Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| a molecular survey of babesia species and detection of a new babesia species by dna related to b. venatorum from white yaks in tianzhu, china. | bovine babesiosis is a tick-transmitted disease caused by different species of babesia. the white yak is a unique yak breed that lives only in tianzhu in the tibetan autonomous county, gansu province, in northwestern china. previous research using the elisa method has confirmed that the white yak could become infected with b. bigemina. the objective of this study was the molecular detection and identification of babesia species in white yaks. a total of 409 white yak blood samples were collected ... | 2017 | 28352260 |
| tick surveillance for borrelia miyamotoi and phylogenetic analysis of isolates in mongolia and japan. | borrelia miyamotoi, recently recognized as a human pathogenic spirochete, was isolated from ixodes persulcatus and i. ovatus in northern mongolia and honshu island, a major island in japan. although no human b. miyamotoi infections have been reported in mongolia, the prevalence of b. miyamotoi in ticks from mongolia is higher than that in ticks from hokkaido, japan, where human cases have been reported. moreover, the multi-locus sequence analysis of cultured isolates revealed that b. miyamotoi i ... | 2017 | 28768603 |
| myd88-dependent inflammasome activation and autophagy inhibition contributes to ehrlichia-induced liver injury and toxic shock. | severe hepatic inflammation is a common cause of acute liver injury following systemic infection with ehrlichia, obligate gram-negative intracellular bacteria that lack lipopolysaccharide (lps). we have previously shown that type i ifn (ifn-i) and inflammasome activation are key host-pathogenic mediators that promote excessive inflammation and liver damage following fatal ehrlichia infection. however, the underlying signals and mechanisms that regulate protective immunity and immunopathology dur ... | 2017 | 29049365 |
| detection of francisella tularensis and analysis of bacterial growth in ticks in japan. | francisella tularensis is distributed in the northern hemisphere and it is the bacterial agent responsible for tularaemia, a zoonotic disease. we collected 4 527 samples of dna from ticks in japan, which were then analysed by real-time pcr and nested pcr. francisella dna was detected by real-time pcr in 2·15% (45/2 093) of ixodes ovatus, 0·66% (14/2 107) of i. persulcatus, 8·22% (6/73) of i. monospinosus and 0·72% (1/138) of haemaphysalis flava specimens. finally, francisella dna was detected by ... | 2016 | 27432517 |
| nk cell-mediated regulation of protective memory responses against intracellular ehrlichial pathogens. | ehrlichiae are gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria that cause potentially fatal human monocytic ehrlichiosis. we previously showed that natural killer (nk) cells play a critical role in host defense against ehrlichia during primary infection. however, the contribution of nk cells to the memory response against ehrlichia remains elusive. primary infection of c57bl/6 mice with ehrlichia muris provides long-term protection against a second challenge with the highly virulent ixodes ovatus ... | 2016 | 27092553 |
| vaccination with an attenuated mutant of ehrlichia chaffeensis induces pathogen-specific cd4+ t cell immunity and protection from tick-transmitted wild-type challenge in the canine host. | ehrlichia chaffeensis is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen and the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis. transmitted by the amblyomma americanum tick, e. chaffeensis also causes disease in several other vertebrate species including white-tailed deer and dogs. we have recently described the generation of an attenuated mutant strain of e. chaffeensis, with a mutation in the ech_0660 gene, which is able to confer protection from secondary, intravenous-administered, wild-type e. chaffeens ... | 2016 | 26841025 |
| nested coevolutionary networks shape the ecological relationships of ticks, hosts, and the lyme disease bacteria of the borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) complex. | the bacteria of the borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) (bbg) complex constitute a group of tick-transmitted pathogens that are linked to many vertebrate and tick species. the ecological relationships between the pathogens, the ticks and the vertebrate carriers have not been analysed. the aim of this study was to quantitatively analyse these interactions by creating a network based on a large dataset of associations. specifically, we examined the relative positions of partners in the network, the phylog ... | 2016 | 27662832 |
| tick-borne bacterial pathogens in southwestern finland. | ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus are the main vectors of lyme borreliosis spirochetes and several other zoonotic bacteria in northern europe and russia. however, few studies screening bacterial pathogens in finnish ticks have been conducted. therefore, reports on the occurrence and prevalence of several bacterial pathogens detected from ticks elsewhere in europe and russia are altogether missing from finland. the main aim of the current study was to produce novel data on the occurrence and ... | 2016 | 27004834 |
| co-infection of ticks: the rule rather than the exception. | ticks are the most common arthropod vectors of both human and animal diseases in europe, and the ixodes ricinus tick species is able to transmit a large number of bacteria, viruses and parasites. ticks may also be co-infected with several pathogens, with a subsequent high likelihood of co-transmission to humans or animals. however few data exist regarding co-infection prevalences, and these studies only focus on certain well-known pathogens. in addition to pathogens, ticks also carry symbionts t ... | 2016 | 26986203 |
| anaplasma species of veterinary importance in japan. | anaplasma species of the family anaplasmataceae, order rickettsiales are tick-borne organisms that can cause disease in animals and humans. in japan, all recognized species of anaplasma (except for anaplasma ovis) and a potentially novel anaplasma sp. closely related to anaplasma phagocytophilum have been reported. most of these detected tick-borne pathogens are believed to be lowly pathogenic in animals in japan although the zoonotic a. phagocytophilum has recently been reported to cause clinic ... | 2016 | 27956767 |
| pathogenic potential and growth kinetics of muko virus in mice and human-derived cells. | ticks have been long known as vectors of various pathogens, some of which can cause high fatality rates among infected individuals. our enhanced tick surveillance around nagasaki, japan, led to the isolation and identification of a new strain of a recently identified orbivirus, muko virus (muv). the orbiviruses have a wide host range, including humans, and is related to a spectrum of clinical outcomes. however, the zoonotic potential of some members of the genus, although reported, were not clea ... | 2016 | 27777508 |
| a review of piroplasmid infections in wild carnivores worldwide: importance for domestic animal health and wildlife conservation. | piroplasmids are tick-borne protozoan parasites that infect blood cells (erythrocytes, lymphocytes or other leukocytes) or endothelial cells of numerous wild and domestic vertebrates worldwide. they cause severe disease in livestock, dogs, cats, wild mammals and, occasionally, in humans. piroplasmid infections are prevalent in wild carnivores worldwide although there is limited information about their clinical and epidemiological importance. there are currently nine recognized species of babesia ... | 2016 | 27724937 |
