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endoparasites of horses from the formiga city, located in center-west region of the state of minas gerais, brazil.with the aim of studying the endoparasite fauna of horses from the formiga city, located in center-west region of the state of minas gerais, 25 animals that were naturally infected with helminths were evaluated. by means of parasitological necropsies, different endoparasites were found. the subfamily cyathostominae presented the highest incidence, followed by trichostrongylus axei, oxyuris equi, triodontophorus serratus, strongyloides westeri, strongylus edentatus, habronema muscae, parascaris e ...201725517536
comparative analyses of glycerotoxin expression unveil a novel structural organization of the bloodworm venom system.we present the first molecular characterization of glycerotoxin (gltx), a potent neurotoxin found in the venom of the bloodworm glycera tridactyla (glyceridae, annelida). within the animal kingdom, gltx shows a unique mode of action as it can specifically up-regulate the activity of cav2.2 channels (n-type) in a reversible manner. the lack of sequence information has so far hampered a detailed understanding of its mode of action.201728259138
strongyle egg reappearance period after moxidectin treatment and its relationship with management factors in uk equine populations.parasitic nematodes, particularly cyathostomins, are ubiquitous in grazing horses world-wide. considerable burdens of cyathostomin larvae can encyst in the large intestinal wall. the most recommended treatment against these pathogenic stages is moxidectin. information is required on how effective moxidectin is against cyathostomin populations in different regions. the objectives here were to determine the efficacy of moxidectin treatment and estimate the strongyle egg reappearance period (erp) a ...201728249767
detection of strongylus vulgaris in equine faecal samples by real-time pcr and larval culture - method comparison and occurrence assessment.strongylus vulgaris has become a rare parasite in germany during the past 50 years due to the practice of frequent prophylactic anthelmintic therapy. to date, the emerging development of resistance in cyathostominae and parascaris spp. to numerous equine anthelmintics has changed deworming management and the frequency of anthelmintic usage. in this regard, reliable detection of parasitic infections, especially of the highly pathogenic s. vulgaris is essential. in the current study, two diagnosti ...201728077153
helminth egg excretion in horses kept under tropical conditions-prevalence, distribution and risk factors.increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance observed in equine cyathostomin parasites have led to recommendations of selective anthelmintic treatment strategies to lower the selection pressure favoring resistant populations. this principle is based on determining strongyle fecal egg counts from all herd members, and treating those exceeding a predetermined treatment cutoff. however, epidemiological information is lacking from horses kept under tropical conditions, where parasite burdens may be ...201728807303
nonstrangulating intestinal infarction associated with strongylus vulgaris in referred danish equine cases.strongylus vulgaris is a pathogenic helminth parasite infecting horses and was once considered to be the primary cause of colic. migrating larvae cause ischaemia and infarction of intestinal segments. this knowledge is derived from case reports and experimental inoculations of parasite-naïve foals, and it remains unknown to what extent the parasite is associated with different types of colic.201625604521
purification of diverse hemoglobins by metal salt precipitation.although donated blood is the preferred material for transfusion, its limited availability and stringent storage requirements have motivated the development of blood substitutes. the giant extracellular hemoglobin (aka erythrocruorin) of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris (ltec) has shown promise as a blood substitute, but an efficient purification method for ltec must be developed to meet the potential large demand for blood substitutes. in this work, an optimized purification process that uses ...201626363116
density-dependent prey mortality is determined by the spatial scale of predator foraging.foraging theory predicts which prey patches predators should target. however, in most habitats, what constitutes a 'patch' and how prey density is calculated are subjective concepts and depend on the spatial scale at which the predator (or scientist) is observing. moreover, the predator's 'foraging scale' affects prey population dynamics: predators should produce directly density-dependent (ddd) prey mortality at the foraging scale, but inversely density-dependent (idd) mortality (safety-in-numb ...201626116266
assessment of risk factors associated with prevalence of strongyle infection in equines from central plain zone, punjab.a total of 311 equine faecal samples (190 horses and 121 mules) collected from six districts of central plain zone, punjab were examined using standard coprological methods. the results showed an overall prevalence of 27.33 % for strongyles with rare to mild type of infection as evident from egg per gram of faeces. in particular, amongst the examined samples, 17.90 % of horses and 42.14 % of mules were infected and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). identification of the fa ...201627876953
time required by different anthelmintics to reach expected efficacy levels in horses infected by strongyles.the aim of this study was to determine the time required by different anthelmintic agents to reduce strongyle egg shedding in horses. fifty horses were divided into five homogenous groups based on faecal egg counts (fecs). treatment groups received either ivermectin; moxidectin; fenbendazole; piperazine; or no treatment (control group). faecal examinations were performed 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48h after the anthelmintic treatment. after this period, faecal samples were taken every 24h over the ...201627809986
strongylids in domestic horses: influence of horse age, breed and deworming programs on the strongyle parasite community.an extensive analysis of the relationships between strongylid egg shedding in domestic horses and the strongylid community structure in regard to the age of the horses, their breeds and different strategies of horse management, particularly with anthelmintic treatment programs was performed. domestic horses (n=197) of different ages (5 months to 22 years) and of various breeds from 15 farms with different types of deworming programs were included in this study. strongylids (totally, 82,767 speci ...201627523938
effect of vacuum packing and temperature on survival and hatching of strongyle eggs in faecal samples.strongyle eggs of helminths of livestock usually hatch within a few hours or days after deposition with faeces. this poses a problem when faecal sampling is performed in the field. as oxygen is needed for embryonic development, it is recommended to reduce air supply during transport and refrigerate. the present study therefore investigated the combined effect of vacuum packing and temperature on survival of strongyle eggs and their subsequent ability to hatch and develop into l3. fresh faecal sa ...201626827855
