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herbal composition of cinnamomum cassia, pinus densiflora, curcuma longa and glycyrrhiza glabra prevents atherosclerosis by upregulating p27 (kip1) expression.kiom-18 is a novel composition of cinnamomum cassia, pinus densiflora, curcuma longa and glycyrrhiza glabra. curcuma longa and glycyrrhiza glabra, which are traditional medicines in asia, have been reported to demonstrate preventive effects against atherosclerosis; however, they have not yet been developed into functional atherosclerosis treatments. we therefore studied the anti-atherosclerotic effects and possible molecular mechanisms of kiom-18 using vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs).201627465365
characteristics of initial deposition and behavior of radiocesium in forest ecosystems of different locations and species affected by the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant accident.after the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant (fdnpp) accident, information about stand-level spatial patterns of radiocesium initially deposited in the surrounding forests was essential for predicting the future dynamics of radiocesium and suggesting a management plan for contaminated forests. in the first summer (approximately 6 months after the accident), we separately estimated the amounts of radiocesium ((134)cs and (137)cs; bq m(-2)) in the major components (trees, organic layers, and so ...201626432062
early-stage changes in natural (13)c and (15)n abundance and nutrient dynamics during different litter decomposition.decomposition, nutrient, and isotopic (δ(13)c and δ(15)n) dynamics during 1 year were studied for leaf and twig litters of pinus densiflora, castanea crenata, erigeron annuus, and miscanthus sinensis growing on a highly weathered soil with constrained nutrient supply using litterbags in a cool temperate region of south korea. decay constant (k/year) ranged from 0.58 to 1.29/year, and mass loss ranged from 22.36 to 58.43 % among litter types. the results demonstrate that mass loss and nutrient dy ...201626915037
diplogasteroides asiaticus n. sp. is associated with monochamus alternatus in japan.diplogasteroides asiaticus n. sp. is described and illustrated, and its molecular profile and phylogenetic status within the family diplogastridae are inferred. morphologically, the new species is characterized by its stomatal structure, a tube-like stoma with three small, rod-like dorsal teeth and two subventral ridges; a spicule clearly ventrally bent at 1/3 from the anterior end; a gubernaculum with a rounded anterior end and sharply pointed distal end in lateral view; nine pairs of genital p ...201526170472
bactericidal mechanism of bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of pinus densiflora against two foodborne pathogens, bacillus cereus and listeria monocytogenes.foodborne bacteria are the leading cause of food spoilage and other related diseases. in the present study, the antibacterial activity of bio-oil (bo) manufactured by fast pyrolysis of pinewood sawdust (pinus densiflora siebold and zucc.) against two disease-causing foodborne pathogens (bacillus cereus and listeria monocytogenes) was evaluated. bo at a concentration of 1000 μg/disc was highly active against both b. cereus (10.0-10.6 mm-inhibition zone) and l. monocytogenes (10.6-12.0-mm inhibiti ...201525928035
taxonomy and phylogeny of the leptographium procerum complex, including leptographium sinense sp. nov. and leptographium longiconidiophorum sp. nov.leptographium procerum (ophiostomatales, ascomycota) is a well-known fungal associate of pine root-infesting bark beetles and weevils, occurring in several countries of the world. the fungus is not a primary pathogen but has been associated with white pine root decline in the usa and with serious damage caused by the introduced red turpentine beetle (rtb) dendroctonus valens in china. several species closely related to l. procerum have been described during the past decade. the aim of this study ...201525510728
synthesis and characterization of nanosilver with antibacterial properties using pinus densiflora young cone extract.this study describes an eco-friendly, rapid method for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (ag nps) from an aqueous solution of silver nitrate using pinus densiflora for. multicaulis uyeki young cone extract in a single-pot process. color changes, ultraviolet-visible spectra (444.5 nm), x-ray diffraction peaks (2θ=39.68, 46.92, 68.12, and 79.10), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ft-ir) confirmed the presence of ag nps and phytochemicals. transmission electron microscopy showed th ...201525846578
trichoderma songyi sp. nov., a new species associated with the pine mushroom (tricholoma matsutake).a new species, trichoderma songyi, was found to be associated with the pine mushroom (tricholoma matsutake) in korea. this species was isolated from three different substrates: tricholoma matsutake basidiomata, as well as roots of pinus densiflora and soil in the fairy ring. based on its molecular and phenotypic characteristics, we demonstrate that trichoderma songyi is unique and distinguishable from closely related species. we performed phylogenetic analyses based on two molecular markers, the ...201425052534
changes in radiocesium contamination from fukushima in foliar parts of 10 common tree species in japan between 2011 and 2013.yearly changes in radiocesium ((137)cs) contamination, primarily due to the fukushima accident of march 2011, were observed in the foliar parts of 10 common woody species in japan (chamaecyparis obtusa, cedrus deodara, pinus densiflora, cryptomeria japonica, phyllostachys pubescens, cinnamomum camphora, metasequoia glyptostroboides, prunus × yedoensis, acer buergerianum, and aesculus hippocastanum). the samples were obtained from abiko (approximately 200 km ssw of the fukushima dai-ichi nuclear ...201425261868
depositional characteristics of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers on tree barks.this study was conducted to determine the depositional characteristics of several tree barks, including ginkgo (ginkgo biloba), pine (pinus densiflora), platanus (platanus), and metasequoia (metasequoia glyptostroboides). these were used as passive air sampler (pas) of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes).201425116365
morphometric variation in pine wood nematodes, bursaphelenchus xylophilus and b. mucronatus, isolated from multiple locations in south korea.intraspecific variation in morphometry of pine wood nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus and b. mucronatus in relation to geographical locations in south korea was investigated using morphometric characters (body length, a, b and c ratio, stylet length, and spicule length for a male nematode and v (%) value for a female nematode). b. xylophilus was isolated from pinus thunbergii in jinju (1998), ulsan (2000), yangsan (2000), mokpo (2001) and jeju (2004), and from p. densiflora in gumi (2001). b. ...201325288962
host deception: predaceous fungus, esteya vermicola, entices pine wood nematode by mimicking the scent of pine tree for nutrient.a nematophagous fungus, esteya vermicola, is recorded as the first endoparasitic fungus of pine wood nematode (pwn), bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in last century. e. vermicola exhibited high infectivity toward pwn in the laboratory conditions and conidia spraying of this fungus on japanese red pine, pinus densiflora, seedlings in the field protected the pine trees from pine wilt disease to some extent, indicating that it is a potential bio-control agent against pwn. previous research had demonstr ...201323990972
