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A multiple SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR system for the simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 2, porcine parvovirus, pseudorabies virus and Torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 in pigs.Multiple viral infections are common in pigs under intensive production conditions. All five of the viruses included in this study are associated with multifactorial diseases that cause significant economic losses in swine farming worldwide. The development is described of a novel multiple real-time PCR system based on the use of SYBR Green I that allows the simultaneous detection and differentiation of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), porcine parvovirus (PPV), pseudorabies virus (PRV) and Torque t ...201222119629
complete genome sequence of a novel porcine circovirus-like agent.we report here the genome sequence of a porcine circovirus-like agent. the sequenced genome of this porcine circovirus-like agent is composed of a 648-nucleotide circular dna that includes three predicted protein-coding genes, which means the agent should be a novel member of the family circoviridae.201222158848
Use of PCR-based assays for the detection of the adventitious agent porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) in vaccines, and for confirming the identity of cell substrates and viruses used in vaccine production.Safety and quality are important issues for vaccines. Whereas reversion to virulence poses a safety risk with live attenuated vaccines, the potential for the presence of adventitious agents is also an issue of vaccine quality. The recent detection or porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) in human vaccines has further highlighted the importance of quality control in vaccine production. The purpose of this study was to use a novel conventional PCR to detect PCV1, and subsequently screen materials used ...201222079617
prevalence of antibodies to selected viral pathogens in wild boars (sus scrofa) in croatia in 2005-06 and 2009-10.we determined prevalence of antibody to selected viral pathogens important for domestic pigs and livestock in 556 wild boar (sus scrofa) sera collected during 2005-06 and 2009-10 in four counties in croatia. these counties account for an important part of the croatian commercial pig production and have a high density of wild boars. samples were tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus (ppv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus, porcine respi ...201222247381
emerging and re-emerging swine viruses.in the past two decades or so, a number of viruses have emerged in the global swine population. some, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), cause economically important diseases in pigs, whereas others such as porcine torque teno virus (ttv), now known as torque teno sus virus (ttsuv), porcine bocavirus (pbov) and related novel parvoviruses, porcine kobuvirus, porcine toroviruses (ptov) and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (pl ...201222225855
Low levels of diversity among genomes of Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) points to differential adaptive selection between Porcine circoviruses.Several features related with the evolutionary patterns among all the PCV1 genomes available at GenBank have been analyzed in the present work (diversity, number of genotypes, recombination, saturation, selection, evolutionary rate). The reported results point to low levels of nucleotide and amino acid diversity, low number of positively selected codons and a slow evolution rate. Compared with the other species of the Circoviridae family, the diversity is the lowest reported. This can be related ...201222088213
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 infections in wild boar (sus scrofa) in southwestern germany.samples were collected from 203 wild boars (sus scrofa) hunted in baden-wurtemburg, germany from november-january 2008 and 2009. samples from the lung and tonsil were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) type 1 (european type) and type 2 (american type). a qpcr to detect porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-specific genome was performed on tissue homogenates including lung, tonsils, and inguinal lymph nodes. serum s ...201222247377
suitability and limitations of portion-specific abattoir data as part of an early warning system for emerging diseases of swine in ontario.abstract: background: abattoir data have the potential to provide information for geospatial disease surveillance applications, but the quality of the data and utility for detecting disease outbreaks is not well understood. the objectives of this study were to 1) identify non-disease factors that may bias these data for disease surveillance and 2) determine if major disease events that took place during the study period would be captured using multi-level modelling and scan statistics. we analy ...201222225910
inactivated pcv2 one shot vaccine applied in 3-week-old piglets: improvement of production parameters and interaction with maternally derived immunity.the present study describes the effects of a commercially available vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) on clinical, pathological and virological outcomes of 3-week-old piglets from two farms with a clinical history of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the study was a controlled, double-blinded, parallel group (1:1) and randomized trial (with a negative control) involving a total of 1239 animals. the study period comprised from weaning age (time of vaccination or pb ...201222245604
porcine circovirus diseases: a review of pmws.this article is a review on post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), the first described disease among the porcine circovirus diseases (pcvd). post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome has, since its appearance in canada in 1991, been seen in all major pig producing countries. to diagnose pmws at herd level typical clinical appearance consisting of wasting and increased mortality must be combined with finding at autopsy of diseased pigs, where typical microscopic findings in the lym ...201222252114
increased prevalence of torque teno viruses in porcine respiratory disease complex affected pigs.the role of swine torque teno sus viruses (ttsuvs) as co-factors in disease syndromes involving porcine circovirus strain 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory disease syndrome virus (prrsv) has been a debatable subject. in this study, the prevalence of ttsuvs in iowa, the leading pork producing state in the u.s., was estimated by a duplex pcr. the pcr is capable of simultaneously detecting both teno sus viruses 1 and 2 (ttsuv1 and 2). based on an analysis of 300 random samples repre ...201122227415
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection decreases the efficacy of an attenuated classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccine.abstract: the lapinized philippines coronel (lpc) vaccine, an attenuated strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv), is an important tool for the prevention and control of csfv infection and is widely and routinely used in most csf endemic areas, including taiwan. the aim of this study was to investigate whether pcv2 infection affects the efficacy of the lpc vaccine. eighteen 6-week-old, cesarean-derived and colostrum-deprived (cdcd), crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. a tot ...201122129109