| microtomography of the baltic amber tick ixodes succineus reveals affinities with the modern asian disease vector ixodes ovatus. | fossil ticks are extremely rare and ixodes succineus weidner, 1964 from eocene (ca. 44-49 ma) baltic amber is one of the oldest examples of a living hard tick genus (ixodida: ixodidae). previous work suggested it was most closely related to the modern and widespread european sheep tick ixodes ricinus (linneaus, 1758). | 2016 | 27724841 |
| candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis in ticks from migrating birds in sweden. | candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis (cnm; family anaplasmataceae) was recently recognized as a potential tick-borne human pathogen. the presence of cnm in mammals, in host-seeking ixodes ticks and in ticks attached to mammals and birds has been reported recently. we investigated the presence of cnm in ornithophagous ticks from migrating birds. a total of 1,150 ticks (582 nymphs, 548 larvae, 18 undetermined ticks and two adult females) collected from 5,365 birds captured in south-eastern sweden wa ... | 2015 | 26207834 |
| first detection of ehrlichia canis in cerebrospinal fluid from a nonthrombocytopenic dog with meningoencephalitis by broad-range pcr. | 2015 | 26610407 | |
| the role of cd8 t lymphocytes in rickettsial infections. | arthropod-borne obligately intracellular bacteria pose a difficult challenge to the immune system. the genera rickettsia, orientia, ehrlichia, and anaplasma evolved mechanisms of immune evasion, and each interacts differently with the immune system. the roles of cd8 t cells include protective immunity and immunopathology. in rickettsia infections, cd8 t cells are protective mediated in part by cytotoxicity toward infected cells. in contrast, tnf-α overproduction by cd8 t cells is pathogenic in l ... | 2015 | 25823954 |
| isolation and propagation of a spiroplasma sp. from slovakian ixodes ricinus ticks in ixodes spp. cell lines. | ixodes spp. ticks are known to occasionally harbour spiroplasmas - helical mycoplasmas in the class mollicutes; a previous study in slovakia reported an overall prevalence of spiroplasma ixodetis of 3% in ixodes ricinus. in the present study, extracts of unfed adult i. ricinus ticks collected from vegetation in south-western slovakia were added to a panel of cell lines derived from i. ricinus and ixodes scapularis embryos. the cultures were monitored by preparation and examination of giemsa-stai ... | 2015 | 26003954 |
| molecular survey of anaplasma species in small ruminants reveals the presence of novel strains closely related to a. phagocytophilum in tunisia. | a survey of anaplasma species in small ruminants is still lacking in north african countries. in this study, the presence of a. phagocytophilum, a. phagocytophilum-related species, and a. ovis was investigated in a total of 563 healthy small ruminants (303 goats and 260 sheep), from 25 randomly selected flocks sampled in tunisia. anaplasma spp. and a. ovis overall infection rates were 95.0% and 93.8% in sheep and 69.6% and 65.3% in goats, respectively. a. phagocytophilum was not detected in any ... | 2015 | 26394065 |
| neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology. | a wide range of viruses from different virus families in different geographical areas, may cause immediate or delayed neuropathological changes and neurological manifestations in humans and animals. infection by neurotropic viruses as well as the resulting immune response can irreversibly disrupt the complex structural and functional architecture of the central nervous system, frequently leaving the patient or affected animal with a poor or fatal prognosis. mechanisms that govern neuropathogenes ... | 2015 | 26659576 |
| comparative metagenomic profiling of symbiotic bacterial communities associated with ixodes persulcatus, ixodes pavlovskyi and dermacentor reticulatus ticks. | ixodes persulcatus, ixodes pavlovskyi, and dermacentor reticulatus ticks inhabiting western siberia are responsible for the transmission of a number of etiological agents that cause human and animal tick-borne diseases. because these ticks are abundant in the suburbs of large cities, agricultural areas, and popular tourist sites and frequently attack people and livestock, data regarding the microbiomes of these organisms are required. using metagenomic 16s profiling, we evaluate bacterial commun ... | 2015 | 26154300 |
| tick-borne encephalitis: a review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management. | tick-borne encephalitis is an infection of central nervous system caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted to humans predominantly by tick bites. during the last few decades the incidence of the disease has been increasing and poses a growing health problem in almost all endemic european and asian countries. most cases occur during the highest period of tick activity, in central europe mainly from april to november. tick-borne encephalitis is more common in adults than in children. cl ... | 2015 | 25984517 |
| tick-borne infections in human and animal population worldwide. | the abundance and activity of ectoparasites and its hosts are affected by various abiotic factors, such as climate and other organisms (predators, pathogens and competitors) presenting thus multiples forms of association (obligate to facultative, permanent to intermittent and superficial to subcutaneous) developed during long co-evolving processes. ticks are ectoparasites widespread globally and its eco epidemiology are closely related to the environmental conditions. they are obligatory hematop ... | 2015 | 27047089 |
| rhipicephalus microplus and ixodes ovatus cystatins in tick blood digestion and evasion of host immune response. | cystatins are a group of cysteine protease inhibitors responsible for physiological proteolysis regulation and present in a wide range of organisms. studies about this class of inhibitors in parasites have contributed to clarify their roles in important physiological processes, like blood digestion and modulation of host immune response during blood feeding. thus, cystatins are a subject of research on the development of new parasite control methods. additionally, the characterization of protein ... | 2015 | 25889092 |
| borrelia miyamotoi infection in nature and in humans. | borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever borrelia group spirochete that is transmitted by the same hard-bodied (ixodid) tick species that transmit the agents of lyme disease. it was discovered in 1994 in ixodes persulcatus ticks in japan. b. miyamotoi species phylogenetically cluster with the relapsing fever group spirochetes, which usually are transmitted by soft-bodied (argasid) ticks or lice. b. miyamotoi infects at least six ixodes tick species in north america and eurasia that transmit lyme ... | 2015 | 25700888 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks from eastern china. | to explore the tick distribution and prevalence of borrelia in zhejiang province, we performed a survey in nine sites. a total of 447 adult ticks of 11 species were captured and the dominant tick species were haemaphysalis longicornis and ixodes sinensis and the abundance of tick species in different areas varied significantly. overall, 4.70% of the ticks were polymerase chain reaction (pcr) positive for borrelia. the average pcr positive rates were 5.19% for h. longicornis, 3.45% for amblyomma ... | 2015 | 25548382 |
