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short communication: identification of corynebacterium bovis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.corynebacterium bovis is a mastitis-causing microorganism responsible for economic losses related to decrease in milk production. the aim of the study was identify corynebacterium spp. strains recovered from milk samples of subclinical mastitis by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (maldi-ms). samples were collected during a 10-mo mastitis-monitoring program in a high-production dairy farm. in this study, 80 strains were analyzed; from these 54 (67.5%) were ident ...201728342611
factors associated with intramammary infection in dairy cows caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus uberis, streptococcus dysgalactiae, corynebacterium bovis, or escherichia coli.the aim of this study was to determine risk factors for bovine intramammary infection (imi) associated with the most common bacterial species in finland. large databases of the finnish milk-recording system and results of microbiological analyses of mastitic milk samples from valio ltd. (helsinki, finland) were analyzed. the study group comprised 29,969 cows with imi from 4,173 dairy herds. a cow with a quarter milk sample in which dna of target species was detected in the pathoproof mastitis pc ...201728341052
detection and elimination of corynebacterium bovis from barrier rooms by using an environmental sampling surveillance program.rodent health-monitoring programs based on sampling an ivc system's exhaust air dust (ead) has enhanced and even replaced traditional sentinels for some rodent pathogens. ead testing by qpcr assay is an optimal surveillance method for the rapid detection of corynebacterium bovis-infected immunodeficient mice. here we demonstrate that an active ead surveillance program for c. bovis can be used to maintain nude mice c. bovis-free after the transition from historically enzootically infected colonie ...201728315652
procedure for horizontal transfer of patient-derived xenograft tumors to eliminate corynebacterium bovis.human patient-derived xenograft (pdx) tumors, propagated in immunodeficient mice, are rapidly growing in use as a model for cancer research. horizontal transfer between mice, without in vitro cell culture, allows these tumors to retain many of their unique characteristics from their individual patient of origin. however, the immunodeficient mouse strains used to grow these tumors are susceptible to numerous opportunistic pathogens, including corynebacterium bovis. at our institution, 2 in vivo t ...201728315646
procedure for horizontal transfer of patient-derived xenograft tumors to eliminate corynebacterium bovis.human patient-derived xenograft (pdx) tumors, propagated in immunodeficient mice, are rapidly growing in use as amodelfor cancer research. horizontal transfer between mice, without in vitro cell culture, allows these tumors to retainmany of their unique characteristics from their individual patient of origin. however, the immunodeficient mouse strainsused to grow these tumors are susceptible to numerous opportunistic pathogens, including corynebacterium bovis. at ourinstitution, 2 in vivo tumor ...201728211314
detection and elimination of corynebacterium bovis from barrier rooms by using an environmental sampling surveillance program.rodent health-monitoring programs based on sampling an ivc system's exhaust air dust (ead) has enhanced and evenreplaced traditional sentinels for some rodent pathogens. ead testing by qpcr assay is an optimal surveillance methodfor the rapid detection of corynebacterium bovis-infected immunodeficient mice. here we demonstrate that an active eadsurveillance program for c. bovis can be used to maintain nude mice c. bovis-free after the transition from historically enzootically infected colonies. ...201728211313
characterization of demodex musculi infestation, associated comorbidities, and topographic distribution in a mouse strain with defective adaptive immunity.a colony of b6.cg-rag1tm1mom tyrp1b-w tg(tcra,tcrb)9rest (trp1/tcr) mice presented with ocular lesions and ulcerative dermatitis. histopathology, skin scrapes, and fur plucks confirmed the presence of demodex spp. in all clinically affected and subclinical trp1/tcr mice examined (n = 48). pasteurella pneumotropica and corynebacterium bovis, both opportunistic pathogens, were cultured from the ocular lesions and skin, respectively, and bacteria were observed microscopically in abscesses at variou ...201728830578
test characteristics of milk amyloid a elisa, somatic cell count, and bacteriological culture for detection of intramammary pathogens that cause subclinical mastitis.bovine mastitis is an important disease in the dairy industry, causing economic losses as a result of withheld milk and treatment costs. several studies have suggested milk amyloid a (maa) as a promising biomarker in the diagnosis of mastitis. in the absence of a gold standard for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, we estimated the diagnostic test accuracy of a commercial maa-elisa, somatic cell count (scc), and bacteriological culture using bayesian latent class modeling. we divided intramammar ...201728647334
impact of intramammary tilmicosin infusion as a dry cow therapy.three hundred subclinically infected quarters of 259 holstein cows infected with gram-positive bacteria were selected via quota sampling based on the california mastitis test (cmt) result and were divided randomly and equally into treatment and test groups. quarters of test group (n = 150 in 128 cows) were treated with an intramammary infusion of tilmicosin, and quarters of the control group (n = 150 in 131 cows) were treated with cloxacillin as a traditional intramammary infusion of dry cow (dc ...201728600854
bacteriological etiology and treatment of mastitis in finnish dairy herds.the finnish dairy herd recording system maintains production and health records of cows and herds. veterinarians and farmers register veterinary treatments in the system. milk samples for microbiological analysis are routinely taken from mastitic cows. the laboratory of the largest dairy company in finland, valio ltd., analyzes most samples using real-time pcr. this study addressed pathogen-specific microbiological data and treatment and culling records, in combination with cow and herd characte ...201728545485
diphtheroids-important nosocomial pathogens.diphtheroids are defined as aerobic, non-sporulating, pleomorphic gram-positive bacilli which are more uniformly stained than corynebacterium diphtheriae, lack the metachromatic granules and are arranged in a palisade manner. they are usually commensals of the skin and mucous membranes. they differ from c.diphtheriae in biochemical rea-ctions as well as in toxin production. since, they are usually found as commensals on the skin, they are often considered as mere contaminants when isolated from ...201628208859