laboratory and simulated field bioassays to evaluate larvicidal activity of pinus densiflora hydrodistillate, its constituents and structurally related compounds against aedes albopictus, aedes aegypti and culex pipiens pallens in relation to their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase activity.the toxicity of pinus densiflora (red pine) hydrodistillate, its 19 constituents and 28 structurally related compounds against early third-instar larvae of aedes albopictus (ae. albopictus), aedes aegypti (ae. aegypti) and culex pipiens palles (cx. p. pallens) was examined using direct-contact bioassays. the efficacy of active compounds was further evaluated in semi-field bioassays using field-collected larval cx. p. pallens. results were compared with those of two synthetic larvicides, temephos ...201326464387
Mixotrophy of Platanthera minor, an orchid associated with ectomycorrhiza-forming Ceratobasidiaceae fungi.• We investigated the fungal symbionts and carbon nutrition of a Japanese forest photosynthetic orchid, Platanthera minor, whose ecology suggests a mixotrophic syndrome, that is, a mycorrhizal association with ectomycorrhiza (ECM)-forming fungi and partial exploitation of fungal carbon. • We performed molecular identification of symbionts by PCR amplifications of the fungal ribosomal DNA on hyphal coils extracted from P. minor roots. We tested for a (13) C and (15) N enrichment characteristic of ...201221995447
pathogenicity of aseptic bursaphelenchus xylophilus.pine wilt is a disease of pine (pinus spp.) caused by the pine wood nematode (pwn), bursaphelenchus xylophilus. however, the pathogenic mechanism of pine wilt disease (pwd) remains unclear. although the pwn was thought to be the only pathogenic agent associated with this disease, a potential role for bacterial symbionts in the disease process was recently proposed. studies have indicated that aseptic pwns do not cause pwd in aseptic pine trees, while pwns associated with bacteria cause wilting s ...201222662271
characterization and ph-dependent substrate specificity of alkalophilic xylanase from bacillus alcalophilus.the gene of endo-beta-1-4 xylanase, xynt, was cloned from bacillus alcalophilus ax2000 and expressed in escherichia coli. this xynt, which belongs to glycoside hydrolase (gh) family 10, was found to have a molecular weight of approximately 37 kda and exhibit optimal activity at ph 7-9 and 50 °c. it exhibits a high activity towards birchwood xylan and has the ability to bind avicel. under optimal conditions, xynt hydrolyzes all xylooligomers into xylobiose as an end product with a preference for ...201222763748
Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 August 2011-30 September 2011.This article documents the addition of 299 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) EPIC primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources (MER) Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alosa pseudoharengus, Alosa aestivalis, Aphis spiraecola, Argopecten purpuratus, Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Garra gotyla, Hippodamia convergens, Linnaea borealis, Menippe mercenaria, Menippe adina, Parus major, Pinus densiflora, Portunus trituberculatus, Procontar ...201222136175
effects of elevated co(2) and pb on the microbial community in the rhizosphere of pinus densiflora.rising levels of atmospheric co(2) may stimulate forest productivity in the future, resulting in increased carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems. however, heavy metal contamination may interfere with this, though the response is not yet known. in this study, we investigated the effect of elevated co(2) and pb contamination on microorganisms and decomposition in pine tree forest soil. three-year old pine trees (pinus densiflora) were planted in pb contaminated soils (500 mg/kg-soil) and uncont ...201223274974
molecular identification of endophytic fungi isolated from needle leaves of conifers in bohyeon mountain, korea.fungal endophytes are microfungi that live in plants without causing apparent symptoms of infection. this study was conducted to identify endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of coniferous trees in bohyeon mountain of korea. we collected leaves of two species of coniferous trees, pinus densiflora and pinus koraiensis, from 11 sites in the study area. a total 58 isolates were obtained and identified using molecular and morphological characteristics. four species of endophytic fungi were isolated ...201223323047
a comparative study of matrix- and nano-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry of isolated and synthetic lignin.introduction: lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer next to cellulose. however, because of the complexity of the heterogeneous macromolecules, it is difficult to elucidate the polymeric structures of lignin by conventional analytical methods. objective: to obtain the detailed structures of lignin, we comparatively applied nano-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (naldi-tof ms) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectromet ...201121898628
volatile compounds and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of the needles of pinus densiflora and pinus thunbergii.to investigate the volatile compounds and the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of the essential oils of pinus densiflora needles (epdn) and pinus thunbergii needles (eptn), the volatile compounds of steam-distilled essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. antibacterial activities were analysed by performing disc-agar diffusion assay and determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of the essential oils. antioxidant activities were analysed via radica ...201121213230
antioxidant activity and analysis of proanthocyanidins from pine (pinus densiflora) needles.in this study, we evaluated the antioxidant activity of pine needle extracts prepared with hot water, ethanol, hexane, hot water-hexane (hwh), and hot water-ethanol (hwe), using the dpph (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical method. the hot water extract possessed superior antioxidant activity than the other extracts. we also compared the antioxidant activity of pine needle extracts through ros inhibition activity in a cellular system using mc3t3 e-1 cells. the hot water extract exhibited the ...201121994521
pinus densiflora leaf essential oil induces apoptosis via ros generation and activation of caspases in yd-8 human oral cancer cells.the leaf of pinus (p.) densiflora, a pine tree widely distributed in asian countries, has been used as a traditional medicine. in the present study, we investigated the anticancer activity of essential oil, extracted by steam distillation, from the leaf of p. densiflora in yd-8 human oral squamous cell carcinoma (oscc) cells. treatment of yd-8 cells with p. densiflora leaf essential oil (pleo) at 60 µg/ml for 8 h strongly inhibited prol ...201122086183
differential response of two pinus spp. to avian nitrogen input as revealed by nitrogen isotope analysis for tree rings.temporal variations in n concentration and d(15)n value of annual tree rings (1 year of time resolution) of two japanese black pine (pinus thunbergii) and three japanese red pine (pinus densiflora) trees under current breeding activity of the great cormorant (pharacrocorax carbo) and the black-tailed gull (larus crassirostris), respectively, in central and northeastern japan were studied. both species from control sites where no avian input occurs show negative values (d(15)n = around -4 ‰ to -2 ...201121271423
height-related decreases in mesophyll conductance, leaf photosynthesis and compensating adjustments associated with leaf nitrogen concentrations in pinus densiflora.hydraulic limitations associated with increasing tree height result in reduced foliar stomatal conductance (g(s)) and light-saturated photosynthesis (a(max)). however, it is unclear whether the decline in a(max) is attributable to height-related modifications in foliar nitrogen concentration (n), to mesophyll conductance (g(m)) or to biochemical capacity for photosynthesis (maximum rate of carboxylation, v(cmax)). simultaneous measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were made t ...201121467050
