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deciphering composition and function of the root microbiome of a legume plant.diverse assemblages of microbes colonize plant roots and collectively function as a microbiome. earlier work has characterized the root microbiomes of numerous plant species, but little information is available for legumes despite their key role in numerous ecosystems including agricultural systems. legumes form a root nodule symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria and thereby account for large, natural nitrogen inputs into soils. here, we describe the root bacteria microbiome of the le ...201728095877
identification of bean hydroxycinnamoyl-coa:tetrahydroxyhexanedioate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (hhht): use of transgenic alfalfa to determine acceptor substrate specificity.transgenic alfalfa ( medicago sativa l.) provides a useful reverse genetics platform to elucidate acceptor substrate specificity for uncharacterized bahd family hydroxycinnamoyl-coa hydroxycinnamoyl transferases. tissues of many plant species accumulate hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, often esters, thought to serve in protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. in many cases, these specialized metabolites are produced by bahd family hydroxycinnamoyl-coa hydroxycinnamoyl transferases (hcts). be ...201727807616
effect of biochanin a on corn grain (zea mays) fermentation by bovine rumen amylolytic bacteria.the objective was to determine the effect of biochanin a (bca), an isoflavone produced by red clover (trifolium pratense l.), on corn fermentation by rumen micro-organisms.201728055130
residual soil nitrate content and profitability of five cropping systems in northwest iowa.many communities in the midwestern united states obtain their drinking water from shallow alluvial wells that are vulnerable to contamination by no3-n from the surrounding agricultural landscape. the objective of this research was to assess cropping systems with the potential to produce a reasonable return for farmers while simultaneously reducing the risk of no3-n movement into these shallow aquifers. from 2009 to 2013 we conducted a field experiment in northwest iowa in which we evaluated five ...201728248976
effect of drive row ground covers on hop (rosales: cannabaceae) yard arthropod pests in vermont, usa.alternatives to pesticides are necessary for the management of hop (humulus lupulus l.) arthropod pests. the three major arthropod pests in northeastern us hop production include two-spotted spider mite, tetranychus urticae koch, hop aphid phorodon humuli (schrank), and potato leafhopper, empoasca fabae harris. this 3-yr study (2012-2014) in vermont investigated the effect of flowering ground covers on arthropod pest abundance. hop cultivars 'nugget' and 'cascade' were evaluated under a strip-sp ...201728334066
pikuni-blackfeet traditional medicine: neuroprotective activities of medicinal plants used to treat parkinson's disease-related symptoms.parkinson's disease (pd) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder affecting 5% of the population over the age of 85 years. current treatments primarily involve dopamine replacement therapy, which leads to temporary relief of motor symptoms but fails to slow the underlying neurodegeneration. thus, there is a need for safe pd therapies with neuroprotective activity. in this study, we analyzed contemporary herbal medicinal practices used by members of the pikuni-blackfeet tribe from western m ...201728088492
effect of mixed hay supplementation during fattening on carcass traits and meat quality of hanwoo steers.this study was aim to observe the effects of feeding mixed local hay (mh) consisted of 55% orchard grass (dactylis glomerata l.), 35% tall fescue (festuca arundinacea) and 10% red clover (trifolium pratense) to hanwoo steers on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality (longissimus thoracis) compared with feeding imported timothy hay (th) and local rice straw (rs).201728293430
interactions between the bumblebee bombus pascuorum and red clover (trifolium pratense) are mediated by plant genetic background.wildflower mixes are often planted around field margins to provide forage for pollinators. although seed for these mixtures is often wild-sourced, for species where agricultural cultivars are available, for example red clover (trifolium pratense), cultivars can also be included. previous evidence suggests that plant genetic background can have a strong influence on plant-arthropod interactions and therefore the provenance and genetic background of the plants included in wildflower mixes could im ...201627552193
effects of trifolium pratense on the climacteric and sexual symptoms in postmenopause women.to evaluate the effects of treatment with trifolium pratense on climacteric symptoms and sexual satisfaction in postmenopausal women.201621152828
isoflavone content in subterranean clover germplasm from sardinia.subterranean clover (trifolium subterraneum) is an important pasture legume, and sardinia is known as a major centre of diversification of this species. as other legumes, this clover produces biologically active flavonoids including the subclass of isoflavones that are natural phytoestrogens with positive health effects. present sources of isoflavones for medical/nutraceutical treatments are red clover (trifolium pratense) and soybean (glycine max). this study assessed the content and compositio ...201627415852
the effects of ppo activity on the proteome of ingested red clover and implications for improving the nutrition of grazing cattle.increasing the rumen-stable protein content of feed would lead to improved nitrogen utilisation in cattle, and less nitrogenous waste. red clover (trifolium pratense l.) is a high protein ruminant feed containing high polyphenol oxidase (ppo) activity. ppo mediated protein-quinone binding has been linked to protecting plant proteins from proteolysis. to explore the mechanism underlying the effect of ppo on protein protection in fresh forage feeds, proteomic components of feed down-boli produced ...201627109346
botanicals and their bioactive phytochemicals for women's health.botanical dietary supplements are increasingly popular for women's health, particularly for older women. the specific botanicals women take vary as a function of age. younger women will use botanicals for urinary tract infections, especially vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry), where there is evidence for efficacy. botanical dietary supplements for premenstrual syndrome (pms) are less commonly used, and rigorous clinical trials have not been done. some examples include vitex agnus-castus (chastebe ...201627677719
comparison of buckwheat, red clover, and purple tansy as potential surrogate plants for use in semi-field pesticide risk assessments with bombus impatiens.background. bumble bees (bombus spp.) are important wild and managed pollinators. there is increased interest in incorporating data on bumble bees into risk assessments for pesticides, but standardized methods for assessing hazards of pesticides in semi-field and field settings have not yet been established for bumble bees. during semi-field studies, colonies are caged with pesticide-treated flowering surrogate plants, which must be attractive to foragers to ensure colony exposure to the test co ...201627478712