prevalence of bovine mastitis pathogens in bulk tank milk in china.the objectives of this study were to estimate the herd prevalence of major mastitis pathogens in bulk tank milk (btm) in china dairy herds, to determine the relationship between the presence of mastitis pathogens and bulk tank milk somatic cell counts (btscc), and to investigate the impact of different dairy cattle farming modes and region on bacterial species. btm samples collected from 894 dairy herds in china were examined for the presence of mastitis pathogens. the flinders technology associ ...201627187065
change in viable bacterial count during preservation of milk derived from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis and its relationship with antimicrobial components in milk.the objectives of the present study were to investigate the change in the number of viable pathogens during preservation of milk obtained from cows with subclinical mastitis and the association between the decreasing ratio of viable bacteria during preservation and the somatic cell count (scc) and the values of lingual antimicrobial peptide (lap), lactoferrin (lf) and lactoperoxidase (lpo). after preservation of milk at room temperature for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hr, the bacterial colonies in ...201627109069
in vitro photoinactivation of bovine mastitis related pathogens.bovine mastitis is considered the most important disease of worldwide dairy industry. treatment of this disease is based on the application intramammary antibiotic, which favors an increase in the number of resistant bacteria in the last decade. photodynamic inactivation (pdi) has been investigated in different areas of health sciences, and has shown great potential for inactivating different pathogens, without any selection of resistant microorganisms. the objective of this study was to investi ...201626315923
surveillance of a ventilated rack system for corynebacterium bovis by sampling exhaust-air manifolds.corynebacterium bovis causes an opportunistic infection of nude (foxn1, nu/nu) mice, leading to nude mouse hyperkeratotic dermatitis (scaly skin disease). enzootic in many nude mouse colonies, c. bovis spreads rapidly to naive nude mice, despite modern husbandry practices, and is very difficult to eradicate. to facilitate rapid detection in support of eradication efforts, we investigated a surveillance method based on quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) evaluation of swabs collected from the horiz ...201626817981
prevalence of bovine milk pathogens in azorean pastures: mobile versus fixed milking machines.the aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate the influence of using mobile (n=47) or fixed (n=45) milking machines in azorean herds on the apparent prevalence of several milk pathogens in bulk tank milk (btm) and (2) to determine whether separated subclinical mastitic cows can serve, in real time, as predictors of milk pathogen prevalence for the remaining animals at the herd level. the use of a mobile or fixed milking machine influenced (p≤0.05) the prevalence of staphylococcus aureus (72 ...201627843558
corynebacterium bovis eye infections, washington, usa, 2013. 201526291771
occurrence and molecular identification of cryptosporidium spp. in dairy calves in xinjiang, northwestern china.a total of 514 fecal samples were collected from dairy calves on 15 farms in the xinjiang uyghur autonomous region in northwestern china and were screened for cryptosporidium spp. by pcr. the overall prevalence of cryptosporidium was 16.0% (82/514), and the infection rate was 15.6% (37/237) and 16.2% (45/277) in pre- and post-weaned calves, respectively. pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and dna sequence analyses of 82 positive fecal samples revealed the presence of four crypto ...201526186985
dysbiosis and staphylococcus aureus colonization drives inflammation in atopic dermatitis.staphylococcus aureus skin colonization is universal in atopic dermatitis and common in cancer patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. however, the causal relationship of dysbiosis and eczema has yet to be clarified. herein, we demonstrate that adam17(fl/fl)sox9-(cre) mice, generated to model adam17-deficiency in human, developed eczematous dermatitis with naturally occurring dysbiosis, similar to that observed in atopic dermatitis. corynebacterium mastitidis, s. aureu ...201525902485
effects of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on probability of conception in holstein dairy cows.the objective of this study was to estimate the effects of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis (cm), occurring in different weekly intervals before or after artificial insemination (ai), on the probability of conception in holstein cows. clinical mastitis occurring in weekly intervals from 6 wk before until 6 wk after ai was modeled. the first 4 ai in a cow's lactation were included. the following categories of pathogens were studied: streptococcus spp. (comprising streptococcus dysgalactiae, st ...201425173468
identification of corynebacterium spp. isolated from bovine intramammary infections by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.corynebacterium species (spp.) are among the most frequently isolated pathogens associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. however, simple, fast, and reliable methods for the identification of species of the genus corynebacterium are not currently available. this study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) for identifying corynebacterium spp. isolated from the mammary glands of dairy cows. corynebacterium spp. we ...201425086477
detection of corynebacterium bovis infection in athymic nude mice from a research animal facility in korea.corynebacterium (c.) bovis infection in nude mice causes hyperkeratosis and weight loss and has been reported worldwide but not in korea. in 2011, nude mice from an animal facility in korea were found to have white flakes on their dorsal skin. histopathological testing revealed that the mice had hyperkeratosis and gram-positive bacteria were found in the skin. we identified isolated bacteria from the skin lesions as c. bovis using pcr and 16s rrna sequencing. to the best of our knowledge, this i ...201424962412
antimicrobial activity of chemokine cxcl10 for dermal and oral microorganisms.cxcl10 (ip-10) is a small 10 kda chemokine with antimicrobial activity. it is induced by ifn-γ, chemoattracts mononuclear cells, and promotes adhesion of t cells. recently, we detected cxcl10 on the surface of the skin and in the oral cavity. in the current study, we used broth microdilution and radial diffusion assays to show that cxcl10 inhibits the growth of escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, corynebacterium jeikeium, corynebacterium striatum, and candida albicans hmv4c, but not coryneb ...201425859394
pathogen-specific effects on milk yield in repeated clinical mastitis episodes in holstein dairy cows.the objective of this study was to estimate the effects of clinical mastitis (cm) cases due to different pathogens on milk yield in holstein cows. the first 3 cm cases in a cow's lactation were modeled. eight categories of pathogens were included: streptococcus spp.; staphylococcus aureus; coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns); escherichia coli; klebsiella spp.; cases with cm signs but no bacterial growth (above the level detectable by our microbiological procedures) observed in the culture sam ...201424418269