monocyte-derived dendritic cells enhance cell proliferation and porcine circovirus type 2 replication in concanavalin a-stimulated swine peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro.dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen presenting cells cooperating with other immune cells for the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. the objective of the present study was to investigate the replication activity of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in dcs and/or lymphocytes during their cross talk and its possible mechanism. two models were set, herein. swine blood monocyte (mo)-derived dcs (modcs) or peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) were inoculated with pcv2 prior t ...201122245116
the porcine circovirus type 2 nonstructural protein orf3 induces apoptosis in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases in pigs. to analyze whether the pcv2 nonstructural protein orf3 is able to induce apoptosis in nature target cells, transient expression of orf3 in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) was performed, and apoptosis was confirmed by terminal dexoynucleotidyl transferase (tdt)-mediated brdutp-nick end labeling (tunel) assay. the apoptotic responses induced by the full length or the ...201122216074
immunohistochemical and ultra-structural detection of pneumocystis in wild boars (sus scrofa) co-infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in southern brazil.pneumocystis spp. are fungi that are able to infect a variety of host species and, occasionally, lead to severe pneumonia. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is an important viral pathogen which affects both swine and wild boar herds worldwide. co-infection between pcv2 and other pathogens has been reported, and the secondary immunodeficiency caused by the virus may predispose to these co-infections. in the present study, postmortem tissue samples obtained from wild boar herds in southern brazil w ...201120807029
[vaccination schedule of the spanish association of paediatrics: recommendations 2011].the advisory committee on vaccines of the spanish paediatric association updates annually the immunization schedule, taking into account epidemiological data as well as evidence of the effectiveness and efficiency of vaccines. this vaccination schedule includes grades of recommendation. the committee has graded as universal vaccines those that all children should receive, as recommended, those with a profile of universal vaccines of childhood and as are desirable those that all children may rece ...201121215719
[detection of porcine circovirus type 2 and torque-teno-sus-virus 1 and 2 in semen of boars from an austrian artificial insemination centre].objective: porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) and torque-teno-sus- viruses (ttsuv) are ubiquitous in all pig-producing countries. both pathogens are transmitted horizontally as well as vertically, and semen could be an important means of transmission. aim of this study was the investigation of the prevalence of these two viruses in boar semen. material and methods: single semen samples from 100 boars from an artificial insemination centre were analysed by quantitative real time pcr for pcv2 an ...201122138827
Metagenomic analysis of the viral flora of pine marten and European badger feces.Thorough understanding of the virus diversity in wildlife provides epidemiological baseline information about potential pathogens. Metagenomic analysis of the enteric viral flora revealed a new anellovirus and bocavirus species in pine marten, and a new circovirus-like virus and geminivirus-related DNA virus in a European badger. In addition, sequences with homology to viruses from the families Paramyxo- and Picornaviridae were detected.201122171250
Epidemiology and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2).PCV2 has been highly prevalent in the pig population for decades, prior to the emergence of associated clinical disease manifestations that severely affected the pig production worldwide in the late 90s. PCV2 can be further subdivided into several genotypes. From descriptive epidemiologic data, there is evidence of a global shift of the main PCV2 genotypes in different countries from PCV2a to PCV2b, which is generally associated with more severe disease. In addition, from analytic epidemiologic ...201122178804
Vaccination of dams increases antibody titer and improves growth parameters in finisher pigs subclinically infected with porcine circovirus type 2.Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the obligate infectious agent in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) of pigs. To control PMWS, we vaccinated dams at 4 and 2 weeks before pregnancy and again in the 12th week of gestation with an inactivated PCV2 vaccine (Circovac). Two producer farms run under the control of Swiss Swine Health Organization were selected for the experiment. Previously, in one farm PMWS was diagnosed on pigs after weaning, whereas in the other farm, pigs wasted du ...201121852549
concurrent infections are important for expression of porcine circovirus associated disease.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the essential component of porcine circovirus disease (pcvd) as the disease syndrome is referred to in europe and porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) as it is referred to in north america. singular pcv2 infection rarely results in clinical disease; however, pcvad is often accelerated in onset, enhanced in severity and prolonged in duration by concurrent viral or bacterial infections. due to its effect on the immune system, pcv2 has also been shown to ...201121959087
Epidemiological investigation and genome analysis of duck circovirus in Southern China.Duck circovirus (DuCV), a potential immunosuppressive virus, was investigated in Southern China from March 2006 to December 2009 by using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based method. In this study, a total of 138 sick or dead duck samples from 18 different farms were examined with an average DuCV infection rate of ~35%. It was found that ducks between the ages of 40~60 days were more susceptible to DuCV. There was no evidence showing that the DuCV virus was capable of vertical transmission. F ...201121979568
porcine circovirus type 2 explores the autophagic machinery for replication in pk-15 cells.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), an important pathogen of pigs, causes lymphoid depletion in infected tissues most probably by inducing apoptosis although the precise pathogenesis of pcv2-associated diseases remains unknown. we speculate whether autophagy, another cellular response to stress or infections by bacterial or viral pathogens, is involved in pcv2 infection. here, we provide the first evidence that pcv2 could trigger autophagosome formation and enhance autophagic flux in pk-15 cells, ...201122134092
detection of porcine circovirus type 1 in commercial porcine vaccines by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method with a real-time monitoring system was developed for the detection of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) in commercial swine vaccines. this method was highly specific for pcv1. no cross-reaction to porcine circovirus type 2, porcine parvovirus, pseudorabies virus, classical swine fever virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was observed. the analytical sensitivity of the lamp for pcv1 dna was 10 copies/μl in the case of ...201121948286
linked outbreaks and control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in a pig farm in poland.in a newly established farrow-to-finish farm (porcine reproductive and respiratory virus [prrsv]-free, porcine circovirus type 2 [pcv-2]-infected), reproductive failure was seen seven months after population. the conception rate dropped from 89 to 51 per cent, and the abortion rate increased from 0.5 to 11 per cent. the following month, characteristic lesions of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and elevated mortality were observed in weaned pigs. laboratory examinations confirme ...201121891787