aneurysm of the cranial mesenteric artery as a site of carriage of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar abortusequi in the horse.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar abortusequi is a pathogen restricted to horses. our investigation targeted 4 draft horses (9-10 months old) kept on a japanese farm that had suffered an outbreak of s. abortusequi abortion. the 4 horses were suspected to be carriers of the bacterium owing to their high agglutination titers (≥1:2,560) in tube agglutination testing. the owners' on-farm observations confirmed that the horses had no apparent abnormalities, and s. abortusequi was not isolat ...201627271985
fecal parasite identification by microscopy and pcr in scimitar-horned oryx, oryx dammah, managed at two sites.the scimitar-horned oryx, oryx dammah, an endangered species extinct in the wild, is managed in various captive management programs and is the focus of reintroduction efforts. management variability can contribute to substantial parasite load differences, which can affect deworming programs and potentially transfer parasites to different regions with translocations. parasite studies in o. dammah are lacking. in this study, we determined fecal egg/oocyst counts of o. dammah in two captive herds, ...201627942456
new multiplex pcr method for the simultaneous diagnosis of the three known species of equine tapeworm.although several techniques exist for the detection of equine tapeworms in serum and feces, the differential diagnosis of tapeworm infection is usually based on postmortem findings and the morphological identification of eggs in feces. in this study, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based method for the simultaneuos detection of anoplocephala magna, anoplocephala perfoliata and anoplocephaloides mamillana has been developed and validated. the method simultaneously amplifies hypervaria ...201525498328
prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of equids from organized farms of mumbai and pune.a total of 1,304 faecal samples of different species of equids were examined for presence of helminthic eggs from five different centres in mumbai and pune regions of maharashtra state from october 2011 to june 2012. overall prevalence of helminthic infestation was found to be 20.63 % with higher rate of occurrence in monsoon (31.29 %) followed by winter (20.40 %) and summer (14.23 %). four species of nematodes viz. strongyles (10.81 %), strongyloides westeri (13.19 %), parascaris equorum (0.23  ...201526063996
changes in serum strongylus vulgaris-specific antibody concentrations in response to anthelmintic treatment of experimentally infected foals.strongylus vulgaris is the most pathogenic nematode parasite of horses. its extensive migration in the mesenteric blood vessels can lead to life-threatening intestinal infarctions. recent work has shown that this parasite is still identified among managed horse populations. a serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) has been developed for the detection of migrating larvae of s. vulgaris. previous work has documented an increase in elisa values following larvicidal treatment with ivermecti ...201526664946
serum strongylus vulgaris-specific antibody responses to anthelmintic treatment in naturally infected horses.strongylus vulgaris is the most pathogenic helminth parasite of horses, causing verminous endarteritis with thromboembolism and infarction. a serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) has been validated for detection of antibodies to an antigen produced by migrating larvae of this parasite. the aim was to evaluate elisa responses to anthelmintic treatment in cohorts of naturally infected horses. fifteen healthy horses harboring patent s. vulgaris infections were turned out for communal gra ...201525358238
evaluation of baermann apparatus sedimentation time on recovery of strongylus vulgaris and s. edentatus third stage larvae from equine coprocultures.traditional methods of diagnosing equine strongylinae infections require culturing feces, sedimenting the culture media in baermann apparatuses, collecting the sediment, and morphologically identifying recovered third stage larvae. however, this method is plagued by low negative predictive values. this study evaluated sedimentation time within the baermann apparatus by comparing larval recovery from the traditionally collected sediment, "sediment 1", and from the usually discarded remaining flui ...201525976635
cranial mesenteric arterial obstruction due to strongylus vulgaris larvae in a donkey (equus asinus).arteritis due to strongylus vulgaris is a well-known cause of colic in horses and donkeys. the current report describes a fatal incidence of arterial obstruction in cranial mesenteric artery caused by s. vulgaris infection in an adult donkey in which anthelmintic treatment was not regularly administered. necropsy findings of the abdominal cavity revealed a complete cranial mesenteric arterial obstruction due to larvae of s. vulgaris, causing severe colic. to the authors' knowledge, a complete cr ...201425678931
strongyle infections and parasitic control strategies in german horses - a risk assessment.as a consequence of the increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomes, new strategies for equine parasite control are being implemented. to assess the potential risks of these, the occurrence of strongyles was evaluated in a group of 1887 horses. the distribution of fecal egg counts (fecs), the frequency of anthelmintic drug use, and the deworming intervals were also analyzed. between june 2012 and may 2013, 1887 fecal samples from either selectively or strategically dewormed hors ...201425387542
a polychaete's powerful punch: venom gland transcriptomics of glycera reveals a complex cocktail of toxin homologs.glycerids are marine annelids commonly known as bloodworms. bloodworms have an eversible proboscis adorned with jaws connected to venom glands. bloodworms prey on invertebrates, and it is known that the venom glands produce compounds that can induce toxic effects in animals. yet, none of these putative toxins has been characterized on a molecular basis. here we present the transcriptomic profiles of the venom glands of three species of bloodworm, glycera dibranchiata, glycera fallax and glycera ...201425193302
effects of daily pyrantel tartrate on strongylid population dynamics and performance parameters of young horses repeatedly infected with cyathostomins and strongylus vulgaris.strongylid infections are ubiquitous in grazing horse populations. infections with cyathostomin (small strongyle) and strongylin (large strongyle) nematodes have long been associated with clinical disease in horses, but little is known about their subclinical impact. a masked, randomized, controlled study was conducted to evaluate the effects of daily administration of pyrantel tartrate on body condition scores, weight gain, fecal egg counts, and total worm counts of young horses repeatedly inoc ...201424929448
physiologic and systemic acute phase inflammatory responses in young horses repeatedly infected with cyathostomins and strongylus vulgaris.migrating strongylus vulgaris and encysted cyathostomin larvae cause a localized inflammatory response in horses. it is unknown whether these larvae elicit a systemic acute phase response (apr), evidenced by changes in serum amyloid a (saa), haptoglobin (hp), iron (fe), albumin, or albumin/globulin (a/g) ratio. in this study, 28 horses were randomly allocated to receive either pyrantel tartrate or a pelleted placebo formulation in their daily feed. concurrent with treatment, all the horses were ...201424529577