| current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology. | a pure bacterial culture remains essential for the study of its virulence, its antibiotic susceptibility, and its genome sequence in order to facilitate the understanding and treatment of caused diseases. the first culture conditions empirically varied incubation time, nutrients, atmosphere, and temperature; culture was then gradually abandoned in favor of molecular methods. the rebirth of culture in clinical microbiology was prompted by microbiologists specializing in intracellular bacteria. th ... | 2015 | 25567228 |
| the omentum is a site of protective igm production during intracellular bacterial infection. | infection of mice with the bacterium ehrlichia muris elicits a protective t cell-independent (ti) igm response mediated primarily by a population of cd11c-expressing plasmablasts in the spleen. although splenic marginal zone (mz) b cells are considered to be important for ti responses to blood-borne pathogens, mz b cells were not responsible for generating plasmablasts in response to ehrlichia muris. moreover, antigen-specific serum igm was decreased only modestly in splenectomized mice and in m ... | 2015 | 25776744 |
| molecular characterization of a defensin gene from a hard tick, dermacentor silvarum. | ticks are distributed worldwide and considered as vectors of many human diseases. tick defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides, form the first line of defense against pathogens. | 2015 | 25588982 |
| a nationwide survey of ixodid tick species recovered from domestic dogs and cats in japan in 2011. | a nationwide survey of ixodid ticks was performed in 2011, during which a total of 4237 and 298 ticks were recovered from 1162 dogs and 136 cats, respectively. haemaphysalis longicornis was the most frequently found tick species on canine hosts (739 dogs), followed by h. flava (166), ixodes ovatus (139), and rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (70). h. hystricis, h. japonica, h. megaspinosa, h. formosensis, h. campanulata, h. ias, i. nipponensis, i. persulcatus, and amblyomma testudinarium were ... | 2014 | 25155339 |
| detachment of hard ticks (acari: ixodidae) from hunted sika deer (cervus nippon). | ixodid ticks were collected from 13 sika deer, cervus n.nippon, shot in the boso peninsula in central japan from late february to early march 1999. haemaphysalis megaspinosa was the most abundant species of the adults collected, although haemaphysalis longicornis, h. flava, h. kitaokai, h. cornigera, ixodes ovatus, and amblyomma testudinarium were also collected. males were more abundant than females for h. longicornis, h. megaspinosa, h. flava, and h. kitaokai. ticks that had inserted their hyp ... | 2014 | 24659518 |
| type i interferon contributes to noncanonical inflammasome activation, mediates immunopathology, and impairs protective immunity during fatal infection with lipopolysaccharide-negative ehrlichiae. | ehrlichia species are intracellular bacteria that cause fatal ehrlichiosis, mimicking toxic shock syndrome in humans and mice. virulent ehrlichiae induce inflammasome activation leading to caspase-1 cleavage and il-18 secretion, which contribute to development of fatal ehrlichiosis. we show that fatal infection triggers expression of inflammasome components, activates caspase-1 and caspase-11, and induces host-cell death and secretion of il-1β, il-1α, and type i interferon (ifn-i). wild-type and ... | 2014 | 25481711 |
| early induction of interleukin-10 limits antigen-specific cd4⁺ t cell expansion, function, and secondary recall responses during persistent phagosomal infection. | diverse pathogens have evolved to survive and replicate in the endosomes or phagosomes of the host cells and establish persistent infection. ehrlichiae are gram-negative, intracellular bacteria that are transmitted by ticks. ehrlichiae reside in the endosomes of the host phagocytic or endothelial cells and establish persistent infection in their vertebrate reservoir hosts. cd4(+) t cells play a critical role in protection against phagosomal infections. in the present study, we investigated the e ... | 2014 | 25024370 |
| an animal model of a newly emerging human ehrlichiosis. | human ehrlichioses are emerging life-threatening diseases transmitted by ticks. animal models have been developed to study disease development; however, there is no valid small animal model that uses a human ehrlichial pathogen. the objective of this study was to develop a mouse model for ehrlichiosis with the newly discovered human pathogen, ehrlichia muris-like agent (emla). | 2014 | 24990203 |
| complete genome sequence of ehrlichia muris strain as145t, a model monocytotropic ehrlichia strain. | we report here the complete genome sequence of ehrlichia muris strain as145(t), which was isolated from a wild mouse in 1983 in japan. e. muris establishes persistent infections in laboratory mice and is widely used as a surrogate pathogen in a murine model of ehrlichiosis. | 2014 | 24482514 |
| pcr detection of babesia ovata from questing ticks in japan. | babesia ovata is a tick-transmitted hemoprotozoan parasite of cattle. in the present study, we analyzed tick dna samples (n=1459) prepared from questing ticks collected from various cattle pastures in hokkaido (shibecha, taiki, otofuke, memuro, and shin-hidaka districts) and okinawa (yonaguni island) prefectures of japan for b. ovata. when all the tick dna samples were screened by a previously described b. ovata-specific apical membrane antigen-1 (ama-1) gene-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr ... | 2014 | 24572609 |
| tick surveillance for relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi in hokkaido, japan. | during 2012-2013, a total of 4325 host-seeking adult ticks belonging to the genus ixodes were collected from various localities of hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan. tick lysates were subjected to real-time pcr assay to detect borrelial infection. the assay was designed for specific detection of the relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi and for unspecific detection of lyme disease-related spirochetes. overall prevalence of b. miyamotoi was 2% (71/3532) in ixodes persulcatus, 4.3 ... | 2014 | 25111141 |
| type i interferons promote severe disease in a mouse model of lethal ehrlichiosis. | human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme) is caused by a tick-borne obligate intracellular pathogen of the order rickettsiales. hme disease can range from mild to a fatal, toxic shock-like syndrome, yet the mechanisms regulating pathogenesis are not well understood. we define a central role for type i interferons (alpha interferon [ifn-α] and ifn-β) in severe disease in a mouse model of fatal ehrlichiosis caused by ixodes ovatus ehrlichia (ioe). ifn-α and ifn-β were induced by ioe infection but not in ... | 2014 | 24491580 |
| type i interferons in bacterial infections: taming of myeloid cells and possible implications for autoimmunity. | type i interferons (ifns) were first described for their ability to protect the host from viral infections and may also have beneficial effects under specific conditions within some bacterial infections. yet, these pleiotropic cytokines are now known to exacerbate infections by numerous life-threatening bacteria, including the intracellular pathogens listeria monocytogenes and mycobacterium tuberculosis. the evidence that such detrimental effects occur during bacterial infections in both animals ... | 2014 | 25309533 |