effects of pollen supply and quality on seed formation and maturation in pinus densiflora.to understand the detailed mechanisms underlying variations in seed productivity per cone, it is important to examine simultaneously the effects of two pollination mode components (pollen supply and quality) on two seed production processes (seed formation and maturation). we conducted artificial pollination experiments with four pollination treatments (selfing, polycross, no-pollination and open-pollination treatments) in each of two vertical crown layers (upper and lower) for 19 pinus ...201122080253
pollen tube reuses intracellular components of nucellar cells undergoing programmed cell death in pinus densiflora.through the process known as programmed cell death (pcd), nucelli of pinus densiflora serve as the transmitting tissue for growth of the pollen tube. we sought to clarify the processes of degradation of nucellar cell components and their transport to the pollen tube during pcd in response to pollen tube penetration of such nucelli. stimulated by pollination, synthesis of large amounts of starch grains occurred in cells in a wide region of the nucellus, but as the pollen tube penetrated the nucel ...201120623148
Genetic divergence, range expansion and possible homoploid hybrid speciation among pine species in Northeast China.Although homoploid hybrid speciation in plants is probably more common than previously realized, there are few well-documented cases of homoploid hybrid origin in conifers. We examined genetic divergence between two currently widespread pines in Northeast China, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Pinus densiflora, and also whether two narrowly distributed pines in the same region, Pinus funebris and Pinus takahasii, might have originated from the two widespread species by homoploid hybrid speci ...201122187083
automobile exhaust gas as a source of aqueous phase oh radical in the atmosphere and its effects on physiological status of pine trees.free radical generation potential of automobile exhaust gas was examined by measuring hydroxyl (oh) radical photo-formation rates in exhaust gas-scrubbing water. effects of automobile exhausts on physiological status of japanese red pine trees (pinus densiflora sieb. et zucc.) were also investigated to elucidate the mechanism how the free radicals derived from exhaust gas damage higher plants. gasoline and diesel exhaust gases were scrubbed into pure water. potential photo-formation rates of oh ...201121767866
transfer of (14)c-photosynthate to the sporocarp of an ectomycorrhizal fungus laccaria amethystina.sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi are strong carbon sinks for the source in host trees, but the details of carbon transfer from the host to the sporocarp are unknown. in this study, single seedlings of japanese red pine (pinus densiflora) colonised by laccaria amethystina were grown on floral foam plates fitted in rhizoboxes, resulting in fruiting on the substrate. the seedlings were photosynthetically labelled with (14)co(2); (14)c-labelled photosynthate transfer from leaves to sporocarps was ...201121698547
establishment of the evergreen broad-leaved tree species castanopsis cuspidata in an abandoned secondary forest in western japan.recently, populations of castanopsis cuspidata have often expanded into secondary forests in western japan. to determine the establishment processes of this species, we analyzed its spatial distribution in a secondary forest dominated by quercus variabilis and quercus serrata that is located adjacent to a stand dominated by c. cuspidata. saplings, defined as >or=30 cm stem length (sl) and <5 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), were abundant and their size distribution was inversely j-shaped, ind ...201020157757
a new abietic acid-type diterpene glucoside from the needles of pinus densiflora.from the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract of the needles of pinus densiflora (pinaceae), a new diterpenoid glucoside [9alpha,13alpha-epoxy-8beta,14beta-dihydroxy-abietic acid-18-o-beta-d: -glucopyranoside] (1), two flavonoid glucosides [kaempferol 3-o-beta-d: -glucoside (2) and 6-c-methyl kaempferol 3-o-beta-d: -glucoside (3)], and two monoterpenoid glucosides [bornyl 6-o-alpha-larabinofuranosyl (1-->6)-beta-d: -glucopyranoside (4) and bornyl 6-o-beta-d: -apiofuranosyl (1-->6)-beta ...201020162397
carbon and nitrogen status of litterfall, litter decomposition and soil in even-aged larch, red pine and rigitaeda pine plantations.the carbon (c) and nitrogen (n) status in forest ecosystems can change upon establishment of plantations because different tree species have different nutrient cycling mechanisms. this study was carried out to evaluate c and n status of litterfall, litter decomposition and soil in three adjacent plantations consisting of one deciduous (larch: larix leptolepis) and two evergreen (red pine: pinus densiflora; rigitaeda pine: p. rigida x p. taeda) species planted in the same year (1963). both the pi ...201020195884
comparison of methods for proanthocyanidin extraction from pine (pinus densiflora) needles and biological activities of the extracts.flavonoids are known to be effective scavengers of free radicals. in particular, proanthocyanidins are flavonoids that possess cardiovascular protection, antioxidative activities, and immunomodulatory activities. here, we evaluated proanthocyanidin contents in the total polyphenolic compounds of pine needle extracts prepared by hot water, ethanol, hexane, hot water-hexane (hwh), and hot water-ethanol (hwe). analysis of each extract indicated that the ethanol extract contained the highest proanth ...201020198204
influence of stand density on soil co2 efflux for a pinus densiflora forest in korea.we investigated the influence of stand density [938 tree ha(-1) for high stand density (hd), 600 tree ha(-1) for medium stand density (md), and 375 tree ha(-1) for low stand density (ld)] on soil co(2) efflux (r (s)) in a 70-year-old natural pinus densiflora s. et z. forest in central korea. concurrent with r (s) measurements, we measured litterfall, total belowground carbon allocation (tbca), leaf area index (lai), soil temperature (st), soil water content (swc), and soil nitrogen (n) concentra ...201020376523
micromorphology of epicuticular waxes and epistomatal chambers of pine species by electron microscopy and white light scanning interferometry.high-resolution imaging and quantitative surface analysis of epicuticular waxes and epistomatal chambers of pine species were performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and white light scanning interferometry. both juvenile and adult needles were collected from the two-year-old seedlings of pinus rigida and pinus densiflora and subjected to surface observations. epicuticular wax structures developed on the cuticle layer as well as in the epistomatal chambers and appeared to occlude ...201021087546
inhibitory effects of phenolic compounds from needles of pinus densiflora on nitric oxide and pge2 production.the needles of pinus densiflora siebold et zuccarini, a representative pinus species that grows in korea, have been used in oriental traditional medicine as remedies for rheumatitis, hemorrhage, cancer, etc. phytochemical examination of the needles of pinus densiflora siebold et zuccarini led to the isolation of four lignans, one flavan-3-ol, two flavonols and one organic acid. they were identified as icariside e(4) (1), cupressoside a (2), schizandriside (3), (+)-isolariciresinol (4), (+)-catec ...201021191767
changes in the distribution of south korean forest vegetation simulated using thermal gradient indices.to predict changes in south korean vegetation distribution, the warmth index (wi) and the minimum temperature of the coldest month index (mtci) were used. historical climate data of the past 30 years, from 1971 to 2000, was obtained from the korea meteorological administration. the fifth-generation national center for atmospheric research (ncar) /penn state mesoscale model (mm5) was used as a source for future climatic data under the a1b scenario from the special report on emission scenario (sre ...201020697868