metagenomic comparison of microbial communities inhabiting confined and unconfined aquifer ecosystems.a metagenomic analysis of two aquifer systems located under a dairy farming region was performed to examine to what extent the composition and function of microbial communities varies between confined and surface-influenced unconfined groundwater ecosystems. a fundamental shift in taxa was seen with an overrepresentation of rhodospirillales, rhodocyclales, chlorobia and circovirus in the unconfined aquifer, while deltaproteobacteria and clostridiales were overrepresented in the confined aquifer. ...201122004107
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infections: clinical signs, pathology and laboratory diagnosis.clinical signs and pathological features are still the corner-stones to suspect and diagnose overt disease associated with pcv2 infection. the clinico-pathological scope of this viral infection has been expanded over time. from the initial description of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, some enteric, respiratory and reproductive disorders have been subsequently linked with pcv2. porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, an immunocomplex disease, has also been associated with infect ...201122056845
an experimental live chimeric porcine circovirus 1-2a vaccine decreases porcine circovirus 2b viremia when administered intramuscularly or orally in a porcine circovirus 2b and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus dual-challenge model.commercially available inactivated vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) have been shown to be effective in reducing pcv2 viremia. live-attenuated, orally administered vaccines are widely used in the swine industry for several pathogens because of their ease of use yet they are not currently available for pcv2 and efficacy. the aims of this study were to determine the efficacy of a live-attenuated chimeric pcv2 vaccine in a dual-challenge model using pcv2b and porcine reproductive an ...201121951266
effects of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine and increasing standardized ileal digestible lysine:metabolizable energy ratio on growth performance and carcass composition of growing and finishing pigs.four experiments were conducted to examine the effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination on the response of growing and finishing pigs (pic 337 × 1050) to increasing dietary lys. experiments 1 and 2 evaluated 38- to 65-kg gilts and barrows, respectively, and exp. 3 and 4 evaluated 100- to 120-kg gilts and barrows, respectively. gilts and barrows were housed separately in different barns. treatments were allotted in a completely randomized design into 2 × 4 factorials with 2 pcv2 tre ...201121856897
dietary l: -glutamine supplementation improves pregnancy outcome in mice infected with type-2 porcine circovirus.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) causes reproductive failure in swine. as glutamine can enhance immune function in animals, this study was conducted with mice to test the hypothesis that dietary glutamine supplementation will improve pregnancy outcome in pcv2-infected dams. beginning on day 0 of gestation, mice were fed a standard diet supplemented with 1.0% l: -glutamine or 1.22% l: -alanine (isonitrogenous control). all mice were infected with pcv2 (2000 tcid(50)) on day 10 of gestation. on da ...201122086211
genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 2 found in malaysia.porcine circovirus type 2 is the primary etiological agent associated with a group of complex multi-factorial diseases classified as porcine circovirus associated diseases (pcvad). sporadic cases reported in malaysia in 2007 caused major economic losses to the 2.2 billion malaysian ringgit (myr) (approximately 0.7 billion us dollar) swine industry. the objective of the present study was to determine the association between the presence of pcv2 and occurrences of pcvad.201121914166
a multi-center, qualitative assessment of pediatrician and maternal perspectives on rotavirus vaccines and the detection of porcine circovirus.in 2010, researchers using novel laboratory techniques found that us-licensed rotavirus vaccines contain dna or dna fragments from porcine circovirus (pcv), a virus common among pigs but not believed to cause illness in humans. we sought to understand pediatricians' and mothers' perspectives on this finding.201121943237
porcine circovirus type 2 and its associated diseases in korea.this review describes the characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), the field situation of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad) and the pcv2 vaccine in korea. pcvad has been considered the most devastating disease in korean livestock history since its first outbreak in 1999. postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) are the most common clinical forms of pcvad. interestingly, only pcv2b strains have been isolated from pig ...201122027190
identification of one critical amino acid that determines a conformational neutralizing epitope in the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs. currently, there is considerable interest in the immunology of pcv2; in particular, the immunological properties of the capsid protein. this protein is involved in pcv2 immunogenicity and is a potential target for vaccine development. in this study, we identified one critical amino acid that determines a conformational neutralizing epitope in the capsid protein of pcv2.201121859462
instability in vitro of a pcv2 infectious clone containing an insertion between orf1 and orf2.porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is a small circular single-stranded dna virus that causes postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. we obtained an infectious clone, derived from pcv2 strain 1147 (size 1,767 bp), with a 60 bp insertion in the cap-rep intergenic region at the 3' end of the rep. in vitro propagation and sequencing of virus showed mixed sequence for the cap-rep intergenic region. cloning of this region of virus from the passages 2 and 20 showed deletions of various size of the ...201122116682
immunology of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2).the emergence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) associated diseases and particularly postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was a shock for the swine industry and formulated a considerable challenge for researchers in the area of viral immunology in swine. the unique features of pmws of which emaciation and lymphoid depletion were the most evident indicated a deep involvement of the immune system of the pig in the pathogenesis of this condition and indicated that pcv2 was a singular ...201122178803
genetic diversity of pigeon circovirus in hungary.pigeon circoviruses (picv) had been identified worldwide and are responsible for immune suppression and a variety of diseases collectively referred to as young pigeon disease syndrome. samples from racing pigeons were collected throughout hungary and analyzed for the presence of picv by polymerase chain reaction. the capsid protein coding gene was amplified from ten picvs of different origins, and compared with known picv sequences. the results indicated that picv was highly variable, the viruse ...201121922293
Seroprevalence of Torque Teno Sus Virus Types 1 and 2 in Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Suspected Pigs and Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Vaccinated Normal Pigs in Southern Japan.We investigated the seroprevalence rate of Torque teno sus virus types 1 (TTSuV1) and 2 (TTSuV2) in the sera of 38 post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-suspected pigs and 43 porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-vaccinated normal pigs on 3 commercial pig farms in southern Japan by using nested polymerase chain reaction. High seroprevalence rate of TTSuVs was observed in both PMWS-suspected pigs (100%) and PCV2-vaccinated normal pigs (90.7%). The seroprevalence rate of TTSuV2 was signifi ...201121873809