| experimental infection of rhipicephalus sanguineus with ehrlichia chaffeensis. | ehrlichia chaffeensis, the etiologic agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen that is infective to a wide range of mammals, including dogs and people. amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick, is considered the primary vector of e. chaffeensis, but this pathogen has been detected in other tick species, including the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. we hypothesized that the arkansas strain of e. chaffeensis is infective to r. sanguineus, and used a nove ... | 2014 | 24894131 |
| molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in captive wild felids, zimbabwe. | the populations of wild felids in africa, of especially lions (panthera leo) and cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus), are declining and the species are classified as vulnerable to extinction by the international union for conservation of nature. as infections with tick-borne pathogens (tbp) can become more of a problem in wild felids, there are relatively few studies on tbp in wild felids in africa and on how these infections might influence population numbers. | 2014 | 25404084 |
| molecular survey of babesia gibsoni using haemaphysalis longicornis collected from dogs and cats in japan. | a nationwide survey of babesia gibsoni using haemaphysalis longicornis collected from dogs and cats in japan was conducted using molecular methods. a total of 1,341 h. longicornis, including 305 females, 14 males, 332 nymphs and 690 larvae (153 pools) from 44 prefectures, were examined by b. gibsoni-targeted pcr. partial sequence analysis revealed that 12 of 13 positive samples sequenced, including samples from tottori, hiroshima, yamaguchi, tokushima, ehime and oita prefectures (all in western ... | 2014 | 24920547 |
| asymptomatic "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" infections in immunocompetent humans. | in europe, human infections with "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" have mainly been restricted to immunocompromised patients. we report here the first cases of asymptomatic "ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis" infection in immunocompetent humans (5/316 [1.6%] were infected). due to the potential threats of infections with "ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis" in healthy persons to the safety of the blood supply, further study of this phenomenon is required. | 2014 | 24899023 |
| pathogens in ticks collected from dogs in berlin/brandenburg, germany. | tick-borne diseases are a major health risk for humans and dogs. in addition to collection and analysis of questing ticks, analysis of host-associated ticks for the presence of pathogens is a valuable method to gain insight into transmission patterns of tick-borne diseases. | 2014 | 25441762 |
| first detection and molecular identification of borrelia garinii spirochete from ixodes ovatus tick ectoparasitized on stray cat in taiwan. | borrelia garinii spirochete was detected for the first time in ixodes ovatus tick ectoparasitized on stray cat in taiwan. the genetic identity of this detected spirochete was determined by analyzing the gene sequence amplified by genospecies-specific polymerase chain reaction assays based on the 5s-23s intergenic spacer amplicon (rrf-rrl) and outer surface protein a (ospa) genes of b. burgdorferi sensu lato. phylogenetic relationships were analyzed by comparing the sequences of rrf-rrl and ospa ... | 2014 | 25343260 |
| microbial population analysis of the salivary glands of ticks; a possible strategy for the surveillance of bacterial pathogens. | ticks are one of the most important blood-sucking vectors for infectious microorganisms in humans and animals. when feeding they inject saliva, containing microbes, into the host to facilitate the uptake of blood. an understanding of the microbial populations within their salivary glands would provide a valuable insight when evaluating the vectorial capacity of ticks. three tick species (ixodes ovatus, i. persulcatus and haemaphysalis flava) were collected in shizuoka prefecture of japan between ... | 2014 | 25089898 |
| ticks infesting humans in italy and associated pathogens. | ticks may transmit a large variety of pathogens, which cause illnesses in animals and humans, commonly referred to as to tick-borne diseases (tbds). the incidence of human tbds in italy is underestimated because of poor surveillance and the scant amount of studies available. | 2014 | 25023709 |
| detection of tick-borne 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis' and anaplasma phagocytophilum in spain in 2013. | 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis' is a tick-borne bacteria implicated in human health. to date, 'ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis' has been described in different countries from africa, asia and europe, but never in spain. however, according to the epidemiological features of the main vector in europe, ixodes ricinus, its circulation in our country was suspected. | 2014 | 24484637 |
| distribution of tick-borne diseases in china. | as an important contributor to vector-borne diseases in china, in recent years, tick-borne diseases have attracted much attention because of their increasing incidence and consequent significant harm to livestock and human health. the most commonly observed human tick-borne diseases in china include lyme borreliosis (known as lyme disease in china), tick-borne encephalitis (known as forest encephalitis in china), crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (known as xinjiang hemorrhagic fever in china), q-f ... | 2013 | 23617899 |
| meningoencephalitis from borrelia miyamotoi in an immunocompromised patient. | ixodes ticks serve as vectors for borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease. globally, these ticks often concurrently harbor b. miyamotoi, a spirochete that is classified within the relapsing-fever group of spirochetes. although humans presumably are exposed to b. miyamotoi, there are limited data suggesting disease attributable to it. we report a case of progressive mental deterioration in an older, immunocompromised patient, and even though koch's postulates were not met, we posit b. miy ... | 2013 | 23323900 |
| a novel approach, based on blsoms (batch learning self-organizing maps), to the microbiome analysis of ticks. | ticks transmit a variety of viral, bacterial and protozoal pathogens, which are often zoonotic. the aim of this study was to identify diverse tick microbiomes, which may contain as-yet unidentified pathogens, using a metagenomic approach. dna prepared from bacteria/archaea-enriched fractions obtained from seven tick species, namely amblyomma testudinarium, amblyomma variegatum, haemaphysalis formosensis, haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes ovatus, ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus, was subject ... | 2013 | 23303373 |
| close geographic association of human neoehrlichiosis and tick populations carrying "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" in eastern switzerland. | neoehrlichiosis caused by "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" is an emerging zoonotic disease. in total, six patients have been described in europe, with the first case detected in 2007. in addition, seven patients from china were described in a report published in october 2012. in 2009, we diagnosed the first human case of "ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis" infection in the zurich area (switzerland). here, we report two additional human cases from the same region, which were identified by broad-ran ... | 2013 | 23115262 |