estimation of carbon storage based on individual tree detection in pinus densiflora stands using a fusion of aerial photography and lidar data.the objective of this study was to estimate the carbon storage capacity of pinus densiflora stands using remotely sensed data by combining digital aerial photography with light detection and ranging (lidar) data. a digital canopy model (dcm), generated from the lidar data, was combined with aerial photography for segmenting crowns of individual trees. to eliminate errors in over and under-segmentation, the combined image was smoothed using a gaussian filtering method. the processed image was the ...201020697877
carbon and nitrogen storage in an age-sequence of pinus densiflora stands in korea.the carbon (c) and nitrogen (n) storage capabilities of pinus densiflora in six different stand ages (10, 27, 30, 32, 44, and 71 years old) were investigated in korea. thirty sample trees were destructively harvested and 12 were excavated. samples from the above and belowground tree components, coarse woody debris (cwd), forest floor, and mineral soil (0-30 cm) were collected. tree biomass was highest in the 71-year-old stand (202.8 t ha(-1)) and lowest in the 10-year-old stand (18.4 t ha(-1)). ...201020697871
nuclear dna fragmentation during cell death of short-lived ray tracheids in the conifer pinus densiflora.one key event in the programmed cell death is nuclear dna fragmentation. we investigated the timing of nuclear dna fragmentation during the cell death of short-lived ray tracheids in pinus densiflora using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dutp nick-end labeling (tunel) assay. fluorescence due to tunel was detected only in deformed nuclei that lacked obvious chromatin in ray tracheids that were adjacent to ray tracheids that no longer contained nuclei. our observations revealed ...201021052767
development processes and growth pattern of pinus densiflora stands in central eastern korea.stand growth and developmental processes were investigated in pinus densiflora siebold et zucc. stands of different ages in the central eastern region of korea. stands were inventoried and five trees per stand were sampled for stem analysis, age estimation, and growth analysis. more than 80% of sampled trees in a stand were established within 3-5 years, and most stands had a single cohort structure. the initial growth of pine seedlings was slow, but the height growth accelerated beyond 2-3 m hei ...201020502934
simultaneous evaluation of paternal and maternal immigrant gene flow and the implications for the overall genetic composition of pinus densiflora dispersed seeds.when considering the genetic implications of immigrant gene flow, it is important to evaluate both the proportions of immigrant gametes and their genetic composition. we simultaneously investigated paternal and maternal gene flow in dispersed seeds in a natural population of pinus densiflora located along a ridge. the paternity and maternity of a total of 454 dispersed seeds (in 2004 and 2005) were accurately and separately assigned to 454 candidate adult trees, by analyzing the nuclear dna of b ...201019889720
conversion of japanese red pine wood (pinus densiflora) into valuable chemicals under subcritical water conditions.a comparative study on the decomposition of japanese red pine wood under subcritical water conditions in the presence and absence of phosphate buffer was investigated in a batch-type reaction vessel. since cellulose makes up more than 40-45% of the components found in most wood species, a series of experiments were also carried out using pure cellulose as a model for woody biomass. several parameters such as temperature and residence time, as well as ph effects, were investigated in detail. the ...201019892325
in vitro ectomycorrhizal specificity between the asian red pine pinus densiflora and tricholoma matsutake and allied species from worldwide pinaceae and fagaceae forests.tricholoma matsutake produces commercially valuable, yet uncultivable, mushrooms (matsutake) in association with pines in the far east and scandinavia and with both pines and oaks in the foothills of tibet. other matsutake mushrooms, such as tricholoma anatolicum from the mediterranean regions and tricholoma magnivelare and tricholoma sp. from the north pacific coast area of canada and north america as well as mexico, respectively, are associated with pines or oaks in their natural habitats. tri ...201019941149
suppression of pine wilt disease by an antibacterial agent, oxolinic acid.pine wilt disease (pwd) is very complex and has been reported to be caused by pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner & buhrer) nickle, and its accompanying bacteria. however, there is no report on the control of pwd by antibacterial agent. the present study was performed to investigate disease control efficacy of antibacterial agents against pwd.201020151406
regulation of resin acid synthesis in pinus densiflora by differential transcription of genes encoding multiple 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(e)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase genes.pinus densiflora siebold et zucc. is the major green canopy species in the mountainous area of korea. to assess the response of resin acid biosynthetic genes to mechanical and chemical stimuli, we cloned cdnas of genes encoding enzymes involved in the 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (mep) pathway (1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (pddxs), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (pddxr) and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(e)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase (pdhdr)) by the rapid amplifica ...200919203978
identification of genes upregulated by pinewood nematode inoculation in japanese red pine.pine wilt disease caused by the pinewood nematode (pwn), bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner et buhrer) nickle, has destroyed huge areas of pine forest in east asia, including japan, china and korea. no protection against pwn has been developed, and the responses of pine trees at the molecular level are unrecorded. we isolated and analyzed upregulated or newly induced genes from pwn-inoculated japanese red pine (pinus densiflora sieb. et zucc.) by using an annealing control primer system and sup ...200919203959
interactive effects of simultaneous ozone and fluoranthene fumigation on the eco-physiological status of the evergreen conifer, japanese red pine (pinus densiflora sieb et. zucc.).forest decline has long been attributed to air pollution and acid rain/fog, with ozone having a record for damaging trees. this study investigated eco-physiological changes on japanese red pine caused by simultaneous fumigation of o(3) (o) and fluoranthene (f) over a 90 day period. seedlings were exposed individually or in combinations to 10 mum fluoranthene and o(3) (3 ppm and 6 ppm in 60 days and 90 days, respectively) inside growth chambers. eco-physiological parameters monitored included gas ...200918758948
paenibacillus pinihumi sp. nov., a cellulolytic bacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of pinus densiflora.a novel cellulolytic bacterium, strain s23(t), was isolated from the rhizosphere of the pine trees in daejeon, republic of korea. this isolate was gram-positive, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, catalase-negative, oxidase-positive, motile by means of peritrichous flagella, and tested positive for alkaline phosphatase, esterase lipase, leucine arylamidase, alpha-galactosidase, and beta-galactosidase activities. the dna g+c content was 49.5 mol%. the main cellular fatty acids were anteiso-c(15:0) (51 ...200919851724