fatty acid profiles of monofloral clover beebread and pollen and proteomics of red clover (trifolium pratense) pollen.fatty acids were identified in monofloral beebread (bb) and bee pollen (bp) loads collected from trifolium pratense l. a gas chromatography method was used to identify and quantify fatty acids: thirty-five fatty acids were identified in bb and 42 in bp. a high amount of the healthy n-3 fatty acids was found. the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 to n-6 reached a value of 8.42 and 3.35 in the latter products. the proteomic analysis also was performed on the manually collected t. pratense p ...201627380113
enemy-free space promotes maintenance of host races in an aphid species.the enormous biodiversity of herbivorous insects may arise from ecological speciation via continuous host-plant switches. whether such switches are successful depends on the trade-off between different selection pressures that act on herbivores. decreased herbivore performance due to suboptimal nutrition might be compensated for by a reduced natural enemy pressure. as a consequence, an "enemy-free space" on a certain plant might facilitate host-plant switches and maintain biotypes. to test this ...201626520659
assessment of dietary ratios of red clover and corn silages on milk production and milk quality in dairy cows.twenty-four multiparous holstein-friesian dairy cows were used in a replicated 3×3 latin square changeover design experiment to test the effects of changing from corn (zea mays) silage to red clover (trifolium pratense) silage in graded proportions on feed intakes, milk production, and whole-body n and p partitioning. three dietary treatments with ad libitum access to 1 of 3 forage mixtures plus a standard allowance of 4kg/d dairy concentrates were offered. the 3 treatment forage mixtures were, ...201627474976
phytotoxic potential of secondary metabolites and semisynthetic compounds from endophytic fungus xylaria feejeensis strain sm3e-1b isolated from sapium macrocarpum.bioactivity-directed fractionation of the combined culture medium and mycelium extract of the endophytic fungus xylaria feejeensis strain sm3e-1b, isolated from sapium macrocarpum, led to the isolation of three known natural products: (4s,5s,6s)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methyl-5,6-epoxycyclohex-2-enone or coriloxine, 1; 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione, 2; and 2,6-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-3-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione or fumiquinone b, 3. this is the first report of comp ...201627159617
phytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds from the endophyte hypoxylon anthochroum strain blaci isolated from bursera lancifolia (burseraceae).to evaluate the phytotoxic, antifungal and antioomycete activity; and, determine the chemical composition of the volatile organic compounds (vocs) and semi-volatile metabolites produced by the endophyte hypoxylon anthochroum strain blaci isolated from bursera lancifolia.201627159426
a comparison of the effects of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate on a suite of soil dwelling organisms in two field soils.nanomaterials are increasingly used in a wide range of products, leading to growing concern of their environmental fate. in order to understand the fate and effects of silver nanoparticles in the soil environment, a suite of toxicity tests including: plant growth with elymus lanceolatus (northern wheatgrass) and trifolium pratense (red clover); collembolan survival and reproduction (folsomia candida); and earthworm avoidance, survival and reproduction (eisenia andrei) was conducted. the effect o ...201627108659
therapeutic potential of temperate forage legumes: a review.the discovery of bioactive molecules from botanical sources is an expanding field, preferentially oriented to plants having a tradition of use in medicine and providing high yields and availability. temperate forage legumes are fabaceae species that include worldwide-important crops. these plants possess therapeutic virtues that have not only been used in veterinary and folk medicine, but have also attracted the interest of official medicine. we have examined here medicago sativa (alfalfa), trif ...201626507574
modulation of legume defense signaling pathways by native and non-native pea aphid clones.the pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum) is a complex of at least 15 genetically different host races that are native to specific legume plants, but can all develop on the universal host plant vicia faba. despite much research, it is still unclear why pea aphid host races (biotypes) are able to colonize their native hosts while other host races are not. all aphids penetrate the plant and salivate into plant cells when they test plant suitability. thus plants might react differently to the various pea ...201628018405
transcriptome profiling of a rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii rosr mutant reveals the role of the transcriptional regulator rosr in motility, synthesis of cell-surface components, and other cellular processes.rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii is a soil bacterium capable of establishing a symbiotic relationship with red clover (trifolium pratense). the presence of surface polysaccharides and other extracellular components as well as motility and competitiveness are essential traits for both adaptation of this bacterium to changing environmental conditions and successful infection of host plant roots. the r. leguminosarum bv. trifolii rosr gene encodes a protein belonging to the family of ros/mucr t ...201526715155
biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of zno nanoparticles using trifolium pratense flower extract.zinc oxide (zno) has broad applications in various areas. nanoparticle synthesis using plants is an alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods. it is known that the biological synthesis of nanoparticles is gaining importance due to its simplicity, eco-friendliness and extensive antimicrobial activity. also, in this study we report the synthesis of zno nanoparticles using trifolium pratense flower extract. the prepared zno nanoparticles have been characterized by uv-vis absorption ...201527298586
cloning and transformation analysis of isoflavone synthase gene into minshan trifolium pratense.the aim of this study was to clone the isoflavone synthase (ifs) gene and establish the recombinant minshan trifolium pratense. the ifs gene was cloned from the callus of minshan t. pratense using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the plant expression vector pri101-an-ifs was constructed and introduced into agrobacterium tumefaciens strain lba4404, and then screened under cephalosporin. ifs expression was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the ifs gene wa ...201526345862
impact of glyphosate-tolerant soybean and glufosinate-tolerant corn production on herbicide losses in surface runoff.residual herbicides used in the production of soybean [glycine max (l.) merr] and corn (zea mays l.) are often detected in surface runoff at concentrations exceeding their maximum contaminant levels (mcl) or health advisory levels (hal). with the advent of transgenic, glyphosate-tolerant soybean and glufosinate-tolerant corn this concern might be reduced by replacing some of the residual herbicides with short half-life, strongly sorbed, contact herbicides. we applied both herbicide types to two ...201518268303
carcass parameters and meat quality in meat-goat kids finished on chicory, birdsfoot trefoil, or red clover pastures.this study was conducted during the 2009 and 2010 grazing seasons to assess carcass parameters and chevon (goat meat) quality when meat-goat kids (n=72) were finished on pastures of red clover (trifolium pratense l.; rcl), birdsfoot trefoil (lotus corniculatus l.; bft), or chicory (cichorium intybus l.; chic). final live weight (p<0.05) and carcass weight (p=0.10) were greater when goats were finished on rcl compared to chic with bft being intermediate. ribeye area, backfat thickness, body wall ...201525817803