| a novel high-resolution melt pcr assay discriminates anaplasma phagocytophilum and "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis". | "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" (anaplasmataceae) is an emerging pathogen transmitted by ixodes ticks. conventional pcr and the newly developed high-resolution melt pcr were used to detect and discriminate "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" and anaplasma phagocytophilum. both bacterial species were frequently found in ixodes ricinus and ixodes hexagonus but virtually absent from dermacentor reticulatus. in rodents, "candidatus n. mikurensis" was significantly more prevalent than a. phagoc ... | 2013 | 23576542 |
| molecular analysis of anaplasma phagocytophilum isolated from patients with febrile diseases of unknown etiology in china. | although anaplasmosis cases have been nationally identified in china, no human isolates of a. phagocytophilum have been obtained, which limits the analysis of any molecular and genetic contributions to patients' severe clinical manifestations and the study of the bacteria's pathogeneses in china. given this situation, a joint project was conducted in 2009-2010. a total of 421 febrile cases of unknown etiology were collected and the patients' blood samples were collected for laboratory diagnoses ... | 2013 | 23451170 |
| myd88 signaling in cd4 t cells promotes ifn-γ production and hematopoietic progenitor cell expansion in response to intracellular bacterial infection. | hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (hspc) phenotype and function can change in response to infectious challenge. these changes can be mediated by cytokines, ifns, and pathogen-associated molecules, via tlr, and are thought to promote tailored immune responses for particular pathogens. in this study, we investigated the signals that activate hspcs during ehrlichiosis, a disease characterized by profound hematopoietic dysfunction in both humans and mice. in a mouse model of ehrlichiosis, we ob ... | 2013 | 23526822 |
| an emerging tick-borne disease of humans is caused by a subset of strains with conserved genome structure. | the prevalence of tick-borne diseases is increasing worldwide. one such emerging disease is human anaplasmosis. the causative organism, anaplasma phagocytophilum, is known to infect multiple animal species and cause human fatalities in the u.s., europe and asia. although long known to infect ruminants, it is unclear why there are increasing numbers of human infections. we analyzed the genome sequences of strains infecting humans, animals and ticks from diverse geographic locations. despite exten ... | 2013 | 25437207 |
| survey of coxiella burnetii in ticks collected from dogs in japan. | for a survey of coxiella burnetii, the q fever agent, ticks infesting companion dogs were collected in aomori, tochigi, gifu and okinawa prefectures, japan. a total of 261 ticks were collected, and their species were identified morphologically. five tick species were identified: ixodes ovatus, haemaphysalis concinna, h. flava, h. longicornis and rhipicephalus sanguineus. total dna was extracted from them individually followed by real-time pcr to detect a c. burnetii-specific gene. the results of ... | 2013 | 23558956 |
| ehrlichia chaffeensis uses its surface protein etpe to bind gpi-anchored protein dnase x and trigger entry into mammalian cells. | ehrlichia chaffeensis, an obligatory intracellular rickettsial pathogen, enters and replicates in monocytes/macrophages and several non-phagocytic cells. e. chaffeensis entry into mammalian cells is essential not only for causing the emerging zoonosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis, but also for its survival. it remains unclear if e. chaffeensis has evolved a specific surface protein that functions as an 'invasin' to mediate its entry. we report a novel entry triggering protein of ehrlichia, etpe ... | 2013 | 24098122 |
| neutrophils mediate immunopathology and negatively regulate protective immune responses during fatal bacterial infection-induced toxic shock. | ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects primarily monocytes and macrophages and causes potentially fatal human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme) that mimics toxic-shock-like syndrome in immunocompetent hosts. early recruitment of neutrophils to the sites of infection is critical for the control of bacterial infection and inflammatory responses. we recently observed rapid and sustained neutrophil recruitment at a primary site of infection (peritoneum) following lethal ... | 2013 | 23478316 |
| tlr2 and nod2 mediate resistance or susceptibility to fatal intracellular ehrlichia infection in murine models of ehrlichiosis. | our murine models of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme) have shown that severe and fatal ehrlichiosis is due to generation of pathogenic t cell responses causing immunopathology and multi-organ failure. however, the early events in the liver, the main site of infection, are not well understood. in this study, we examined the liver transcriptome during the course of lethal and nonlethal infections caused by ixodes ovatus ehrlichia and ehrlichia muris, respectively. on day 3 post-infection (p.i.), ... | 2013 | 23526993 |
| prevalence of lyme borrelia in ixodes persulcatus ticks from an area with a confirmed case of lyme disease. | in this study, the prevalence of borrelia infections in ixodes ticks from a site in hokkaido, japan, with confirmed cases of lyme disease was determined by a pcr method capable of detecting and differentiating between strains of pathogenic borrelia, with particular emphasis on borrelia garinii (b. garinii) and borrelia afzelli (b. afzelli), using tick-derived dna extracts as template. a total of 338 ticks, inclusive of 284 ixodes persulcatus (i. persulcatus), were collected by flagging vegetatio ... | 2013 | 23047332 |
| genetic diversity of theileria orientalis in tick vectors detected in hokkaido and okinawa, japan. | in the present study, we investigated the possible tick vectors that can transmit theileria orientalis in eastern hokkaido, japan. questing ticks collected from three different districts, taiki, otofuke, and shin-hidaka, of hokkaido included ixodes persulcatus, haemaphysalis megaspinosa, haemaphysalis douglasi, and ixodes ovatus, while all the ticks collected from yonaguni island of okinawa were identified as haemaphysalis longicornis. when the ticks were screened by polymerase chain reaction (p ... | 2012 | 22824416 |
| detection of two zoonotic babesia microti lineages, the hobetsu and u.s. lineages, in two sympatric tick species, ixodes ovatus and ixodes persulcatus, respectively, in japan. | the species babesia microti, commonly found in rodents, demonstrates a high degree of genetic diversity. three lineages, u.s., kobe, and hobetsu, are known to have zoonotic potential, but their tick vector(s) in japan remains to be elucidated. we conducted a field investigation at nemuro on hokkaido island and at sumoto on awaji island, where up to two of the three lineages occur with similar frequencies in reservoirs. by flagging vegetation at these spots and surrounding areas, 4,010 ticks, com ... | 2012 | 22389378 |