systemic prepartum treatment of end-term dairy heifers with penethamate hydriodide: effect on udder health, milk yield, and culling until 120 days in milk.prepartum intramammary treatment with antimicrobials of end-term dairy heifers has frequently been proposed as a practice to reduce the prevalence of intramammary infections (imi) at calving. from a safety standpoint for both animal and administrator, systemic treatment is preferred. a clinical trial was conducted on heifers from 10 well-managed, commercial dairy farms with a low prevalence of heifer mastitis. the aim was to assess both the short- and long-term effects of a systemic prepartum th ...201323932138
pathogenicity and genetic variation of 3 strains of corynebacterium bovis in immunodeficient mice.corynebacterium bovis has been associated with hyperkeratotic dermatitis and acanthosis in mice. we studied 3 different strains of c. bovis: one previously described to cause hyperkeratotic dermatitis (hac), one that infected athymic nude mice without leading to the classic clinical signs, and one of bovine origin (atcc 7715). the 3 strains showed a few biochemical and genetic differences. immunodeficient nude mice were housed in 3 independent isolators and inoculated with pure cultures of the 3 ...201323849444
function of milk polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes in bovine mammary glands infected with corynebacterium bovis.corynebacterium bovis is one of the most commonly isolated bacteria from aseptically collected bovine milk samples. the objective of the current study was to characterize the bovine innate immune response by evaluating milk polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (pmnl) in mammary glands infected with c. bovis. twenty quarters infected with c. bovis and 28 culture-negative quarters (with milk somatic cell count <1×10(5) cells/ml) were used. the percentages of milk pmnl and the pmnl expression ...201323608489
effect on quarter milk somatic cell count and antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococcus rostri causing intramammary infection in dairy water buffaloes.in many parts of the world, coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns) are the predominant cause of intramammary infections (imi) in dairy cows and in water buffaloes, as well. a longitudinal field study was carried out on one well-managed dairy water buffalo herd to determine the prevalence and distribution of cns and a recently described cns-species, staphylococcus rostri, in milk samples to explore its relevance for buffaloes' udder health throughout lactation, and to gain insight into the suscep ...201323548306
milk haptoglobin, milk amyloid a, and n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity in bovines with naturally occurring clinical mastitis diagnosed with a quantitative pcr test.the associations between quantitative bacteriological results from a real-time pcr test and concentrations of acute-phase proteins (app) and n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (nagase) activity in milk in naturally occurring clinical mastitis were investigated. milk app concentrations and nagase activity in clinical mastitis caused by different udder pathogens were studied. the associations between the severity of the clinical signs and concentrations of app and nagase activity were estimated. milk sa ...201323548292
diffuse scaling dermatitis in an athymic nude mouse.this report describes the clinicopathological features of a case of diffuse scaling dermatitis that occurred in a 16-week-old female athymic nude (crtac:ncr-foxn1(nu)) mouse. gross presentation was suggestive of corynebacterium bovis infection (scaly skin disease). however, c. bovis was not isolated from the skin of the affected animal or from the skin of unaffected crtac:ncr-foxn1(nu) mice housed in the same cage or room. staphylococcus xylosus was instead isolated in high numbers from the skin ...201323064880
trends in diagnosis and control of bovine mastitis: a review.mastitis (inflammation of mammary gland) is a most devastating disease condition in terms of economic losses occurring throughout the world. the etiological agents may vary from place to place depending on climate; animal species and animal husbandry and include wide variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria; and fungi. they may be either contagious viz. staphylococcus aureus; streptococcus agalactiae or environmental viz. s. dysgalactiae, s. uberis, corynebacterium bovis and coagulase ...201324506032
examining the effect of intramammary infections with minor mastitis pathogens on the acquisition of new intramammary infections with major mastitis pathogens--a systematic review and meta-analysis.major mastitis pathogens such as staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus agalactiae, streptococcus uberis, streptococcus dysgalactiae, and the coliforms are usually considered more virulent and damaging to the udder than minor mastitis pathogens such as corynebacterium bovis and coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns). the current literature contains several studies detailing analyses with conflicting results as to whether intramammary infection (imi) with the minor pathogens decreases, increases, o ...201222981582
increases of antibiotic resistance in excessive use of antibiotics in smallholder dairy farms in northern thailand.antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from both quarter teat-tip swabs and their quarter milk samples were evaluated in smallholder dairy farms in northern thailand with excessive use of antibiotics (high) compared with normal use (norm). results from teat-tip swab samples showed that the percentage of bacillus spp. resistance to overall antibiotics was significantly lower in the norm group than that of the high group, whereas, the resistance percentage of coagulase-negative staph ...201225049697
differences between coagulase-negative staphylococcus species in persistence and in effect on somatic cell count and milk yield in dairy goats.coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns) are the most commonly isolated bacteria from goat milk. the goal of this study was to explore and describe differences between cns species in persistence of intramammary infection (imi) and in effect on somatic cell count (scc) and milk yield (my). milk samples were collected from 530 does from 5 dutch dairy goat herds on 3 occasions during 1 lactation. coagulase-negative staphylococci species were identified at the species level by transfer rna-intergenic ...201222916911
draft genome sequence of corynebacterium bovis dsm 20582, which causes clinical mastitis in dairy cows.bovine mastitis represents the most economically important disease in dairy cows and can be caused by corynebacterium bovis, a commensal in the bovine udder. the draft genome sequence provides insights into the adaptation of this bacterium to the bovine habitat and its lipolytic capabilities to utilize components of cow's milk.201222843578