Efficacy and future prospects of commercially available and experimental vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2).Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of an economically significant collection of disease syndromes in pigs, now known as porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVADs) in the United States or porcine circovirus diseases (PCVDs) in Europe. Inactivated and subunit vaccines based on PCV2a genotype are commercially available and have been shown to be effective at decreasing mortality and increasing growth parameters in commercial swine herds. Since 2003, there has been a drastic ...201122005075
Quantitative Proteomics Using Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture Reveals Protein and Pathway Regulation in Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infected PK-15 Cells.The infection of host cells by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) leads to extensive modulation of the gene expression levels of target cells. To uncover the pathogenesis and virus-host interactions of PCV2, a quantitative proteomic study using the stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), coupled with mass spectrometry, was performed on PCV2-infected PK-15 cells. The SILAC-based approach identified 1341 proteins, 163 of which showed significant change in level at 72 h afte ...201122148862
Prevalence of porcine circovirus-like agent P1 in Jiangsu, China.ABSTRACT: Recently, we identified a novel porcine circovirus type 2-like agent P1 isolate from swine. The present study represents the first survey of P1 prevalence in swine herds from Jiangsu, China, by using PCR targeting the complete genome of P1. Prevalences of 50% and 19% were found among 6 herds and 248 animals, respectively. The results indicate a high prevalence of P1 in China pig populations.201122171842
efficient surveillance of pig populations using oral fluids.currently virus surveillance in swine herds is constrained by the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of sampling methods. the objective of this study was to assess the value of using oral fluids collected by barn personnel as a method of surveillance based on pcr testing. approximately 12,150 pigs in 10 wean-to-finish barns on 10 farms were monitored for the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), influenza a virus (iav), and torq ...201122154249
genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in serbia.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the main causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). to characterize and determine the genetic diversity of pcv2 in the porcine population of serbia, nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the open reading frame 2 (orf2) of pcv2 collected from the tissues of pigs that either had died as a result of pmws or did not exhibit disease symptoms were analyzed. sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed considerable diversity among p ...201121964944
Porcine circovirus: Transcription and DNA replication.This review summarizes the molecular studies pertaining to porcine circovirus (PCV) transcription and DNA replication. The genome of PCV is circular, single-stranded DNA and contains 1759-1768 nucleotides. Both the genome-strand (packaged in the virus particle) and the complementary-strand (synthesized in the new host) encode viral proteins. Among a multitude of RNAs synthesized by alternate splicing, only rep and rep' are essential for virus DNA replication via the rolling-circle replication (R ...201122036834
molecular characterization and epidemiological investigation of pigeon circovirus isolated in eastern china.to investigate the prevalence and genetic characterization of pigeon circovirus (picv) circulating in chinese flocks, the genomic dna of 144 samples collected from pigeons in 6 different geographic regions of eastern china between 2009 and 2010 were amplified using previously published picv primers. the picv sequence was detected in 83 of 104 unhealthy pigeons (79.8%) and 25 of 40 healthy pigeons (62.5%). the overall positive rate was 75% for all samples. an inverse primer polymerase chain react ...201121908307
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of porcine circovirus type 2.ABSTRACT:201122044506
studies on porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination of 5-day-old piglets.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccines have become widely used since they became available in 2006. it is not uncommon for producers to use pcv2 vaccines in pigs younger than what is approved by manufacturers. the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a chimeric and a subunit pcv2 vaccine administered at 5 or 21 days of age. forty-eight pcv2-naïve piglets were randomly divided into six groups of eight pigs each. vaccination was done at day 5 or day 21, followed by triple ch ...201121940407
Construction and immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus expressing ORF2 of PCV2 and porcine IFN gamma.The capsid structural protein encoded by the gene ORF2 of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 is critical for eliciting the broad protective immunity. We constructed and characterized the recombinant adenovirus encoding the capsid and porcine IFN gamma, designated as rAd-ORF2-IFN-?. The construct was further confirmed by the enzyme digestion, PCR, sequencing and transfection. The humoural immunity to the capsid protein, induced by the recombinant in the mice, was tested by ELISA. Notably, this recombinant ...201121945259
spread like a wildfire-the omnipresence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and its ever-expanding association with diseases in pigs.the discovery of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in 1998 initiated intensive research on arguably the most economically important pathogen facing the global swine industry today. pcv2 infection is now widespread worldwide, and increasing numbers of disease conditions have been linked to pcv2 infection in pigs. in this special issue of virus research, leading experts in the field review the history, epidemiology, transmission, clinical and pathological features, immunology, pathogenesis, molecul ...201122192532
discovery and evolving history of two genetically related but phenotypically different viruses, porcine circoviruses 1 and 2.porcine circoviruses (pcvs) belong to the genus circovirus, family circoviridae, and are the smallest non-enveloped, single stranded, negative sense, circular dna viruses that replicate autonomously in mammalian cells. two types of pcv have been characterised, pcv1 and pcv2 and these two viruses show 83% sequence identity at open reading frame (orf) 1 and 67% identity at orf2. pcv1 is a non-pathogenic virus of pigs. in contrast, pcv2 has emerged as a major pathogen of swine around the world. the ...201121945213
ebola reston virus infection of pigs: clinical significance and transmission potential.in 2008, reston ebolavirus (rebov) was isolated from pigs during a disease investigation in the philippines. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) infections were also confirmed in affected herds and the contribution of rebov to the disease outbreak remains uncertain. we have conducted experimental challenge studies in 5-week-old pigs, with exposure of animals to 10(6) tcid(50) of a 2008 swine isolate of rebov via either the oronasal or ...201121987755