selective therapy in equine parasite control--application and limitations.since the 1960s equine parasite control has relied heavily on frequent anthelmintic treatments often applied with frequent intervals year-round. however, increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomins and parascaris equorum are now forcing the equine industry to change to a more surveillance-based treatment approach to facilitate a reduction in treatment intensity. the principle of selective therapy has been implemented with success in small ruminant parasite control, and has also ...201424702770
development of strongylus vulgaris-specific serum antibodies in naturally infected foals.strongylus vulgaris is regarded as the most pathogenic helminth parasite infecting horses. migrating larvae cause pronounced endarteritis and thrombosis in the cranial mesenteric artery and adjacent branches, and thromboembolism can lead to ischemia and infarction of large intestinal segments. a recently developed serum elisa allows detection of s. vulgaris-specific antibodies during the six-month-long prepatent period. a population of horses has been maintained at the university of kentucky wit ...201424433851
hierarchical model for evaluating pyrantel efficacy against strongyle parasites in horses.anthelmintic resistance is an increasing challenge for the control of equine parasites. the fecal egg count reduction test (fecrt) is the practical gold standard method for evaluating reduction in anthelmintic efficacy, but the interpretation is complicated due to high levels of variability. a hierarchical statistical model was described for analysis of fecrt data from multiple farms to evaluate the role of biological factors in determining the strongyle efficacy of pyrantel pamoate in a study p ...201323680542
svsxp: a strongylus vulgaris antigen with potential for prepatent diagnosis.strongyle parasites are ubiquitous in grazing horses. strongylus vulgaris, the most pathogenic of the large strongyles, is known for its extensive migration in the mesenteric arterial system. the lifecycle of s. vulgaris is characterised by a long prepatent period where the migrating larvae are virtually undetectable as there currently is no test available for diagnosing prepatent s. vulgaris infection. presence of s. vulgaris larvae in the arterial system causes endarteritis and thrombosis with ...201323557195
recent advances in diagnosing pathogenic equine gastrointestinal helminths: the challenge of prepatent detection.parasites infecting horses are ubiquitous and clinically important across the world. the major parasitic threats to equine health are cyathostomins, parascaris equorum, anoplocephala perfoliata, and strongylus vulgaris. increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance reported world wide in equine parasites have led to recommendations of constructing sustainable parasite control programmes based on systematic surveillance of parasite levels. regulations at the european union level now make anthelmin ...201323199789
association between large strongyle genera in larval cultures--using rare-event poisson regression.decades of intensive anthelmintic treatment has caused equine large strongyles to become quite rare, while the cyathostomins have developed resistance to several drug classes. the larval culture has been associated with low to moderate negative predictive values for detecting strongylus vulgaris infection. it is unknown whether detection of other large strongyle species can be statistically associated with presence of s. vulgaris. this remains a statistical challenge because of the rare occurren ...201323731556
the strongylidae belonging to strongylus genus in horses from southeastern poland.postmortem parasitic examinations of the large intestines of 725 slaughtered horses from individual farmers in southeastern poland were carried out. the examinations were carried out monthly since february 2006 until january 2007 (except for august 2007 because of a technological stoppage in the slaughterhouse). the examinations included the intensiveness and extensiveness of the infestation of the strongylidae belonging to the strongylus genus. the strongylidae were found in 26.5% of the examin ...201222961235
real-time pcr evaluation of strongylus vulgaris in horses on farms in denmark and central kentucky.strongyle parasites are ubiquitous in grazing horses, and the large strongyle strongylus vulgaris is considered the most pathogenic helminth parasite of horses. recent investigations have suggested an association between occurrence of this parasite and usage of selective therapy based on regular fecal egg counts. the established diagnostic method for s. vulgaris involves larval culture and subsequent morphological identification of third stage larvae under the microscope. recently, a real-time p ...201222877828
[strongylids (nematoda: strongylidae) of domestic horses in ukraine: modern state of fauna and structure of the parasite community].species composition and structure of the strongylid community was studies on helminthological material collected from 162 domestic horses from 11 regions of ukraine by the in vivo method. animals were treated with anthelmintic drug "univerm" (0.2% aversectin c, russia). faecal samples (200 g each) were collected from every horse at 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours after treatment; all nematodes expelled (90.851 specimens) were collected and identified. thirty-three strongylid species from 12 genera (8 sp ...201222834350
strongylus vulgaris associated with usage of selective therapy on danish horse farms-is it reemerging?nematodes belonging to the order strongylida are ubiquitous in grazing horses, and the large strongyle strongylus vulgaris is considered the most pathogenic. this parasite was originally described widely prevalent in equine establishments, but decades of frequent anthelmintic treatment appears to have reduced the prevalence dramatically. increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomin parasites have led to implementation of selective therapy to reduce further development of resistan ...201222703964
predatory functional response and prey choice identify predation differences between native/invasive and parasitised/unparasitised crayfish.invasive predators may change the structure of invaded communities through predation and competition with native species. in europe, the invasive signal crayfish pacifastacus leniusculus is excluding the native white clawed crayfish austropotamobius pallipes.201222359673
fecundity of various species of strongylids (nematoda: strongylidae)--parasites of domestic horses.the aims of the study were to determine fecundity of several strongylid species parasitizing domestic horses and analyze possible relations between numbers of eggs in female uteri and size of both the eggs and the nematodes as well as the influence of fecundity on proportion of species in the strongylid community. twenty-five specimens from each of 15 strongylid species (strongylus vulgaris, strongylus edentatus, triodontophorus serratus, triodontophorus brevicauda, triodontophorus tenuicollis, ...201222903448