corynebacterium bovis: epizootiologic features and environmental contamination in an enzootically infected rodent room.corynebacterium bovis is a common pathogen in athymic nude mouse colonies. control and eradication of the organism are challenging because depopulation and restricted colony access are often not options within vivaria. we evaluated potential sources and dissemination routes of c. bovis in an enzootically infected colony. immunocompetent mice and personnel were evaluated for their potential to carry c. bovis, and husbandry and sanitation methods were evaluated for their efficacy in preventing cro ...201222776119
investigating clustering in interval-censored udder quarter infection times in dairy cows using a gamma frailty model.udder infections in dairy cows are observed at udder quarter level. therefore, the best strategy to study infection dynamics of particular bacteria causing mastitis is to follow up and model individual udder quarter infection times. udder quarter infection times, however, are not independent as they are clustered within a cow and herds. another challenge in modelling infection times is that the exact infection time is unknown; it is only known that the infection has taken place in the interval b ...201222595865
mastitis diagnosis in dairy cows using pathoproof real-time polymerase chain reaction assay in comparison with conventional bacterial culture in a northern german field study.in the following field study, the commercial pathoproof mastitis pcr assay, a real-time pcr for identifying eleven mastitis pathogens and the staphylococcal beta-lactamase gene, was compared with conventional bacterial culture. for this purpose, 681 udder quarter samples from 173 clinically healthy cows with varying somatic cell count from four dairy herds in the region of osnabrück, lower saxony, germany, were collected between july 2010 and february 2011 and subjected to pcr and bacterial cult ...201223227767
Human septicemia caused by Corynebacterium bovis: a case report and review of the literature.We report a rare case of Corynebacterium bovis septicemia about a 65 year old man who received prolonged antibiotic treatment with colistin, imipenem and fosfomycin. We discuss in this work the circumstances of emergence of C. bovis infection through a literature review.201122123577
the effect of recurrent episodes of clinical mastitis caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and other organisms on mortality and culling in holstein dairy cows.the objective of this study was to estimate the effects of recurrent episodes of different types of clinical mastitis (cm) caused by gram-positive (streptococcus spp., staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus spp.) and gram-negative (escherichia coli, klebsiella, citrobacter, enterobacter, pseudomonas) bacteria, and other organisms (arcanobacterium pyogenes, mycoplasma, corynebacterium bovis, yeast, miscellaneous) on the probability of mortality and culling in holstein dairy cows. data from 30,233 ...201121943738
observed reduction in recovery of corynebacterium spp. from bovine milk samples by use of a teat cannula.although corynebacterium bovis and coagulase-negative staphylococci are frequently the most commonly isolated bacteria from milk samples submitted for identification of pathogens causing intramammary infection, the individual quarter somatic cell count (scc) from those samples is most often low. the present study aimed at evaluating the difference in bacteriology results from milk sampled by the standard technique (as recommended by the national mastitis council) and by the use of a teat cannula ...201120822566
strategies to prevent, treat, and provoke corynebacterium-associated hyperkeratosis in athymic nude mice.athymic nude mice infected with corynebacterium bovis typically exhibit transient hyperkeratotic dermatitis. our vivarium experienced an increased incidence of disease characterized by persistent skin lesions and increased mortality, leading to this study. for detection of infection, skin and buccal swab methods showed comparable sensitivities in nude mice. various prevention, treatment, and eradication strategies were evaluated through clinical assessment, microbiology, and histopathology. in e ...201121640035
Antibacterial activity of sphingoid bases and fatty acids against gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria.There is growing evidence that the role of lipids in innate immunity is more important than previously realized. How lipids interact with bacteria to achieve a level of protection, however, is still poorly understood. To begin to address mechanisms of antibacterial activity, we determined minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of lipids common to the skin and oral cavity: sphingoid bases D-sphingosine, phytosphingosine, and dihydrosphingosine, and f ...201122155833
rapid identification of bovine mastitis pathogens by high-resolution melt analysis of 16s rdna sequences.accurate identification of mastitis pathogens is often compromised when using conventional culture-based methods. here, we report a novel, rapid assay tested for speciation of bacterial mastitis pathogens using high-resolution melt analysis (hrma) of 16s rdna sequences. real-time pcr amplification of 16s rrna gene fragment, spanning the variable region v5 and v6 was performed with a resulting amplicon of 290bp. first, a library was generated of melt curves of 9 common pathogens that are implicat ...201121944716
the effect of subclinical mastitis on milk yield in dairy goats.the aims of this study were to estimate milk yield (my) losses associated with subclinical intramammary infection (imi) in dairy goats and to assess if somatic cell count (scc) can be used to estimate such my losses. we used 2 data sets to study these questions. the first data set consisted of 5 herds. milk production and scc were recorded during 1 lactation. from approximately 100 does in each herd, milk samples were collected on 3 occasions during lactation for bacteriological culture. linear ...201021094753
diagnosis of intramammary infection in samples yielding negative results or minor pathogens in conventional bacterial culturing.up to half of quarter milk samples submitted for mastitis diagnosis are culture-negative results or lead to identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci or corynebacterium bovis in conventional culturing, the so-called minor pathogens. the interpretation and usefulness of these results in terms of udder and animal health management is limited, even though the amount of resources spent is relatively high. this work aimed to test two methods of analysis of milk samples with the goal of incre ...201021134309
cns mastitis: nothing to worry about?in this paper, we analyzed a very large field data set on intramammary infections (imi) and the associated somatic cell count (scc) in dairy cows. the objective of the study was to analyze the impact of coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns) imi on cow scc, both mean and variability, and on the potential of these infections to have a major impact on the bulk milk scc (bmscc). data and milk samples for bacterial culture were collected by quality milk production services (qmps) between 1992 and ma ...200918842362