a molecular docking study of phytochemical estrogen mimics from dietary herbal supplements.the purpose of this study is to use a molecular docking approach to identify potential estrogen mimics or anti-estrogens in phytochemicals found in popular dietary herbal supplements.201525878948
a simple model for pollen-parent fecundity distributions in bee-pollinated forage legume polycrosses.a simple weibull distribution based empirical model that predicts pollen-parent fecundity distributions based on polycross size alone has been developed in outbred forage legume species for incorporation into quantitative genetic theory. random mating or panmixis is a fundamental assumption in quantitative genetic theory. random mating is sometimes thought to occur in actual fact, although a large body of empirical work shows that this is often not the case in nature. models have been developed ...201526105686
sub-lethal levels of electric current elicit the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites.many secondary metabolites that are normally undetectable or in low amounts in healthy plant tissue are synthesized in high amounts in response to microbial infection. various abiotic and biotic agents have been shown to mimic microorganisms and act as elicitors of the synthesis of these plant compounds. in the present study, sub-lethal levels of electric current are shown to elicit the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in transgenic and non-transgenic plant tissue. the production of the phy ...201518331050
the o-specific polysaccharides from phyllobacterium trifolii petp02(t) lps contain 3-c-methyl-d-rhamnose.the o-specific polysaccharides of phyllobacterium trifolii petp02(t), a microsymbiont of trifolium pratense, were obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide and studied by chemical analyses, mass spectrometry, and (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy, including homonuclear ((1)h,(1)h dqf-cosy, tocsy, noesy) and heteronuclear ((1)h,(13)c hsqc, hmqc, hmbc) experiments. it was revealed that α-d-rhamnose and β-3-c-methyl-d-rhamnose (evalose) were the only components of two identified o-po ...201525917130
rapd-inferred genetic variability of some indigenous rhizobium leguminosarum isolates from red clover (trifolium pratense l.) nodules.the application of commercial rhizobial inoculants to legume crops is proving to be an alternative to synthetic fertilizer use. the challenge for sustainable agriculture resides in the compatibility between crop, inoculants and environmental conditions. the evaluation of symbiotic efficiency and genetic diversity of indigenous rhizobial strains could lead to the development of better inoculants and increased crop production. the genetic variability of 32 wild indigenous rhizobial isolates was as ...201526344027
supercritical fluid chromatography for the separation of isoflavones.the first protocol for the analysis of isoflavones by supercritical fluid chromatography is reported. optimum results were obtained on an acquity upc(2) beh 1.7 μm column, using a solvent gradient of supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol (with phosphoric acid as additive) for elution. the method enables the baseline separation of nine isoflavones (aglyca and glycosides) in 8 min, and is suitable for their quantitative determination in dietary supplements containing soy (glycine max), red glo ...201525656487
evaluation of physical structure value in spring-harvested grass/clover silage and hay fed to heifers.the physical structure value of conserved grass/clover forages of spring harvest was evaluated by assessing effects of harvest time, conservation method, indf/ndf ratio and ndf intake (ndfi) per kg bw on chewing activity and fecal particle size in dairy heifers. a mixed sward consisting of ryegrass (lolium perenne), red clover (trifolium pratense) and white clover (trifolium repens) was harvested in 2009 on may 9 (early) and 25 (late), and both cuts were conserved as silage and hay. the early si ...201525245025
no evidence for fabaceae gametophytic self-incompatibility being determined by rosaceae, solanaceae, and plantaginaceae s-rnase lineage genes.fabaceae species are important in agronomy and livestock nourishment. they have a long breeding history, and most cultivars have lost self-incompatibility (si), a genetic barrier to self-fertilization. nevertheless, to improve legume crop breeding, crosses with wild si relatives of the cultivated varieties are often performed. therefore, it is fundamental to characterize fabaceae si system(s). we address the hypothesis of fabaceae gametophytic (g)si being rnase based, by recruiting the same s-rn ...201526032621
soluble phenolic compounds in different cultivars of red clover and alfalfa, and their implication for protection against proteolysis and ammonia production in ruminants.red clover (trifolium pratense) contains soluble phenolic compounds with roles in inhibiting proteolysis and ammonia production. alfalfa (medicago sativa) has been found to have a low phenolic content, but few alfalfa and red clover cultivars have been compared for phenolic content. total soluble phenolics were quantified by a folin-ciocalteu colorimetric assay in nine red clover and 27 alfalfa cultivars. mean total phenolic contents of red clover and alfalfa were 36.5 ± 4.3 mg/gdw and 15.8 ± 1. ...201526411026
formononetin inhibits migration and invasion of mda-mb-231 and 4t1 breast cancer cells by suppressing mmp-2 and mmp-9 through pi3k/akt signaling pathways.formononetin is a naturally existing isoflavone, which can be found in the roots of astragalus membranaceus, trifolium pratense, glycyrrhiza glabra, and pueraria lobata. it was found to be associated with inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, as well as induction of apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. however, the effect of formononetin on breast cancer cell metastasis remains unclear. in this study, we examined the effect of formononetin on the migration and invasion ...201424977660
the effect of high polyphenol oxidase grass silage on metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and nitrogen across the rumen of beef steers.polyphenol oxidase (ppo) activity in red clover (trifolium pratense) has been reported to reduce both proteolysis and lipolysis, resulting in greater n use efficiency and protection of pufa across the rumen. although high levels of ppo have been reported in grasses such as cocksfoot (orchard grass; dactylis glomerata), no in vivo research has determined whether grass ppo elicits the same response as red clover ppo. to test the hypothesis that silage ensiled from grass with high levels of ppo pro ...201425349355
thin-layer chromatographic (tlc) separations and bioassays of plant extracts to identify antimicrobial compounds.a common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (pc or tlc), exposing the chromatograms to microbial suspensions (e.g. fungi or bacteria in broth or agar), allowing time for the microbes to grow in a humid environment, and visualizing zones with no microbial growth. the effectiveness of this screening method, known as bioautography, depends on both the quality of the chromatographic separation and the care taken with m ...201424747583
