madurella mycetomatis, the prime agent of eumycetoma in africa, to ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin b, and flucytosine were determined by the sensititre yeastone system. this system appeared to be a rapid and easy test, and by use of hyphal suspensions it generated results comparable to those of a modified nccls method. after 10 days of incubation, the antifungal activities of ketoconazole (mic at which 9 ...200515793113
madurella mycetomatis mycetoma treated successfully with oral voriconazole. 200515888176
genotyping of madurella mycetomatis by selective amplification of restriction fragments (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and subtype correlation with geographical origin and lesion size.one of the causative organisms of mycetoma is the fungus madurella mycetomatis. previously, extensive molecular typing studies identified sudanese isolates of this fungus as clonal, but polymorphic genetic markers have not yet been identified. here, we report on the selective amplification of restriction fragment (aflp) analysis of 37 sudanese clinical isolates of m. mycetomatis. of 93 aflp fragments generated, 25 were polymorphic, and 12 of these 25 polymorphic fragments were found in a large f ...200516145076
phylogeny and typification of madurella mycetomatis, with a comparison of other agents of eumycetoma.the genus madurella, described for non-sporulating agents of human mycetoma, is proven to be heterogeneous on the basis of rdna small subunit (ssu) and internal transcribed spacer (its) sequencing data. madurella mycetomatis, the main agent of mycetoma in arid zones of central and east africa, probably belongs to the ascomycete order sordariales. madurella mycetomatis, the generic type species, is neotypified. madurella grisea, with worldwide occurrence, is likely to be a member of the order ple ...200415078428
in vitro activity of anidulafungin against selected clinically important mold isolates.in this study, we evaluated the in vitro activity of anidulafungin against selected mold isolates. anidulafungin showed promising activity against bipolaris spicifera, exophiala jeanselmei, fonsecaea pedrosoi, madurella mycetomatis, penicillium marneffei, phialophora verrucosa, pseudallescheria boydii, sporothrix schenckii, and wangiella dermatitidis.200415105159
in vitro susceptibilities of madurella mycetomatis to itraconazole and amphotericin b assessed by a modified nccls method and a viability-based 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5- sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide (xtt) assay.susceptibilities of madurella mycetomatis against amphotericin b and itraconazole in vitro were determined by protocols based on nccls guidelines (visual reading) and a 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide (xtt) assay for fungal viability. the xtt assay was reproducible and sensitive for both antifungals. itraconazole (mic at which 50% of the isolates tested are inhibited [mic(50)]) of 0.06 to 0.13 mg/liter) was superior to amphotericin b ...200415215141
mycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis: a neglected infectious burden.tropical eumycetoma is frequently caused by the fungus madurella mycetomatis. the disease is characterised by extensive subcutaneous masses, usually with sinuses draining pus, blood, and fungal grains. the disease affects individuals of all ages, although disability is most severe in adults who work outdoors. compared with major diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, and hiv, disease from m mycetomatis is underestimated but socioeconomically important. many scientific case reports on mycetoma e ...200415336224
[mycetoma: 130 cases].mycetoma is a pathological process in which eumycotic (fungal) or actinomycotic causative agents from exogenous source produce grains. it follows penetrating injury inoculating soil organisms, occurring preferentially in rural areas usually among labourers who work barefoot. mycetoma is a localized chronic, and deforming infectious disease of subcutaneous tissues, skin and bones. we report 130 cases of mycetoma in senegal from 1983 to 2000.200312605151
a murine model of madurella mycetomatis eumycetoma.eumycetoma due to madurella mycetomatis is a major mycological health problem in endemic areas. we infected balb/c mice (male or female) with various amounts of m. mycetomatis mycelium, containing sterilized soil as a natural adjuvant or freund's incomplete adjuvant. mice differed with respect to age and immune status. intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intravenous inoculation was explored and survival was monitored. mice were killed at various intervals after inoculation, checked for the presenc ...200312770757
[mycetomas in central tunisia].mycetomas are inflammatory pseudo-tumors containing fungal or actinomycosic-type grains. they are frequent in tropical and subtropical countries and unknown in tunisia.200312843827