first trial in the developmental phase of the "performance evaluation program" based on the iclas animal quality network program: self-assessment of microbiological monitoring methods using test samples supplied by iclas.the first trial in the developmental phase of the "performance evaluation program" based on the new programs of the international council for laboratory animal science (iclas) was carried out. iclas supplied test samples to each diagnostic laboratory for self-assessment of microbiological monitoring methods. we found that 1 mouse serum sample was positive for mouse minute virus and another was positive for mycoplasma pulmonis antibodies, and 1 rat serum sample was positive for sendai virus antib ...200919151511
corynebacterium bovis shoulder prosthetic joint infection: the first reported case.we report the first case of corynebacterium bovis shoulder prosthetic joint infection. the organism was isolated from intraoperative tissue culture and from the removed prosthesis using sonication. a 2-stage exchange and 3 months of antibiotic therapy were performed. c. bovis may cause implant-associated infections, which can manifest as low-grade infection.200919304438
real-time polymerase chain reaction-based identification of bacteria in milk samples from bovine clinical mastitis with no growth in conventional culturing.in more than 30% of milk samples from clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis, bacteria fail to grow even after 48 h of conventional culture. the "no-growth" samples are problematic for mastitis laboratories, veterinarians, and dairy producers. this study provides the first investigation of the bacteriological etiology of such samples, using a real-time pcr-based commercial reagent kit. the assay targets the dna of the 11 most common bacterial species or groups in mastitis and the staphylococca ...200919447993
central nervous system infections in filipino patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.infections including those of the central nervous system (cns) are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). this case series describes the etiology, contributing factors and outcomes of cns infections in a group of filipino patients with sle.200920374352
corynebacterium bovis line related septicemia: a case report and review of the literature.corynebacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine mastitis, has rarely been described as a human pathogen since its description. we report a rare case of line related septicemia due to corynebacterium bovis.200818584551
development of a novel biochip for rapid multiplex detection of seven mastitis-causing pathogens in bovine milk samples.to efficiently prevent and treat bovine mastitis and minimize its effect on the dairy industry, a sensitive, rapid, and specific test is required for identifying the mastitis-causing pathogens. in this study, a biochip capable of detecting 7 common species of mastitis-causing pathogens, including corynebacterium bovis, mycoplasma bovis, staphylococcus aureus, and the streptococcus spp. s. agalactiae, s. bovis, s. dysgalactiae, and s. uberis, within 6 hr was developed. the technique is based on d ...200818599851
the effect of a shortened dry period on intramammary infections during the subsequent lactation.several recent studies have investigated the effect of shortened dry periods on milk production in the subsequent lactation. what is lacking from these studies is an understanding of the effect that a shortened dry period has on udder health. four herds, 156 cows, were studied to determine if a shortened dry period (30 d) had a negative effect on mammary gland health during the subsequent lactation as opposed to cows assigned to a long, 45 or 60 d, dry period. cows in 2 herds were assigned to ei ...200818946126
adherence and efficacy of an external teat sealant to prevent new intramammary infections in the dry period.the efficacy and adherence of an external teat sealant applied at drying off was evaluated in 2 studies between 1997 and 1999. at drying off, 2 quarters were randomized to receive intramammary dry-cow antibiotic therapy, and the remaining 2 quarters were treated with either a single or double application of external teat sealant. approximately 3 d before calving, all teats that had been dipped at drying off were redipped in a single coating of teat sealant. adherence of the teat sealant was scor ...200717297105
prevalence of mastitis pathogens and their resistance against antimicrobial agents in dairy cows in brandenburg, germany.the primary objective of this study was to determine management practices concerning mastitis in brandenburg, germany, the prevalence of mastitis pathogens in dairy cows, and their resistance to selected antimicrobial agents. a further objective was to study the potential effect of parity and stage of lactation on the resistance of staphylococcus aureus isolates against ampicillin. milk samples for microbiological culture were collected from 4 groups of clinically healthy cows (first lactation, ...200616772573
a study of bovine mastitis, milking procedures and management practices on 25 estonian dairy herds.mastitis prevalence, milking procedures and management practices were investigated in 25 big dairy herds supplying milk to an estonian dairy company. the aim of the study was to provide information for the company to be used in their new udder health improvement program to be set up after the completion of this study.200617118211
efficacy of two iodine teat dips based on reduction of naturally occurring new intramammary infections.the efficacy of 2 teat dips, product 1 (della care with 5 to 8 ppm of free iodine, used as a positive control) and product 2 (new della care with 12 to 16 ppm of free iodine), was compared using a natural exposure trial on dairy cattle. the trial was based on national mastitis council guidelines and performed over 9 mo. both teat dips contained 0.25% iodine. product 2 reduced the infection rate 57.6% for major pathogens and 53.7% for minor pathogens, compared with the positive control. product 2 ...200515591409
technical note: molecular typing of corynebacterium bovis isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.a typing method for corynebacterium bovis based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is described and applied to type 162 strains isolated from mastitic milk from 57 friesian dairy herds in northern spain. isolates were identified to the species level using the api-coryne system and a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the 16s rdna amplicon. cultures in logarithmic phase were harvested, mixed with agarose, and treated with lisozyme and proteinase k to rel ...200515829661
a comparative field trial of cephalonium and cloxacillin for dry cow therapy for mastitis in australian dairy cows.to investigate and compare the therapeutic efficacy of dry cow agents containing either cephalonium or cloxacillin within australian dairy herds.200415887388