forage fiber effects on particle size reduction, ruminal stratification, and selective retention in heifers fed highly digestible grass/clover silages.the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ndf content in highly digestible grass/clover silage on particle size reduction, ruminal stratification, and selective retention in dairy heifers. the reduction in particle size from feed to feces was evaluated and related to feed intake, chewing activity, and apparent digestibility. four grass/clover harvests (mixtures of lolium perenne, trifolium pratense, and trifolium repens) were performed from early may to late august at differen ...201424671592
gastrointestinal metabolism of phytoestrogens in lactating dairy cows fed silages with different botanical composition.dietary phytoestrogens are metabolized or converted in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, only limited knowledge exists on the extent and location of this conversion in vivo. the objective of this study was to quantify the gastro-intestinal metabolism of phytoestrogens in lactating dairy cows fed silages with different botanical composition. four lactating rumen cannulated norwegian red cattle were assigned to a 4 × 4 latin square with 1 cow per treatment period of 3 wk. the 4 treatment si ...201425306275
the impact of using alternative forages on the nutrient value within slurry and its implications for forage productivity in agricultural systems.alternative forages can be used to provide valuable home-grown feed for ruminant livestock. utilising these different forages could affect the manure value and the implications of incorporating these forages into farming systems, needs to be better understood. an experiment tested the hypothesis that applying slurries from ruminants, fed ensiled red clover (trifolium pratense), lucerne (medicago sativa) or kale (brassica oleracea) would improve the yield of hybrid ryegrass (lolium hybridicum), c ...201424830777
polyphenol oxidase affects normal nodule development in red clover (trifolium pratense l.).polyphenol oxidase (ppo) may have multiple functions in tissues depending on its cellular or tissue localization. here we use ppo rnai transformants of red clover (trifolium pratense) to determine the role ppo plays in normal development of plants, and especially in n2-fixing nodules. in red clover, ppo was not essential for either growth or nodule production, or for nodule function in plants grown under optimal, n-free conditions. however, absence of ppo resulted in a more reduced environment i ...201425566275
kazusa marker database: a database for genomics, genetics, and molecular breeding in plants.in order to provide useful genomic information for agronomical plants, we have established a database, the kazusa marker database (http://marker.kazusa.or.jp). this database includes information on dna markers, e.g., ssr and snp markers, genetic linkage maps, and physical maps, that were developed at the kazusa dna research institute. keyword searches for the markers, sequence data used for marker development, and experimental conditions are also available through this database. currently, 10 pl ...201425320561
meat goat kids finished on alfalfa, red clover or orchardgrass pastures: carcass merit and meat quality.this experiment was conducted in 2005-2007 to evaluate carcass and chevon (goat meat) quality parameters when meat-goat kids (n=72) were finished on alfalfa (medicago sativa l; alf); red clover (trifolium pratense l.; rcg); or orchardgrass (dactylis glomerata l.; ogr) pastures. carcass conformation score was greater (p=0.08) when meat-goat kids were finished on alf compared to ogr with rcg intermediate. chevon meat samples from goats finished on the three pasture treatments did not differ in ash ...201425089787
genome sequence of ensifer arboris strain lmg 14919(t); a microsymbiont of the legume prosopis chilensis growing in kosti, sudan.ensifer arboris lmg 14919(t) is an aerobic, motile, gram-negative, non-spore-forming rod that can exist as a soil saprophyte or as a legume microsymbiont of several species of legume trees. lmg 14919(t) was isolated in 1987 from a nodule recovered from the roots of the tree prosopis chilensis growing in kosti, sudan. lmg 14919(t) is highly effective at fixing nitrogen with p. chilensis (chilean mesquite) and acacia senegal (gum arabic tree or gum acacia). lmg 14919(t) does not nodulate the tree ...201425197433
trifolium pratense l. as a potential natural antioxidant.the essential oils of three different growth stages of trifolium pratense l. (tp1, tp2 and tp3) were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and tested for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. the highest content of volatile compounds was found in the essential oil sample tp1, where terpenes such as β-myrcene (4.55%), p-cymene (3.59%), limonene (0.86%), tetrahydroionone (1.56%) were highlighted due to their biological activity. the antioxidant activity was determined by f ...201424402202
genomic characterization of the leed..peeds, a gene family unique to the medicago lineage.the leed..peed (lp) gene family in medicago truncatula (a17) is composed of 13 genes coding small putatively secreted peptides with one to two conserved domains of negatively charged residues. this family is not present in the genomes of glycine max, lotus japonicus, or the irlc species cicer arietinum. lp genes were also not detected in a trifolium pratense draft genome or pisum sativum nodule transcriptome, which were sequenced de novo in this study, suggesting that the lp gene family arose wi ...201425155275
isolation, plant colonization potential, and phenanthrene degradation performance of the endophytic bacterium pseudomonas sp. ph6-gfp.this investigation provides a novel method of endophyte-aided removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) from plant bodies. a phenanthrene-degrading endophytic bacterium pseudomonas sp. ph6 was isolated from clover (trifolium pratense l.) grown in a pah-contaminated site. after being marked with the gfp gene, the colonization and distribution of strain ph6-gfp was directly visualized in plant roots, stems, and leaves for the first time. after ryegrass (lolium multiflorum lam.) roots inoc ...201424964867
volatile constituents of trifolium pratense spp. nivale quantified at different growth stages, and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity.the composition of the volatile fraction of trifolium pratense l. ssp. nivale (sieber) asch. et gr. from the southwestern alps was investigated. fresh aerial parts were collected in the summer at three different growth stages, namely vegetative, flowering and fruiting. the oils obtained by steam-distillation accounted for 0.006 to 0.011% of the fresh plant material and their composition was determined by gc/fid and gc/ms. several classes of compounds were found, with a predominance of alcohols i ...201324427957
adverse effects of herbal medicines: an overview of systematic reviews.this overview of systematic reviews (srs) aims to evaluate critically the evidence regarding the adverse effects of herbal medicines (hms). five electronic databases were searched to identify all relevant srs, with 50 srs of 50 different hms meeting our inclusion criteria. most had only minor weaknesses in methods. serious adverse effects were noted only for four hms: herbae pulvis standardisatus, larrea tridentate, piper methysticum and cassia senna. the most severe adverse effects were liver o ...201323472485
indirect effects on mutualisms: parasitism of bumble bees and pollination service to plants.researchers increasingly recognize the important role of mutualisms in structuring communities and view positive interactions in a community context rather than as simple pairwise interactions. indirect effects, such as those that predators have on lower trophic levels, are a key process in community ecology. however, such top-down indirect effects have rarely been extended to mutualisms. antagonists of one mutualist have the potential to negatively affect the second mutualist through negative e ...201323691664