purification and characterization of a thermostable xylanase from the brown-rot fungus laetiporus sulphureus.a thermostable extracellular xylanase was purified and characterized from brown-rot basidiomycete laetiporus sulphureus, cultivated on biologically pretreated pinus densiflora biomass. after three consecutive purification steps using deae, mono q, and superdex 75 columns, the xylanase specific activity was found to be 72.4 u/mg, nine fold higher than that of the crude culture solution, purity was 96%, and the molecular mass determined to be 69.3 kda. the optimal ph and temperature for xylanase a ...200919147106
phylogenetic diversity of non-nodulating rhizobium associated with pine ectomycorrhizae.most rhizobium species described are symbionts that form nodules on legume roots; however, non-nodulating strains of rhizobium are also widespread in nature. unfortunately, knowledge of non-nodulating rhizobium is quite limited compared with nodulating rhizobium. here, we studied the phylogenetic diversity of rhizobium species that inhabit japanese red pine roots (pinus densiflora). because fine roots of pine trees are usually colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi in nature, we mainly used ectomyco ...200919619232
comparison of chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from three conifer trees; pinus densiflora, cryptomeria japonica, and chamaecyparis obtusa.the chemical compositions, and antibacterial and antifungal effects of essential oils extracted from three coniferous species, pinus densiflora, cryptomeria japonica, and chamaecyparis obtusa, were investigated. gas chromatography mass analysis of the essential oils revealed that the major components and the percentage of each essential oil were 16.66% beta-phellandrene and 14.85% alpha-pinene in p. densiflora; 31.45% kaur-16-ene and 11.06% sabinene in c. japonica; and 18.75% bicyclo [2, 2, 1] h ...200919420996
an allelopathic substance in red pine needles (pinus densiflora).aqueous methanol extracts of red pine (pinus densiflora) needles inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of cress (lepidium sativum), lettuce (lactuca sativa), alfalfa (medicago sativa), ryegrass (lolium multiflorum), timothy (pheleum pratense), digitaria sanguinalis and echinochloa crus-galli. increasing the extract concentration increased inhibition, suggesting that the pine needles may have growth inhibitory substances and possess allelopathic potential. the aqueous methanol extract of the p ...200918755523
seasonal variations of monoterpene emissions from pinus densiflora in east asia.the emission rates and compositions of monoterpene from pinus densiflora were investigated in the gumsung (gm) and worak (wm) mountains. the standard emission rates (ers: ers is the monoterpene emission rate at standard temperature, 30 degrees c) from p. densiflora ranged from 0.817 to 1.704 (microgc/gdw-h). the ers and beta-values of total monoterpene were measured at the two study sites (gm and wm). in the spring and summer, the ers were the highest, while relatively low values (<0.058microgc/ ...200818678390
biogenic volatile organic compound emission potential of forests and paddy fields in the kinki region of japan.the standard biogenic volatile organic compound (bvoc) emissions from 10 japanese plant species (quercus serrata, quercus crispula, fagus crenata, quercus acutissima carruthers, quercus glauca, quercus myrsinaefolia, cryptomeria japonica, chamaecyparis obtusa, pinus densiflora, and rice [oryza sativa]) were measured. these species were selected due to their abundance in the estimated domain (47,000 km(2)) of the kinki region. bvoc emission experiments were conducted in a growth chamber where tem ...200818023428
neuroprotective effects of several korean medicinal plants traditionally used for stroke remedy.the neuroprotective effect of six aqueous extracts and one alcoholic extract prepared from seven medicinal plants that have been recorded as having therapeutic effects for stroke in korean traditional medicine were studied using both in vitro and in vivo cerebral ischemia models. among the extracts tested, the aqueous extracts of acorus gramineus, chrysanthemum indicum, and pinus densiflora and the alcoholic extract of vitis vinifera significantly increased the cell viability of sk-n-sh human ne ...200818598165
enzymatic saccharification of biologically pretreated pinus densiflora using enzymes from brown rot fungi.enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass was performed using culture filtrates of brown rot fungi including gloeophyllum sepiarium, fomitopsis pinicola, and laetiporus sulphureus. biological treatment with white rot fungi was used as pretreatment prior to enzymatic saccharification. endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, xylanase and cellobiohydrolase activities were determined from concentrated culture filtrates of the brown rot fungi. l. sulphureus has the highest endoglucanase, beta-gl ...200818804059
phytotoxicities of fluoranthene and phenanthrene deposited on needle surfaces of the evergreen conifer, japanese red pine (pinus densiflora sieb. et zucc.).polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) have been widely studied with respect to their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on animals and human cells. phenanthrene (phe) and fluoranthene (flu) effects on the needle photosynthetic traits of 2-year-old japanese red pine (pinus densiflora sieb. et. zucc.) seedlings were investigated. three months after fumigation of foliage with solutions containing these pahs (10 microm each), flu had negative effects on net photosynthesis at near-saturating irradi ...200818096285
leaf-age effects on seasonal variability in photosynthetic parameters and its relationships with leaf mass per area and leaf nitrogen concentration within a pinus densiflora crown.in the temperate zone of japan, pinus densiflora sieb. et zucc. bears needles of up to three age classes in the upper crown and up to five age classes in the lower crown. to elucidate the effects of leaf age on photosynthetic parameters and its relationships with leaf mass per unit area (lma) and leaf nitrogen (n(l)) concentration on an area (n(a)) and mass (n(m)) basis, we measured seasonal variations in lma, n(l), light-saturated photosynthetic rate (a(max)), stomatal conductance (g(s)), maxim ...200818244942
fluoranthene fumigation and exogenous scavenging of reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) in evergreen japanese red pine seedlings (pinus densiflora sieb. et. zucc.).generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) such as o(2)(-), h(2)o(2), and *oh is known to be a major mechanism of damage in biological systems. this study investigated and compared effectiveness of scavenging roi generated in fluoranthene (flu) pre-fumigated japanese red pine seedlings. three kinds of eco-physiological assessments were used to express the impact of the different fumigants used inside the green house. gas exchange measurements showed negative changes induced by 10 microm f ...200818442844
labdane-type diterpenes active against acne from pine cones (pinus densiflora).bioassay-guided extraction and fractionation of the aqueous methanolic extract of the cones of pinus densiflora (pinaceae) afforded one new labdane-type diterpene aldehyde, 15-nor-14-oxolabda-8(17),12 e-diene-18-oic acid, along with eight known diterpenes. their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods as well as by comparison with previously reported data. the isolates showed antibacterial (propionibacterium acnes) and antifungal activities.200818484541
phenolic phytochemicals derived from red pine (pinus densiflora) inhibit the invasion and migration of sk-hep-1 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.considerable attention has recently been focused on identifying chemopreventive phytochemicals derived from medicinal plants. here, we analyzed phenolic phytochemicals from red pine (rp) leaves and found epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) and epigallocatechin (egc), and catechin gallate (cg) as their major phenolic phytochemicals. this article also investigated whether rp leaf extract and its phenolic phytochemicals inhibit the invasion of sk-hep-1 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (sk-hep-1 cel ...200717404067