branched filaments no fungus, ovoid bodies no bacteria: two unusual cases of mycetoma.we describe a 58-year-old man presenting with necrotizing panniculitis of the lower right leg and a 64-year-old woman with a clinically similar lesion combined with pustular eruptions and subsequent ulceration on the forehead. in the first patient, giemsa staining showed small ovoid bodies and grocott staining revealed hyphae. histology from the process on the forehead showed branched filaments in the periodic acid-schiff (pas) staining. in the first case, madurella mycetomatis, a fungus, was th ...200312894113
isolation and identification of madurella mycetomatis from two cases of black grain mycetoma in libya.two cases of mycetoma of the foot caused by madurella mycetomatis are reported in which identification of the etiologic agents was confirmed by culture. a libyan male aged 40 years and a chadian female aged 30 years, exhibited eumycetoma of the foot 1 and 2 years, respectively, after a local injury. the diagnoses were based on the clinical presentation and confirmed by mycologic analysis of the grains and culture isolation of the etiologic agent. prior to this report m. mycetomatis has not been ...200312950906
madurella mycetomatis strains from mycetoma lesions in sudanese patients are clonal.molecular diversity among clinical isolates of madurella mycetomatis, the prime fungal agent of human mycetoma in sudan, could possibly explain the diverse clinical presentations of this severely debilitating infectious disease. in addition, culture-independent dna-mediated typing tests need to be developed for this organism, since m. mycetomatis dna, but not the organism itself, can be identified in soil, the material from which infections are thought to originate. a collection of 38 different ...200314532179
molecular detection and identification of agents of eumycetoma: detailed report of two cases.we describe two cases of eumycetoma in the legs. the infections could not be adequately diagnosed by classical mycology, but the causative agents were successfully identified as madurella mycetomatis by species-specific pcr and dna sequencing.200314662990
[management of mycetoma in west-africa].mycetoma is still endemic in the northern areas of west-africa. this infection is more common in males, rural inhabitants, between 20 and 40 years of age. mycetoma is generally easy to identify on clinical presentation, it is a chronic subcutaneous inflammatory tumor with discharging sinuses. the commonest affected site is the foot (70%), leg, knee, thigh, hand and arm are the most frequent extrapodal localizations. diagnosis must be confirmed by the presence of grains at direct and histological ...200315015843
mycetoma in yemen: clinicoepidemiologic and histopathologic study.mycetoma is widespread in yemen, but has not been fully documented.200212358829
environmental occurrence of madurella mycetomatis, the major agent of human eumycetoma in sudan.madurella mycetomatis is the main causative agent of human eumycetoma, a severe debilitating disease endemic in sudan. it has been suggested that eumycetoma has a soil-borne or thorn prick-mediated origin. for this reason, efforts were undertaken to culture m. mycetomatis from soil samples (n = 43) and thorn collections (n = 35) derived from areas in which it is endemic. however, ribosomal sequencing data revealed that the black fungi obtained all belonged to other fungal species. in addition, w ...200211880433
eumycetoma due to madurella mycetomatis acquired in jamaica.we report a case of eumycetoma due to madurella mycetomatis affecting the left dorsal forefoot in a 35-year-old woman. she had spent her childhood in jamaica, and had been resident in the u.k. for 20 years prior to her presentation. she gave a highly suggestive history for a mycetoma, having observed the intermittent discharge of black grains from the lesion. the diagnosis was confirmed by histological and mycological analysis of the grains, and a magnetic resonance imaging scan excluded osteomy ...200111899126
potential utility of random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) and restriction endonuclease assay (rea) as typing systems for madurella mycetomatis.two molecular methods were compared, random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) and restriction endonuclease analysis (rea), in order to evaluate their ability to discriminate, and to characterize madurella mycetomatis strains isolated from human mycetomas in different parts of the world. both methods were able to cluster the madurella mycetomatis isolates into the same number of distinct typing groups. however, rapd, presenting several advantages over rea such as its rapidity, simplicity, and the ...200010568795
madura's foot: report of a case caused by madurella mycetomatis.we present a case of mycetoma by madurella mycetomatis on the foot of a chinese young man, living in italy for more than ten years. clinically the lesion closely resembled and was initially misinterpreted as a vascular neoformation. we analyze the histological and morphological features of the madurella mycetomatis infection through which we managed to type the etiological agent. our case is worth reporting because of the rarity of this disease in europe and the unusual clinical presentation. it ...200011125328