plant derived alternatives for hormone replacement therapy (hrt).abstract hormone replacement therapy (hrt) has undisputable positive effects on climacteric complaints, in the bone and on body weight but also several undesired side effects. therefore, plant-derived alternatives are currently promoted. phytoestrogens - primarily the isoflavones genistein, daidzein and coumestrol, stemming from soy (glycine max) or red clover (trifolium pratense) - were suggested to have the desired but not the undesired effects of estrogens. most recently published placebo-con ...201325436745
ecotoxicity of xanthene dyes and a non-chlorinated bisphenol in soil.soil eco-toxicity testing was conducted in support of canada's chemical management plan (cmp) to fill data gaps for organic chemicals known to primarily partition to soil, and of which the persistence and inherent toxicity are uncertain. two compounds representative of specific classes of chemicals: non-chlorinated bisphenols containing an -oh group (4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (binox)) and xanthene dyes (2',4',5',7'-tetrabromo-4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-3',6'-dihydroxy-, disodium salt (p ...201323211322
ethylenediaminedissuccinate as a new chelate for environmentally safe enhanced lead phytoextraction.using a soil column experiment, we compared the effect of a single dose and weekly additions of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) and ethylenediaminedissuccinate (edds) on the uptake of pb, zn, and cd by chinese cabbage [brassica rapa l. subsp. pekinensis (lour.) hanelt], and on the leaching of heavy metals through the soil profile. the analysis of plant material revealed that both chelates increased the concentrations of pb and, to a lesser extent, also of zn and cd in the leaves of the te ...201312708673
design and application of an in vivo reporter assay for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) is an important enzyme that links primary metabolism to secondary metabolism. its efficiency is often a critical factor that affects the overall flux of a related metabolic pathway, the titer of the final products, and the efficacy of pal-based therapies. thus, pal is a common target for metabolic engineering, and it is of significant interest to screen efficient pals for industrial and medical applications. in this study, a novel and efficient visible reporter ...201323907258
phytotoxic allelochemicals from roots and root exudates of trifolium pratense.trifolium pratense, a widespread legume forage plant, is reported to exhibit phytotoxic activity on other plants, but the active metabolites have not been clarified so far. a bioassay-guided fractionation of the root extracts led to the isolation of five isoflavonoids, which were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. all of the purified compounds observably showed phytotoxic activities against arabidopsis thaliana . moreover, the inhibitory effects were concentration-dependent. the furan ring li ...201323738849
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce growth and infect roots of the non-host plant arabidopsis thaliana.the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis is widespread throughout the plant kingdom and important for plant nutrition and ecosystem functioning. nonetheless, most terrestrial ecosystems also contain a considerable number of non-mycorrhizal plants. the interaction of such non-host plants with am fungi (amf) is still poorly understood. here, in three complementary experiments, we investigated whether the non-mycorrhizal plant arabidopsis thaliana, the model organism for plant molecular biology an ...201323527688
isolation and structural identification of the trihydroxamate siderophore vicibactin and its degradative products from rhizobium leguminosarum atcc 14479 bv. trifolii.the rhizobia are a group of free-living soil bacteria known for their ability to symbiotically infect the roots of specific host plants as well as to produce siderophores in order to compete with other microorganisms for the limited availability of iron in the rhizosphere. in this study, rhizobium leguminosarum atcc 14479, which preferentially infects the red clover trifolium pratense, was found to produce the trihydroxamate siderophore vicibactin (c33h55n6o15) under iron restricted conditions. ...201323361163
the acceptability of meadow plants to the slug deroceras reticulatum and implications for grassland restoration.despite the selective pressure slugs may exert on seedling recruitment there is a lack of information in this context within grassland restoration studies. selective grazing is influenced by interspecific differences in acceptability. as part of a larger study of how slug-seedling interactions may influence upland hay meadow restoration, an assessment of relative acceptability is made for seedlings of meadow plants to the slug, deroceras reticulatum.201323632124
effect of formononetin on mechanical properties and chemical composition of bones in rats with ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis.formononetin is a naturally occurring isoflavone, which can be found in low concentrations in many dietary products, but the greatest sources of this substance are astragalus membranaceus, trifolium pratense, glycyrrhiza glabra, and pueraria lobata, which all belong to fabaceae family. due to its structural similarity to 17 β -estradiol, it can mimic estradiol's effect and therefore is considered as a "phytoestrogen." the aim of this study was to examine the effect of formononetin on mechanical ...201323762138
effect of silage botanical composition on ruminal biohydrogenation and transfer of fatty acids to milk in dairy cows.ruminal biohydrogenation and transfer of fatty acids (fa) to milk were determined for 4 silages with different botanical compositions using 4 multiparous norwegian red dairy cows [(mean ± sd) 118 ± 40.9 d in milk, 22.5 ± 2.72 kg of milk/d, 631 ± 3.3 kg of body weight, 3.3 ± 0.40 points on body condition score at the start of the experiment] fitted with rumen cannulas. treatments consisted of 4 experimental silages: a mix of the first and third cut of organically managed short-term grassland with ...201323200474
jumping-ship can have its costs: implications of predation and host plant species for the maintenance of pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum harris) colour polymorphism.the interplay between the host plant of an insect herbivore and an insect predator (here two-spot ladybird beetles; adalia bipunctata (l).; coleoptera: coccinellidae), feeding upon such a herbivore was examined in the laboratory as factors possibly determining the differential abundance and success of green and red host races of pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum harris. the experiment comprised three treatments: two host plants (bean and clover), two treatment levels (control and predation) and thr ...201323601915
the diversity of rhizobia, sinorhizobia and novel non-rhizobial paenibacillus nodulating wild herbaceous legumes.the objective of the present study was to isolate and characterize nodulating bacteria associated with wild legumes. for this purpose, we recovered twenty isolates from root nodules of five wild legume species: melilotus alles, melilotus officinalis, trifolium pratense, trifolium repens and medicago sp. most of the isolates were morphologically analogous with only few exceptions in colony shape, appearance and incubation time. all isolates were gram negative except t.p2-4. random amplification o ...201323896976