biological pretreatment of softwood pinus densiflora by three white rot fungi.the effects of biological pretreatment on the japanese red pine pinus densiflora, was evaluated after exposure to three white rot fungi ceriporia lacerata, stereum hirsutum, and polyporus brumalis. change in chemical composition, structural modification, and their susceptibility to enzymatic saccharification in the degraded wood were analyzed. of the three white rot fungi tested, s. hirsutum selectively degraded the lignin of this sortwood rather than the holocellulose component. after eight wee ...200718176529
the nematocidal activity and the structure-activity relationships of stilbenes.the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner et buhrer) nickle, is the causative agent of the pine wilt disease which has been devastating forests of pinus densiflora sieb.et zucc. and p. thunbergii parl. in japan. to prevent the pine wilt disease, the development of nematocidal compound is required. twenty-one synthesized stilbenes (1)-(20), (23), salicylic acid (21), and phenylsalicilate (22) were examined for their nematocidal activity against an isolate of b. xylophilus (t-4). ...200717613818
antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of pine (pinus densiflora) pollen extract.the study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activity of pine (pinus densiflora) pollen in mice. the antinociceptive activity was determined using acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction and formalin-induced licking, and the hot plate test. antiinflammatory effects were evaluated using carrageenan- and formalin-induced paw edema, and arachidonic acid-induced ear edema in mice. the ethanol extract of pine pollen (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant inhibitio ...200717273982
inhibitory effects of plant extracts on tyrosinase, l-dopa oxidation, and melanin synthesis.for medical, pharmacological, and cosmetic reasons, the demand for effective and safe depigmentating agents has increased. in this study, 101 plant extracts (methanol or water extracts) were screened for their inhibitory activities against tyrosinase, (l-3, 4,-dihydroxyphenylalanine) l-dopa oxidation, and melanin biosynthesis in b16 mouse melanoma cells. of the extracts examined, 31 showed over 50% inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase at a concentration of 666 microg/ml, and 11 inhibited l-dopa aut ...200717454565
flavonoids induce germination of basidiospores of the ectomycorrhizal fungus suillus bovinus.under laboratory conditions, spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi usually germinate very poorly or not at all. in a previous study, we showed that spores of the ectomycorrhizal fungus suillus bovinus germinated through the combination of activated charcoal treatment of media and co-culture with seedlings of pinus densiflora, which suggested that some substances contained in root exudates induced the germination. among the compounds reported from root exudates, flavonoids have been elucidated to play ...200717516095
elevated atmospheric co2 concentration alters the effect of phosphate supply on growth of japanese red pine (pinus densiflora) seedlings.we demonstrated that the inorganic phosphate (p(i)) requirement for growth of japanese red pine (pinus densiflora sieb. & zucc.) seedlings is increased by elevated co(2) concentration ([co(2)]) and that responses of the ectomycorrhizal fungus pisolithus tinctorius (pers.) coker & couch to p(i) supply are also altered. to investigate the growth response of non-mycorrhizal seedlings to p(i) supply in elevated [co(2)], non-mycorrhizal seedlings were grown for 73 days in ambient or elevated [co(2)] ...200616203711
involvement of nuclear factor-kappab in the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators by pinosylvin.nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) is a critical transcription factor for maximal expression of many of the cytokines that are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. in this study, we found that pinosylvin, a natural stilbenoid that is a component of the pine leaf (pinus densiflora), significantly inhibited lps-induced nf-kappab activation in a concentration-dependent manner. additionally, pinosylvin was found to inhibit the lps-induced phosphorylation and degradation of ikappab a ...200616783695
stem phototropism of trees: a possible significant factor in determining stem inclination on forest slopes.the main stems of trees on forest slopes incline down the slope to various extents that are characteristic of the species. the inclination has been explained as an active response to a horizontally asymmetrical light environment, but the contributing physiological mechanisms are unknown. the present study tested the hypothesis that stem phototropism, gravitropism, or a combination of the two determines the inclination of tree stems on forest slopes.200616790467
antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antitumor effects of pine needles (pinus densiflora).pine needles (pinus densiflora siebold et zuccarini) have long been used as a traditional health-promoting medicinal food in korea. to investigate their potential anticancer effects, antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antitumor activities were assessed in vitro and/or in vivo. pine needle ethanol extract (pne) significantly inhibited fe(2+)-induced lipid peroxidation and scavenged 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl radical in vitro. pne markedly inhibited mutagenicity of 2-anthramine, 2-nitrofluorene, ...200617474862
tricholoma matsutake in a natural pinus densiflora forest: correspondence between above- and below-ground genets, association with multiple host trees and alteration of existing ectomycorrhizal communities.tricholoma matsutake (matsutake) is an ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungus that produces economically important mushrooms in japan. here, we use microsatellite markers to identify genets of matsutake sporocarps and below-ground ecm tips, as well as associated host genotypes of pinus densiflora. we also studied ecm fungal community structure inside, beneath and outside the matsutake fairy rings, using morphological and internal transcribed spacer (its) polymorphism analysis. based on sporocarp samples, ...200616918553
phaeomoniella zymoides and phaeomoniella pinifoliorum spp. nov., new acid-tolerant epiphytic fungi isolated from pine needles in korea.two new epiphytes of anamorphic ascomycetes, phaeomoniella zymoides sp. nov. and phaeomoniella pinifoliorum sp. nov., were isolated from the needle surface of pinus densiflora in korea. the new taxa were characterized by acid-tolerant, slow, partially yeast-like growth and extensive production of emerging cells on convex wrinkled mycelial colonies. phaeomoniella zymoides produced mycelium with large numbers of intercalary and lateral or terminal vesicles or swollen cells. large conidiogenous cel ...200617139853
ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in vitro between tricholoma matsutake and pinus densiflora seedlings that resembles naturally occurring 'shiro'.we established an in vitro ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between tricholoma matsutake and pinus densiflora. mycorrhiza formed in a substrate of modified norkrans' c medium and granite-based soil had features similar to those observed previously only in naturally occurring mycorrhizal system called 'shiro,' and promoted the growth of plants with smaller root/shoot ratios. the in vitro formation of 'shiro' is essential for the development of t. matsutake system to produce mushrooms and is useful for t ...200616273392