identification of corynebacterium bovis by endonuclease restriction analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequence.despite its high prevalence within the bovine mammary gland, corynebacterium bovis is considered a minor pathogen and of limited clinical significance. it has been suggested that intramammary infection with c. bovis may protect quarters against subsequent infection with other pathogens. the literature has produced much conflicting data on the subject. a possible explanation for some of the divergence of opinion on the subject is incorrect identification of isolates in previous studies. this pape ...200414765808
efficacy of extended ceftiofur intramammary therapy for treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows.little research has focused on treatment of cows with subclinical mastitis during lactation. ceftiofur is a new broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic for veterinary use that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by interfering with enzymes essential for peptidoglycan synthesis. ceftiofur should be effective against a wide range of contagious and environmental mastitis pathogens. objectives of the present study were to evaluate the efficacy of ceftiofur for treatment of subcl ...200415328260
bovine mastitis in finland 2001--prevalence, distribution of bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance.a nationwide survey was conducted in finland to estimate prevalence of bovine mastitis, distribution of mastitis pathogens, and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of different mastitis pathogens. in total, 12,661 quarter milk samples were collected from 3282 dairy cows at 216 farms. these were randomly selected from a database covering all finnish dairy farms. quarter milk samples collected by the dairy advisors were submitted for somatic cell counting, bacteriological examination, and testin ...200415328265
evaluation of the microbiological status of milk and various structures in mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows.a knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. the objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. a total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collecte ...200314509537
lactoferrin concentrations in milk from normal and subclinical mastitic cows.the concentrations of lactoferrin (lf) in quarter milk from normal lactating cows and subclinical mastitic cows were measured to determine whether the lf concentration in milk is influenced by the age of the cow, the stage of lactation, number of milk somatic cells and the presence of pathogens. lf concentrations in 111 quarter milk samples from 28 normal lactating cows and 270 quarter milk samples from 198 subclinical mastitic cows were measured by means of a single radial immunodiffusion test. ...200312679560
quarter milk somatic cell count in infected dairy cows: a meta-analysis.the aim of this paper was to evaluate the effects associated with intramammary infection (imi) by a bacterium or a group of bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus agalactiae, streptococcus dysgalactiae, streptococcus uberis, coliforms, staphylococci other than s. aureus, and corynebacterium bovis) on the somatic cell count (scc) in quarter milk of dairy cows. papers selected for analysis had to provide scc values associated with the natural infection in quarters by different bacteria. sa ...200212199362
characteristics of rare or recently described corynebacterium species recovered from human clinical material in canada.nineteen new corynebacterium species or taxa described since 1995 have been associated with human disease. we report the characteristics of 72 strains identified as or most closely resembling 14 of these newer, medically relevant corynebacterium species or taxa, as well as describe in brief an isolate of corynebacterium bovis, a rare pathogen for humans. the bacteria studied in this report were nearly all derived from human clinical specimens and were identified by a polyphasic approach. most we ...200212409436
development of a brucella suis specific hybridisation probe and pcr which distinguishes b. suis from brucella abortus.a genomic library was prepared from brucella suis dna (mboi digested) and cloned into the bamhi site of puc18. colony hybridisation using a probe prepared from purified b. suis dna labelled with alpha 32p was carried out to identify colonies of interest. about 20 colonies, which gave an intense signal upon hybridisation with whole b. suis genomic dna as a probe, were selected. because of the high degree of dna homology between b. suis and brucella abortus, a short probe was chosen as it would mo ...200211731177
phylogenetic studies on corynebacterium bovis isolated from bovine mammary glands.coryneform bacteria are frequently isolated from bovine mastitis with the lipophilic species, and corynebacterium bovis is the most frequently isolated organism of this group. however, previous studies on the phylogeny of corynebacteria have incorporated only a single reference strain. we examined the phylogeny of c. bovis using 47 strains isolated from bovine mammary glands. phylogenetic studies were performed by direct sequencing of the 16s ribosomal rna and comparison to sequences of referenc ...200111768082
treatment trial of subclinical mastitis with the herb persicaria senegalense (polygonaceae).the possible remedial effect of persicaria senegalense in bovine subclinical mastitis was studied by in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial tests, using crude extracts and the leaf in different forms. the in vitro test showed that isolates of staphylococcus aureus, candida albicans and corynebacterium bovis from subclinical cases and an isolate of pseudomonas aeruginosa from a clinical case of mastitis were all inhibited by the three crude extracts at 820 micrograms concentration. an in vivo trial f ...200111770205
udder health and risk factors for subclinical mastitis in organic dairy farms in switzerland.1+ were submitted for somatic cell counting (scc), bacteriological examination and to test for antibiotic susceptibility. the scc and germ-cell counts of monthly bulk-tank milk samples were available through dairy inspection and advisory services and milk production data of 567 herd-book cows were available from breeding associations. possible individual and environmental predictors of subclinical mastitis were identified using logistic models adjusted for clustering of the data at herd and cow ...200010760403
identification of corynebacterium bovis and other coryneforms isolated from bovine mammary glands.bovine mastitis remains the most economically important disease in dairy cows. corynebacterium bovis, a lipid-requiring corynebacterium spp., is frequently isolated from the milk of infected mammary glands of dairy cows and is associated with reduced milk production. a total of 212 coryneform bacteria isolated from the milk of dairy cows were obtained from mastitis reference laboratories in the united states and canada. all isolates had been presumptively identified as corynebacterium bovis base ...200011049082