antioxidant and photosystem ii responses contribute to explain the drought-heat contrasting tolerance of two forage legumes.identification of metabolic targets of environmental stress factors is critical to improve the stress tolerance of plants. studying the biochemical and physiological responses of plants with different capacities to deal with stress is a valid approach to reach this objective. lotus corniculatus (lotus) and trifolium pratense (clover) are legumes with contrasting summer stress tolerances. in stress conditions, which are defined as drought, heat or a combination of both, we found that differential ...201323792824
plants suppress their emission of volatiles when growing with conspecifics.plant volatiles mediate interactions with herbivores, herbivore enemies, and abiotic stresses, but these interactions mostly have been studied with individual isolated plants. it is not yet known how intra- and interspecific plant competition influence volatile emission. in a greenhouse experiment, we investigated the volatile emission by red clover (trifolium pratense) growing alone, with a conspecific, or with an individual of the naturally co-occurring orchard grass, dactylis glomerata. the i ...201323525954
neuroprotective effects of formononetin against nmda-induced apoptosis in cortical neurons.formononetin (fmnt) is an isoflavone found in many herbs including trifolium pratense l., spatholobus suberectus dunn., and astragalus mongholicus bunge. the purpose of this study is to investigate pharmacological properties of fmnt on neurotoxicity induced by n-methyl-d-asparate (nmda) in primary-cultured cortical neurons. the cell viability was significantly decreased after exposure to nmda (200 μm) for 40 min. pretreatment of fmnt (10 μm) for 12 h significantly attenuated the cell loss induce ...201323362211
a review of metal (pb and zn) sensitive and ph tolerant bioassay organisms for risk screening of metal-contaminated acidic soils.to improve risk estimates at the screening stage of ecological risk assessment (era), short duration bioassays tailored to undisturbed soil cores from the contaminated site could be useful. however, existing standardized bioassays use disturbed soil samples and often ph sensitive organisms. this is a problem as naturally acidic soils are widespread. changing soil properties to suit the test organism may change metal bioavailability, leading to erroneous risk estimates. for bioassays in undisturb ...201323688951
ecotoxicity of siloxane d5 in soil.decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (d5) is a cyclic volatile methyl siloxane (cvms) commonly found in commercially available products. d5 is expected to enter the terrestrial environment through the deposit of biosolids from sewage treatment plants onto agricultural fields for nutrient enrichment. little to no information currently exists as to the risks of d5 to the terrestrial environment. in order to evaluate the potential risk to terrestrial organisms, the toxicity of a d5 contaminated biosolid in ...201222197313
factors affecting the separation and bioactivity of red clover (trifolium pratense) extracts assayed against clostridium sticklandii, a ruminal hyper ammonia-producing bacterium.red clover (trifolium pratense) is rich in phenolic compounds. both the crude phenolic extract and biochanin a, an isoflavonoid component of the extract, suppress growth of clostridium sticklandii, a bovine, gram-positive, ruminal hyper-ammonia producing bacterium (hab). the purpose of this study was to determine if other components of red clover extract contributed to its anti-hab activity. extracts of the kenland cultivar of red clover, collected 0 h and 24 h after cutting, were separated by n ...201223413564
the effect of n-fertilisation rate or inclusion of red clover to timothy leys on fatty acid composition in milk of dairy cows fed a commercial silage: concentrate ratio.the aim of this experiment was to, under typical swedish production conditions, evaluate the effects of grass silages subjected to different n-fertilisation regimes fed to dairy cows on the fatty acid (fa) composition of their milk, and to compare the grass silages in this respect to red clover-dominated silage. grass silages made from first year phleum pratense l. leys subjected to three n-fertilisation regimes (30, 90 and 120 kg n/ha, designated g-30, g-90 and g-120, respectively) and a mixed ...201223031480
terrestrial microcosms in a feasibility study on the remediation of diesel-contaminated soils.phytoremediation and bioremediation are site-specific processes, and feasibility studies should be performed as an initial step in scaling-up these processes. soil microcosms can be a useful tool for investigating the efficiency of remediation alternatives under realistic conditions. in the present study, the degradation of diesel fuel in soil was studied in artificially assembled microcosms during a 180-day experiment. microcosms consisted of soil columns seeded with a mix of festuca arundinace ...201121907410
ambispora granatensis, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, associated with asparagus officinalis in andalucia (spain).a new dimorphic fungal species in the arbuscular mycorrhiza-forming glomeromycota, ambispora granatensis, was isolated from an agricultural site in the province of granada (andalucía, spain) growing in the rhizosphere of asparagus officinalis. it was propagated in pot cultures with trifolium pratense and sorghum vulgare. the fungus also colonized ri t-dna transformed daucus carota roots but did not form spores in these root organ cultures. the spores of the acaulosporoid morph are 90-150 μm diam ...201120952800
grazing management and supplementation effects on forage and dairy cow performance on cool-season pastures in the southeastern united states.cool-season annual forages provide high-quality herbage for up to 5 mo in the us gulf coast states, but their management in pasture-based dairy systems has received little attention. objectives of this study were to evaluate pasture and animal responses when lactating holstein cows (n=32, mean dim=184±21) grazed either n-fertilized rye (secale cereale l.)-annual ryegrass (lolium multiflorum lam.) mixed pastures or rye-annual ryegrass-crimson clover (trifolium incarnatum l.)-red clover (trifolium ...201121787931
red clover trifolium pratense (linn.) isoflavones extract on the pain threshold of normal and ovariectomized rats--a long-term study.depletion of estrogens occurs in women during menopause, while in experimental animals, oophorectomy is a common method to deplete the animals of their gonadal hormones. recently, phytoestrogens derived from plants have been tried as estrogen substitutes during menopause. in the present study an isoflavones methanol extract from red clover trifolium pratense (linn.) was administered orally (500 mg/kg of body weight) to ovariectomized (ovx) and normal (controls) rats for 90 and 180 days. their pa ...201120623592
plants growing on contaminated and brownfield sites appropriate for use in organisation for economic co-operation and development terrestrial plant growth test.the organisation for economic co-operation and development (oecd) terrestrial plant test is often used for the ecological risk assessment of contaminated land. however, its origins in plant protection product testing mean that the species recommended in the oecd guidelines are unlikely to occur on contaminated land. six alternative species were tested on contaminated soils from a former zn smelter and a metal fragmentizer with elevated concentrations of cd, cu, pb, and zn. the response of the al ...201120853450