Tripping over emerging pathogens around the world: A phylogeographical approach for determining the epidemiology of Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2), considering global trading.Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is an emerging virus associated with a number of different syndromes in pigs known as Porcine Circovirus Associated Diseases (PCVAD). Since its identification and characterization in the early 1990s, PCV-2 has achieved a worldwide distribution, becoming endemic in most pig-producing countries, and is currently considered as the main cause of losses on pig farms. In this study, we analyzed the main routes of the spread of PCV-2 between pig-producing countries using ph ...201122056846
comparison of torque teno sus virus (ttsuv) viral load in porcine circovirus type 2 vaccinated and non-vaccinated pig herds.torque teno sus virus (ttsuv) viral load in accordance with the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection and age of two pig herds was determined. a total of 100 and 155 piglets from two farms were divided into two groups. half of the piglets from each farm were given a commercial vaccine against pcv2 (vaccinated group), and the remaining piglets were used as a control group (non-vaccinated group). an early onset and a chronic viremic state of ttsuv genogroups were present regardless of the pcv ...201122112638
profiles of seroconversion to porcine circovirus type 2 in herds affected and not affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.the aim of the present study was to explore the usefulness of serological methods in the diagnosis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the study was carried out in 4 pmws-affected and 6 control farms. based on the serological profiles, infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was determined to take place at 3-7 weeks of age in the pmws-affected and at 3-11 weeks of age in the control farms. to compare the dynamics of seroconversion to pcv2 among farms, cross-sectional se ...201122079711
microbial ecology of swine farms and prrs vaccine vaccination strategies.the present study investigated the microbial ecology and vaccination strategies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) in field condition. four representative farms with a history of prrs were included in this study. over the almost 3-year period, the average detection rate was 68.9%, making prrsv the first most frequently detected virus, followed by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) (64.2%), pseudorabies virus (prv) (11.03%) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) (4.41%). s ...201122014373
porcine circovirus type 2 and its associated diseases in china.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been recognized as an important vial pathogen for global swine industry. the virus is associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and other syndrome diseases collectively known as porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad). pcv2 infection and pmws have caused great impact on the pig production in china during the past 10 years. this review will involve in the history of pcvad, serological epidemiology of pcv2 infection, and clinical a ...201122023739
effects of porcine circovirus type 2 on expression of mrna associated with endogenous antigen processing and presentation in pulmonary alveolar macrophages and circulating t lymphocytes in piglets.pulmonary alveolar macrophages (pams) are the major target cells of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). this study examined cellular immunity and expression of molecules associated with endogenous antigen processing and presentation in porcine pams for 28days following infection with pcv2. the numbers of total t cells and t lymphocyte subpopulations were measured by flow cytometry (fcm). the expression of mrna of large multifunctional peptidase 7 (lmp7), ubiquitin-specific protease (ubp), heat sho ...201122104506
a nine-base nucleotide sequence in the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) nucleocapsid gene determines viral replication and virulence.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was retrospectively identified by serology in swine populations as an asymptomatic infection at least 25 years prior to the first reported case of pcv2-associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). to investigate the sudden emergence of pmws, viral sequences were amplified from frozen archived (1970-1971) porcine tissues and the complete genome of archival pcv2 was determined. the orf1 gene product (viral dna replicase) was homologous to contempor ...201122100341
genetic variation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and its relevance to vaccination, pathogenesis and diagnosis.porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad) encompasses a group of complex, multi-factorial syndromes, which are dependent on infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). current strains of pcv2 circulating in the field are classified into two groups, termed pcv2a and pcv2b. outbreaks of severe pcvad in north america and other countries are often linked to a shift from pcv2a to pcv2b as the predominant genotype. therefore, genotype-specific differences in pathogenesis and antigenicity have ...201122198217
Prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 infection in pig population in Slovakia.The prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) infection in the pig population in Slovakia was investigated. Sera from pigs suspected for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) as well as clinically healthy pigs were tested for viral DNA and specific IgM and IgG antibodies. Pigs (n = 198) were categorized to weaning, grower and fattening ones and sows. The results showed that PCV-2 antibodies were present in 53.4% of PMWS-suspects, in 50.0% of healthy pigs and in 69.0% of sows. In PM ...201121978161
deletion of the single putative n-glycosylation site of the porcine circovirus type 2 cap protein enhances specific immune responses by dna immunisation in mice.the immunogenicity of a putative n-linked glycosylation site located at amino acids 143-145 (n143ys) of the porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) cap protein was investigated. eukaryotic vectors expressing wild-type pcv2 cap (pcap) and n-linked glycosylation site mutant cap (pcap-m) were constructed and the immunogenicity of these proteins was determined following dna vaccination in balb/c mice. pcap-m elicited significantly higher cap-specific t lymphocyte proliferative activity, percentage of cd8(+) t c ...201122015141
The potential risk of infectious disease dissemination via artificial insemination in swine.Artificial insemination (AI) is one of the most widely used assisted reproductive technologies in swine. To maintain a healthy semen trade, it is crucial that diligence be given to managing and minimizing the chance of extended semen playing an epidemiological role in the transmission of infectious disease. In swine, pathogens of primary importance, which may be transmitted through semen include Aujeszky's disease, brucellosis, chlamydophilosis, porcine circovirus type 2, classical swine fever, ...201121884281
the development of a rapid sybr green i-based quantitative pcr for detection of duck circovirus.this report describes a one-step real-time polymerase chain reaction assay based on sybr green i for detection of a broad range of duck circovirus (ducv). align with all ducv complete genome sequences and other genus circovirus download from the genbank (such as goose circovirus, pigeon circovirus), the primers targets to the replicate gene of ducv were designed. the detection assay was linear in the range of 1.31 × 102-1.31 × 107 copies/μl. the reaction efficiency of the assay using the slope ( ...201121978576