prevalence of helminths in horses in the state of brandenburg, germany.the objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of helminths in the horse population of the state of brandenburg, germany. one hundred and twenty-six horse farms in the state were selected by randomised stratified sampling. in total, 1,407 horses across all farms were examined coproscopically. the experimental unit was the horse farm: a farm was considered infected when at least one horse on the farm investigated was positive for helminth eggs. animal details such as age, breed and sex ...201121472400
prevalence of strongyles and efficacy of fenbendazole and ivermectin in working horses in el sauce, nicaragua.horses, mules and donkeys are indispensable farming and working animals in many developing countries, and their health status is important to the farmers. strongyle parasites are ubiquitous in grazing horses world-wide and are known to constitute a threat to equine health. this study determined the prevalence of strongyle infection, the efficacy of ivermectin and fenbendazole treatment, and strongyle re-infection rates of working horses during the dry months in nicaragua. one hundred and five ho ...201121570188
sustainable equine parasite control: perspectives and research needs.clinically important equine parasites are ubiquitous in managed horse populations. the traditional approach to parasite control is frequent administration of anthelmintics to all horses on a farm. however, increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance is forcing horse owners and veterinarians to shift this control paradigm. treatment regimens involving routine deworming of all horses throughout the year are now being replaced by more sustainable approaches, which take in to account the importance ...201122055611
strongylus vulgaris (looss, 1900) in horses in italy: is it still a problem?a post-mortem survey was carried out on 46 sardinian horses to evaluate the presence of strongylus vulgaris and associated pathology. horses were from local farms and had been treated with broad-spectrum anthelmintics at least 3 times a year. examination of the cranial mesenteric arterial system (cmas) showed parasite-induced lesions in all horses. s. vulgaris larvae were found in 39% of examined arteries, while their detection rate in coprocultures was 4%. histology, carried out on 26 horses, s ...201121962966
evaluation of conventional pcr for detection of strongylus vulgaris on horse farms.strongyle parasites are ubiquitous in grazing horses. of these, the bloodworm strongylus vulgaris is regarded as most pathogenic. increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance in strongyle parasites has led to recommendations of decreased treatment intensities, and there is now a pronounced need for reliable tools for detection of parasite burdens in general and s. vulgaris in particular. the only method currently available for diagnosing s. vulgaris in practice is the larval culture, which is la ...201121889849
spatial niche competition among helminth parasites in horse's large intestine.the spatial distribution of large intestinal helminth parasites of 50 horses was studied. both adult and mucosal larval stages were examined and counted within the ventral colon, dorsal colon and caecum. thirty-three species of adult parasites were identified and their distribution in the three large intestinal regions reported, together with the localization of cyathostome encysted larvae and of empty mucosal cysts. in order to highlight interspecific interactions, both spearman pairwise correl ...201020153115
biodiversity and distribution of helminths and protozoa in naturally infected horses from the biosphere reserve la sierra madre de chiapas", méxico.a cross sectional survey was performed to identify gastrointestinal helminths and protozoans in naturally infected horses from the biosphere reserve known as "la sierra madre de chiapas", mexico (el triunfo and la sepultura). during a three-year survey, fecal samples from 90 horses and parasites from 2 necropsied animals were collected. five families from the nematoda class: ascaridae, kathlanidae, oxyuridae, strongylidae and trichostrongylidae were found, whereas, only one family from the class ...201020307938
ionoregulatory physiology of two species of african lungfishes protopterus dolloi and protopterus annectens.basic ionoregulatory physiology was characterized in two species of african lungfish, slender african lungfish protopterus dolloi and west african lungfish protopterus annectens, largely under aquatic conditions. there were no substantive differences between the two species. plasma [na], [cl] and [ca] were only 60-80% of those typical of freshwater teleosts, and plasma ca activity was particularly low. unidirectional na and cl influx rates from water were also very low, only c. 10% of teleost va ...200920738584
a cathepsin l-like protease from strongylus vulgaris: an orthologue of caenorhabditis elegans cpl-1.cathespin l-like proteases (cpls), characterized from a wide range of helminths, are significant in helminth biology. for example, in caenorhabditis elegans cpl is essential for embryogenesis. here, we report a cathepsin l-like gene from three species of strongyles that parasitize the horse, and describe the isolation of a cpl gene (sv-cpl-1) from strongylus vulgaris, the first such from equine strongyles. it encodes a protein of 354 amino acids with high similarity to other parasitic strongylid ...200919059238
anthelmintic efficacies of a tablet formula of ivermectin-praziquantel on horses experimentally infected with three strongylus species.in this blinded randomized and controlled study, the anthelmintic efficacy of a tablet formula of ivermectin-praziquantel was evaluated in horses experimentally infected with three species of strongylus larvae. eighteen previously dewormed horses were inoculated on study day 0 with third-stage larvae of strongylus vulgaris, strongylus equinus, and strongylus edentatus. the horses were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 6): test-drug (tablet formula), positive-control (reference gel), and ne ...200919488785
parasitism and colic.equids are hosts to dozens of species of internal parasites that infect no other domestic animals. virtually all horses, especially those exposed to pasture, experience some level of parasitism continuously. despite pathologic evidence of parasitic damage in various organs and tissues, few parasitisms are manifested systemically in well-managed horses. contrary to conventional wisdom, only three common parasitisms of horses are likely to be manifested as colic: strongylus vulgaris, parascaris eq ...200919580936
occurrence of strongyles (strongylidae) in horses from small farms on the basis of necropsy.three parts of the large intestine, i.e. the dorsal and ventral colon, and caecum in 41 working horses from small farms in southern poland were examined. five species of large strongyles (3 migratory species from genus strongylus and 2 non-migratory from genus triodontophorus) and as well as 17 species of cyathostomes were revealed. the prevalence of large strongyles was observed, accordingly: strongylus vulgaris--80.5%, s. equinus--9.8%, s. edentatus--4.9%, triodontophorus serratus--19.5% and t ...200919645353
detection and semi-quantification of strongylus vulgaris dna in equine faeces by real-time quantitative pcr.strongylus vulgaris is an important strongyle nematode with high pathogenic potential infecting horses world-wide. several decades of intensive anthelmintic use has virtually eliminated clinical disease caused by s. vulgaris, but has also caused high levels of anthelmintic resistance in equine small strongyle (cyathostomin) nematodes. recommendations aimed at limiting the development of anthelmintic resistance by reducing treatment intensity raises a simultaneous demand for reliable and accurate ...200817889881