evaluation of the estrogenic effects of dietary perinatal trifolium pratense.this study was designed to investigate the potential estrogenic effects of perinatal dietary phytoestrogens on the rat uterus. pregnant rats were divided to three groups provided the following diets: (1) rat chow, (2) rat chow with 7.5% trifolium (t.) pratense, or (3) rat chow supplemented with 17β-estradiol (0.5 mg/kg). the dams in each group were kept on the same diet during pregnancy and lactation. female offspring were euthanized on day 21 at which time body and organ weights were recorded a ...201121586870
in vitro and in vivo melanogenesis inhibition by biochanin a from trifolium pratense.our previous study showed that a methanol extract from trifolium pratense exerted potent inhibitory activity on melanogenesis in mouse b16 melanoma cells. in the present study, the active compound in this chinese herb extract was isolated and identified as biochanin a by mass spectrum, (1)h-nmr, and (13)c-nmr analysis. the inhibitory effects of biochanin a on melanogenesis were investigated in vitro in cultured melanoma cells and in vivo in zebrafish and mice. biochanin a dose-dependently inhibi ...201121597196
agricultural reuse of the digestate from low-cost tubular digesters in rural andean communities.this research aimed at assessing the properties of guinea pig manure digestate from low-cost tubular digesters for crops fertilization in rural andean communities. to this end, field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of the digestate on two common andean crops: potato (solanum tuberosum) and forage (lolium multiflorum and trifolium pratense l.). the potato yield (20-25 tha(-1)) increased by 27.5% with digestate, by 15.1% with pre-compost and by 10.3% with the mixture, compared to th ...201121903373
survival of three commercially available natural enemies exposed to michigan wildflowers.flowering plants are often used in habitat management programs to conserve the arthropod natural enemies of insect pests. in this study, nine species of flowering plants representing six families commonly found in north america east of the rocky mountains were evaluated based on how much they extended the lifespans of three commercially available natural enemy species in cages with cut flower stems compared with cages containing water only. the natural enemies used in the experiments were a lady ...201122251728
methylated arsenic species in plants originate from soil microorganisms.• inorganic arsenic (ias) is a ubiquitous human carcinogen, and rice (oryza sativa) is the main contributor to ias in the diet. methylated pentavalent as species are less toxic and are routinely found in plants; however, it is currently unknown whether plants are able to methylate as. • rice, tomato (solanum lycopersicum) and red clover (trifolium pratense) were exposed to ias, monomethylarsonic acid (mma(v)), or dimethylarsinic acid (dma(v)), under axenic conditions. rice seedlings were also gr ...201122098145
competitiveness of rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains in mixed inoculation of clover (trifolium pratense).rhizobium leguminosarum by. trifolii (rlt) establishes beneficial root nodule symbiosis with clover. twenty rlt strains differentially marked with antibiotic-resistance markers were investigated in terms of their competitiveness and plant growth promotion in mixed inoculation of clover in laboratory experiments. the results showed that the studied strains essentially differed in competition ability. these differences seem not to be dependent on bacterial multiplication in the vicinity of roots, ...201121630573
isolation and characterization of two strains of fusarium oxysporum causing potato dry rot in solanum tuberosum in colombia.background: fusarium oxysporum has worldwide distribution and causes severe vascular wilt or root rot in many plants. strains are classified into formae speciales based on their high degree of host specificity, of which multilocus sequence typing provides a fairly good estimate. aims: the main aim of this study was to identify the causal agent of an infected potato tuber in colombia. methodology and results: two f. oxysporum isolates were recovered from a potato tuber showing symptoms of dry rot ...201121635960
glucuronidation of the red clover isoflavone irilone by liver microsomes from different species and human udp-glucuronosyltransferases.red clover (trifolium pratense l.) is used as a source for isoflavone (if) dietary supplements. in this study, we focused on the red clover if irilone (iri), because of its reported comparatively high bioavailability. because the conjugative metabolism plays a key role in the elimination of if, we investigated the species-specific differences and glucuronidation kinetics of iri using different liver microsomes as well as the recombinant udp-glucuronosyltransferases (ugts) 1a1, 1a7, 1a8, 1a9, 1a1 ...201021177485
enhancement of clover growth by inoculation of p-solubilizing fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.this study evaluated the synergism between several p-solubilizing fungi isolates and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve clover ( trifolium pratense) growth in the presence of araxá apatite. clover was sown directly in plastic pots with 300g of sterilized washed sand, vermiculite and sepiolite 1:1:1 (v:v:v) as substrate, and grown in a controlled environment chamber. the substrate was fertilized with 3 g l-1 of araxá apatite. a completely randomized design, in 8×2 factorial scheme (eight p-s ...201021562704
antimicrobial effect of red clover (trifolium pratense) phenolic extract on the ruminal hyper ammonia-producing bacterium, clostridium sticklandii.ruminal proteolysis and subsequent amino acid degradation represent considerable economic loss in ruminant production. the hyper ammonia-producing bacteria (hab) are largely responsible for amino acid deamination in the rumen. hab can be controlled with ionophores, but they are also susceptible to antimicrobial plant secondary metabolites. red clover (trifolium pratense) is rich in soluble phenolics, and it is also more resistant to proteolysis than other legumes. the goal of this study was to i ...201020087740
diversity study on sclerotinia trifoliorum erikks., the causal agent of clover rot in red clover crops (trifolium pratense l.).since the 16th century, red clover has been an important crop in europe. since the 1940s, the european areal of red clover has been severely reduced, due to the availability of chemical fertilizers and the growing interest in maize. nowadays there is a growing interest in red clover again, although some setbacks still remain. an important setback is the low persistence of red clover crops. clover rot, caused by the ascomycete fungus sclerotinia trifoliorum erikss., is a major disease in europe a ...201021534473
isoflavones isolated from red clover (trifolium pratense) inhibit smooth muscle contraction of the isolated rat prostate gland.this study investigated whether red clover contains any bioactive constituents which may affect contractility of rat prostatic smooth muscle in an attempt to determine whether its medicinal use in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia is supported by pharmacological effects. a commercially available red clover extract was chemically fractionated and various isoflavones (genistein, formononetin and biochanin a) were isolated from these fractions and their effects on contractility were exa ...201020638256