susceptibilities of corynebacterium bovis and corynebacterium amylocolatum isolates from bovine mammary glands to 15 antimicrobial agents.coryneform bacteria are frequently isolated from bovine mastitis and are associated with economic losses. generally, the mics of the 15 antimicrobial agents tested at which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited for 46 corynebacterium bovis and 13 corynebacterium amylocolatum strains were low. these are the first quantitative antimicrobial susceptibility data available for coryneforms from bovine mastitis. data from this study suggest that comparable corynebacteria from humans have a much high ...200011083663
corynebacterium bovis infection in waltzing mice. 199910331539
corynebacterium bovis infection in immunocompetent hirsute mice. 199910331552
evaluation of a postmilking teat disinfectant containing a phenolic combination for the prevention of mastitis in lactating dairy cows.a trial was conducted for 12 months in a herd of 120 holstein cows in order to determine the efficacy of a teat disinfectant, which contained a phenolic combination, for the prevention of bovine intramammary infections during lactation. postmilking teat disinfection was compared to a negative control using a split-udder experimental design. the percentage of quarters newly infected by mastitis pathogens was 45% lower in mammary glands with teats that had been dipped in the experimental teat disi ...199910571330
experimental staphylococcus aureus intramammary challenge in late lactation dairy cows: quarter and cow effects determining the probability of infection.the purpose of this study was to identify factors at the quarter and cow level that determine whether a quarter remains infected after an intramammary challenge with staphylococcus aureus newbould 305. a total of 135 cows were studied. information on animal characteristics, cow-conformation, cow somatic cell count (scc), and bacteriology, blood vitamin e levels, serology for retro-viral infections, bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency-carrier status, and the presence of bovine lymphocyte antigen ...199910575606
clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in ontario: frequency of occurrence and bacteriological isolates.the objective of this study was to describe the frequency of occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy herds in ontario. the study group consisted of 65 dairy farms involved in a 2-year observational study, which included recording all clinical mastitis cases and milk sampling of quarters with clinical mastitis. lactational incidence risks of 9.8% for abnormal milk only, 8.2% for abnormal milk with a hard or swollen udder, and 4.4% for abnormal milk plus systemic signs of illness related to masti ...19989442950
efficacy of postmilking disinfection with benzyl alcohol versus lodophor in the prevention of new intramammary infections in lactating cows.five michigan dairy herds participated in a split-herd study to compare the efficacy of two postmilking teat dips in the prevention of new intramammary infections (imi) in lactating cows. three hundred seventy cows were assigned to 4% benzyl alcohol, and 387 cows were assigned to 1% iodophor germicidal teat dip. the teat dips were applied by directly immersing the teats immediately after milking. once a group was assigned to a teat dip, cows in that group maintained on that same teat dip through ...19989493086
hyperkeratosis-associated coryneform infection in severe combined immunodeficient mice.hyperkeratosis-associated coryneform (hac) is a coryneform bacterium, with a biochemical profile similar to corynebacterium bovis, that causes hyperkeratotic dermatitis in athymic nude mice. in the present study 28 severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice coming from six different animal facilities were submitted for bacteriological and pathological examination. hac was isolated from 10 scid mice belonging to two of these facilities. two of the hac-infected mice showed macroscopical lesions c ...19989718482
mastitis in a dairy herd associated with corynebacterium bovis. 19989725191
analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequence of the coryneform bacterium associated with hyperkeratotic dermatitis of athymic nude mice and development of a pcr-based detection assay.by 16s rdna sequencing the authors have characterized the coryneform bacteria associated with hyperkeratotic dermatitis (hd) of athymic nude mice isolated from six different outbreaks of the disease in northern italy. this analysis has allowed the authors to confirm the classification of the bacteria as corynebacterium bovis and to develop a 16s rdna-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection assay. the test was performed directly on the dna extracted from epidermal swabs. the pcr primers w ...19989727194
mastitis in dairy herds associated with corynebacterium bovis. 19989746953
estimation of interdependence among quarters of the bovine udder with subclinical mastitis and implications for analysis.interdependency among udder quarters with subclinical mastitis was evaluated on 150 farms using a total of 35,828 udder quarters. the occurrence of high somatic cell count (scc) (> 250,000 cells/ml) in 0, 3, and 4 quarters occurred at a higher rate than would be expected based on independence of the quarters. for all bacterial species, intramammary infection in 0, 2, 3, or 4 quarters of the same cow occurred at a higher rate than would be expected based on independence of the quarters. intramamm ...19979276797
autotransfusion--bacterial contamination during hip arthroplasty and efficacy of cefuroxime prophylaxis. a randomized controlled study of 40 patients.40 patients undergoing primary hip arthroplasty, given autologous processed blood transfusion, were randomized a receive no antibiotic prophylaxis (group a, n 20) or cefuroxime (1.5 g single injection; group b, n 20). bacterial contamination at various steps in the autotransfusion procedure was assessed in liquid and solid culture media. the operation field and the wound drainage blood were never contaminated either of the groups but some of the suction tips were. parts of the vacufix blood coll ...19979246981
association between management practices, dairy herd characteristics, and somatic cell count of bulk tank milk.to determine whether particular dairy management practices and herd characteristics were associated with somatic cell count (scc) of bulk tank milk.19979154205
effect of natural infection with minor pathogens on susceptibility to natural infection with major pathogens in the bovine mammary gland.to evaluate the effect of natural udder infection with minor pathogens on subsequent natural infection with major pathogens.19978989490
outbreaks of hyperkeratotic dermatitis of athymic nude mice in northern italy.hyperkeratotic dermatitis of athymic nude mice is an infectious disease caused by a coryneform bacterium. during the spring of 1995, outbreaks of hyperkeratotic dermatitis were observed in several nude mice facilities in northern italy. in this report we describe the clinical, histopathological and microbiological features of the disease in two different animal facilities. affected animals showed a typical 'scaly' appearance with small white flakes of material adherent to the skin. in one of the ...19979230500