| new species of ehrlichia isolated from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus shows an ortholog of the e. canis major immunogenic glycoprotein gp36 with a new sequence of tandem repeats. | ehrlichia species are the etiological agents of emerging and life-threatening tick-borne human zoonoses that inflict serious and fatal infections in companion animals and livestock. the aim of this paper was to phylogeneticaly characterise a new species of ehrlichia isolated from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from minas gerais, brazil. | 2012 | 23231731 |
| novel clade of alphaproteobacterial endosymbionts associated with stinkbugs and other arthropods. | here we report a novel clade of secondary endosymbionts associated with insects and other arthropods. seed bugs of the genus nysius (hemiptera: lygaeidae) harbor the primary gammaproteobacterial symbiont schneideria nysicola within a pair of bacteriomes in the abdomen. our survey of nysius species for their facultative bacterial associates consistently yielded a novel type of alphaproteobacterial 16s rrna gene sequence in addition to those of wolbachia. diagnostic pcr survey of 343 individuals r ... | 2012 | 22504806 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ixodes ricinus ticks: comparison of prevalences and partial 16s rrna gene variants in urban, pasture, and natural habitats. | urban, natural, and pasture areas were investigated for prevalences and 16s rrna gene variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ixodes ricinus ticks. the prevalences differed significantly between habitat types, and year-to-year variations in prevalence and habitat-dependent occurrence of 16s rrna gene variants were detected. | 2012 | 23263964 |
| prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodid ticks collected from the republic of korea during 2011-2012. | in this study, we demonstrated that tbev-infected ticks have been distributed in the rok, combined with our previous results. these results suggest that tbev may exist in the rok, and h. longicornis, h. flava, and i. nipponensis may be potential vectors of tbev. in addition, these results emphasize the need for further epidemiological research of tbev. | 2012 | 24159517 |
| natural history of zoonotic babesia: role of wildlife reservoirs. | babesiosis is an emerging zoonotic disease on all inhabited continents and various wildlife species are the principal reservoir hosts for zoonotic babesia species. the primary vectors of babesia are ixodid ticks, with the majority of zoonotic species being transmitted by species in the genus ixodes. species of babesia vary in their infectivity, virulence and pathogenicity for people. various factors (e.g., increased interactions between people and the environment, increased immunosuppression, ch ... | 2012 | 24533312 |
| borrelia burgdorferi infections in the united states. | it is becoming increasingly evident that the clinical presentation of infection with borrelia burgdorferi varies greatly between different parts of the world. a growing number of european and asian isolates of lyme borreliae, differing from the american strain of borrelia burgdorferi, have been identified in several different disorders. in light of the increasing number of reports describing an association between various cutaneous disorders and infection with borrelia burgdorferi and the contro ... | 2012 | 22916311 |
| occurrence and identification of risk areas of ixodes ricinus-borne pathogens: a cost-effectiveness analysis in north-eastern italy. | ixodes ricinus, a competent vector of several pathogens, is the tick species most frequently reported to bite humans in europe. the majority of human cases of lyme borreliosis (lb) and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) occur in the north-eastern region of italy. the aims of this study were to detect the occurrence of endemic and emergent pathogens in north-eastern italy using adult tick screening, and to identify areas at risk of pathogen transmission. based on our results, different strategies for ... | 2012 | 22452970 |
| molecular and cellular pathobiology of ehrlichia infection: targets for new therapeutics and immunomodulation strategies. | ehrlichia are small obligately intracellular bacteria in the order rickettsiales that are transmitted by ticks and associated with emerging life-threatening human zoonoses. vaccines are not available for human ehrlichiosis, and therapeutic options are limited to a single antibiotic class. new technologies for exploring host-pathogen interactions have yielded recent advances in understanding the molecular interactions between ehrlichia and the eukaryotic host cell and identified new targets for t ... | 2011 | 21276277 |
| the first detection of babesia species dna from japanese black bears (ursus thibetanus japonicus) in japan. | in this study, we tried to detect protozoan blood parasites from the liver or blood of 156 japanese black bears (ursus thibetanus japonicus) in iwate prefecture of japan by polymerase chain reaction. two amplicons (approximately 540 bp and 480 bp) were detected by amplification for v4 hyper-variable regions of the 18s rrna gene. approximately 540-bp products were obtained in 119 samples (76.3%) and were considered to be dna of hepatozoon ursi. approximately 480-bp products were obtained in 22 sa ... | 2011 | 21376138 |
| molecular survey of anaplasma and ehrlichia infections of feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan. | infection by anaplasma and ehrlichia in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan, was examined by molecular methods. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screen for anaplasmataceae, based on 16s rrna, showed that 38 (5.4%) of 699 raccoons examined were positive. these 38 positive samples were examined for anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma bovis, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia canis infection by species-specific nested pcr. nested pcr results indicated that 36 of the 38 samples wer ... | 2011 | 21395415 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus in dogs - is this an issue? | abstract: the last review on tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in dogs was published almost ten years ago. since then, this zoonotic tick-borne arbovirus has been geographically spreading and emerging in many regions in eurasia and continues to do so. dogs become readily infected with tbe virus but they are accidental hosts not capable to further spread the virus. they seroconvert upon infection but they seem to be much more resistant to the clinical disease than humans. apart from their use as sent ... | 2011 | 21489255 |
| prevalence of ehrlichia muris in wisconsin deer ticks collected during the mid 1990s. | human ehrlichiosis is due to infection by tick transmitted bacteria of the genus ehrlichia. based on a hypothesis for the biogeography of deer tick transmitted infections, we undertook a focused search for the eurasian e. muris in north american deer ticks. the search was stimulated by anecdotal reports of e. muris-like infection in human ehrlichiosis patients from wisconsin. we analyzed archived adult deer ticks collected in northern wisconsin during the 1990s by specific polymerase chain react ... | 2011 | 21643499 |
| detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum from wild boars and deer in japan. | this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and geographic distribution of anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, in wild deer and boars in japan. we analyzed the blood samples of the study animals using pcr-targeting the 16s rdna followed by dna sequencing. wild deer infected with anaplasma spp., including anaplasma bovis and anaplasma centrale were detected in the region from hokkaido to kyushu. the infection rates of a. phagocytophilum, a. ... | 2011 | 21788712 |