Cell tropism and entry of porcine circovirus 2.Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) may induce reproductive failure (return to oestrus, embryonic death, mummification, weak- and stillborn piglets) and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Furthermore, it may modulate the immunity in such a way that it aggravates the outcome of many bacterial and viral infections. In the present paper, the cellular tropism and entry of PCV2 are described and linked with the pathological and clinical consequences.201122100402
Development of a Plexor real-time PCR assay for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2.A novel, real-time PCR system for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was developed. The system employed Plexor technology and detected 10(8)-10(1) copies per reaction of PCV2 DNA within a recombinant plasmid. The examination of clinical material showed consistent diagnostic sensitivity when samples contained more than 10(3) viral copies per reaction. Specificity of Plexor real-time PCR was confirmed using the porcine viruses PCV1, PRRSV, CSFV, TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 employing the melti ...201122155430
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of porcine boca-like virus.the porcine boca-like virus (pbo-likev) was recently discovered in swedish pigs with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for rapid, specific and sensitive detection of pbo-likev. a set of four primers specific for six regions of pbo-likev vp1/2 genes was designed with the online software. the reaction temperature and time were optimized to 65°c and 60min, respectively. lamp products were detected b ...201122172971
Co-existence of multiple strains of porcine circovirus type 2 in the same pig from China.ABSTRACT: Pigs are often co-infected by different viral strains from the same virus. Up to now, there are few reports about co-existence of different porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) strains in China. The aim of this study was to evaluate it in Chinese swine herds. 118 PCV2 positive DNAs isolated from diseased pigs identified by classic PCR were re-detected using a modified differential PCR assay. The results indicated that co-existence rates of PCV2 were 32.2 % (38/118) in diseased pigs and 0 % ...201122078868
Outcome of experimental porcine circovirus type 1 infections in mid-gestational porcine foetuses.Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) has been described as a non-cytopathic contaminant of the PK-15 cell line. Several experimental infections with PCV1 failed to reproduce disease in pigs. Therefore, PCV1 is generally accepted as non-pathogenic to pigs. To our knowledge, nothing is known about the outcome of PCV1 infections in porcine foetuses. This was examined in the present study.201122018436
Lack of effect of piglet vaccination against Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on serum viral loads of Torque teno sus virus 2 (TTSuV2).Anelloviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with circular single stranded DNA, which infect a number of animal species as well as humans. In pigs, two distinct Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) species have been described so far, being one of them linked to disease occurrence. Specifically, TTSuV2 loads in serum have been found increased in pigs suffering from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Since this pathological condition is able to be controlled by means of porcine circovir ...201122189433
Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs.Respiratory disease in pigs is common in modern pork production worldwide and is often referred to as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). PRDC is polymicrobial in nature, and results from infection with various combinations of primary and secondary respiratory pathogens. As a true multifactorial disease, environmental conditions, population size, management strategies and pig-specific factors such as age and genetics also play critical roles in the outcome of PRDC. While non-infectious f ...201122152290
Antigenic subtyping and epitopes' competition analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 using monoclonal antibodies.Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) strains have been classified into two major genotypes (PCV2a and PCV2b) and 8 genetic clusters: PCV2b-1A to PCV2b-1C and PCV2a-2A to PCV2a-2E. To date, no studies have been performed to antigenically subtype PCV2 strains enclosing eight PCV2 clusters. The present study aimed to antigenically subtype PCV2 and perform epitopes' competition analysis using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Fourteen PCV2 strains representative for eight clusters were tested with 20 mAbs ( ...201122176764
molecular study of porcine circovirus type 2 circulating in portugal.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) belongs to the genus circovirus of the circoviridae family and has been associated with a disease named postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in portugal the disease caused severe problems mainly between 1995 and 2003, but is nowadays less evident probably as the result of vaccination programmes initiated in 2007. this study reports the molecular analysis of 22 pcv2 strains obtained from domestic pigs originated from different regions of portugal. on ...201121925289
genetic typing of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) isolates from slovakia.of 120 clinical specimens obtained from pigs bred on 28 pmws-affected farms in slovakia, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) was detected by single pcr in 77 samples. a short 224 bp fragment of orf2 was used for preliminary grouping of isolates by phylogenetic analysis. nucleotide sequences of the entire orf2 region provided more precise genetic typing and segregation of preselected isolates (n=10) into two known genotypes, pcv-2a (n=1) and pcv-2b (n=9). complete genome sequencing of three selecte ...201120580978
longitudinal study of respiratory infection patterns of breeding sows in five farrow-to-finish herds.a longitudinal study was carried out in five french farrow-to-finish herds differently affected by respiratory diseases to describe the carrying and infection patterns of batches of sows to various respiratory pathogens during gestation and lactation. an entire batch of sows was followed during two successive reproduction cycles. nasal, tonsillar and oro-pharyngeal swabs and blood samples were taken from each sow 9 and 4 weeks before farrowing and 1 and 4 weeks after farrowing. mycoplasma hyopne ...201120696539
characterization of necrotizing lymphadenitis associated with porcine circovirus type 2 infection.necrotizing lymphadenitis is observed in approximately 2% of pigs affected by post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the pathogenesis of the lesion has been linked to apoptosis induced by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). the aim of the present study was to gain further insights into pcv2-associated lymphoid necrosis in pigs with pmws. three groups of animals were studied: (1) pmws-affected pigs with necrotizing lymphadenitis (n=5), (2) pmws-affected pigs without necrotizing lymphad ...201120708744
detection of duck circovirus in china: a proposal on genotype classification.since the first description of duck circovirus (ducv)-associated disease, there are several reports about the distribution of the disease. however, the information regarding the genetic variation of ducv in recent years is unclear. in the present study, the complete genomic sequences of 9 ducv strains, which were obtained by pcr screening from 90 dead or diseased ducks collected from different regions in china between 2008 and 2010, were determined and compared with previously available ducv seq ...201120709471