effects of hydration on mechanical properties of a highly sclerotized tissue.the jaws of the bloodworm glycera dibranchiata consist principally of protein and melanin scaffolds with small amounts of unmineralized copper (cu) and mineralized atacamite (cu(2)cl(oh)(3)) fibers in distinct regions. remarkably, when tested in air, the regions containing unmineralized cu are the hardest, stiffest, and most abrasion resistant. to establish the functions of jaw constituents in physiologically relevant environments, this study examines the effects of hydration on their response t ...200818192350
the effects of strongylus vulgaris parasitism on eosinophil distribution and accumulation in equine large intestinal mucosa.eosinophilic granulocytes have been associated with parasite or immune-mediated diseases, but their functions in other disease processes remain unclear. cause and timing of eosinophil migration into the equine gastrointestinal mucosa are also unknown.200818482896
bilateral symmetry in crayfish behavioral reactions.the crayfish, procambarus cubensis, placed in the central area of a plus-maze preferred to go forward in about 50% of trials; they chose the right or left arm in 20.7 and 18.9% of the trials, respectively. in a t-maze, the difference between right and left directions was also insignificant. when exploring a plus-maze, the crayfish turned to 180 degrees at the end of the arms, then turned to 90 degrees going to the next arm. the mean difference between the right and left u-turns, and the right an ...200818652389
ubiquitous expression of acetylcholine and its biological functions in life forms without nervous systems.using a radioimmunoassay (ria) with high specificity and sensitivity (1 pg/tube) for acetylcholine (ach), we have been able to measure the ach content in samples from the bacteria, archaea and eucarya domains of the universal phylogenetic tree. we found detectable levels of ach to be ubiquitous in bacteria (e.g., bacillus subtilis), archaea (e.g., thermococcus kodakaraensis kod1), fungi (e.g., shiitake mushroom and yeast), plants (e.g., bamboo shoot and fern) and animals (e.g., bloodworm and lug ...200717363003
classes and crossreactivity of proteinases in the excretory-secretory products of caenorhabditis elegans.proteinases released during the in vitro maintenance of asynchronous cultures of the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans were characterized on the basis of subunit composition, fluorogenic substrate specificity, inhibitor sensitivity and ph optima. cysteine proteinases are present in the excretory-secretory products (esp) as indicated by the hydrolysis of cathepsin fluorogenic substrates and confirmed by immunoblotting. serine proteinases were predominant as indicated by substrate gel an ...200717381874
new method for simultaneous species-specific identification of equine strongyles (nematoda, strongylida) by reverse line blot hybridization.the ability of a reverse line blot (rlb) assay to identify 13 common species of equine small strongyles (cyathostomins) and to discriminate them from three strongylus spp. (large strongyles) was demonstrated. the assay relied on the specific hybridization of pcr-amplified intergenic spacer dna fragments of the nuclear ribosomal dna to membrane-bound species-specific probes. all cyathostomins examined were unequivocally identified and simultaneously discriminated from each other and from three la ...200717626168
a nonmineralized approach to abrasion-resistant biomaterials.the tooth-like mouthparts of some animals consist of biomacromolecular scaffolds with few mineral components, making them intriguing paradigms of biostructural materials. in this study, the abrasion resistance of the jaws of one such animal, the bloodworm glycera dibranchiata, has been evaluated by nanoindentation, nanoscratching, and wear testing. the hardest, stiffest, and most abrasion-resistant materials are found within a thin (<3 microm) surface layer near the jaw tip and a thicker (10-20 ...200717702868
prevalence of large endoparasites at necropsy in horses infected with population b small strongyles in a herd established in kentucky in 1966.two closed horse herds (old lot 4 and field 24), infected since 1966 with population b small strongyles resistant to thiabendazole (tbz) and phenothiazine (ptz), were terminated in february, march, and may, 2005. at necropsy, only the large endoparasites were identified and counted. the number of horses on pasture was 14 (239 days of age to 23 years old) for old lot 4 and two (3 to 20 years old) for field 24. the time of the last antiparasitic treatment, relative to the year (2005) of necropsy, ...200616508764
gastrointestinal parasitic worms in equines in the paraíba valley, state of são paulo, brazil.over a period of 12 years, from 1988 to 2000, a total of 20 individual equines (16 horses and 4 mules) were selected at random, from 10 municipalities in the paraíba valley, in the state of são paulo, brazil, and then subjected to necropsy for collection of gastrointestinal worms. individual samples of 10% of the intestinal contents were also taken for counting and identifying the species present, and to establish the prevalence of worms in equine species in the paraíba valley. in the sample con ...200616687215
role of melanin in mechanical properties of glycera jaws.the remarkable mechanical prowess of the jaws of the bloodworm glycera dibranchiata appears to be a consequence of a robust cross-linked network of organic molecules, notably melanin and proteins, as well as small amounts of unmineralized cu and a cu-based mineral. the present study focuses on the role of melanin. mechanical properties of untreated jaws and the constituent melanin are probed through nanoindentation, both in air and underwater. complementary information is obtained from density a ...200616831576
fishing for allergens: bloodworm-induced asthma.abstract : hypersensitivity to bloodworms (chironomid larvae) leading to asthma and other related allergic disorders is becoming common in individuals who keep or work with fish due to the increased use of bloodworms as fish food or bait.200520529225
clinical signs and hematologic, cytokine, and plasma nitric oxide alterations in response to strongylus vulgaris infection in helminth-naïve ponies.the objective of this study was to determine the effect of infection with strongylus vulgaris on serum cytokines and plasma nitric oxide (no) concentrations in helminth-naive ponies. group 1 (n = 21) was given 500 s. vulgaris l3 larvae and group 2 (n = 7) received a saline control. ponies were monitored daily for clinical signs, and blood was collected for complete blood cell counts and serum cytokines (tnf, il-1, il-6) quantification. group 1 ponies were depressed, anorexic, and febrile for var ...200415352544
purification and analyses of the specificity of two putative diagnostic antigens for larval cyathostomin infection in horses.cyathostomins are important equine gastrointestinal parasites. mass emergence of mucosal stage larvae causes a potentially fatal colitis. mucosal stages are undetectable non-invasively. an assay that would estimate mucosal larval stage infection would greatly assist in treatment, control and prognosis. previously, we identified two putative diagnostic antigens (20 and 25 kda) in somatic larval preparations. here, we describe their purification and antigen-specific igg(t) responses to them. weste ...200313129671