| the interaction between il-18 and il-18 receptor limits the magnitude of protective immunity and enhances pathogenic responses following infection with intracellular bacteria. | the binding of il-18 to il-18r+¦ induces both proinflammatory and protective functions during infection, depending on the context in which it occurs. il-18 is highly expressed in the liver of wild-type (wt) c57bl/6 mice following lethal infection with highly virulent ixodes ovatus ehrlichia (ioe), an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes acute fatal toxic shock-like syndrome. in this study, we found that ioe infection of il-18r+¦(-/-) mice resulted in significantly less host cell apoptosi ... | 2011 | 21715688 |
| mechanisms of obligatory intracellular infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum persists in nature by cycling between mammals and ticks. human infection by the bite of an infected tick leads to a potentially fatal emerging disease called human granulocytic anaplasmosis. a. phagocytophilum is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that replicates inside mammalian granulocytes and the salivary gland and midgut cells of ticks. a. phagocytophilum evolved the remarkable ability to hijack the regulatory system of host cells. a. phagocytophilum alters vesi ... | 2011 | 21734244 |
| immunization with ehrlichia p28 outer membrane proteins confers protection in a mouse model of ehrlichiosis. | the obligately intracellular bacterium ehrlichia chaffeensis that resides in mononuclear phagocytes is the etiologic agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (hme). hme is an emerging and often life-threatening, tick-transmitted infectious disease in the united states. effective primary immune responses against ehrlichia infection involve generation of ehrlichia-specific gamma interferon (ifn-γ)-producing cd4(+) t cells and cytotoxic cd8(+) t cells, activation of macrophages by ifn-γ, and prod ... | 2011 | 22030371 |
| "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis", Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Lyme disease spirochetes in questing European vector ticks and in feeding ticks removed from people. | To estimate the likelihood of people coming into contact with the recently described tick-borne agent "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis", we compared its frequencies with those of Lyme disease spirochetes and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing adult Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in various Central European sites and examined ticks, which had been removed from people, for the presence of these pathogens. Whereas spirochetes infected questing adult ticks most frequently (22.3%), more than a ... | 2011 | 22205824 |
| Structure-based vaccines provide protection in a mouse model of ehrlichiosis. | Recent advances in bioinformatics have made it possible to predict the B cell and T cell epitopes of antigenic proteins. This has led to design of peptide based vaccines that are more specific, safe, and easy to produce. The obligately intracellular gram negative bacteria Ehrlichia cause ehrlichioses in humans and animals. As yet there are no vaccines to protect against Ehrlichia infection. | 2011 | 22114733 |
| rickettsia felis, an emerging flea-transmitted human pathogen. | rickettsia felis was first recognised two decades ago and has now been described as endemic to all continents except antarctica. the rickettsiosis caused by r. felis is known as flea-borne spotted fever or cat-flea typhus. the large number of arthropod species found to harbour r. felis and that may act as potential vectors support the view that it is a pan-global microbe. the main arthropod reservoir and vector is the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis, yet more than 20 other species of fleas, tick ... | 2011 | 24149035 |
| role of the inflammasome, il-1β, and il-18 in bacterial infections. | the inflammasome is an important innate immune pathway that regulates at least two host responses protective against infections: (1) secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines il-1β and il-18 and (2) induction of pyroptosis, a form of cell death. inflammasomes, of which different types have been identified, are multiprotein complexes containing pattern recognition receptors belonging to the nod-like receptor family or the pyhin family and the protease caspase-1. the molecular aspects involved in ... | 2011 | 22125454 |
| human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. | human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various members of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma (anaplasmataceae). human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis has become one of the most prevalent life-threatening tick-borne disease in the united states. ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are becoming more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in number and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir ... | 2010 | 20513551 |
| detection of "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" in two patients with severe febrile illnesses: evidence for a european sequence variant. | recently, a new genus of anaplasmataceae termed "candidatus neoehrlichia" was discovered in ticks and rodents. here, we report on two patients who suffered from febrile bacteremia due to "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" associated with thrombotic or hemorrhagic events. 16s rrna and groel gene sequencing provided evidence of three groups of sequence variants. | 2010 | 20519481 |
| septicemia caused by tick-borne bacterial pathogen candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis. | we have repeatedly detected candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, a bacterium first described in rattus norvegicus rats and ixodes ovatus ticks in japan in 2004 in the blood of a 61-year-old man with signs of septicemia by 16s rrna and groel gene pcr. after 6 weeks of therapy with doxycycline and rifampin, the patient recovered. | 2010 | 20587186 |
| natural killer cells promote tissue injury and systemic inflammatory responses during fatal ehrlichia-induced toxic shock-like syndrome. | human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis is caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis, a gram-negative bacterium lacking lipopolysaccharide. we have shown that fatal murine ehrlichiosis is associated with cd8(+)t cell-mediated tissue damage, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin (il)-10 overproduction, and cd4(+)th1 hyporesponsiveness. in this study, we examined the relative contributions of natural killer (nk) and nkt cells in ehrlichia-induced toxic shock. lethal ehrlichial infection in wild-type mice i ... | 2010 | 20616341 |
| myd88-dependent signaling contributes to host defense against ehrlichial infection. | the ehrlichiae are small gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria in the family anaplasmataceae. ehrlichial infection in an accidental host may result in fatal diseases such as human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, an emerging, tick-borne disease. although the role of adaptive immune responses in the protection against ehrlichiosis has been well studied, the mechanism by which the innate immune system is activated is not fully understood. using ehrlichia muris as a model organism, we show here ... | 2010 | 20668698 |