porcine circovirus type 2 morphogenesis in a clone derived from the l35 lymphoblastoid cell line.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the essential infectious agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), one of the most important diseases of swine. although several studies have described different biological properties of the virus, some aspects of its replication cycle, including ultrastructural alterations, remain unknown. the aim of the present study was to describe for the first time a complete morphogenesis study of pcv2 in a clone of the lymphoblastoid l35 cell line at ...201120800239
proinflammatory cytokine expression in the lung of pigs with porcine circovirus type 2-associated respiratory disease.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) causes a significant health problem for the swine industry worldwide. in this study, we investigated the cytokine expression profiles (ifn-γ, il-1α, il-8, and il-10) in the lungs of pigs with pcv2-associated respiratory disease. the mrna expressions of il-1α and il-8 were significantly up-regulated in pigs with pcv2-associated respiratory disease, while il-10 expression was not detected. these results suggest that the increased expressions of proinflammatory cyto ...201120542307
comparative evaluation of prrs virus infection in vaccinated and naïve pigs.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the time-course of the immune response to a field porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) strain in prrs-naïve, untreated pigs, as well as in four groups of age and breed-matched pigs injected with a live attenuated prrs vaccine, its adjuvant, an inactivated prrs vaccine and an irrelevant, inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccine, respectively. prrsv infection was confirmed in all groups by pcr and antibody assays. the ant ...201120598328
effect of an interferon-stimulated response element (isre) mutant of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) on pcv2-induced pathological lesions in a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) co-infection model.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (pcvad) in swine. coinfections of pcv2 with other swine pathogens increase the severity of pcvad. induction of proinflammatory cytokines by coinfecting pathogens may attribute to the exacerbation of pcvad during coinfections. an interferon-stimulated response element (isre) sequence was identified in the origin of replication of pcv2 genome. to assess the role of isre in pcv2 pathogenesis du ...201120637549
a meta-analysis comparing the effect of pcv2 vaccines on average daily weight gain and mortality rate in pigs from weaning to slaughter.the aim of this investigation was, through a meta-analysis, to review the published literature concerning the effect of pcv2 vaccination on the average daily weight gain (adg) and on the mortality rate in pigs from weaning to slaughter. the review was restricted to studies investigating the effect of vaccines against pcv2 published from 2006 to 2008, identified using computerised literature databases. only studies that met the following criteria were included: commercial vaccines were used, pigs ...201121239076
a candidate inactivated chimeric vaccine pcv1-2 constructed based on pcv1 and pcv2 isolates originating in china and its evaluation in conventional pigs in regard to protective efficacy against pcv2 infection.a chimeric pcv1-2 clone containing the pcv2 capsid gene cloned into the backbone of the nonpathogenic pcv1 genome was recently generated based on pcv2 and pcv1 strains isolated in china. the efficacy of this available candidate inactivated vaccine was evaluated by subjecting conventional pigs to intramuscular immunization with the inactivated chimeric pcv1-2 virus, followed by challenge with wild-type pcv2 strain. by 35 days post-vaccination (dpv), all vaccinated pigs had developed seroconversio ...201121244470
development of an in situ assay for simultaneous detection of the genomic and replicative form of pcv2 using padlock probes and rolling circle amplification.in this study we utilized padlock probes and rolling circle amplification as a mean to detect and study the replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in cultured cells and in infected tissue. porcine circovirus type 2 is a single-stranded circular dna virus associated with several severe diseases, porcine circovirus diseases (pcvd) in pigs, such as postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. the exact reason and mechanisms behind the trigger of pcv2 replication that is associated with thes ...201121261961
utility of a panviral microarray for detection of swine respiratory viruses in clinical samples.several factors have recently converged, elevating the need for highly parallel diagnostic platforms that have the ability to detect many known, novel, and emerging pathogenic agents simultaneously. panviral dna microarrays represent the most robust approach for massively parallel viral surveillance and detection. the virochip is a panviral dna microarray that is capable of detecting all known viruses, as well as novel viruses related to known viral families, in a single assay and has been used ...201121270231
commercially produced spray-dried porcine plasma contains increased concentrations of porcine circovirus type 2 dna but does not transmit porcine circovirus type 2 when fed to naive pigs.the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) antibody and dna status of porcine plasma products collected during the commercial spray-drying process were evaluated. samples evaluated included 52 pooled liquid plasma (fresh) samples collected at 14 regional abattoirs before transport to 1 of 2 spray-drying facilities, 32 pooled liquid plasma (concentrated) samples collected after arrival at the spray-drying facilities at different stages before the spray-drying process, and 32 samples in powdered form (s ...201121278103
viral distribution and lesions in kunming mice experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2b.the viral distribution and lesions in kunming mice experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2b (pcv-2b) were investigated. seventy special pathogen free mice were divided into 2 groups with 35 mice in each group. the test group (tg) was infected with pcv-2b, the control group (cg) was inoculated with sterile cell cultures. five mice in each group were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 dpi (day post infection), respectively. necropsies were performed on all mice and tissues we ...201121287271
the porcine circovirus type 1 capsid gene promoter improves antigen expression and immunogenicity in a hiv-1 plasmid vaccine.one of the promising avenues for development of vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and other human pathogens is the use of plasmid-based dna vaccines. however, relatively large doses of plasmid must be injected for a relatively weak response. we investigated whether genome elements from porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv-1), an apathogenic small ssdna-containing virus, had useful expression-enhancing properties that could allow dose-sparing in a plasmid vaccine.201121299896
the nuclear localization signal sequence of porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 enhances intracellular delivery of plasmid dna.the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is a natural barrier that prevents large molecules from entering the cell. cationic liposomes are commonly used for transfection of plasmid dna but they have high cost and toxicity. many reports have shown that cell-penetrating peptides (cpp) are able to translocate across the cell membrane efficiently. the vp22 peptide of herpes simplex virus (hsv) was synthesized as a cpp. two fusion protein candidates, containing binding/condensing protein (vp22-t ...201121305328