seasonal changes in needle water content and needle aba concentration of japanese red pine, pinus densiflora, in declining forests on mt. gokurakuji, hiroshima prefecture, japan.to evaluate the effects of air pollution on the decline of pinus densiflora forests, various research has been conducted around mt. gokurakuji (34 degrees 23'n, 132 degrees 19'e, 693 m a.s.l.) north of the seto inland sea, west japan. to investigate the mechanisms responsible for decreases in photosynthesis (pn) and stomatal conductance (gl), delta13c of needles and seasonal changes in the water content (wc) and abscisic acid concentration (aba) of needles were measured in various stands. the de ...200616607566
effects of pine needle extract on pacemaker currents in interstitial cells of cajal from the murine small intestine.extracts of pine needles (pinus densiflora sieb. et zucc.) have diverse physiological and pharmacological actions. in this study we show that pine needle extract alters pacemaker currents in interstitial cells of cajal (icc) by modulating atp-sensitive k+ channels and that this effect is mediated by prostaglandins. in whole cell patches at 30 degrees , icc generated spontaneous pacemaker potentials in the current clamp mode (i = 0), and inward currents (pacemaker currents) in the voltage clamp m ...200516267398
[analysis of pine pollen by using ftir, sem and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis].infrared spectroscopy (ir), scanning electron microscope (sem) and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (edx) were used to analyze nutrients in four pine pollen powder samples. the ir fingerprints showed that each of the samples, pinus massoniana, pinus yunnanensis, pinus tabulaeformis, and pinus densiflora, respectively had its own characteristic infrared spectrum. based on the difference of the relative intensity of those characteristic absorption peaks, the ir fingerprints can be used for the ide ...200516499047
genetic mosaics in the massive persisting rhizosphere colony "shiro" of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete tricholoma matsutake.the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete tricholoma matsutake produces commercially valuable fruit bodies "matsutake" on a massive persisting rhizosphere aggregate of mycelia and mycorrhizas called "shiro." using inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism analysis, we attempted to explore the potential diversity within the population of t. matsutake isolated from small pinus densiflora woodlands located in various parts of japan. in general, random phylogenetic relationship was noted among t. matsuta ...200515830210
at-rich sequences containing arabidopsis-type telomere sequence and their chromosomal distribution in pinus densiflora.japanese red pine pinus densiflora has 2 n=24 chromosomes and after fish-detection of arabidopsis-type (a-type) telomere sequences, many telomere signals were observed on these chromosomes at interstitial and proximal regions in addition to the chromosome ends. these interstitial and proximal signal sites were observed as dapi-positive bands, suggesting that the interstitial and proximal telomere signal sites are composed of at-rich highly repetitive sequences. four dna clones (pal810, pal1114, ...200515791450
a new leptographium species associated with tomicus piniperda infesting pine logs in korea.during the course of a survey of sapstaining fungi in korea, a leptographium was isolated from pinus densiflora and p. koraiensis logs, infested with the bark beetle tomicus piniperda. the fungus grew optimally at 25 c on 2% malt extract agar and showed a high level of tolerance to cycloheximide. the leptographium has unusually short conidiophores and is morphologically similar to l. pini-densiflorae, l. lundbergii, l. yunnanense, and the leptographiumn anamorph of ophiostoma crassivaginatum. co ...200515912944
successful inoculation of mature pine with tricholoma matsutake.our finding demonstrates, for the first time, that the roots of mature pine trees can be successfully inoculated with a symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus, the valuable matsutake mushroom. long root segments (ca. 5-10 mm in diameter, ca. 50 cm in length) of 50-year-old pinus densiflora trees were excavated, washed, auxin-treated (2-5 mg indole butyric acid, iba, per root) and incubated in moist spagnum moss. twelve months later, short roots were regenerated, of which approximately 90% were free of ...200515856336
an aflp-based linkage map of japanese red pine (pinus densiflora) using haploid dna samples of megagametophytes from a single maternal tree.we have constructed an aflp-based linkage map of japanese red pine (pinus densiflora siebold et zucc.) using haploid dna samples of 96 megagametophytes from a single maternal tree, selection clone kyungbuk 4. twenty-eight primer pairs generated a total of 5,780 aflp fragments. five hundreds and thirteen fragments were verified as genetic markers with two alleles by their mendelian segregation. at the linkage criteria lod 4.0 and maximum recombination fraction 0.25(theta), a total of 152 markers ...200516267394
determination of optimum conditions for the analysis of volatile components in pine needles by double-shot pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.the optimum conditions for the analysis of the volatile organic components of pine needles from pinus densiflora using double-shot pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (dsp-gc-ms) were investigated with respect to thermal desorption temperature and duration of heating. a total of 41 compounds were identified using thermal desorption temperatures of 150 degrees c, 200 degrees c, 250 degrees c and 300 degrees c. thermal decomposition products, which include acetol, acetic acid, furfurals ...200516130791
highly polymorphic dna markers to specify strains of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete tricholoma matsutake based on sigmamary1, the long terminal repeat of gypsy-type retroelement mary1.the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete tricholoma matsutake produces commercially valuable fruit bodies--matsutake--in pinus sp. forest. here we report that pcr with outward facing primers designed based on sequences comprising sigma(mary1), the long terminal repeat of the gypsy-type retroelement mary1, specifies strains of t. matsutake. pcr with a primer based on the 22-bp sequence conserved at the 5'-end of sigma(mary1) conferred 73 reliable bands overall whose profiles depend upon strains of t. ma ...200515375684
antibacterial and antifungal effects of essential oils from coniferous trees.essential oils have potential biological effects, i.e., antibiotic, anticarcinogenic, and sedative effects during stress. in the present study, we investigated the antibacterial and antifungal effects of essential oils extracted from the coniferous species pinus densiflora, pinus koraiensis, and chamaecyparis obtusa, because their biological activities have not been yet elucidated. the essential oils were quantified using gas chromatography and identified in gas chromatography-mass spectrometric ...200415187434
a novel alpha-glucosidase inhibitor from pine bark.inhibitors of carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzymes play an important role for the treatment of diabetes. to our knowledge, a number of inhibitors such as, 1-deoxynojirimycin, acarbose and voglibose have been identified as a result of screening of secondary metabolites up to now. in this note, we report the inhibitory effect on carbohydrate hydrolysis of ethanol extracts from more than 1400 species of plants with the aim of identifying a potential antihyperglycemic drug. pinus densiflora bark extract ...200415013410
the mycorrhizal fungus tricholoma matsutake stimulates pinus densiflora seedling growth in vitro.while it has been suggested that matsutake mycorrhizae might not be functional and that matsutake may behave as a saprobic fungus in soil or even have some pathogenic activity on seedlings, we investigated the consequences of matsutake inoculation on pinus densiflora growth. seventy-five days after inoculation, hyphae were anchored on short roots and well-developed hartig net palmettis were observed. compared to both control treatments--seedlings treated with distilled water and seedlings treate ...200415322965