ultrastructural aspects of the oesophageal and reproductive systems of the equine parasite strongylus vulgaris.the ultrastructure of the dorsal oesophageal gland ampulla and its relationship with the oesophagus, oesophageal ultrastructure, and control mechanisms in oesophageal activity were studied. terminal ducts of the sub-ventral glands open through the oesophageal crown at the base of the buccal cavity. the terminal duct of the dorsal oesophageal gland running through the dorsal gutter opens to the exterior at the rim 'groove' of the buccal capsule. the posterior oesophageal region is clavate and the ...200212015827
high abrasion resistance with sparse mineralization: copper biomineral in worm jaws.biominerals are widely exploited to harden or stiffen tissues in living organisms, with calcium-, silicon-, and iron-based minerals being most common. in notable contrast, the jaws of the marine bloodworm glycera dibranchiata contain the copper-based biomineral atacamite [cu2(oh)3cl]. polycrystalline fibers are oriented with the outer contour of the jaw. using nanoindentation, we show that the mineral has a structural role and enhances hardness and stiffness. despite the low degree of mineraliza ...200212376695
anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of horses.suppressive anthelmintic treatment strategies originally designed to control strongylus vulgaris in horses were extremely successful in reducing morbidity and mortality from parasitic disease. unfortunately, this strategy has inadvertently resulted in the selection of drug-resistant cyathostomes (cyathostominea), which are now considered the principal parasitic pathogens of horses. resistance in the cyathostomes to benzimidazole drugs is highly prevalent throughout the world, and resistance to p ...200212387486
factors controlling the bioavailability of ingested methylmercury to channel catfish and atlantic sturgeon.the bioavailability of ingested methylmercury (ch3hg(iii) was investigated in vitro using the gastric and intestinal fluids of channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus, and atlantic sturgeon, acipenser oxyrinchus. gastric fluid collected from each species was incubated with ch3hg(ii)-spiked sediment or bloodworms, after which the intestinal fluid of each species was added and incubated further. the proportion of ch3hg(ii) solubilized from bloodworms and sediment appeared to be controlled by complexa ...200212523429
verminous arteritis in a 3-month-old thoroughbred foal.strongylus vulgaris migration and cranial mesenteric arterial thrombus formation resulted in fatal colic in a 3-month-old thoroughbred foal. vascular damage associated with s. vulgaris occurs early in the course of infection and, despite widespread use of broad-spectrum anthelmintics, appropriate management is still essential to minimize exposure of young animals to this parasite.200111326632
transmission of endoparasites in horse foals born on the same pasture on a farm in central kentucky (1996-1999).research carried out during the last 4 years (1996-1999) of an 11-year study of the prevalence of internal parasites naturally transmitted to horse foals born on the same pasture on a farm in central kentucky is presented here. horses in this herd were not treated with any antiparasitic compound for over 20 years except for a replacement stallion in 1994. a total of 22 species, including 12 species of small strongyles, were recovered in the 4-year period. transmission patterns of all species (n= ...200111358626
prevalence of selected species of internal parasites in equids at necropsy in central kentucky (1995-1999).a survey to determine current prevalence of several species of endoparasites in equids (n=350) at necropsy was conducted at the livestock disease diagnostic center in central kentucky (1995-1999). thelazia lacrymalis were found in 42% of the 1- to 4-year olds (n=132), which was the only age group examined for these parasites. five- to 30-year olds (n=157), examined for onchocerca spp. worms/lesions, had a prevalence of 24%. in > or =1-year olds (n=324), the infection rate for gasterophilus intes ...200010936545
prevalence and biodiversity of helminth parasites in donkeys from south africa.seven donkeys (equus asinus) from north-west and mpumalanga provinces in south africa were examined at necropsy. quantitative samples were collected from the gastrointestinal tract for recovery of helminth parasites from the stomach, small intestine, cecum, ventral colon, dorsal colon, descending colon, and cranial mesenteric artery. fifteen genera and 29 species of helminths were identified comprising 27 species of nematodes in the ascarididae, atractidae, habronematidae, onchocercidae, oxyurid ...200010958452
the "galloping" history of intermittent claudication.intermittent claudication (ic) due to arterial occlusive disease was first diagnosed by the french veterinary surgeon jean-françois bouley jeune in a horse drawing a cabriolet in the streets of paris as early as 1831. the animal was repeatedly exercised and always started to limp with the hind legs at similar work loads. autopsy revealed partially thrombosed aneurysm of the abdominal aorta and occlusions of both femoral arteries which were correctly identified as the cause of ic. in 1858 the fam ...200011141657
occurrence of strongylidae (nematoda: strongyloidea) in polish horses "tarpans" from popielne reserve.the study was performed to evaluate intensity of strongylid infection in stabled tarpans using the method of collecting worms after anthelmintic treatment and in wild tarpans from popielne reserve on the basis of faecal examination. after treatment with ivermectin 12 cyathostomes and one large strongyle species were recovered from the faeces of two tarpans. the most abundant cyathostome species were c. catinatum, c. pateratum, c. longibursatum, c. nassatum and c. coronatus. a higher intensity of ...200016886356
vaccination against strongylus vulgaris in ponies: comparison of the humoral and cytokine responses of vaccinates and nonvaccinates. 19999890030
a field survey on the distribution of strongyle infections of horses in sweden and factors affecting faecal egg counts.faecal egg counts were performed during the first quarter of 1995 on samples from 1183 horses of varying breeds, ages and gender on 110 farms in 3 regions of sweden. the majority of the horses had been treated with ivermectin or pyrantel when stabled the previous autumn. the risk of reinfection with strongyles between treatment and sampling was therefore considered to be minimal. consequently, the results reflect primarily the occurrence of worms originating from inhibited strongyle larvae refra ...19999952332
phylogenetic analysis of the 5-aminolevulinate synthase gene.the evolution of 5-aminolevulinate synthase (als) was studied by acquiring sequence data and generating phylogenetic trees. gene sequences were already available for a variety of vertebrates (which have both a housekeeping and an erythroid form of the gene), fungi, alpha-proteobacteria, and one protist and one protostome. in order to generate representative trees, als sequence data were acquired from various deuterostomes and protostomes. the species and tissues selected for study were beluga wh ...199910331264