using complementary and alternative medicines to target the host response during severe influenza.it is now accepted that an overwhelming inflammatory response is the cause of human deaths from avian h5n1 influenza infection. with this in mind we sought to examine the literature for examples of complementary and alternative medicines that reduce inflammation, and to place the results of this search in the context of our own work in a mouse model of influenza disease, using a pharmaceutical agent with anti-inflammatory properties. two chinese herbs, angelica sinensis (dang gui) and salvia mil ...201019779008
red clover coumarate 3'-hydroxylase (cyp98a44) is capable of hydroxylating p-coumaroyl-shikimate but not p-coumaroyl-malate: implications for the biosynthesis of phaselic acid.red clover (trifolium pratense) leaves accumulate several mumol of phaselic acid [2-o-caffeoyl-l-malate] per gram fresh weight. post-harvest oxidation of such o-diphenols to o-quinones by endogenous polyphenol oxidases (ppo) prevents breakdown of forage protein during storage. forages like alfalfa (medicago sativa) lack both foliar ppo activity and o-diphenols. consequently, breakdown of their protein upon harvest and storage results in economic losses and release of excess nitrogen into the env ...201019921248
mapping candidate qtls related to plant persistency in red clover.red clover (trifolium pratense l.) is a diploid (2n = 14), self-incompatible legume that is widely cultivated as a forage legume in cold geographical regions. because it is a short-lived perennial species, improvement of plant persistency is the most important objective for red clover breeding. to develop a marker-assisted selection (mas) approach for red clover, we identified candidate qtls related to plant persistency. two full-sib mapping populations, 272 x wf1680 and hr x r130, were used for ...201020087570
red clover (trifolium pratense l.) isoflavones: root phenolic compounds affected by biotic and abiotic stress factors.phenolic compounds have recently received considerable attention for their ability to protect plant and human cells from oxidative stress-induced damage. red clover (trifolium pratense l.) is a rich source of isoflavonoids with multiple potential protective functions. the aim of this study was to identify and characterise phenolic compounds in red clover roots by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry and to study the effects of stress factors and growth stage on root pheno ...201020355062
predicting molybdenum toxicity to higher plants: estimation of toxicity threshold values.four plant species (oilseed rape, brassica napus l.; red clover, trifolium pratense l.; ryegrass, lolium perenne l.; and tomato, lycopersicon esculentum l.) were tested on ten soils varying widely in soil properties to assess molybdenum (mo) toxicity. a larger range (66-fold-609-fold) of added mo concentrations resulting in 50% inhibition of yield (ed50) was found among soils than among plant species (2-fold-38-fold), which illustrated that the soils differed widely in the expression of mo toxic ...201020656390
medicinal plants as alternative treatments for female sexual dysfunction: utopian vision or possible treatment in climacteric women?female sexual dysfunction (fsd) is a complex and multifactorial condition. an increased incidence of fsd is especially associated with the decline of estrogen. thus, menopause is a critical phase for fsd complaints. in this context, medicinal plants may be a therapeutic option.201020722793
specific developmental pathways underlie host specificity in the parasitic plant orobanche.parasitic angiosperms are an ecologically and economically important group of plants. however our understanding of the basis for host specificity in these plants is embryonic. recently we investigated host specificity in the parasitic angiosperm orobanche minor, and demonstrated that this host generalist parasite comprises genetically defined races that are physiologically adapted to specific hosts. populations occurring naturally on red clover (trifolium pratense) and sea carrot (daucus carota ...201020081361
hplc/dad/ms and antioxidant activity of isoflavone-based food supplements.isoflavones are polyphenolic compounds found mainly in legumes the benefits of which have been widely studied and attributed in particular to their phytoestrogenic activity. the aim of this study was to evaluate the quali-quantitative composition of food supplements based on soy isoflavones (glycine max l.) and red clover (trifolium pratense). six commercial food supplements (five soy-based and one red clover-based) were analyzed by hplc/dad/ms. genistein, daidzein, glycitein, biochanin a and fo ...201021213978
biodiversity effects on yield and unsown species invasion in a temperate forage ecosystem.current agricultural practices are based on growing monocultures or binary mixtures over large areas, with a resultant impoverishing effect on biodiversity at several trophic levels. the effects of increasing the biodiversity of a sward mixture on dry matter yield and unsown species invasion were studied.200919168861
host-specific races in the holoparasitic angiosperm orobanche minor: implications for speciation in parasitic plants.orobanche minor is a root-holoparasitic angiosperm that attacks a wide range of host species, including a number of commonly cultivated crops. the extent to which genetic divergence among natural populations of o. minor is influenced by host specificity has not been determined previously. here, the host specificity of natural populations of o. minor is quantified for the first time, and evidence that this species may comprise distinct physiological races is provided.200919251714
pretreatment of clover seeds with nod factors improves growth and nodulation of trifolium pratense.the increase in legume production in sustainable agriculture depends not only on the effectiveness of the selected nitrogen-fixing inoculants but also on their competitiveness in a soil environment containing an indigenous rhizobial population. in this study, we investigated the effect of pretreatment of red clover seeds with specific nod factor (lcos) on germination, growth, and nodulation of clover growing under sterile conditions and in the soil. we demonstrated that, although the symbiotic a ...200919370375
influence of red clover (trifolium pratense) isoflavones on gene and protein expression profiles in liver of ovariectomized rats.isoflavones such as genistein, biochanin a, formononetin, and glycetin are fairly abundant in red clover (trifolium pratense, fabaceae) and show estrogenic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities. to explore these effects mediated by red clover extract at the gene and protein levels, female ovariectomized rats were treated with an isoflavone rich extract of t. pratense. the experimental rats were divided into 2 groups of five animals each: a) control b) experimental group (red clover extract t ...200919409770
in vivo metabolic tracking of 14c-radiolabelled isoflavones in kudzu (pueraria lobata) and red clover (trifolium pratense) extracts.absorption, distribution and elimination of 14c-labelled isoflavone-containing extracts from kudzu (pueraria lobata) root culture and red clover (trifolium pratense) cell culture were investigated in an in vivo rat model. the predominant isoflavones in the kudzu extract were the glycosides puerarin, daidzin and malonyl daidzin, while in the red clover extract, the major isoflavones were formononetin and its derivatives, genistein and biochanin a, with radioactivities of 3.770 and 7.256 mbq/g, re ...200919586574
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