spatial and seasonal variability of temperature responses of biochemical photosynthesis parameters and leaf nitrogen content within a pinus densiflora crown.we measured seasonal variation in area-based nitrogen concentration (n), maximum rate of carboxylation (vcmax) and maximum rate of electron transport (jmax) in 1-year-old needles along four first-order branches within a pinus densiflora sieb. & zucc. crown, and analyzed their relationships to growth irradiance and temperature. each leaf light environment was expressed as a ratio of the monthly mean of daily integrated photosynthetically active irradiance (iint) for the particular needle to iint ...200415123445
an antidepressant effect of sho-ju-sen, a japanese herbal medicine, assessed by learned helplessness model in mice.the antidepressant effect of sho-ju-sen, a japanese herbal medicine composed of extracts of three herbs; kumazasa leaf (sasa kurinensis makino et sibata), japanese red pine leaf (pinus densiflora sieb. et zucc) and ginseng radix (panax ginseng c.a. meyer), was assessed using a learned helplessness model in mice. the learned helplessness was produced by presenting 120 unavoidable/inescapable shocks for 3 days to the mouse in a shuttle box, and the avoidance training was carried out on day 4. comp ...200415022173
antioxidant principles from the needles of red pine, pinus densi fl ora.antioxidant activity of pinus densiflora sieb. et zucc. (pinaceae) was evaluated for potential to inhibit hydroxyl radicals, inhibit total reactive oxygen species generation in kidney homogenates using 2',7'-dichlorodihydro fluorescein diacetate (dchf-da) and scavenge authentic peroxynitrites. the methanolic extract of p. densiflora showed strong antioxidant activity in the tested model systems and thus fractionated with several solvents. the antioxidant activity potential of the individual frac ...200314595588
horizontal and vertical variations in photosynthetic capacity in a pinus densiflora crown in relation to leaf nitrogen allocation and acclimation to irradiance.we measured horizontal and vertical gradients of light (rppfd) along four first-order branches of a pinus densiflora sieb. & zucc. crown, and compared variations in specific leaf area (sla), needle nitrogen concentration (n), chlorophyll concentration (chl) and photosynthetic capacity (i.e., maximum rate of carboxylation (v(cmax))) along the two axes. the horizontal gradient of rppfd along first-order branches was similar in magnitude to the vertical gradient of rppfd from the upper to the lower ...200312865251
a multichannel automated chamber system for continuous measurement of forest soil co2 efflux.we developed a fast-response multi-chamber system for measuring soil-surface co2 efflux (fc). the chambers (90 x 90 x 50 cm, l x w x h) had lids that opened and closed automatically, and were connected in parallel to a single co2 analyzer equipped with a 16-channel gas sampler. between measurements the chamber lids were raised to allow precipitation and leaf litter to reach the enclosed soil surface. when a chamber was closed, it was ventilated with well-buffered ambient air (125 l min-1) that e ...200312865248
horizontal transmission of bursaphelenchus xylophilus between sexes of monochamus alternatus.four experiments were conducted using nematode-infested and nematode-free adults of the cerambycid beetle, monochamus alternatus, to determine horizontal transmission pathways of bursaphelenchus xylophilus. when nematode-infested beetles of one sex and nematode-free beetles of the opposite sex were paired in containers for 48 or 72 hours, the number of nematodes carried by nematode-free beetles tended to increase with increased number of nematodes carried by nematode-infested beetles. the nemato ...200319265968
oviposition deterrence associated with larval frass of the japanese pine sawyer, monochamus alternatus (coleoptera: cerambycidae).to determine the effect of larval frass of monochamus alternatus on oviposition preference of the female adults, three tests were performed in the laboratory. individual females were provided with a frass-coated, pinus densiflora bolt and an untreated bolt simultaneously and were allowed to oviposit for 24 h. they deposited a significantly smaller number of eggs on frass-coated bolts. the females supplied with frass-coated bolts deposited no eggs on them, indicating that the larval frass deterre ...200212770095
considerations of correlated fertility between genders on genetic diversity: the pinus densiflora seed orchard as a model.the correlation between 99 clone female and male fertilities in a first generation seed orchard of pinus densiflora was studied over 6 years. the effective number of the parent ( n(p)) and the variance effective population number [ n(e)((v))] were used to assess the impact of total (psi(t)), female (psi(f)) and male (psi(m)) fertility variation. a theoretical framework was developed to account for female and male fertility correlations as well as the impact of possible pollen contamination. tota ...200212582897
variation in co2 assimilation rate induced by simulated dew waters with different sources of hydroxyl radical (*oh) on the needle surfaces of japanese red pine (pinus densifora sieb. et zucc.).the hydroxyl radical (*oh) is generated in polluted dew on the needle surfaces of japanese red pine (pinus densiflora sieb. et zucc.). this free radical, which is a potent oxidant, is assumed to be a cause of ecophysiological disorders of declining trees on the urban-facing side of mt. gokurakuji, western japan. mists of *oh-generating n(iii) (hno2 and no2-) and hooh + fe + oxalate solutions (50 and 100 microm, ph 5.1-5.4) simulating the dew water were applied to the foliage of pine seedlings gr ...200212009136
saprobic potential of tricholoma matsutake: growth over pine bark treated with surfactants.saprotrophic growth of tricholoma matsutake isolates was investigated over pinus densiflora bark fragments either on soil or on agar media. preferential colonization of pine bark fragments by hyphae, in glucose-deprived environments suggested that matsutake was able to extract some nutrients to sustain its growth. this was confirmed in glucose-free liquid nutrient medium, where bark as sole carbon source significantly stimulated (up to two-fold) growth of t. matsutake isolates. the addition of s ...200211968941
spatiotemporal transfer of carbon-14-labelled photosynthate from ectomycorrhizal pinus densiflora seedlings to extraradical mycelia.seedlings of pinus densiflora colonized by an unidentified ectomycorrhizal fungus (t01) were labelled photosynthetically with 14c. movement of 14c-labelled photosynthates within the underground part of the seedlings was investigated by temporal autoradiography using an imaging plate. within 1 day, 14c was transferred from the shoot to the underground part that included roots, mycorrhizae, and the extraradical mycelium; within 3 days, the 14c in the underground part reached its maximum density. m ...200212035731
a stilbene synthase from japanese red pine (pinus densiflora): implications for phytoalexin accumulation and down-regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis.stilbene synthase (sts) and chalcone synthase (chs) are plant-specific polyketide synthases that play key roles in the stilbenoid and flavonoid biosyntheses, respectively. we have recently isolated from pinus densiflora three sts cdnas (pdsts1, pdsts2, and pdsts3) and one chs cdna (pdchsx). we then heterologously expressed these cdnas in escherichia coli and characterized their properties. an unusual sts isozyme, pdsts3, lacks the common c-terminal extension of sts because of a frame-shift mutat ...200211880657
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