transglutaminase activity in equine strongyles and its potential role in growth and development.transglutaminases (e.c. 2.3.3.13) are a family of ca(2+)-dependent enzymes that stabilize protein structure by catalyzing the formation of isopeptide bonds. a novel form of transglutaminase has been identified and characterized that seem to play an important role in growth, development, and molting in adult and larval stages of filarial nematodes. the aim of this study was to identify the ubiquitous nature of this enzyme in other nematodes and to measure its significance to larval growth, moltin ...199910416187
ultrastructural aspects of feeding and secretion-excretion by the equine parasite strongylus vulgaris.light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were employed to provide further data on the putative origins of the immunogenic secretory-excretory product (esp) of strongylus vulgaris (looss 1900). the sharply delineated but superficial attachment to the equine caecum by the mouth leaves behind an oval area devoid of epithelial cells. attachment does not extend deeply enough to reach the muscularis mucosa layer of the equine intestine. the progressive digestion of the ingested plug of ti ...199910431375
species-specific amplification by pcr of ribosomal dna from some equine strongyles.the first and second internal transcribed spacer sequences of 28 morphologically-defined species of horse strongyle were characterized, and specific oligonucleotide primers were designed for some species based on the nucleotide differences. utilizing these primers, a pcr approach was developed for the specific amplification of ribosomal dna of strongylus vulgaris, cyathostomum catinatum, cylicocyclus nassatus, cylicostephanus longibursatus or cylicostephanus goldi. the method allowed the species ...199910446706
parasite diversity and anthelmintic resistance in two herds of horses.diversity of parasite populations was compared between two herds of horses, one a regularly treated herd the other a feral herd which has bad no anthelmintic treatment for at least 25 years. eggs obtained from fecal samples of both herds were tested for anthelmintic resistance by use of an in-vitro larval hatch/development assay (lda), drenchrite. a fecal egg reduction test was also performed with the domesticated herd using fenbendazole, pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin. cyathostomes were the pr ...199910485366
efficacy of moxidectin and other anthelmintics against small strongyles in horses.to compare the efficacy of moxidectin to ivermectin, oxibendazole and morantel against some gastrointestinal nematodes in horses.19989631701
an immunohistochemical investigation of the adult stage of the equine parasite strongylus vulgaris.adult strongylus vulgaris, collected from the caecum of infected horses and embedded in paraplast using standard methods, were sectioned for immunohistochemistry (ihc) studies. antibodies were raised in rabbit against the excretory-secretory product (esp) and against two constituent protein bands (28-30 kda). the use of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunoblotting indicated the immunogenicity of esp and of the ...19989687598
efficacy of a 2 per cent moxidectin gel against gastrointestinal parasites of ponies.the efficacy of moxidectin was evaluated in young ponies naturally infected with gastrointestinal parasites. eight animals were treated orally with moxidectin at 0.4 mg/kg bodyweight and eight received only the vehicle. they were all necropsied two weeks later. faecal samples were examined daily for egg counts and larval cultures. parasites were recovered from total faecal samples collected daily and from the gastrointestinal tracts at necropsy. moxidectin reduced the strongyle egg counts by > 9 ...19989854319
comparative efficacy evaluation of moxidectin gel and ivermectin paste against internal parasites of equines in brazil.a total of 24 male and female equines of mixed breed, 10-20 months of age and naturally infected with internal parasites was utilized in a controlled test to evaluate the efficacy of a moxidectin 2% gel formulation at the dosage of 0.4 mg moxidectin per kg of live weight and an ivermectin 1.87% commercial paste formulation at the dosage 0.2 mg ivermectin per kg applied orally. animals were allocated into three groups of eight horses each based on pre-treatment eggs per gram (epg) counts and trea ...19989877068
controlled dose confirmation study of a 2% moxidectin equine gel against equine internal parasites in the netherlands.the efficacy of a 2% moxidectin equine gel at a dosage rate of 0.4 mg kg-1 was evaluated in a controlled trial at utrecht university. twelve yearling castrated male shetland ponies grazed a pasture of 2 ha from may 1994 until housing in november. six ponies were treated with moxidectin, whereas the others served as non-treated controls. necropsy was carried out 35 days after treatment. greater than 99% efficacy of moxidectin was observed on faecal egg output. no effect of moxidectin was observed ...19979195720
occurrence of gasterophilus intestinalis and some parasitic nematodes of horses in sweden.a survey was performed on the occurrence of some internal parasites in 461 horses (1-30 years old) slaughtered from october 1992 to september 1993 at the linköping abattoir in central sweden. macroscopical examination was carried out specifically for parasites of the tear ducts and conjunctival sacs of the eyes, and of selected parts of the alimentary tract and cardio-vascular system. the following parasites were found in selected parts of the large intestine: encapsulated cyathostome larvae (in ...19979257451
cryopreservation of third-stage larvae of strongylus vulgaris (large strongyle of horses).a technique for the cryopreservation of third-stage larvae of strongylus vulgaris is described. infective larvae of s. vulgaris were exsheathed in a 0.16% sodium hypochlorite solution and then transferred into cryotubes containing 0.09% saline. the samples were stored in the gas phase of liquid nitrogen.19979352567
role of lipids in the transmission of the infective stage (l3) of strongylus vulgaris (nematoda: strongylida).infective larvae (l3) of strongylus vulgaris have limited energy stores for host finding and for infection. for transmission to occur, the larvae must have sufficient energy to (a) migrate onto grass, where they are ingested by their equine host (host finding), and (b) penetrate into the host gut. this study is designed to test the hypothesis that l3 larvae of s. vulgaris partition their energy stores between locomotory activity (used in host finding) and infection activity (penetration). chroni ...19979379277
foals raised on pasture with or without daily pyrantel tartrate feed additive: comparison of parasite burdens and host responses following experimental challenge with large and small strongyle larvae.three groups of foals were raised under different management programs in this study: group 1 (n = 6) and group 2 (n = 6) were raised with their dams on pasture; group 3 foals (n = 5) were raised under parasite-free conditions. mares and foals of group 1 received daily pyrantel tartrate (pt) treatment with their pelleted feed ration, whereas mares and foals of groups 2 and 3 received only the pelleted ration. pasture-reared foals were weaned and moved to a heavily contaminated pasture for 5 weeks ...19979477514