chimeric porcine circoviruses (pcv) containing amino acid epitope tags in the c terminus of the capsid gene are infectious and elicit both anti-epitope tag antibodies and anti-pcv type 2 neutralizing antibodies in pigs.a chimeric porcine circovirus (pcv1-2) with the capsid gene of pathogenic pcv2 cloned into the genomic backbone of nonpathogenic pcv1 is attenuated in pigs but elicits protective immunity against pcv2. in this study, short epitope tags were inserted into the c terminus of the capsid protein of the chimeric pcv1-2 vaccine virus, resulting in a tractable marker virus that is infectious both in vitro and in vivo. pigs experimentally infected with the epitope-tagged pcv1-2 vaccine viruses produced t ...201121307200
pathological observations of an experimental infection of geese with goose circovirus.there is so far no report describing the pathogenicity of goose circovirus (gocv) following experimental infection. we report here an experimental inoculation of 21-day-old geese with a gocv polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-positive sample of bursa of fabricius (bf) homogenate, and the results of clinicopathological changes. forty geese were randomly assigned to two groups: the inoculated group (n=30) receiving tissue homogenate and the uninoculated group (n=10) receiving a placebo (physiological ...201121331948
experimental reproduction of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-associated enteritis in pigs infected with pcv2 alone or concurrently with lawsonia intracellularis or salmonella typhimurium.porcine circovirus (pcv)-associated disease (pcvad) has emerged to become one of the most economically important pig diseases globally. one of the less commonly recognized clinical manifestations of pcvad is pcv2 type 2 (pcv2)-associated enteritis in growing pigs; however, experimental confirmation of the ability of pcv2 alone or pcv2 coinfection with other agent(s) to induce enteritis is lacking. in this study, 120 specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs were divided randomly into six groups: control ...201121334002
characterization of a new disease syndrome associated with porcine circovirus type 2 in previously vaccinated herds.porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad) encompasses a group of wasting syndromes linked to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). this paper describes a new pcv2 disease syndrome, called acute pulmonary edema (ape), which, unlike other pcvad syndromes, has a peracute onset and is associated with herds vaccinated for pcv2.201121346043
absence of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) and high prevalence of pcv 2 exposure and infection in swine finisher herds.porcine circovirus (pcv) appeared in 1974 as an unidentified, innocuous viral inhabitant of cell cultures and pigs. today pcv1 is a contaminant of some human vaccines, and pcv2 is a major pathogen of swine. pcv1 is reportedly ubiquitous in swine but nonpathogenic. since the interplay of pcv1 and pcv2 in swine might explain variable disease results and shed light on the potential for human exposure, we analyzed in depth the prevalence of pcv1 and pcv2 infection and exposure in the u.s. finishing ...201121352865
comparative efficacy of commercial mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) vaccines in pigs experimentally infected with m. hyopneumoniae and pcv2.the efficacies of two commercial mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) vaccines were compared in conventional pigs immunized at different ages based on humoral response, pathological observation, and growth performance from birth to finishing (175 days of age) using a m. hyopneumoniae and pcv2 co-infection challenge model. one-week-old pigs (n=110) were randomly assigned to five groups: three vaccinated and challenged (vc), and one each of non-vaccinated and challeng ...201121354247
genetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 in piglets from pmws-affected and -negative farms in thailand.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the major swine pathogen associated with porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) including post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). currently, there are 4 subtypes of pcv2 (pcv2a, b, c and d) and some epidemiological evidences demonstrated that virulence of pcv2 may relate to its subtypes. recently, pmws was observed more frequently in swine farms in thailand; however, the information regarding to pcv2 subtype involved was limited. therefore, ...201121356069
reproductive losses associated with porcine circovirus type 2 in a japanese herd of seronegative sows.from april to july 2009, there was a high rate of reproductive losses in a 30-sow, farrow-to-finish swine herd in yamagata prefecture, japan. histopathological examinations of heart tissue from stillborn and preweaning piglets showed nonsuppurative, necrotizing lesions. immunohistochemical staining and polymerase chain reaction analysis of myocardial lesions revealed the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) antigens and dna in these tissues. indirect immunofluorescence also showed that t ...201121358147
epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary pneumocystosis and concurrent infections in pigs in jeju island, korea.epidemiological characteristics of swine pulmonary pneumocystis (p.) carinii and concurrent infections were surveyed on jeju island, korea, within a designated period in 172 pigs submitted from 54 farms to the department of veterinary medicine, jeju national university. the submitted cases were evaluated by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, pcr/rt-pcr, and bacteriology. p. carinii infection was confirmed in 39 (22.7%) of the 172 pigs. histopathologically, the lungs had moderate to severe lym ...201121368558
interlaboratory comparison of porcine circovirus-2 indirect immunofluorescent antibody test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results on experimentally infected pigs.a blinded interlaboratory assessment of the diagnostic agreement and accuracy of serologic tests for routine detection of antibodies against porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2), including indirect fluorescent antibody tests (ifats) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) was conducted in 7 north american laboratories. serum samples were collected weekly, on trial days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49, from the following groups of animals: 1) negative controls (n ôçè=ôçè 7), 2) pcv-2a (n ôçè=ôçè ...201121398438
theoretical and experimental approaches to estimate the usefulness of pooled serum samples for the diagnosis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.classical postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) diagnosis is based on postmortem findings (histopathology plus viral detection in lymphoid tissues). because one of the major differences between pmws-affected and nonaffected pigs is porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) load in serum and tissues, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) has been suggested as a potential diagnostic technique for the disease. the objective of the present study was to assess the applicability of qp ...201121398441
detection of influenza a virus in porcine oral fluid samples.porcine oral fluids have been used for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus-2. the objective of the present study was to determine whether influenza a virus (fluav) is present in porcine oral fluids at detectable levels and to validate a standard fluav molecular diagnostic test for porcine oral fluids. pen-based oral fluid samples were collected on 3, 4, 5, and 6 days postinfection (dpi) from 4 groups of 6 pigs each that were inoculated intr ...201121398442
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