atypical presentation of madurella mycetomatis mycetoma in a renal transplant patient.a renal transplant patient presented with a swelling on his foot. fungal hyphae were found in the abscess, and culture demonstrated madurella mycetomatis, an agent of mycetoma. there were no black grains in the pus and no overlying sinuses. this was an atypical presentation of maduromycosis in a renal transplant patient.200011429018
development of a species-specific pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis procedure for identification of madurella mycetomatis.madurella mycetomatis is the commonest cause of eumycetoma in sudan and other countries in tropical africa. currently, the early diagnosis of mycetoma is difficult. in attempting to improve the identification of m. mycetomatis and, consequently, the diagnosis of mycetoma, we have developed specific oligonucleotide primers based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (its) regions spacing the genes encoding the fungal ribosomal rnas. the its regions were amplified with universal prime ...199910488173
cystic mycetoma: an unusual clinical presentation of madurella mycetomatis infection. 19989692156
antimicrobial activity of some 1,2-benzisothiazoles having a benzenesulfonamide moiety.some sulfonamide and sulfonylurea derivatives of unsubstituted and 5-methylsubstituted 1,2-benzisothiazole were studied in vitro for their antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi. compounds 7 and 8 exhibited good antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria. a strong synergism was observed when their growth-inhibitory effect was assayed in combination with trimethoprim by using bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus as test microorganisms. the antimycotic action of benz ...19989713255
nocardia, nocardiosis and mycetoma.the recent emergence of invasive infections due to nocardia spp., including nosocomial outbreak, is now evident. newer molecular diagnostic and typing methods are developed. although sulfonamide-based therapy is generally effective, optimal treatment may be guided by antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates. the improved classification of nocardiae and other related genera such as actinomadurae, using the 16s ribosomal rna sequencing, provide a sound basis for improved diagnostic methods ...19989988489
[eumycetic mycetoma due to madurella mycetomatis. report of six cases.].we report six cases of mycetoma due to madurella mycetomatis. five men and a woman from 28 to 70 years of age, and a history of one to ten years. in four of them the foot was affected, in another the wrist, and one exceptional case with neck involvement after an iguana bite. the response to treatment was irregular and not satisfactory.199817655418
[madurella mycetomatis antigen for the serodiagnosis of mycetoma].the aim of this work was to standardize metabolic and cytoplasmic madurella mycetomatis antigen to be applied in the immunodiagnosis of mycetoma. growth curves were established growing the mold in two broth media with weekly measures of protein and carbohydrate levels and of dry weight. sera from immunized rabbits and patient's sera were used in immunoprecipitation to test the antigens. three weeks old shaken cultures in sabouraud broth at 37 degrees c were established as the optimal conditions ...199715482023
intraspinal mycetoma: report of two cases.two cases of intraspinal mycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis and streptomyces somaliensis presenting with paraplegia are reported. in these cases, there was neither skin or bone involvement by the disease. the route of entry of the organisms is not known; however, hematogenous blood vessel invasion by s. somaliensis was identified in the second case.19979063356
clinical cure of fungal madura foot with oral itraconazole.we report the case of a 26-year-old malian patient who presented with mycetoma of the foot and frank bone involvement caused by madurella mycetomatis. long-term itraconazole therapy was clinically effective and well tolerated.19979347233
mycetomas in mali: causative agents and geographic distribution.although mali is situated in the african zone endemic for mycetomas, no report has been published on the characteristics of the disease in this country. we report a series of 54 cases observed in bamako. the causative agents were madurella mycetomatis in 20 patients, leptosphaeria sp. in one patients, actinomadura madurae in 12 patients, a. pelletieri in 15 patients, and streptomyces somaliensis in three patients. in this series, the observed geographic distribution of the causative agents was i ...19968651376
mycetoma.mycetoma is a chronic infectious disease, most commonly caused by madurella mycetomatis, that remains localized, involves cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and bone, and is noncontagious. the disease is characterized by tumefaction, draining sinuses, and the presence of sclerotia. the 31 fungi known to cause mycetoma are associated with soil and woody plants. a chronic, tumor-like deforming disease develops during subsequent years following the introduction of the etiologic agent via lo ...19968821162
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