influence of parity and stage of lactation on the somatic cell count in bacteriologically negative dairy cows.this study examines the influence of parity, stage of lactation, and single isolations (i.e., the isolation of a microorganism that could not be reisolated in the same quarter in the next sampling) of staphylococci other than staphylococcus aureus (coagulase-negative staphylococci), corynebacterium bovis, or esculin-positive cocci other than streptococcus uberis (referred to as esculin-positive cocci throughout) on the monthly log(e)-transformed somatic cell count (scc) for 180 first, second, an ...19979436102
effects of freezing on the viability of nine pathogens from quarters with subclinical mastitis.milk samples from 45 quarters containing mastitis pathogens were collected from lactating cows to determine the viability of those pathogens after freezing. an initial bacteria count was conducted, and samples were divided into 2-ml portions and frozen. weekly bacteria counts were conducted for 6 wk. viability after freezing was determined on five isolates of nine bacterial species: staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus hyicus, staphylococcus chromogenes, staphylococcus xylosus, streptococcus ag ...19968708092
field trial evaluation of two teat dips containing nisin or polyvinylpyrrolidone iodophor designed for use before and after milking.in a first trial involving six commercial dairy herds and 291 cows for a period of eight months, pre-milking udder sanitation by dipping teats in a 0.25% polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp) iodophor product followed by wiping with paper towels was compared in each herd with traditional teat washing and wiping with individual udder cloths. the incidence of new intramammary infections by staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus uberis and corynebacterium bovis were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced, respectivel ...19968767891
failure of exit-race teat spraying to control corynebacterium bovis colonisation.when an automated exit-race teat sprayer replaced a conventional teat dip cup for the application of a disinfectant containing 0.5 per cent iodine, there was an increase in the level of intramammary infection by corynebacterium bovis at drying off from approximately 25 per cent of quarters to approximately 75 per cent of quarters. when the peak level of infection had been reached half of the clinical mastitis in the herd was caused by c bovis, and these were recurrent and chronic infections. the ...19958693673
efficacy of dry cow therapy and a propionibacterium acnes product in herds with low somatic cell count.dry cow therapy and a propionibaterium acnes product were evaluated in four commercial herds with low scc. cows were randomly assigned within herds to treatment groups of approximately 90 cows receiving dry cow therapy, p. acnes, dry cow therapy plus p. acnes, or no treatment in a factorial arrangement. each lactating quarter of cows that received dry cow therapy was infused via the teat duct with 300 mg of cephaprin at drying off. cows that received p. acnes were infused intravenously with .4 m ...19947814709
national cross-sectional study of mastitis in dairy cattle in jordan.between july 1991 and august 1992, 63 jordanian dairy farms selected by stratified random sample were visited to identify the major causes and prevalence of intramammary infections in dairy cows. of 773 cows examined 60% of all sampled quarters had > 283,000 cells/ml. the mean value of somatic cell count (scc) was positively associated with age in lactations and negatively with herd size. cows milked by bucket milking machines or in fully automatic parlours had a lower mean scc than those milked ...19947809990
prevention of bovine mastitis by a premilking teat disinfectant containing chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide.the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a premilking teat disinfectant for the prevention of mastitis in dairy cows under natural exposure conditions. predipping was compared with a negative control using a split udder experimental design. all teats were dipped after milking with the same teat dip. percentage of quarters newly infected by major mastitis pathogens was 34% lower in quarters with teats predipped and postdipped than in quarters with teats postdipped only. new imi ...19938436679
contagious mastitis.contagious mastitis is defined. the major mastitis pathogens are streptococcus agalactiae, staphylococcus aureus, corynebacterium bovis, mycoplasma sp, and streptococcus dysgalactiae. these pathogens are discussed relative to prevalence, virulence factors, pathology, and control. these control measures include milking time hygiene, segregation, culling, vaccination, and treatment.19938242453
numerical analysis of fatty and mycolic acid profiles of corynebacterium urealyticum and other related corynebacteria.the fatty and mycolic acid profiles of 52 strains of clinical origin belonging to corynebacterium urealyticum were subjected to numerical analysis along with those of representative members of corynebacterium ammoniagenes, corynebacterium bovis, corynebacterium glutamicum, corynebacterium jèikeium, corynebacterium minutissimum, corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, corynebacterium xerosis, corynebacterium renale, corynebacterium cystitidis, "corynebacterium ul ...19938397966
intramammary response to modified intramammary devices.twenty-five cows in three experiments were used to evaluate the following intramammary devices: abraded surfaces; abraded and sulfur hexafluoride-coated; abraded, sulfur hexafluoride-coated, and weighted; and smooth surfaces and weighted. the objectives of the experiments were 1) to determine whether coating the abraded intramammary devices prevented amorphous deposits and bacterial adherence on the devices, 2) to determine whether addition of weight to devices increased the concentration of som ...19921541746
mastitis in beef cows and its effects on calf weight gain.quarter milk samples from 51 purebred (angus, polled hereford, and simmental) and 69 crossbred (angus x simmental x charolais three-way cross) beef cows were collected aseptically at three times during lactation to determine the prevalence of intramammary infection, milk somatic cell counts (scc), and effects of infection on calf weight gain. quarter infection prevalence was 13.1, 14.9, and 27.5% in early, mid, and late lactation; corresponding cow infection prevalence was 25.8, 29.2, and 54.4%. ...19911752802
changes in the bovine udder quarters naturally infected by corynebacterium bovis.of 272 bovine udder quarters studied for mastitis, 19 of them naturally infected with corynebacterium bovis alone, were compared with 16 others infected by c. bovis together with other bacteria and another 36 non-infected quarters. while there was no significant difference in milk somatic cell counts between the quarters infected by c. bovis alone and those affected by c. bovis together with other bacteria (33.37 +/- 20.28 x 10(3) and 33.86 +/- 23.18 x 10(3)/ml of milk, respectively), there was ...19911959018
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