the capacity of the fungus duddingtonia flagrans to prevent strongyle infections in foals on pasture.a field trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of the nematode-destroying fungus duddingtonia flagrans to control free-living stages of horse strongyles. in late spring 2 groups of horses (yearlings) with mixed infections of strongyles were allowed to contaminate 2 equal-sized pastures. one of the groups (f) received a daily dose of d. flagrans mixed in a feed supplement, while the other (c) received a similar amount of supplement without fungus. during a 3-month contamination period stro ...19968710410
comparison of moxidectin oral gel and ivermectin oral paste against a spectrum of internal parasites of ponies with special attention to encysted cyathostome larvae.two dosages of moxidectin oral gel were evaluated and compared to a therapeutic dose of ivermectin oral paste in the control of a spectrum of gastrointestinal parasites of ponies naturally infected in southern louisiana or mississippi. thirty-two mixed-breed ponies ranging in age from one to 21 years were used in this controlled test. eight weeks prior to the experiment, ponies grazing on contaminated pasture were moved to a paddock and fed a pelleted ration, thus reducing or eliminating the pot ...19968966989
study on the gastrointestinal parasite fauna of ponies in northern germany.quantitative faecal and post-mortem examinations of 16 ponies, 1 to 2 1/2 years of age, originating from 3 farms in northern germany were performed in february 1995 to determine the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in these animals. a total of 33 species of metazoan parasites was recovered: three tapeworm species (anoplocephala perfoliata, a. magna, paranoplocephala mamillana), strongylus vulgaris, s. edentatus, small strongyles (including four triodontophorus spp., cratero ...19969060170
dose titration of moxidectin oral gel against gastrointestinal parasites of ponies.moxidectin was tested as an oral gel formulation during a controlled test performed to evaluate dosages against equine gastrointestinal parasites. four groups of ten ponies were used. ponies ranged from 1 to 20 years of age and were naturally infected in southern louisiana or mississippi. fecal exams and fecal cultures were performed on all ponies to determine the strongyle egg counts and the percent distributions of large and small strongyles. following these determinations, ponies were allocat ...19958533282
dose titration of moxidectin oral gel against migrating strongylus vulgaris and parascaris equorum larvae in pony foals.moxidectin was tested for efficacy in ponies against experimental infections of 56 day strongylus vulgaris larvae and 11 day parascaris equorum larvae. three dosages of moxidectin were tested: 300 micrograms per kg live body weight, 400 micrograms per kg, and 500 micrograms per kg, and the vehicle served as control. ponies were first infected with 600 s. vulgaris third-stage larvae (l3) on experiment day 0 and then with 3000 embryonated p. equorum eggs on day 45. moxidectin treatments were admin ...19958644446
controlled efficacy study of the bioequivalence of strongid c and generic pyrantel tartrate in horses.the bioequivalence of strongid c and generic pyrantel tartrate was determined in a controlled study using 30 horses with naturally acquired endoparasitic infections. three horses were randomly allocated to each of ten replicates based on quantitative nematode and ascarid egg counts and fecal larvae culture results. horses within each replicate were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. horses in treatment group 1 received only oats; horses in treatment group 2 received generic pyra ...19958644462
experimental immunization of ponies with strongylus vulgaris radiation-attenuated larvae or crude soluble somatic extracts from larval or adult stages.protection from strongylus vulgaris infection through immunization with radiation-attenuated third-stage larvae (l3) or crude soluble homogenates from larval or adult stages was examined. yearling ponies raised parasite-free were divided into 3 immunization groups: radiation-attenuated l3; soluble adult somatic extracts; larval somatic extracts with excretory/secretory products (e/s) from in vitro culture; and 1 medium control group. ponies were immunized twice; attenuated larvae were administer ...19947799164
transmission of some species of internal parasites in horses born in 1990, 1991, and 1992 in the same pasture on a farm in central kentucky.studies were conducted on transmission of natural infections of several species of internal parasites in horses born and kept on the same pasture on a farm in central kentucky. data for the first year (1989) of a 4 year study on this farm have been published recently. the present research represents the second (1990), third (1991), and fourth (1992) years of the investigation. the number of animals (n = 28) examined varied from eight born in 1990 to ten each born in 1991 and 1992. for each year, ...19948073609
characterisation of proteolytic activity of excretory-secretory products from adult strongylus vulgaris.an excretory-secretory (es) preparation derived from adult strongylus vulgaris in vitro was assessed for proteolytic activity using azocasein and synthetic, fluorogenic, peptide substrates. fractionation was by molecular sieve fast protein liquid chromatography (molecular sieve fplc) and resolution by gelatin-substrate sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (gelatin-substrate sds-page). the cysteine proteinase activator, dithiothreitol (dtt), enhanced azocaseinolysis and hydr ...19948073612
in vitro culture of equine strongylidae to the fourth larval stage in a cell-free medium.an efficient and reliable method is described for the culture of equine strongyles from the third (l3) to the fourth (l4) larval stage. medium consists of 50% fetal calf serum and 50% nctc with additions of l-glutamine, nahco3, yeast extract, bactopeptone, and dextrose. the gas phase used is of prime importance; it is a mixture of 10% co2, 5% o2, and 85% n2. strongylus vulgaris, strongylus edentatus, strongylus equinus, triodontophorus brevicauda, triodontophorus serratus, triodontophorus tenuic ...19948158465
production and characterization of monospecific adult worm infections of strongylus vulgaris and strongylus edentatus in ponies.since 1978, 20 surgical implantations of either strongylus vulgaris or strongylus edentatus have been performed in our laboratory for the purpose of obtaining single species cultures of these parasites. following surgical implantation peak epg values of 13-327 (s. vulgaris) and 363-1284 (s. edentatus) generally occurred during the first 3 weeks post-implantation. duration of infections was as long as 5 years. successful outcome of such surgeries appears to be related to the total number of paras ...19948171827
generation and partial characterization of an eosinophil chemotactic cytokine produced by sensitized equine mononuclear cells stimulated with strongylus vulgaris antigen.supernatants generated by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from strongylus vulgaris sensitized or immunized ponies were assayed in vitro for eosinophil chemotactic activity (eca) using the filter system in blind well chambers. the supernatants from these cultures were chemotactic for eosinophils, but not for neutrophils. supernates from cultures of unsensitized pbmc stimulated with s. vulgaris antigen were not chemotactic for eosinophils. eca was first detected in culture ...19938236793
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