| human rickettsia heilongjiangensis infection, japan. | a case of rickettsia heilongjiangensis infection in japan was identified in a 35-year-old man who had rash, fever, and eschars. serum contained r. heilongjiangensis antibodies, and eschars contained r. heilongjiangensis dna. r. heilongjiangensis was also isolated from ticks in the suspected geographic area of infection. | 2010 | 20678332 |
| progress and obstacles in vaccine development for the ehrlichioses. | ehrlichia are tick-borne obligately intracellular bacteria that cause significant diseases in veterinary natural hosts, including livestock and companion animals, and are now considered important zoonotic pathogens in humans. vaccines are needed for these veterinary and zoonotic human pathogens, but many obstacles exist that have impeded their development. these obstacles include understanding genetic and antigenic variability, influence of the host on the pathogen phenotype and immunogenicity, ... | 2010 | 20822349 |
| igm production by bone marrow plasmablasts contributes to long-term protection against intracellular bacterial infection. | igm responses are well known to occur early postinfection and tend to be short-lived, which has suggested that this ig does not significantly contribute to long-term immunity. in this study, we demonstrate that chronic infection with the intracellular bacterium ehrlichia muris elicits a protective, long-term igm response. moreover, we identified a population of cd138(high)igm(high) b cells responsible for ag-specific igm production in the bone marrow. the igm-secreting cells, which exhibited cha ... | 2010 | 21148037 |
| multilocus sequence analysis of borrelia bissettii strains from north america reveals a new borrelia species, borrelia kurtenbachii. | using multilocus sequence analyses (mlsa), we investigated the phylogenetic relationship of spirochaete strains from north america previously assigned to the genospecies borrelia bissettii. we amplified internal fragments of 8 housekeeping genes (clpa, clpx, nifs, pepx, pyrg, recg, rplb, and uvra) located on the main linear chromosome by polymerase chain reaction. phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of the 8 loci showed that the b. bissettii clade consisted of 4 closely related clust ... | 2010 | 21157575 |
| exit mechanisms of the intracellular bacterium ehrlichia. | the obligately intracellular bacterium ehrlichia chaffeensis that resides in mononuclear phagocytes is the causative agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. ehrlichia muris and ixodes ovatus ehrlichia (ioe) are agents of mouse models of ehrlichiosis. the mechanism by which ehrlichia are transported from an infected host cell to a non-infected cell has not been demonstrated. | 2010 | 21187937 |
| detection of anaplasma bovis and anaplasma phagocytophilum dna from haemaphysalis megaspinosa in hokkaido, japan. | dna from 101 ticks, including haemaphysalis megaspinosa, haemaphysalis douglasi, haemaphysalis flava, ixodes ovatus and ixodes persulcatus, collected by flagging in a pasture in hidaka district (hokkaido, japan) was examined for infection with anaplasma bovis and a. phagocytophilum by species-specific nested pcr. of the 48 h. megaspinosa nymphs, examined, 1 (2.1%) and 6 (12.5%) were positive for a. bovis and a. phagocytophilum, respectively. one of the 6 positive nymphs was dual positive for bot ... | 2010 | 19897306 |
| ehrlichia chaffeensis infection of sika deer, japan. | to determine whether ehrlichia chaffeensis exists in japan, we used pcr to examine blood from sika deer in nara, japan. of 117 deer, 36 (31%) were infected with e. chaffeensis. the e. chaffeensis 16s rrna base and groel amino acid sequences from japan were most closely related to those of e. chaffeensis arkansas. | 2009 | 19961683 |
| diagnostic assay for rickettsia japonica. | we developed a specific and rapid detection system for rickettsia japonica and r. heilongjiangensis, the causative agents of spotted fever, using a taqman minor groove binder probe for a particular open reading frame (orf) identified by the r. japonica genome project. the target orf was present only in r. japonica-related strains. | 2009 | 19961684 |
| liver transcriptome profiles associated with strain-specific ehrlichia chaffeensis-induced hepatitis in scid mice. | infection of humans with ehrlichia chaffeensis, the etiologic agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, can cause hepatitis of various levels of severity. when the three human isolates of e. chaffeensis, each belonging to a different genogroup, are inoculated into severe combined immunodeficiency mice, the order of severity of clinical signs and bacterial burden detected in the liver is as follows (from greatest to least severity and highest to lowest burden): strain wakulla, followed by strain lib ... | 2009 | 19001077 |
| characterization of p44/msp2 multigene family of anaplasma phagocytophilum from two different tick species, ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ovatus, in japan. | anaplasma phagocytophilum, which belongs to the order rickettsiales, is an obligate intracellular bacterium and causes an emerging, tickborne, and febrile infectious disease, anaplasmosis, in humans and other mammals. this bacterium expresses a variety of 44-kda immunodominant proteins encoded by the p44/msp2 multigene family on the surface for the purpose of avoiding the host immune defense due to the antigenic variation. in japan, little is known about the molecular and biological features of ... | 2009 | 19305056 |
| parasite species associated with wild plateau pika (ochotona curzoniae) in southeastern qinghai province, china. | a survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and seasonal abundance of egg, larval, and adult stages of helminths; oocyts of protozoans; and ectoparasites of plateau pikas (ochotona curzoniae) in seven areas of southeastern qinghai province, china, during august 2006 and may 2007. fecal samples collected from 430 plateau pikas were examined by the modified mcmaster technique, which revealed that 83% of the samples contained eggs from two or more helminth species. mean fecal egg counts were ... | 2009 | 19395738 |
| antigenic protein modifications in ehrlichia. | to develop effective vaccination strategies against ehrlichia, we have previously reported developing an animal model of cross-protection in which c57bl/6 mice primed with e. muris were resistant to lethal infection with ixodes ovatus ehrlichia (ioe). polyclonal antibody produced in mice after priming with e. muris and later injected with ioe-detected antigenic proteins in e. muris and ioe cell lysates. cross-reaction of antigenic proteins was observed when we probed both the e. muris and ioe ce ... | 2009 | 19493209 |
| in vivo transmission studies of 'candidatus mycoplasma turicensis' in the domestic cat. | the natural transmission routes of the three feline haemotropic mycoplasmas--mycoplasma haemofelis, 'candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum', and 'candidatus mycoplasma turicensis' (cmt)--are largely unknown. since cmt has been detected in the saliva of infected cats using pcr, we hypothesised that direct transmission via social or aggressive contact may occur. the aim of this study was to evaluate this transmission route. cmt-positive saliva and blood samples were obtained from three prednisolonetr ... | 2009 | 19505421 |